Which works of Russian classics depict the type. In which works of Russian classics are the object of depiction social vices, and in what ways can these works be compared with Shchedrin’s “The Wise Piskar”? Changes in life

According to the latest census, there are 1 million 250 thousand large families in Russia. This number increases every year. Parents of three or more children should know that the state helps families.

We'll tell you what kind of support you can count on in 2019.

Which family is considered to have many children - 2019 requirements

A large family is easy to define - such a family has three or more children.

But according to parents, it is not easy to obtain official status. Sometimes you have to turn to lawyers for advice and seek inclusion in the category of people with many children, even through the court.

The fact is that, according to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation number 431 and entitled “On measures for social support of large families,” approved on May 5, 1992 (as amended on February 25, 2003), the status of a large family is established by regional authorities.

Often a large family is given the status

When selecting such families, they rely on:

1. The number of children in the family, the demographic situation of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. In almost all regions, the legislation stipulates that a family with at least 3 children will be large. However, there are exceptions. For example, in the Republic of Mari El there is such big family is considered commonplace, so they will be classified as having many children only if a fourth child appears in the family.
2. Level economic development subject . The regional budget, as a rule, is planned for the year. So, at the end of the year, each region must outline how much it can spend to support large families.
3. The age of the children is a decisive requirement. A family will not be considered large if the eldest child is already 18 years old. This is true in almost all regions. However, parents can prove that the child does not bring income to support the family if he studies at a university, technical school, or college.

The status of a large family is possible confirm with a certificate. It is issued by the Department of Social Protection of the Population of your district or city; you just need to contact the authority with documents and an application.

Types of assistance to large families in 2019

There are not many innovations in 2019. It was decided to leave all the benefits and allowances that were in effect previously.

In addition, federal assistance was added to them:

1. Compensation for heating households and apartments , which do not have central heating. The funds spent on purchasing firewood and coal will be returned.
2. Benefits for admission to preschool institutions. They promise to guide children younger age to kindergartens. Families can expect a short waiting list.
3. Compensation for a child’s attendance at kindergarten. According to federal law, parents have the right to demand that part of the amount for attending kindergarten be returned to them. The following standards have been established: you can return funds for 1 child in the amount of 20%, for the second - 50%, and for the third - 70%. Some regions do not make refunds, but introduce a system for counting preschool visits by day. Thus, in the Krasnodar Territory, parents pay only for the days their children spent in kindergarten.
4. Allowance for the care of adopted children aged 1.5-3 years. You can receive benefits not only for your own children, but also for your adopted or third child. The benefit amount is the minimum wage.
5. Possibility of training or retraining of parents. Adults will be able to receive education on preferential terms and provide for their families while working in a new specialty. The opportunity is provided taking into account the needs of the economy of a particular region.

List of federal benefits for large families in 2019

Families classified as having many children can count on federal support in the form of the following benefits and allowances:

1. Benefit for utility bills. There is a 30% discount on housing and communal services. Regional authorities can increase it. For example, in Crimea and Sevastopol the discount is 50%.
2. Compensation for expenses spent on heating a household or apartment , which do not have central heating. In 2019, some funds spent on the purchase of firewood or coal will be returned.
3. Benefits for entering kindergarten. Usually children are sent to preschool among the first. Please note that there are also low-income families, as well as those with one parent. Children from these families also need to be sent to kindergarten as soon as possible, so there will still be a waiting list in your city or area.
4. Children under 6 years old can receive free medicines.
5. Free travel tickets , which will be valid on intracity transport and only with a certificate confirming large families.
6. 50% discount on commuter buses. Usually the money is returned if the parent provides the purchased tickets.
7. Free two meals a day for schoolchildren and students under 18 years of age.
8. Free clothes – school and sports uniforms. In St. Petersburg, a form is not issued, but compensation is paid.
9. “Cultural” discount on museum visits. Children have the right to come to the museum exhibition for free once a month.
10. Childcare benefits for children under 1.5 years of age , are also saved. If the finished average family income is 718,000 rubles, or the monthly income will be less than the minimum wage.
11. Childcare benefits for children aged 1.5-3 years. Payments can come from the federal and regional budgets. The amount of the benefit is the minimum wage; different regions of the Russian Federation have their own minimum. The first child receives 1 living wage, the 2nd and 3rd children receive two. In addition, an innovation has been in effect since 2016 - you can receive benefits not only for your own children, but also for your adopted child or third child.
12. Free medical care , referral to a sanatorium to maintain the health of children. The entire trip or part of it can be paid for.
13. Mortgage with government support from 6% - aimed at improving living conditions for large families. But only those parents whose second or third child was born during the program period from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022 can take advantage of this preferential program.

