The story about the writer Turgenev is short. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, short biography
Two days before his death, he dictated a story in French. He died of a serious illness at the age of 65 in Paris. He was buried in St. Petersburg, as was his will.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev wrote six novels, several dozen stories, short stories, plays and many poems. He created on paper unique images women, thanks to which everyone knows who Turgenev’s girl is. But he himself was never married, although he had illegitimate daughter and several unsuccessful novels. Because all his life he adored only one woman - opera diva Polina Viardot. In his works, a happy ending rarely happens; the last chord is more often sad.
The writer was popular in Europe and respected at home. He fell into the category of classics during his lifetime. He was called a brilliant novelist, and the great George Sand considered him her teacher. He translated almost all the works of Gogol, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy for French, German and Italian readers.
Hunting was his only passion; he traveled hundreds of thousands of kilometers with a gun, not only across Russia, but also across France, Germany and England. At the end of his life, he repented of the countless number of partridges, ducks, woodcocks and black grouse he had killed.
From noble class, he received a decent inheritance and had more than twenty thousand rubles a year in income from the land alone. His fees were significant. He also received a significant bonus from the publication of novels.
Spanked for no reason
Cavalry guard Sergei Turgenev was completely ruined, and he had to marry for convenience. His chosen one was the wealthy noblewoman Varvara Lutovinova, who had a very imperious disposition. In 1816 they got married. The stately, handsome 26-year-old man and the 30-year-old unattractive owner of a large estate in the Oryol province for five thousand souls were not happy.
In the same year, their son Nikolai was born, and two years later - Ivan.
The marriage did not bring happiness to Sergei Nikolaevich, but it helped improve his affairs. He willingly worked with his sons, and they found protection from his mother, who mercilessly flogged both of them for any reason. Little Ivan even tried to run away from home, not understanding why he was being whipped. Her father also could not stand her and after 14 years he ran away from her. His life was cut short at the age of 41, and the children were left entirely in the care of their unbalanced mother.
We must give her credit: she was educated and prescribed French and German tutors for her sons. They were taught literacy, languages, and mathematics. There was a large library in the house and my mother regularly updated it with new items.
When Ivan was nine years old, the family moved to Moscow. The boy entered the boarding school. He became a student at Moscow University at the age of 15. Belinsky studied in the senior courses, with whom they will communicate throughout their lives.
At this age he falls in love for the first time. She is the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya Katenka. The matter is complicated by the fact that at the same time his father was also attracted to her. As a mature writer, Turgenev will remember this story: in the heroine of the story “First Love” the features of Katenka will be clearly visible.
A year later, he and his mother moved to St. Petersburg, where Nikolai, the writer’s older brother, was waiting for them. He entered the artillery school. Ivan chooses the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. The period of study is significant for him; he meets Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Koltsov and a little later Lermontov. The poems that Turgenev writes in his third year are written under the influence of their work. By the end of their studies, two of them were published in the Sovremennik magazine. Turgenev had a dream of becoming a poet since childhood.
He longs to get away from his mother's care. After graduating from university, the 20-year-old young man moves to Germany. At the University of Berlin he attends lectures, studies Roman and Greek literature, learns ancient languages in order to read ancient classics in the original.
He is under strong impression from European culture. From that time on, he became convinced that Russia was in darkness, in serfdom, and only culture could rescue her from this state. He travels a lot around Europe. Only three years later he returns to the estate.
Here he falls in love with the girl Dunyasha. Passion flares up and ends in pregnancy. The mother creates a scandal and sends Avdotya to Moscow, where her daughter Pelageya is born. And Ivan’s thirst for science suddenly awakens. He leaves for St. Petersburg, where he takes the exam for a master's degree in philology and writes a dissertation.
At the same time, a muse visits him and for 25 years he creates the poem “Parasha”, which is published with a friendly review from Belinsky. From this time the friendship of the two begins famous people. At the same time, he wrote the poem “Foggy Morning,” which is better known as a romance.
A year later, Turgenev takes up prose, gets carried away, abandons his dissertation and completely immerses himself in a new genre for him. The stories “Breter” and “Three Portraits” are published. In the first, critics find the influence of Lermontov, in the second - the original motives of the author himself. He told in “Three Portraits” the history of the Lutovinov generations and it becomes clear why mother has such an intolerable character.
Abroad will help us
The writer became famous for his stories about hunting - his only passion, which he kept until the end of his days. Without her, there would be no “Notes of a Hunter.” The chapters of this story were published in 1847 by the Sovremennik magazine.
