home-Cloth-AoE Youth Movement. Examples of modern youth subcultures

AoE Youth Movement. Examples of modern youth subcultures

youth subculture

Youth subculture is a set of values, traditions, and customs inherent in young people, for whom leisure and recreation are the leading forms of life activity that have replaced labor as the most important need. The youth subculture is characterized by attempts to form: - its own worldview; - unique manners of behavior, styles of clothing and hairstyles, forms of leisure, etc. The subculture of youth is formed under the direct influence of the culture of “adults” and is conditioned by it even in its countercultural manifestations. She also has her own language, special fashion, art and style of behavior; becomes an informal culture, the bearers of which are informal teenage groups. The youth subculture is largely surrogate in nature - it is full of artificial substitutes for real values: extended apprenticeship as pseudo-independence, imitation of adult relationships with a system of domination and domination strong personalities, ghostly participation in the adventures of screen and literary heroes instead of realizing one’s own aspirations, and finally, flight or rejection of social reality instead of its reconstruction and improvement. One of the ways to escape from reality, as well as the desire to be like adults, is drug use.


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See what “Youth subculture” is in other dictionaries:

    youth subculture- a system of values ​​and norms of behavior, tastes, forms of communication, different from the culture of adults and characterizing the life of adolescents and youth. (Pedagogy. Textbook, edited by L.P. Krivshenko. M., 2005. P. 417) See also Informal associations of children ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

    YOUTH SUBCULTURE- – a special “whole form of consciousness”, mass behavior, communication and organization younger generation within the dominant culture in society. M.s. determines the lifestyle and way of thinking of boys and girls, and its bearers are distinguished by their... ... Terminological juvenile dictionary

    Cyber ​​Goths Subculture (lat. sub under and cultura culture; subculture) concept (term) in social... Wikipedia

    Special sphere of culture, sovereign holistic education inside dominant culture, different proper. value system, customs, norms. The culture of any era has relative integrity, but in itself it is heterogeneous. Inside… … Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

    SUBCULTURE is a concept that came to philosophy and cultural studies from sociology, which studies the specifics various groups population, and ethnography and ethnology, exploring the life and traditions of countries and regions, in their customs far removed from European... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

    A system of norms and values ​​that distinguish a group from the majority of society. S. (subculture) is a concept characterizing the culture of a group or class that differs from the dominant culture or is hostile to this culture (counterculture).... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

    Y; and. 1. Subtropical crop, subtropical plant. 2. Book. Part, type of culture in general or cultural, professional community, etc. of people. S. intelligentsia. Molodezhnaya village * * * SUBCULTURE SUBCULTURE (English subculture, from ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

    SUBCULTURE- (from Latin sub under and culture), a set of specific. social psychol. characteristics (norms, values, stereotypes, tastes, etc.) influencing the lifestyle and thinking of certain nominal and real groups people and allowing them to realize and... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

    Youth culture and subculture- - a system of VALUES, ATTITUDES and types of behavior that are common to a group of young people and different from those of other young people or society as a whole. Sociologists have studied youth subcultures in Great Britain. Features of such subcultures... ... Dictionary-reference book for social work

    YOUTH CULTURE- (YOUTH CULTURE) In the last sixty or so years, “youth” have become more a certain category in the majority Western countries. Young people began to develop their own culture and a special social identity that more clearly distinguished them from... Sociological Dictionary

Books

  • Informal youth subculture, S. I. Levikova. The book reveals the essential content of the phenomenon of informal youth subculture, its socio-philosophical, ethical, cultural aspects. In Part I, based on extensive...

The world is colorful, diverse and unpredictable. In every era, there were those who were opposed, who went perpendicular to the majority and challenged. In the last century, communities of such individuals were called subcultures.