Regional benefits for large families in 2019

Families classified as large families can also receive regional assistance:

1. Receipt land plot intended for the construction of residential premises. In the new year, families in need of their own housing will be able to get on a short-term waiting list and get their own plot. Just like in 2017-2018, they will be provided with assistance in purchasing building materials at a lower price, or in issuing loans for the same purposes.
2. Discounts on land tax payments. In 2019, this type of tax will be withdrawn from families at a low rate, or will not be removed at all.
3. Getting housing. The authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can allocate housing to families, and in new buildings.
4. Reimbursement of expenses required for rental housing. You may be reimbursed for part of the costs while you build housing on the allocated site.
5. Funds to start your own business, farm. Regional authorities are willing to help, allocating funds from the regional and city budgets, and they provide the money without interest.
6. Benefits for payment of fees from individual entrepreneurs.
7. Payment of monthly benefits for children aged 1.5 to 3 years. For the first-born they will pay an amount equal to 1 subsistence minimum, for 2 or 3 children - two.
8. Incentive city birth benefits, paid once for each child. In St. Petersburg, the birth of each child is encouraged with an amount of 20 thousand rubles.
9. Incentive regional and regional birth benefits, paid once per child. In St. Petersburg, compensation for the birth of 1 child in 2018 (including indexation) was 29,839 rubles, 39,788 rubles were paid for the 2nd child, and 49,733 rubles for the 3rd and subsequent children.
10. Monthly child benefits. Each region sets its own amount that it can allocate for children. Benefits are provided for children aged 3 to 18 years.
11. Transport tax benefits. The parent must contact the tax office and write a statement there.
12. Retire earlier than other women. A mother raising more than five children has the right to rest at the age of 50.
13. Easy working conditions for parents. Typically, employers are not happy to hire mothers of three or more children, however, if you ask the administration for help, you can count on working with easy conditions labor. For example, with a flexible schedule, shorter working days.
14. Annual compensation for children under 18 years of age.
15. Awarding the Order of Parental Glory. Presented to parents with seven or more children. In addition, parents are encouraged with a monetary amount of 100 thousand rubles.

Theme "fathers and sons"
16. Which works of Russian classics depict ideological clashes between representatives different generations and in what way can these works be compared with “fathers and sons”?
Ideological clashes between representatives of different generations are depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" and in A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit."
In A. N. Ostrovsky's drama "The Thunderstorm" there is a conflict between the representative " dark kingdom» Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova, defender of the old foundations, and representative younger generation Katerina. Kabanikha is accustomed to the unquestioning submission of her loved ones, but in her own family she sees the awakening of something new, alien to her. Katerina cannot come to terms with the authority, despotism, and tyranny of her mother-in-law.
In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" there is a clash on ideological grounds between Famusov, a representative of the "past century", and Chatsky, a representative of the "present century". The basis of the conflict is a sharp difference in views on the meaning of life, on the attitude towards wealth, rank, career, service, serfdom, education, and attitude towards everything foreign.
Thus, the writers argue that the views on life of the younger and older generations in different times does not match.