Turgenev writes a lot, including for the theater. His dramas are published, and his theatrical premieres are favorably received by the public. Many images are inspired by Shakespeare and Byron, whose plays Ivan Sergeevich translates.
He often goes abroad: his acquaintance with Pauline Viardot has long grown from the epistolary genre to love.
Having met her at the St. Petersburg opera, he fell in love immediately and forever. He is 25, she is only 22 years old and she is married to the forty-year-old composer and director of the Italian theater in Paris, Louis. This acquaintance will forever connect Turgenev with the Viardot family. He will constantly confess his feelings to her, and she will see him only as a friend. So in 1850 he did not have time for his mother’s funeral, when Once again stayed at Viardot's house in Paris.
Varvara Petrovna never justified this relationship, even depriving her son of all financial support. But now he and his brother shared the inheritance: the estate and the house on Ostozhenka Street passed to him. The Turgenev Museum is located in a Moscow mansion. By the way, it was in this house that the events that he transferred to the story “Mumu” took place.
When he was 32 years old, Gogol died. His work was close to Ivan Sergeevich. They met one day abroad. He felt the loss heartily and wrote an obituary. Its publication in the newspaper displeased the censors. Turgenev spoke about him with more sympathy than the state would like. This was the first serious clash with the system, which already had a grudge against the writer for his radical views, protection of serfs from tyranny, and friendship with revolutionaries.
He feared that his “Notes of a Hunter” would never be published separate publication due to the close attention to him from the groans of censorship. But they are missed. True, the mistake was immediately identified and, by order of the Tsar, the censor was deprived of his position. Two years later, this work will be published in French in Paris, but the author will not be satisfied with the quality of the translation.
After the death of the sovereign, all the novels of Ivan Turgenev will be published as they are written. His fees were considered the highest among writers.
But the writer has not turned to dramaturgy for more than ten years. He considered the productions based on his plays unconvincing, and the critics did not say a single kind words in his defense.
He will return to the theater only once, when his Polina needs operetta librettos to stage on her own small stage while they live together in Germany. Europeans, by the way, appreciated his talent as a playwright; his plays were performed in many theaters.
For ten years the writer will live abroad, communicate with European authors: Maupassant, Flaubert, Hugo.
At one time, bachelor “dinners of five” were held in restaurants in Paris. That's what the big meetings called their meetings French authors Flaubert, Zola, Turgenev and others. Once a month they met to discuss various literary themes, talk about the future.
In Europe, plans to write the novel “Smoke” appear. This is a story about the writer’s contemporaries, but it takes place in one of the German resorts where Russian aristocrats vacation. He writes a novel for two years and receives a book as a gift for his fiftieth birthday.
Ten years later, his most voluminous and last novel is published. “New” was written after the abolition of serfdom, the novel again immerses readers in the atmosphere of revolutionary sentiments, but now there is less nobility in the heroes, more despondency - nothing is changing in the country, the government is stupid, the people are poor.
The writer's creativity and contribution to English literature rated at Oxford. The famous university of England declares him an honorary doctor - a title that has not been awarded to any writer in the world.
Family saga
Turgenev met his eight-year-old daughter when he once again came to the estate. The girl was thin and poorly dressed. Avdotya did not deny that Pelageya was his daughter. He was confused, in an emotional outburst he writes a heartbreaking letter to Pauline Viardot and asks for advice. Polina asks to bring the girl to France so that she can be raised in their family. She had just given birth to her fourth child - son Paul - and was not thinking about touring.
He changed her daughter's name to something more harmonious for the French - Polinette. She lived with Viardot until she was 14 years old. I almost forgot Russian. When Turgenev arrived after a six-year separation from her, he saw a negative relationship between his daughter and his lover. He sent her to boarding until his next arrival. Then they lived together in Paris and the girl had governesses.
She married a Frenchman at age 17. He was an entrepreneur, six years older than her, but Turgenev liked him and gave his consent. Polynet received a rich dowry. But she was not happy for long. Her husband went broke, started drinking, and she had no choice but to take her daughter Jeanne and son Georges and leave. For a long time they lived in Switzerland and Turgenev always helped them. He even offered to sell the estate so that his daughter and grandchildren would not need anything, but he did not have time.
After his death, his only and adored Polina turned out to be his heir.
The daughter received nothing from her father's fortune. She tried to restore justice through the court, but was unable to challenge the writer’s will. She lived in poverty, earning money by tutoring. She died in Paris at the age of 77. The cause of death was cancer.
The writer's grandson will die in 1924, and his granddaughter will live until she is eighty. None of Polynet's children will have heirs. So the Turgenev family was interrupted.