Youth subcultures were initially hermetic communities that opposed themselves to the majority and were reluctant to assimilate with popular culture and were just as reluctant to accept people from outside into their ranks.
However, nothing stands still. Once marginalized groups that the Soviets official language informal youth associations were called, and gradually ceased to be something alien. Such processes are easiest to track at the level of accessories and elements of external style. Mohawks, bangs, wristbands and tunnels, which once caused consternation, sidelong glances, scandals and fights, now in one form or another happily exist on the streets, in offices, on catwalks and are no longer a cause for noise. And even questions.

List of youth subcultures

Punks are the most well-known and odious of subcultures. Over the history of its existence, an innumerable variety of varieties have grown within punk culture, which differ strikingly: both in the sense of external surroundings and in part ideological content. Nowadays, many attributes of the punk subculture have become popular and are no longer considered something out of the ordinary, even when exploited by representatives of pop culture. However, punk culture is alive - thanks to ideological adherents, for whom punk is not a fashion of the day, but a way of thinking.

Modern youth subcultures

Visual Kei - “Our answer” to the glam rock culture that originated in Japan. If KISS had not performed at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan Stadium in 1977, visual kei would probably not exist at all. However, this event caused a surge in the popularity of glam rock and related genres, and then the formation of a local subculture.
In visual-kei, the image component seems to have become even more important than in its Western predecessor...

The history, features and list of modern youth subcultures around the world are in our “Subcultures” section!
Don’t forget to check in regularly - and our experts will tell you not only about goths and role-players, but also about many exotic trends in culture. You will be surprised!

Content:
Subculture concept

What are modern youth associations, what are they based on and how do they influence the formation of the personality of adolescents and young people - these are the questions that most teachers ask. The answers to them, we hope, will tell adults how to use the attributes and elements of youth subcultures for pedagogical purposes.

Subculture concept

On one of the Internet sites there is a list of common phrases modern man, for which in 1990 a person was threatened with ending up in a psychiatric hospital. For example, “I’ll call you back from the forest.” Another example: in a bookstore, up to two-thirds of books have titles and genres that were impossible a couple of decades ago.

In the lives of adolescents, boys and girls, young people, these socio-technical innovations and cultural influences are formalized in the form of modern youth subcultures and activities.

Subculture - these are patterns of behavior, life styles, specific values ​​and their symbolic expression of a social group.

Not only age cohorts and special layers of youth, but also professional groups have their own subcultures. Subcultures Doctors, astronauts, actors, TV people, teachers have them... The usual teacher words “window”, “clock”, “rusichka”, “extension” are not understood by all representatives of other professions. Try to decipher the slang of TV journalists: “brick”, “canned food”, “live”, “ruler”, “parquet”... Distinctive cultural features are also inherent in political associations: the subculture of the same communists is not very similar to the subculture of liberals.

youth subculture – These are patterns of behavior, clothing styles, musical preferences, language (slang), specific values ​​and their symbolic expressions characteristic of groups of young people (12−25 years old).

Youth subcultures have existed for a long time, at least since the second half of the twentieth century. In our country they attracted the attention of society and funds mass media in the 1980s. In those years, bearers of such special cultural practices were usually called participants in informal youth associations. Most famous examples– hippies, punks, rockers, metalheads.

The main socio-psychological feature of informal youth associations is the symbolization of appearance, lifestyle, behavior, in particular, clothing, speaking style. For example, long hair hippies are not only long hair, but also a symbol of freedom; the English-language layer of hippie slang is focused on Western samples behavior; an apartment where informals gather is not just a room, but a flat, where everyone is united unpretentious style Everyday life.

Gromov Dmitry Vyacheslavovich, candidate psychological sciences"Youth subcultures"

The predominant orientation of those youth and youth groups was asocial. Asocial, but not antisocial! Asociality in this terminology is interpreted as non-acceptance of the norms of appearance, behavior, communication, and pastime prevailing in official society. While antisociality is the orientation of an individual, a group containing an aggressive principle opposing society and tending to merge with a criminal culture.