Theme: “Hero-Entrepreneurs”
16. In which works Russian classics depicts the type of “active hero” and in what ways can he be compared with Andrei Stolts?
“Active heroes” were portrayed by A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharov, N.V. Gogol.
In the play by A.P. Chekhov " The Cherry Orchard» Ermolai Lopakhin managed to get out of poverty and achieve material well-being without any outside help. The hero correctly assesses the situation of the owners of the cherry orchard and gives them practical advice, which would allow saving the estate: he invites the owners to lay out a garden and land on the river on summer cottages.
In N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” P.I. Chichikov is shown as enterprising person. He fulfills his father’s order to save a penny. He did not spend the money left by his father, but multiplied it (he molded a bullfinch from wax, painted it and sold it; he sold food to his classmates), in provincial town N managed to find an approach to everyone he approached with a request to sell “dead souls.”
Thus, Andrei Stolts, and Chichikov, and Lopakhin are “active heroes”, each of them earns money, each strives to become successful person.

Duel theme
16. The heroes of which works of Russian classics are tested in a duel?
Eugene Onegin from the novel of the same name in verse by A.S. took part in the duel. Pushkin, as well as Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov from the epic novel “War and Peace”.
In the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin main character was forced to accept Lensky's challenge, he was afraid of the “opinion of the world,” which he himself despised so much.
In the epic novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, Pierre Bezukhov shoots with Dolokhov, as a result of which the second was wounded.
Thus, the heroes decide to duel, hoping that it will remove the shame from the offended person and restore their honor.
Dream motive
16. Which works of Russian classics describe the dreams of heroes?
A dream is often a continuation of events that happened recently, or, conversely, predicting the future. In Russian literature, the dream motif is one of the techniques psychological analysis. Transmitted in a dream state of mind hero in moments of great upheaval.
"Oblomov's Dream" in novel of the same name Goncharov allows us to find the origins of the hero’s character, to imagine the life, environment, and customs that shaped Ilya Oblomov. As a child, Ilyusha was not even allowed to dress himself. They only made sure that the child ate well and did not overwork himself while studying with Stolz.
In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Rodion has a dream before the crime, at a time of painful thoughts. The action takes place in Rodion's childhood. He dreams that he and his father pass by a tavern and see drunken men beating a horse. The boy tries to intercede, but in front of the crowd, the unfortunate nag is finished off with an iron crowbar. Rodion is crying and wants to scream.
Thus, the introduction of a dream into a work gives the writer the opportunity to penetrate into the most hidden properties of the hero’s soul, into his subconscious.

Storage images
16. What works of Russian literature depict characters similar in character and worldview to Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka, what exactly is this similarity?
The image of a hoarder can be observed in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”, in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor”.
The box saves money “in colorful bags”, cares about the safety of its condition, so it keeps great amount dogs
The old money-lender also wants to increase her income by lending money at interest.
Prostakova robbed her serfs to the bone. The main thing for her in life is personal gain.
Thus, all the heroines want to get rich at the expense of other people.

"Russian revolt"
16. Which works of Russian classics show the tragedy of the “Russian revolt”?
In Russian classics, the theme of the “Russian revolt” was touched upon more than once. At all times, there have been people who resigned themselves to the strength and inevitability of circumstances and were ready to accept fate as it was with their heads bowed. But at all times there have been people who were ready to fight for their happiness, people who did not want to tolerate injustice, people who had nothing to lose. We can meet such people on the pages of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Dubrovsky" and the novel " Captain's daughter».
Troekurov, one of the main characters, took possession of Kistenevka with the help of bribes and bribery, and now, according to the law, the peasants became the property of this cruel and oppressive landowner. Vladimir Dubrovsky cannot come to terms with the idea that in the house where he spent his childhood, where his mother and father died, a person guilty of all the misfortunes that befell him will live. Dubrovsky decides to burn the house and hide. Many peasants who have shown their dissatisfaction with the current situation follow him. In an effort to restore justice, a squad of robbers robs the rich on the roads.
Historical background the novel "The Captain's Daughter" are real events peasant war 1773-1775 under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. A.S. Pushkin described in detail the entire course of events: the capture of fortresses, the siege of Orenburg, the execution of Pugachev, the suppression of the uprising.
Thus, the people have fought against injustice at all times.