Pauline Viardot will bury her husband Louis and friend Ivan in one year. She will live for more than 20 years and become famous as a talented teacher.
Burned out in three years
Turgenev was 62 years old when he was invited to the opening of the monument to Pushkin. His stay in Russia was a triumph. The capital's salons opened their doors for him, noble barkers for dinners. But he chose to go to Yasnaya Polyana in order to last time I hunted game with Lev Nikolaevich. He was already feeling unwell, about which he complained to his friend. Tolstoy advised not to pay attention, they walked, talked, made plans.
Before leaving for Paris, Ivan Sergeevich stopped by the estate, gave some orders and promised to return soon.
In France, he continued to work: he was preparing for publication the cycle “Poems in Prose”, the last chord of which he put “Russian Language” - a declaration of love to his homeland.
He felt very bad and went to Viardot. Doctors diagnosed angina pectoris and even performed surgery. But nothing helped - for several months the writer suffered from pain and took morphine. He died in the late summer of 1883. After an autopsy, it was determined that the cause of death was cancer of the bones of the spine.
The funeral brought everyone together famous writers and writers of that time, ordinary readers also came to say goodbye.
Newspapers were full of articles about the Russian writer, his significance in world literature, realistic paintings public life Russia, simple and deeply structured thoughts. Through his prose, contemporaries better understood what was happening in the country. The concept of “nihilism” he invented is still in use. He was always on the side of the peasants, felt their moods and advocated the education of society. Several feature films have been made based on his works.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, whose stories, tales and novels are known and loved by many today, was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, into an old noble family. Ivan was the second son of Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (née Lutovinova) and Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev.
Turgenev's parents
His father served in the Elisavetgrad cavalry regiment. After his marriage, he retired with the rank of colonel. Sergei Nikolaevich belonged to an old noble family. His ancestors are believed to have been Tatars. Ivan Sergeevich’s mother was not as well-born as his father, but she surpassed him in wealth. The vast lands located in belonged to Varvara Petrovna. Sergei Nikolaevich stood out for his elegance of manners and secular sophistication. He had subtle soul, was beautiful. The mother's character was not like that. This woman lost her father early. She had to experience a terrible shock in adolescence, when her stepfather tried to seduce her. Varvara ran away from home. Ivan's mother, who experienced humiliation and oppression, tried to take advantage of the power given to her by law and nature over her sons. This woman was distinguished by her willpower. She loved her children despotically, and was cruel to the serfs, often punishing them with flogging for minor offenses.
Case in Bern
In 1822, the Turgenevs went on a trip abroad. In Bern, a Swiss city, Ivan Sergeevich almost died. The fact is that the father put the boy on the railing of the fence that surrounded a large pit with city bears entertaining the public. Ivan fell off the railing. Sergey Nikolaevich in last moment grabbed my son by the leg.
Introduction to fine literature
The Turgenevs returned from their trip abroad to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, their mother’s estate, located ten miles from Mtsensk (Oryol province). Here Ivan discovered literature for himself: one of the servants from his mother’s serfs read the poem “Rossiada” by Kheraskov to the boy in the old manner, in a chanting and measured manner. Kheraskov in solemn verses sang the battles for Kazan of the Tatars and Russians during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. Many years later, Turgenev, in his 1874 story “Punin and Baburin,” endowed one of the heroes of the work with a love for the Rossiade.
First love
The family of Ivan Sergeevich was in Moscow from the late 1820s to the first half of the 1830s. At the age of 15, Turgenev fell in love for the first time in his life. At this time, the family was at the Engel dacha. They were neighbors with their daughter, Princess Catherine, who was 3 years older than Ivan Turgenev. First love seemed captivating and beautiful to Turgenev. He was in awe of the girl, afraid to admit the sweet and languid feeling that had taken possession of him. However, the end to joys and torments, fears and hopes came suddenly: Ivan Sergeevich accidentally learned that Catherine was his father’s beloved. Turgenev was haunted by pain for a long time. He will give his love story for a young girl to the hero of the 1860 story “First Love.” In this work, Catherine became the prototype of Princess Zinaida Zasekina.
Studying at universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg, death of father
The biography of Ivan Turgenev continues with a period of study. In September 1834, Turgenev entered Moscow University, the Faculty of Literature. However, he was not happy with his studies at the university. He liked Pogorelsky, a mathematics teacher, and Dubensky, who taught Russian. Most teachers and courses left student Turgenev completely indifferent. And some teachers even caused obvious antipathy. This especially applies to Pobedonostsev, who talked tediously and for a long time about literature and was unable to advance in his passions further than Lomonosov. After 5 years, Turgenev will continue his studies in Germany. About Moscow University he will say: “It is full of fools.”