The number of young people, teenagers belonging to youth subcultures 15–20 years ago, even in big cities there were few. According to a number of surveys in the early 1990s, definitely informal groups 1−3% of boys and girls considered themselves.

In the 2000s, significant changes occurred and are occurring in youth culture. First of all, this is the increase, the growth of youth groups, united by new, sometimes very unusual, types of activities, such as role-playing games (role-playing games), mountbacks, fire shows, photo crosses, city games (watches, encounters, quests), parkour, street dances, street balls, graffiti, paintballs, bikers, stretchers. Some of these groups, the same bikers and racers, significantly go beyond the youth age.

Sometimes a subculture of its own arises around such activities: its own clothing traditions (the same cap for mountain bakers or the gloves of fire fighters), its own idols, gathering places, traditions, rules of “hanging out.” But often young men and teenagers, getting carried away new activity, do not perceive themselves as belonging to any special group. For them, activity is just activity.

Modern youth subcultures

Main distinctive features modern youth subcultures are, firstly, an increase in the number of activity associations (that is, those in which some specific, relatively new youth activity is organized); secondly, the immersion of modern youth subcultures in the vastness of the Internet, where they look for “their own,” organize meetings and events, identify idols, and use its capabilities to organize relevant activities.

From a pedagogical point of view, several bases can be identified for the classification of modern subcultures.

First of all, this is the attitude of a particular youth subculture to those accepted in society social values. We can talk about three social and value orientations of youth subcultures:

  • procultural (prosocial) subcultures: majority musical styles and role-playing games);
  • antisocial: hippies, punks, metalheads, emo;
  • countercultural (antisocial): youth groups close to the adult criminal subculture, skinheads in their radical form.

Another basis for classification is the measure of inclusion in lifestyle young man activity beginning. Based on this criterion, it is possible to divide youth subcultures into behavioral and activity-based.

Behavioral subcultures include those in which the main features (the core of the subculture) include styles of clothing, appearance, behavior, and communication characteristic of representatives of these groups. For these communities of teenagers and young people, constant engagement in any activity is not an important group characteristic (for example, goths, emo, hipsters).

Activity subcultures include those teenage, youth, youth communities in which the main feature is a passion for specific youth activities that require individual activity to one degree or another (for example, role-players, parkour artists, graffiti artists).

Modern youth activities themselves, which are more or less subcultural in nature, can be divided into sports, art activities and games.

Sports activities:

  • parkour – cross-country with natural obstacles in a populated area;
  • mount bake – jumping and “acrobatic” exercises on special (“mountain”) bikes;
  • frisbee - throwing a plastic disc;
  • sox (footbag) - games with small balls filled with sand;
  • skateboarding – exercises on a board with rollers;
  • snowboarding - exercises on a board on a snowy slope.

Art activities:

  • streetdance – dance styles, developing the traditions of breakdancing;
  • fire show - juggling with luminous objects, including fire;
  • graffiti - drawing on buildings, fences, etc. in a specific visual technique.

Games:

  • role-playing games - role-playing by a group of people of situations based on the content of a book (or film) in the form of spontaneous actions of player characters corresponding to the original plot;
  • historical reconstruction - role-playing games in which historical events are played out on the ground;
  • urban orienteering (encounters, photocross, patrols, etc.) - games in the form of competition between teams in orienteering in a real rural or urban environment, completing tasks along the route;
  • computer online games.

But let us repeat: participation in these types of activities does not necessarily mean that a boy or girl belongs to one or another subculture; often the activity remains just an activity.

Reasons why subcultures are attractive

At the personal level, youth subculture is a way of compensating for a negative attitude towards oneself, insufficient self-esteem, and non-acceptance of the image own body and style of behavior (including non-compliance with masculine and feminine standards).

The fact of joining a subcultural group allows you to exaggerate your dissimilarity, giving yourself an aura of exclusivity and specialness.