Matchmaking
16. Which works of Russian writers talk about matchmaking?
Matchmaking is discussed in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “Minor”, ​​in epic novel M.A. Sholokhova " Quiet Don", in N.V. Gogol's play "The Inspector General".
In D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Skotinin and Mitrofanushka woo Sophia, but Starodum refuses them, since she has already made an arrangement with Milon.
In N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General,” Khlestakov first confesses his love to the mayor’s daughter, then to his wife. The hero proposes to his daughter, takes money from the mayor, supposedly in order to discuss the wedding with his uncle.
In the epic novel by M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, the father of Grigory Melekhov wooes Natalya Korshunova in order to stop his son’s illegal relationship with Aksinya.
Thus, only Sophia was the happiest of the above-mentioned heroines.

Changes in life
16. In what works of Russian classics do the heroes face the need for change?
Changes in life occur for Gerasim in the story by I.S. Turgenev “Mumu”, in Andrei Sokolov’s story “The Fate of a Man” by M.A. Sholokhov, as well as in Grigory Melekhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”.
Gerasim, the main character of the story, was brought to Moscow by a capricious lady from the village and given a job as a janitor. He performed his duties honestly and conscientiously. Walking along the river, the hero saves the puppy, brings it to his home and begins to care for the pet. After the lady's order to exterminate the dog, the janitor disobeys his mistress and goes back to the village.
In M.A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov lost everything in the war: home, family, and, it would seem, there is no longer any meaning in life. The hero takes him in for his upbringing orphan boy. Now he has someone to live for!
In the epic novel “Quiet Don” M.A. Sholokhov portrays a difficult moral path Grigory Melekhov. During Civil War the hero goes over to the side of the whites, then to the side of the reds. At the end of the novel, he returns home, he doesn’t want to fight anymore, the meaning of life is children. Life goes on.
Thus, if a person strives for changes in life, he makes efforts to change his life in better side.

Dramatic relationship between lovers
16. Which works of Russian writers depict the dramatic relationships of lovers?
The dramatic relationship between lovers is depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky’s “The Thunderstorm”, M.A. Sholokhov’s novel-epic “Quiet Don”, as well as in A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”.
Katerina, main character plays, falls in love with Boris. She struggles with her feelings in every possible way, as she is married woman. Dikoy sends Boris to Siberia; the hero is not ready to take responsibility for the life of the woman he loves.
In A.S. Griboedov’s play “Woe from Wit,” Chatsky is in love with Sophia, but she prefers Molchalin. In love, Chatsky is not so much deceived as deceiving himself; he, like all lovers, sees what he wants without noticing the obvious.
In the epic novel Quiet Don, Sholokhov tells the love story of Grigory Melekhov with the married Aksinya. The heroes overcome many trials to be together, but the heroine dies.
Thus, lovers fight for their happiness, suffer, overcome many life trials.

Serf drama
16.Which works of Russian classics depict the drama of the serf?
The life of serfs was depicted by A.P. Chekhov in the play “The Cherry Orchard”, M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin in fairy tales " Wild landowner" and "the story of how one man fed two generals."
In the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, he speaks with bitterness about the humility of the peasant. The writer leads readers to think that it is time for a strong, strong man to think about his position and stop meekly submitting to the ruling class.
The owners forget about the sick footman Firs and lock him up, although the old man faithfully served Gaev and Ranevskaya all his life.
Thus, the writers show that the ruling class is indifferent to the fate of its serfs.

Friendship
16. Which works of Russian classics depict heroes connected by friendly relations?
In Russian classics, Onegin and Lensky in the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, Grinev and Pugachev in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” were connected by friendly relations.
Onegin and Lensky became friends out of “nothing to do.” Lensky introduced Onegin to the Larin family. After a quarrel between friends, a duel took place, in which Lensky was killed.
In the novel “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin, friendly relations develop between Pugachev and Grinev. The author portrays Pugachev as complex and contradictory nature. On the one hand, he is a thief and a villain, declared state criminal, on the other hand, he is fair and noble man, remembering goodness. Pugachev helps Peter get out of the fortress occupied by the rebels, and then frees Masha Mironova from Shvabrin’s tyranny.
Thus, friendly relations The characters are based on the fact that they understand each other, but at the same time, these relationships are short-lived and at some point end for various reasons.