Ivan Sergeevich studied in Moscow for only a year. Already in the summer of 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here on military service was his brother Nikolai. Ivan Turgenev continued to study at His father died in October of the same year from kidney stones, right in Ivan’s arms. By this time he was already living apart from his wife. Ivan Turgenev's father was amorous and quickly lost interest in his wife. Varvara Petrovna did not forgive him for his betrayal and, exaggerating her own misfortunes and illnesses, presented herself as a victim of his heartlessness and irresponsibility.
Turgenev left a deep wound in his soul. He began to think about life and death, about the meaning of existence. Turgenev at this time was attracted by powerful passions, bright characters, tossing and struggling of the soul, expressed in an unusual, sublime language. He reveled in the poems of V. G. Benediktov and N. V. Kukolnik, and the stories of A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Ivan Turgenev wrote, in imitation of Byron (the author of "Manfred"), his dramatic poem called "The Wall". More than 30 years later, he will say that this is “a completely ridiculous work.”
Writing poetry, republican ideas
Turgenev in the winter of 1834-1835. seriously ill. He had weakness in his body and could not eat or sleep. Having recovered, Ivan Sergeevich changed greatly spiritually and physically. He became very stretched out, and also lost interest in mathematics, which had attracted him before, and began to become more and more interested in elegant literature. Turgenev began to compose many poems, but still imitative and weak. At the same time he became interested republican ideas. Existed in the country serfdom he felt it was a shame and the greatest injustice. Turgenev’s feeling of guilt towards all the peasants strengthened, because his mother treated them cruelly. And he vowed to himself to do everything to ensure that there would be no class of “slaves” in Russia.
Meeting Pletnev and Pushkin, publication of the first poems
Student Turgenev in his third year met P. A. Pletnev, a professor of Russian literature. This is a literary critic, poet, friend of A. S. Pushkin, to whom the novel “Eugene Onegin” is dedicated. At the beginning of 1837, at literary evening with him, Ivan Sergeevich encountered Pushkin himself.
In 1838, two poems by Turgenev were published in the Sovremennik magazine (first and fourth issues): “To the Venus of Medicine” and “Evening.” Ivan Sergeevich published poems after that. The first samples of the pen that were printed did not bring him fame.
Continuing your studies in Germany
In 1837, Turgenev graduated from St. Petersburg University (literature department). He was not satisfied with the education he received, feeling gaps in his knowledge. German universities were considered the standard of that time. And so in the spring of 1838, Ivan Sergeevich went to this country. He decided to graduate from the University of Berlin, where Hegel's philosophy was taught.
Abroad, Ivan Sergeevich became friends with the thinker and poet N.V. Stankevich, and also became friends with M.A. Bakunin, who later became a famous revolutionary. Conversations on historical and philosophical themes he led with T.N. Granovsky, the future famous historian. Ivan Sergeevich became a convinced Westerner. Russia, in his opinion, should follow the example of Europe, getting rid of lack of culture, laziness, and ignorance.
Civil service
Turgenev, returning to Russia in 1841, wanted to teach philosophy. However, his plans were not destined to come true: the department to which he wanted to enter was not restored. Ivan Sergeevich was enlisted in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in June 1843. At that time, the issue of liberating the peasants was being studied, so Turgenev reacted to the service with enthusiasm. However, Ivan Sergeevich did not serve long in the ministry: he quickly became disillusioned with the usefulness of his work. He began to feel burdened by the need to follow all the instructions of his superiors. In April 1845, Ivan Sergeevich retired and was no longer a member of the public service never.
Turgenev becomes famous
Turgenev in the 1840s began to play the role of a socialite in society: always well-groomed, neat, with the manners of an aristocrat. He wanted success and attention.
In 1843, in April, the poem “Parasha” by I. S. Turgenev was published. Its plot is touching love the daughter of a landowner to a neighbor on the estate. The work is a kind of ironic echo of Eugene Onegin. However, unlike Pushkin, in Turgenev’s poem everything ends happily with the marriage of the heroes. Nevertheless, happiness is deceptive, doubtful - it is just ordinary well-being.
The work was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky, the most influential and famous critic that time. Turgenev met Druzhinin, Panaev, Nekrasov. Following "Parasha" Ivan Sergeevich wrote the following poems: in 1844 - "Conversation", in 1845 - "Andrey" and "Landowner". Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich also created short stories and tales (in 1844 - “Andrei Kolosov”, in 1846 - “Three Portraits” and “Breter”, in 1847 - “Petushkov”). In addition, Turgenev wrote the comedy "Lack of Money" in 1846, and the drama "Carelessness" in 1843. He followed the principles" natural school"writers, to which Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov belonged. Writers belonging to this direction depicted "non-poetic" objects: daily life people, life, primary attention was paid to the influence of circumstances and environment on the fate and character of a person.