Socio-psychological reasons are associated with the emotional attractiveness of the informal lifestyle, which does not (unlike the normative, school one) impose increased demands on focus, dedication, and responsibility.

We can talk about three groups of probable consequences, trends in the influence of youth subculture on the socialization of a young person:

  • a positive trend is evident in the development social roles in a group, social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization (in specific subcultural forms), social trials and social experimentation;
  • a socially negative tendency is found in joining criminal or extremist subcultures, alcohol and drugs;
  • the individual negative tendency manifests itself in the avoidance of social and cultural self-determination, self-justification of infantilism, and escape from social reality.

Determining which trends prevail in a particular subculture, and even more so in the life of a particular young person, is very difficult.

Sources and influence

There are several sources for the emergence of a subculture in Russian youth reality.

It's no secret that over the past 15–20 years everyday life adults and children has changed a lot. The transition to a market-oriented social system, accompanied by openness to Western (Europe, the United States of America) and Eastern (Japan, Korea) cultures, has shaken and even dissolved many traditions, values, and stable relations of Russians. No less a force changing people's lives was the new scientific and technological revolution, embodied, first of all, in the phenomena of the computer, the Internet, mobile phone.

One of the ways of broadcasting youth subcultures is their relatively spontaneous spread. However, spontaneous spread is often a by-product of quite purposeful activity. social institutions: Media, parties, fashion distributors, etc.

Another way is youth and commercial organizations they take it spontaneously existing forms youth leisure activities and turn them into completely organized ones (for example, a commercial street dance competition). And this process requires special technologies. According to experts, when interacting with potentially positive informals, it is necessary to maintain at least three rules: negotiate with leaders, provide them with funds and opportunities for actions, events (time, platforms, technical means) and agree on restrictive norms of behavior and activity (which should be minimal!) during organized events.

From the standpoint of social education, that is, education in schools, camps, structures additional education, we can distinguish three main pedagogical strategies in relation to youth specific types activity: not to notice, to expect spontaneous penetration into social life and then work with it, or to purposefully analyze the educational potential of youth activities and use it in the interests of personal development.

Educational potential of youth subcultures is that the forms, types, directions of teenage and youth activities that have arisen in the non-pedagogical sphere, including in the sphere of free communication of young people, which have the potential, with appropriate pedagogical instrumentation, of a socially positive nature.

Practice modern education rather timidly comes into contact with such teenage and youth realities. Moreover, most often this contact occurs in situations summer camps, in children's public associations and much less often at school.

Mikhail Lurie “Youth subcultures are the path to yourself or an escape from reality”

Probably one of the main questions, the solution of which will show whether practical pedagogy is coming to terms with the lives of modern teenagers and high school students or whether they (pedagogy and life) are increasingly moving away from each other, is whether class teachers and educators will acquire the desire and ability to see, pedagogically comprehend and involve new youth activities and hobbies into the circle of their actions.

Sergey Polyakov, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk.

– this is the third event international scale, organized . In 2013, a three-day conference was held, and in 2015, the International Anniversary Conference “Youth and Society: In Search of New Solidarities” was held.



– What are the most striking youth subcultural practices and communities that can be identified in modern Russia?
– This conference is notable for its emphasis on new types of urban communities and formations, interactions and communications of youth, both in Russian cities, and in the global dimension. It is difficult to say what new cultural youth types have emerged in modern Russia. We note several key trends that we find most interesting in the modern youth space. Firstly, some fading of subcultural activities in their “classical” version. It's not that subcultures have disappeared. Rather, we are talking about the fact that some key and significant core values, around which subcultural solidarity was formed, are becoming more mobile and “soft.” And these values ​​can be perceived by wider audiences, i.e. subcultures are losing their closedness, which was inherent in them in the classical sense. At the same time, within the subcultural scenes themselves there is a constant fragmentation, the identification of new and new subtypes, such more targeted formations that, while maintaining the most significant value, at the same time develop an additional special quality that separates them, distinguishes them and makes them recognizable among other subcultures.