The materials are addressed to literature teachers and graduates for preparing assignment C2. The Unified State Examination is compiled in accordance with the assessment criteria of Part C.

Theme "fathers and sons"

C2. Which works of Russian classics depict ideological clashes between representatives of different generations, and in what ways can these works be compared with “fathers and sons”?

Ideological clashes between representatives of different generations are depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" and in A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit."

In A. N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” a conflict occurs between the representative of the “dark kingdom” Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova, a defender of the old foundations, and the representative of the younger generation Katerina. Kabanikha is accustomed to the unquestioning submission of her loved ones, but in her own family she sees the awakening of something new, alien to her. Katerina cannot come to terms with the authority, despotism, and tyranny of her mother-in-law.

In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" there is a clash on ideological grounds between Famusov, a representative of the "past century", and Chatsky, a representative of the "present century". The basis of the conflict is a sharp difference in views on the meaning of life, on the attitude towards wealth, rank, career, service, serfdom, education, and attitude towards everything foreign.

Thus, the writers argue that the views on life of the younger and older generations at different times do not coincide.

Theme: “Hero-Entrepreneurs”

C2. In which works of Russian classics is the type of “active hero” depicted and in what ways can he be compared with Andrei Stolts?

“Active heroes” were portrayed by A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharov, N.V. Gogol.

In the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" Ermolai Lopakhin managed to get out of poverty and achieve material well-being without any outside help. The hero correctly assesses the situation of the owners of the cherry orchard and gives them practical advice that would allow them to save the estate: he invites the owners to divide the garden and the land on the river into summer cottages.

In N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” P.I. Chichikov is shown as an enterprising person. He fulfills his father’s order to save a penny. He did not spend the money left by his father, but multiplied it (he molded a bullfinch out of wax, painted it and sold it; he sold food to his classmates). In the provincial town of N, he managed to find an approach to everyone he approached with a request to sell “dead souls.”

Thus, Andrei Stolts, Chichikov, and Lopakhin are “active heroes”, each of them earns money, each strives to become a successful person.

Subject duels

C2. The heroes of which works of Russian classics are tested in a duel?

Eugene Onegin from the novel of the same name in verse by A.S. took part in the duel. Pushkin, as well as Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov from the epic novel “War and Peace”.

In the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin's main character was forced to accept Lensky's challenge; he was afraid of the “opinion of the world,” which he himself despised so much.

In the epic novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, Pierre Bezukhov shoots with Dolokhov, as a result of which the second was wounded.

Thus, the heroes decide to duel, hoping that it will remove the shame from the offended person and restore their honor.

Dream motive

C2. Which works of Russian classics describe the dreams of heroes?

A dream is often a continuation of events that happened recently, or, conversely, predicting the future. In Russian literature, the dream motif is one of the methods of psychological analysis. The dream conveys the hero’s state of mind in moments of severe upheaval.

“Oblomov’s Dream” in Goncharov’s novel of the same name allows us to find the origins of the hero’s character, to imagine the life, environment, and morals that shaped Ilya Oblomov. As a child, Ilyusha was not even allowed to dress himself. They only made sure that the child ate well and did not overwork himself while studying with Stolz.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Rodion has a dream before the crime, at a time of painful thoughts. The action takes place in Rodion's childhood. He dreams that he and his father pass by a tavern and see drunken men beating a horse. The boy tries to intercede, but in front of the crowd, the unfortunate nag is finished off with an iron crowbar. Rodion is crying and wants to scream.

Thus, the introduction of a dream into a work gives the writer the opportunity to penetrate into the most hidden properties of the hero’s soul, into his subconscious.