"Notes of a Hunter"
In 1847, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the essay “Khor and Kalinich,” created under the impression of hunting trips in 1846 through the fields and forests of the Tula, Kaluga and Oryol provinces. The two heroes in it - Khor and Kalinich - are presented not just as Russian peasants. These are individuals with their own complexities. inner world. On the pages of this work, as well as other essays by Ivan Sergeevich, published in the book “Notes of a Hunter” in 1852, the peasants have their own voice, different from the manner of the narrator. The author recreated the customs and life of landowners and peasants in Russia. His book was assessed as a protest against serfdom. Society received her with enthusiasm.
Relationship with Pauline Viardot, death of mother
In 1843, a young woman arrived on tour Opera singer from France Pauline Viardot. She was greeted enthusiastically. Ivan Turgenev was also delighted with her talent. He was captivated by this woman for his entire life. Ivan Sergeevich followed her and her family to France (Viardot was married) and accompanied Polina on a tour of Europe. His life was now divided between France and Russia. Ivan Turgenev's love has stood the test of time - Ivan Sergeevich waited two years for his first kiss. And only in June 1849 Polina became his lover.
Turgenev's mother was categorically against this connection. She refused to give him the funds received from the income from the estates. Their death reconciled: Turgenev’s mother was dying hard, suffocating. She died in 1850 on November 16 in Moscow. Ivan was notified of her illness too late and did not have time to say goodbye to her.
Arrest and exile
In 1852, N.V. Gogol died. I. S. Turgenev wrote an obituary on this occasion. There were no reprehensible thoughts in it. However, it was not customary in the press to recall the duel that led to and also to recall the death of Lermontov. On April 16 of the same year, Ivan Sergeevich was put under arrest for a month. Then he was exiled to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, without being allowed to leave the Oryol province. At the request of the exile, after 1.5 years he was allowed to leave Spassky, but only in 1856 was he given the right to go abroad.
New works
During the years of exile, Ivan Turgenev wrote new works. His books became increasingly popular. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich created the story "The Inn". In the same year, Ivan Turgenev wrote “Mumu,” one of his most famous works. In the period from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s, he created other stories: in 1850 - “Diary extra person", in 1853 - "Two Friends", in 1854 - "Correspondence" and "Quiet", in 1856 - "Yakov Pasynkov". Their heroes are naive and sublime idealists who fail in their attempts to bring benefit society or find happiness in their personal lives. Criticism called them “superfluous people.” Thus, the creator of a new type of hero was Ivan Turgenev. His books were interesting for their novelty and relevance of the issues.
"Rudin"
The fame acquired by Ivan Sergeevich by the mid-1850s was strengthened by the novel "Rudin". The author wrote it in 1855 in seven weeks. Turgenev, in his first novel, attempted to recreate the type of ideologist and thinker modern man. Main character- “an extra person”, who is depicted as both weak and attractive at the same time. The writer, creating him, endowed his hero with the features of Bakunin.
"The Noble Nest" and new novels
In 1858, Turgenev's second novel appeared - " Noble Nest". Its themes are the history of an old noble family; the love of a nobleman, hopeless due to circumstances. Poetry of love, full of grace and subtlety, a careful depiction of the characters’ experiences, the spiritualization of nature - these are distinctive features Turgenev's style, perhaps most clearly expressed in "The Noble Nest". They are also characteristic of some stories, such as “Faust” of 1856, “A Trip to Polesie” (years of creation - 1853-1857), “Asya” and “First Love” (both works written in 1860). "The Nobles' Nest" was received kindly. He was praised by many critics, in particular Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. However, a completely different fate awaited Turgenev's next novel.
"The day before"
In 1860, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the novel “On the Eve”. Summary its next. In the center of the work is Elena Stakhova. This heroine is brave, determined, devoted loving girl. She fell in love with the revolutionary Insarov, a Bulgarian who dedicated his life to liberating his homeland from the power of the Turks. The story of their relationship ends, as usual with Ivan Sergeevich, tragically. The revolutionary dies, and Elena, who became his wife, decides to continue the work of her late husband. This is the plot of the new novel created by Ivan Turgenev. Of course, we described its brief content only in general terms.