– What does the extinction of subcultural activities in their “classical” version mean?

– Using the example of the Gothic scene, we see that they (the Goth subculture) are actually disappearing. We made this conclusion, among other things, based on data collected during a survey of students who recognized Goths as a separate subculture only in St. Petersburg (the survey was conducted in St. Petersburg, Ulyanovsk, Kazan, Makhachkala). And then a very small percentage of young people are familiar with who the Goths are, and only a few admitted that they are part of this subculture. But the very idea of ​​promoting a cult dark forces or something incomprehensible, mysterious, otherworldly meaning was perceived by a variety of smaller groups, small communities, and these ideas continue to gather “followers,” but mostly it goes into the music scene.



– So subcultures are no longer so closed?
– Using the example of classical subcultures, we see that they were formed based on 4-5 key ideas. For example, for hippies such ideas were unisex, a fundamental rejection of violence, pacifism, anti-capitalist values, the cult of movement and travel, soft drugs, the search for a different reality, refusal to necessarily follow the accepted one in society. successful career, cult of nature and everything natural, including close relationships, rejection of militarism, war, etc. If, for example, we talk about “Hipsters” or “Teddy Boys” - this is still a cult of style and special communication, these are young people who have a higher status due to a rather shocking, special style that brings them (at least symbolically) closer to a more high class. If these are skinheads, then the ideas of workers, male brotherhood, tough heterosexual masculinity, strength, aggression, protection of local values ​​(one’s territory), such male solidarity prevail here. If we talk about punks, then this is a symbolic challenge to the consumer society, the cult of gloss, and disdain for money and wealth. And they are developing the DIY economy, veganism, vegetarianism and so on. All these and other key “points” and ideas begin to be perceived by broader youth groups, modified, refracted through local features, and implemented in a more diverse subcultural youth space and participation.



– This was all about the first trend, but what other trends do you highlight?
– The second trend that I would like to note in the youth space today is the development of sports practices that define urban functionality differently, i.e. reformat the city in terms of convenience and applicability of a specific place or places for sports. And here we see “natural” and “commercialized” sports – fitness. By the first, we mean such types of sports practices as parkour, tracing, workout, where young people refuse any commercial forms (paid fitness, trainer, etc.), and focus on the natural. Here we also see other types of careers that do not involve finance or commercial success.

The third popular trend is an emphasis on a healthy lifestyle, which, by the way, intersects with the previous trend. And here it is worth mentioning a real healthy lifestyle, where practices are implemented through asceticism in consumption, which can manifest itself not only in the refusal of alcohol, smoking, drugs, but also in simply a certain ideology of ascetic food (vegans, vegetarians, etc.), as well as virtual healthy lifestyle, for example, communities on VKontakte, pages of certain people on Instagram in which photographs appear, tips for maintaining healthy image life and data groups and pages collect hundreds of thousands of subscribers.

Fourthly, I would like to highlight activism, which over the past five years has also become a trend in youth environment. Young people and women are involved in formally organized structures or movements that may or may not be funded, such as student organizations or organized NGOs. But more and more often we come across a variety of initiatives, informally created, refusing commercialization, acting exclusively independently. And here, too, there is a trend towards being involved in some kind of civic activity and participating in some form in the management of the city.

All these trends characterize youth as a very heterogeneous social group, and this diversity helps to see and understand new types of youth involvement in the city.


– How do you solve this problem?
– If we talk about deproblematization at the methodological level, at the level of research practices and techniques, then we solve this problem using different methods. We are not only trying to remove big picture using survey techniques, but also strive to understand the different meanings and interpretations of young people regarding certain political and cultural practices, we pay attention to the features of youth rhetoric in order to avoid any moral, value judgments, which may manifest themselves in the formulation of questions or conduct interview. We try to reproduce youth everyday life as accurately and completely as possible; we listen to the youth themselves and enter into equal communication with them. This is precisely where the understanding of youth as an active, reflective subject, and not as an object of political manipulation and control, is manifested.