Storage images

C2. Which works of Russian literature depict characters similar in character and worldview to Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka, What exactly is this similarity?

The image of a hoarder can be observed in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”, in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor”.

Korobochka saves money “in colorful bags”, takes care of the safety of her fortune, and therefore keeps a huge number of dogs.

The old money-lender also wants to increase her income by lending money at interest.

Prostakova robbed her serfs to the bone. The main thing for her in life is personal gain.

Thus, all the heroines want to get rich at the expense of other people.

"Russian revolt"

C2. Which works of Russian classics show the tragedy of the “Russian revolt”?

In Russian classics, the theme of the “Russian revolt” was touched upon more than once. At all times, there have been people who resigned themselves to the strength and inevitability of circumstances and were ready to accept fate as it was with their heads bowed. But at all times there have been people who were ready to fight for their happiness, people who did not want to tolerate injustice, people who had nothing to lose. We can meet such people on the pages of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Dubrovsky" and the novel "The Captain's Daughter".

Troekurov, one of the main characters, took possession of Kistenevka with the help of bribes and bribery, and now, according to the law, the peasants became the property of this cruel and oppressive landowner. Vladimir Dubrovsky cannot come to terms with the idea that in the house where he spent his childhood, where his mother and father died, a person guilty of all the misfortunes that befell him will live. Dubrovsky decides to burn the house and hide. Many peasants who have shown their dissatisfaction with the current situation follow him. In an effort to restore justice, a squad of robbers robs the rich on the roads.

The historical basis of the novel “The Captain's Daughter” is the real events of the peasant war of 1773-1775 under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. A.S. Pushkin described in detail the entire course of events: the capture of fortresses, the siege of Orenburg, the execution of Pugachev, the suppression of the uprising.

Thus, the people have fought against injustice at all times.

Matchmaking

C2. Which works of Russian writers talk about matchmaking?

Matchmaking is discussed in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor,” in M.A. Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don,” and in N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General.”

In D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Skotinin and Mitrofanushka woo Sophia, but Starodum refuses them, since she has already made an arrangement with Milon.

In N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General,” Khlestakov first confesses his love to the mayor’s daughter, then to his wife. The hero proposes to his daughter, takes money from the mayor, supposedly in order to discuss the wedding with his uncle.

In the epic novel by M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, the father of Grigory Melekhov wooes Natalya Korshunova in order to stop his son’s illegal relationship with Aksinya.

Thus, only Sophia was the happiest of the above-mentioned heroines.

Changes in life

C2. In which works of Russian classics do the heroes encounter the need for change?

Changes in life occur for Gerasim in the story by I.S. Turgenev “Mumu”, in Andrei Sokolov’s story “The Fate of a Man” by M.A. Sholokhov, as well as in Grigory Melekhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”.

Gerasim, the main character of the story, was brought to Moscow by a capricious lady from the village and given a job as a janitor. He performed his duties honestly and conscientiously. Walking along the river, the hero saves the puppy, brings it to his home and begins to care for the pet. After the lady's order to exterminate the dog, the janitor disobeys his mistress and goes back to the village.

In M.A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov lost everything in the war: home, family, and, it would seem, there is no longer any meaning in life. The hero takes in an orphan boy to raise him. Now he has someone to live for!

In the epic novel “Quiet Don” M.A. Sholokhov depicts the difficult moral path of Grigory Melekhov. During the Civil War, the hero goes over to the side of the whites, then to the side of the reds. At the end of the novel, he returns home, he doesn’t want to fight anymore, the meaning of life is children. Life goes on.

Thus, if a person strives for changes in life, he makes efforts to change his life for the better.

Dramatic relationship between lovers

C2. Which works of Russian writers depict dramatic relationships between lovers?

The dramatic relationship between lovers is depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky’s “The Thunderstorm”, M.A. Sholokhov’s novel-epic “Quiet Don”, as well as in A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”.

Katerina, the main character of the play, falls in love with Boris. She struggles with her feelings in every possible way, since she is a married woman. Dikoy sends Boris to Siberia; the hero is not ready to take responsibility for the life of the woman he loves.