This novel caused conflicting assessments. Dobrolyubov, for example, in an instructive tone in his article reprimanded the author where he was wrong. Ivan Sergeevich became furious. Radical democratic publications published texts with scandalous and malicious allusions to the details of Turgenev’s personal life. The writer broke off relations with Sovremennik, where he published for many years. The younger generation stopped seeing Ivan Sergeevich as an idol.
"Fathers and Sons"
In the period from 1860 to 1861, Ivan Turgenev wrote “Fathers and Sons,” his new novel. It was published in the Russian Bulletin in 1862. Most readers and critics did not appreciate it.
"Enough"
In 1862-1864. a miniature story “Enough” was created (published in 1864). It is imbued with motives of disappointment in the values of life, including art and love, so dear to Turgenev. In the face of inexorable and blind death, everything loses its meaning.
"Smoke"
Written in 1865-1867. The novel "Smoke" is also imbued with a gloomy mood. The work was published in 1867. In it, the author tried to recreate the picture of modern Russian society, the ideological sentiments that prevailed in him.
"Nove"
Turgenev's last novel appeared in the mid-1870s. It was published in 1877. Turgenev presented in it the populist revolutionaries who are trying to convey their ideas to the peasants. He assessed their actions as a sacrificial feat. However, this is a feat of the doomed.
The last years of the life of I. S. Turgenev
Since the mid-1860s, Turgenev lived abroad almost constantly, visiting his homeland only on short visits. He built himself a house in Baden-Baden, near the house of the Viardot family. In 1870, after the Franco-Prussian War, Polina and Ivan Sergeevich left the city and settled in France.
In 1882, Turgenev fell ill with spinal cancer. They were hard recent months His life and death were hard. The life of Ivan Turgenev was cut short on August 22, 1883. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, near Belinsky’s grave.
Ivan Turgenev, whose stories, novellas and novels are included in school curriculum and known to many, is one of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century.
Among famous writers Russia XIX century, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev stands out, who is not only a writer. He has dramatic, journalistic works and poetry. Critics recognized the writer as one of the best figures of the century, so his biography should be briefly studied.
The writer's life began in Orel. This event took place on October 28, 1818. The parents were among the nobles. The family's place of residence was the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate. Initially, the future literary figure studied at home with tutors of German and French origin.
When the family moved to Moscow in 1827, he received his education in private schools. Next was admission to Moscow University, but after some time the figure transferred to St. Petersburg, where he began studying philosophy.
Ivan had the opportunity to study abroad at the University of Berlin, which he took advantage of.
Important! The writer's relationship with his mother was not easy. Varvara Petrovna was an educated person who loved literature and philosophy, especially foreign ones, but was distinguished by her despotic character.
Studying at the University
Beginning of activity in literature
One of the most important aspects of Turgenev’s biography is considered to be the beginning creative path. His interest in literary activity arose during his institute years, in 1834. Ivan Sergeevich began working on the poem “Wall”. The first publication dates back to 1836 - it was a review of the work of A.N. Muravyov "On the journey to holy places."
During 1837, at least a hundred poems and several poems were created:
- "The Old Man's Tale"
- "Dream",
- "Calm on the Sea"
- "Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night."
In 1838, the poems “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicine” were published. On initial stage poetry had a romantic character. Later the author switched to realism. It is also very important that I.S. Turgenev was busy for some time scientific work. In 1841 he wrote a dissertation on philology and received a master's degree. But then he went to work in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In the biography of I.S. Turgenev mentions that his work was greatly influenced by Belinsky. It is after meeting the critic that the author writes new poems, stories and poems. The works “Three Portraits”, “Pop”, “Breter” were accepted for printing.
Creative inspiration
The period of active creativity began in 1847, when the author was invited to the Sovremennik magazine. “Modern Notes” and the beginning of “Notes of a Hunter” were published there. These works turned out to be successful, so the writer continued to work on hunting stories. Then Turgenev, together with Belinsky, finds himself in France, where the February revolution takes place.
In the short biography of Turgenev, which schoolchildren study in the 10th grade, it is indicated that in the late 40s - early 50s the figure wrote dramatic works. Then the plays “Bachelor”, “Freeloader”, “Provincial Woman”, “A Month in the Country” were created. Many of the works are staged on the theater stage.
Very important feature Turgenev's biography is a link to the family estate for 2 years for the obituary written after Gogol's death. According to another version, the literary figure was exiled because of his radical views and negative attitude towards serfdom. While in the village, the author creates a story
After returning, the novels “On the Eve”, “Rudin”, as well as “The Noble Nest”, published in the Sovremennik magazine, were written.