And finally, the actual rhetoric of academic writing is very important. Very important point– how we present research results: presentations, articles, books. We strive for the most inclusive and frank view so as not to distort with our own assessment what we heard in the interview or saw during the observation. Thus, if we manage to show all this diversity and find common features and trends, then it seems to us that the methodology has been implemented successfully.



– Please introduce Professor Hilary Pilkington as a researcher. Why did you feel it was important to invite her?
– Professor Hilary Pilkington She works at the University of Manchester and is a sociologist. She and I have been working together for more than 20 years and have carried out many joint projects and research together. During collaboration the main strategy, the concept of youth research, was developed. It's hard to say whose contribution is greater. It's more like this general a joint project, during which we all learned from each other. We consider her to be the formal and informal academic director of the school of youth studies. In addition, key books were written together with her -"Looking West" and a book about skinheads“Russia’s Skinheads: exploring and rethinking subcultural lives” , many joint articles and general academic activities. Hilary is a very honest and distinguished, well-known sociologist with an established reputation in Britain and Europe. At the same time, she is a very effective leader. Under her leadership, the third international project is being implemented, each of which involves more than 15 European countries. It's global and very ambitious projects. Receiving such grants and such large projects speaks volumes about its reputation.

The first such project, MyPlace, was dedicated to historical memory and the attitude of youth to history in countries that have experienced war and the situation of a totalitarian regime, the second (HORIZONT 2020) is a project about the inclusion of youth in society, new forms of youth participation and exclusion. We are just now starting a third project together; it is dedicated to the radicalization of youth activism, primarily related to religion. She is a very strong researcher. By the way, the book she wrote “Loud and Proud: Passion and Politics in the English Defense League (New Ethnographies)”. The British Sociological Association recently recognized best book 2016.

She is not only a strong sociologist, but also good friend CMI, therefore it is extremely important and honorable for us that she will open this conference.



– What is the purpose of the conference?
– The purpose of our conference is to look at the diversity of youth cultural activities as a space for learning, growing up, experimenting, protest, creativity, and communication.

To do this, we intend to invite empirical scholars from different disciplines and countries to participate in the conference in order to discuss contemporary youth cultural contexts and the latest approaches to youth research.


– How can I become a participant in the conference?
– To participate in the conference, you must send an abstract of no more than 350 words along with a cover letter indicating your place of work and position, email addresses and telephone number for contact. Abstracts can be prepared in Russian or English and must be sent before May 28, 2017 to: [email protected]. The selection results will be known on June 11, 2017. We are waiting for applications!

Subculture(English)sub – under andculture - culture)- a group of people united by a common system of values, behavior patterns and lifestyles that differ from the dominant culture to which they belong.

Subculture- part of public culture that differs from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups of people - carriers of a subculture.

From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values traditional culture, but complement it.

A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in language, behavior, attributes, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture may be musical genres and styles, lifestyles, certain Political Views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Other subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, public organizations.

The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. Youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people into society.

In 1950 American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, developed the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values ​​​​preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book “Subculture: The Meaning of Style.” In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

The Frenchman Michel Mafessoli in his writings used the concept of “urban tribes” to refer to youth subcultures. Viktor Dolnik in his book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” used the concept of “clubs”.

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence slang word"informals". The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.

The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinct “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” Musical preferences“Hipster” – jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.

The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” arises - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.

Typology of youth subcultures:

1. Politicized subcultures: actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;

2. Ecological and ethical subcultures: are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for the environment;

3. Non-traditional religious subcultures: mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);

4. Radical youth subcultures: characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads);

5. Lifestyle subcultures: groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks);

6. Subcultures based on interests: young people united by common interests - musical, sports and others;

7. Subculture of “golden youth”: typical for capital cities and focused on leisure (one of the most closed subcultures).

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