In A.S. Griboedov’s play “Woe from Wit,” Chatsky is in love with Sophia, but she prefers Molchalin. In love, Chatsky is not so much deceived as deceiving himself; he, like all lovers, sees what he wants without noticing the obvious.

In the epic novel Quiet Don, Sholokhov tells the love story of Grigory Melekhov with the married Aksinya. The heroes overcome many trials to be together, but the heroine dies.

Thus, lovers fight for their happiness, suffer, and overcome many life trials.

Serf drama

C2.Which works of Russian classics depict the drama of the serf?

The life of serfs was depicted by A.P. Chekhov in the play “The Cherry Orchard”, M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin in the fairy tales “The Wild Landowner” and “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.”

In the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, he speaks with bitterness about the humility of the peasant. The writer leads readers to think that it is time for a strong, strong man to think about his position and stop meekly submitting to the ruling class.

The owners forget about the sick footman Firs and lock him up, although the old man faithfully served Gaev and Ranevskaya all his life.

Thus, the writers show that the ruling class is indifferent to the fate of its serfs.

Friendship

C2. Which works of Russian classics depict heroes connected by friendly relations?

In Russian classics, Onegin and Lensky in the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, Grinev and Pugachev in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” were connected by friendly relations.

Onegin and Lensky became friends out of “nothing to do.” Lensky introduced Onegin to the Larin family. After a quarrel between friends, a duel took place, in which Lensky was killed.

In the novel “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin, friendly relations develop between Pugachev and Grinev. The author portrays Pugachev as a complex and contradictory person. On the one hand, he is a thief and a villain, declared a state criminal, on the other hand, he is a fair and noble man who remembers good. Pugachev helps Peter get out of the fortress occupied by the rebels, and then frees Masha Mironova from Shvabrin’s tyranny.

Thus, the friendly relations of the heroes are based on the fact that they understand each other, but at the same time, these relationships are short-term, at some point they end for various reasons.

Practice:
PRACTICAL PART
Assignment to experts: Evaluate the graduates' answers,
Examples of graduates’ responses to tasks of type C1-C4 that require a detailed answer.

C1. How is the tragedy of the “Russian revolt” shown in “The Captain’s Daughter”?

Answer #1.“The Captain’s Daughter by A.S. Pushkin shows the tragedy of the “Russian revolt.” A similar problem is touched upon in the work of the same great poet and writer A.S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”. All riots are doomed to collapse. Also in The Captain's Daughter, Pugachev and his Cossacks led them to a dead end. All Pugachevites were hanged, and this incident was preceded by a song sung by the Cossacks. There are words in the song that give the reader an idea of future fate Pugachevites: “...in the middle of the field there are high mansions, like two pillars with a crossbar.” So, the tragedy of the “Russian revolt” lies in the execution of rebels who were doomed to death from the very beginning.”

Answer #2. « In “The Captain's Daughter” the tragedy of the “Russian rebellion” is very clearly shown. This theme is a cross-cutting theme for the entire work. Already at the outset, A. S. Pushkin tells the reader that the rebellion will be suppressed (“... what an effect this common folk song about the gallows, sung by people doomed to the gallows, had on me”), but at the same time he shows the decisive ones. Brave people who are ready to fight for their goals.Perhaps they understand the impracticability of their plans and understand what punishment they will have to bear, but the rebels do not give up. That is why in the work of A.S. In Pushkin, the tragedy of the “Russian revolt” is very strongly felt.

C2. Which works of Russian classics addressed the problem of the “Russian revolt”?