I.S. Turgenev "Rudin"
In number famous works also includes:
- "Spring Waters"
- "Smoke",
- "Asya"
- "Fathers and Sons",
The move to Germany took place in 1863. Here the writer communicates with literary figures Western Europe and disseminates information about Russian literature. He is mainly engaged in editing and translations of Russian-language works into other languages - French and German. Thanks to Turgenev, readers abroad learned about the works of Russian authors. A short biography of Turgenev for children notes the growth of the author's popularity during this period. The literary figure is considered one of the best writers century.
Leaving poetry almost at the very beginning of his literary activity, Turgenev returned to it shortly before his death. At this time he created the cycle of “Poems in Prose”. And “Literary and Everyday Memoirs” are written in the genre of memoirs. The author seems to have a presentiment of his imminent death and sums up the results in the works.
Useful video: briefly about Turgenev’s work
Main themes of the works
Considering the life and work of Turgenev, it is necessary to characterize the themes of his works. In the works a lot of attention is paid to descriptions of nature and psychological analysis. They reveal images of representatives of the noble class, which the author considers dying. Supporters of democracy and commoners are considered heroes of the new century. Thanks to the writer’s works, the concept of “Turgenev girls” came into literature. Another topic is the peculiarities of life of Russian people abroad.
The most important thing lies in the beliefs of the writers. He had a negative attitude towards serfdom and sympathized with the peasants. Because of his hatred of the existing way of life in Russia, the literary figure preferred to live abroad. But at the same time he was not a supporter of revolutionary methods of solving the problem.
A short biography for children tells about the serious health condition of the author in the last few years of his life. Ivan Sergeevich suffers from gout, neuralgia and angina. Death occurred on August 22, 1883. The cause was sarcoma. He then lived in a Parisian suburb. He was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Turgenev had a difficult personal life. In his youth, he unsuccessfully became interested in the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. His father was also in love with the same girl, to whom Catherine reciprocated.
While living in exile, he had a relationship with Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova (seamstress Dunyasha). Despite the girl’s pregnancy, the writer never married due to the scandal caused by his mother. Avdotya gave birth to a daughter, Pelageya. The girl was officially recognized by her father only in 1857.
After returning to Moscow, the writer developed friendly relations with Tatyana Bakunina. The girl had a serious feeling for him, which Ivan Sergeevich highly valued, but could not reciprocate.
In 1843, he met the singer Pauline Viardot. She was married, but this did not stop the writer from getting seriously carried away. The specifics of their relationship are unknown, but there is an assumption that they lived as spouses for some time (when her husband was paralyzed after a stroke).
The writer's daughter Pelageya was raised in the Viardot family. Her father decided to change her name, calling her Polina or Polynet. The girl’s relationship with Polina Viardot was unsuccessful, so very soon she was sent to study at a private boarding school.
Maria Savina became his last love. Literary figure was almost 40 years older, but did not hide his feelings for the young actress. Maria treated the writer as a friend. She was supposed to marry someone else, but it didn’t work out. The marriage with Ivan Sergeevich did not take place due to his death.
Useful video: interesting facts about Turgenev
Conclusion
In fact, it is impossible to briefly review the life and work of Turgenev. He was creative person with a wide range of interests. He left behind a huge legacy in the form of poems, plays and prose works, which still belong to the classics of world and domestic literature.
In 1827 the family moved to Moscow. Ivan Turgenev studied in private boarding schools, in 1833 he entered the literature department of Moscow University (now Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov), in 1834 he moved to the history and philology department of St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1837. In 1838 he went to Berlin, listened to lectures at the university, and in Germany became close to Nikolai Stankevich and Mikhail Bakunin. He returned to Russia in 1841 and settled in Moscow. In 1842 he passed the exams for the degree of Master of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University, but, carried away literary activity, interrupted his scientific career. In 1843 he entered service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and retired in 1845.
In 1843, the poem “Parasha” was published, highly appreciated by Vissarion Belinsky. During this period, Ivan Turgenev turned from romanticism to an ironic-descriptive poem ("The Landowner", "Andrei", both 1845) and prose close to the principles of the "natural school" ("Andrei Kolosov", 1844; "Three Portraits", 1846; " Breter", 1847).
From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850 he lived abroad (in Germany, France): he communicated with Pavel Annenkov, Alexander Herzen, met George Sand, Prosper Merimee, Alfred de Musset, Frederic Chopin, Charles Gounod. The stories "Petushkov" (1848), "The Diary of an Extra Man" (1850), the comedies "The Bachelor" (1849), "Where it breaks, there it breaks", "Provincial Woman" (both 1851), and the psychological drama "A Month in the Country" were written. "(1855).
In 1847, Turgenev’s story “Khor and Kalinich” was published in the Sovremennik magazine, which began the cycle of lyrical essays and stories “Notes of a Hunter.” A separate two-volume edition of the cycle was published in 1852; later the stories “The End of Chertopkhanov” (1872), “Living Relics”, “Knocking” (1874) were added.
In February 1852, Turgenev wrote an obituary note about the death of Gogol, which served as a pretext for the arrest and exile of the writer under police supervision in the village of Spassky for a year and a half. During this period, Turgenev wrote the stories “Mumu” (1854) and “The Inn” (1855), which in their anti-serfdom content are adjacent to “Notes of a Hunter.”
Upon his return from exile, Turgenev lived in Russia until July 1856, where he met Ivan Goncharov, Leo Tolstoy and Alexander Ostrovsky. The stories "The Calm" (1854), "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855), and "Correspondence" (1856) were published.
In 1856, the writer's first major novel, Rudin, was published. The name of the hero of the novel has become a household name for people whose words do not agree with deeds. In subsequent years, Turgenev published the stories "Faust" (1856) and "Asya" (1858), "First Love" (1860) and the novel "The Noble Nest" (1859).
After “Fathers and Sons,” a period of doubts and disappointments began for the writer: the stories “Ghosts” (1864), “Enough” (1865) and the novel “Smoke” (1867) were published.
After 1871, Turgenev lived in Paris, occasionally returning to Russia. He actively participated in cultural life Western Europe, promoted Russian literature abroad. Member of the circle of the largest French writers- Gustave Flaubert, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, the Goncourt brothers, where he enjoyed a reputation as one of the greatest realist writers. Turgenev communicated and corresponded with Charles Dickens, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Prosper Merimee, Guy de Maupassant.
Turgenev maintained contacts with Russian revolutionaries Pyotr Lavrov and German Lopatin.
IN late creativity Turgenev, mystical motifs appeared and increased: stories and tales “The Dog” (1865), “The Story of Lieutenant Ergunov” (1868), “The Dream”, “The Story of Father Alexei” (both 1877), “The Song of Triumphant Love” (1881), “ After death ( Clara Milic)" (1883).
Along with stories about the past ("The Steppe King Lear", 1870; "Punin and Baburin", 1874), in last years During his life, Turgenev turned to memoirs ("Literary and Everyday Memoirs", 1869-1880) and "Prose Poems" (1877-1882).
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a great Russian poet, writer, translator, playwright, philosopher and publicist. Born in Orel in 1818. in a family of nobles. The boy spent his childhood on the family estate of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. Homeschooling little Ivan, as was customary in noble families At that time, French and German teachers were studying. In 1927 the boy was sent to study at a private Moscow boarding school, where he spent 2.5 years.
By the age of fourteen I.S. Turgenev knew three well foreign languages what helped him without special effort enter Moscow University from where, a year later, he transferred to the University of St. Petersburg to the Faculty of Philosophy. Two years after graduation, Turgenev goes to study in Germany. In 1841 he returns to Moscow with the goal of finishing his studies and getting a place at the department of philosophy, but due to the tsarist ban on this science, his dreams were not destined to come true.
In 1843 Ivan Sergeevich entered service in one of the offices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for only two years. During the same period of time, his first works began to be published. In 1847 Turgenev, following his beloved, singer Polina Viardot, goes abroad and spends three years there. All this time, longing for his homeland did not leave the writer and in a foreign land he wrote several essays, which would later be included in the book “Notes of a Hunter,” which brought Turgenev popularity.
Upon returning to Russia, Ivan Sergeevich worked as a writer and critic in the Sovremennik magazine. In 1852 he publishes an obituary of N. Gogol, prohibited by censorship, for which he is sent to the family estate located in the Oryol province, without the opportunity to leave it. There he writes several works on “peasant” themes, one of which is “Mumu,” beloved by many since childhood. The writer's exile ends in 1853, he is allowed to visit St. Petersburg, and later (in 1856) leave the country and Turgenev leaves for Europe.
In 1858 he will return to his homeland, but not for long. During his stay in Russia, from the writer’s pen came the following: famous works like: “Asya”, “Noble Nest”, “Fathers and Sons”. In 1863 Turgenev and his beloved Viardot's family moved to Baden-Baden, and in 1871. - to Paris, where he and Victor Hugo were elected co-chairs of the first international congress of writers in Paris.
I.S. Turgenev died in 1883. in Bougival, a suburb of Paris. The cause of his death was sarcoma (oncological disease) of the spine. According to the writer’s last will, he was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Brief information about Turgenev.