Answer #1.This problem has been touched upon more than once in domestic classics. An example is “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky, where the main character, Raskolnikov, rebels against himself, against his conscience and his principles. Other examples include “War and Peace” by Tolstoy, “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky (there is a psychological rebellion against tyranny), “Blizzard” and “Dubrovsky” by Pushkin.
Answer No. 2.Pushkin in his novel “The Captain's Daughter” described the tragedy of the “Russian revolt”. He showed how many peasants did not want to obey Pugachev and ended up paying with their lives. This happened with Marya Ivanovna’s parents. Those who were afraid of losing their lives had to take Pugachev’s side, which is what Shvabrin did. The same problem was raised by Pushkin in his work “Dubrovsky”. This is the story of two friends - Dubrovsky and Troekurov. Troekurov soon decided to take away the estate from Dubrovsky. But the peasants rebelled, not wanting Troekurov to become their new owner, since they were loyal to Dubrovsky. Dubrovsky himself understood that he would never get the estate back and he set it on fire, deciding that no one would get the house.
C3. What gives A. S. Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner” a philosophical sound?

A. S. Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner” was written during the years of exile. Therefore, the poem is permeated by the idea of ​​freedom, escape from the “damp prison.” Being alone lyrical hero finds himself a friend, a like-minded eagle, who strives to fly to freedom and also wants to escape. In this poem we see that A.S. Pushkin, reflecting on his situation, strives to break free. All this gives the poem “Prisoner” a philosophical sound.

C3. How can you determine the mood of S. A. Yesenin’s poem “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...”?

The mood of farewell: autumnal, dying. Yesenin seems to be saying goodbye to the lyrical heroine. Autumn has settled in his soul, the melodiousness of the poem, its monotony, memories of the past hint at the near end of something. Perhaps love, perhaps life. But at the same time, S. A. Yesenin’s poem is not gloomy, but rather light. Light sadness settles in his lines. There is some similarity with A. Blok and his loneliness in this world, also with Gumilyov and his “Lake Chad”….

C4. What poems by poets of the 20th century are thematically close to this poem by S. A. Yesenin?

The poet recalls with nostalgia the image of the woman he once loved. The poem “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...” conveys to the reader a mood of slight sadness. The author is generous with metaphors (“With a sheaf of your oat hair”). About the heroine of the work, he says: “You look like a pink sunset.” This comparison gives the poem lightness and tenderness. The poet also uses color painting: “in the crimson bushes”, “with scarlet juice”, “you look like a pink sunset”, “blue evening”. The poem exudes the faint warmth of the farewell rays of the setting sun.

Despite the pathos of the era, Yesenin remained true to himself and continued the traditions of pre-revolutionary Russian poetry. Such literary artists as Mandelstam and Akhmatova devoted their work to a similar style.

C 1. What underlies the conflict that guides the development of action in “The Thunderstorm”?

At the heart of the conflict that guides the development of action in “The Thunderstorm” is the struggle of a closed world living according to the patriarchal foundations and the trends of a new life. And although this is not clearly reflected in the poem, it shows the inconsistency and gradual destruction of the old way of life under the influence of approaching social changes.
C 2. What works of Russian classics depict such conflicts?

Similar conflicts are depicted in many other works of Russian classics. Such works can be called Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” and Fonvizin’s “Minor.” And despite the fact that they are dominated by the features of classicism and not realism, as in “The Thunderstorm”, the problems posed in them, both socially and moral aspects close to those affected in Ostrovsky's play.
C 3. What is the main thing for A. Blok in characterizing Rus'? (Poem “Russia”)

A. Blok's poems about Russia are among the best examples of his patriotic lyrics. They describe the uniqueness and constancy of the Russian spirit. The image of Russia is connected in the work with the image of a woman. This is a traditional analogy for Blok’s work. Author's attitude to the homeland can be described as ambivalent. On the one hand, this sincere feeling endless admiration of beauty native land, which is associated with the immensity of Russian open spaces (rivers, forests, fields) and with the charm of Russian women, and with the splendor folk art(sad, melodious songs and fancy handicraft patterns). The poet sees nature as unique and mysterious. But A.A. Blok’s feelings associated with the image of his homeland are contradictory and not always rosy. He acutely feels compassion for her deep poverty.

C 4. In what works of Russian poets does the theme of Russia sound?

The theme of Russia sounds in Nekrasov, A.A. Akhmatova, and Yesenin.