Definitions of literary terms. "a brief dictionary of literary terms" for students
Dictionary literary terms useful for novice authors. In it you will find terms related to literature, authorship, editing and text writing. If you don’t know the difference between acmeism and acrostic poetry, this article is for you. Of course it's not yet complete dictionary literary terms, but it is often updated.In the dictionary of literary terms posted on our website, we collect specific terms related to literature, authorship and writing. We hope that the dictionary will help novice authors in the difficult task of writing works. We will expand our vocabulary as much as possible.
A
A paragraph is a piece of text from one red line to another.
Advance is a sum of money paid by the publisher to the author. As a rule, the advance is paid in installments. Half - upon signing the contract, the second - after signing the original layout. If the book has additional prints, then in addition to the advance, the author receives a percentage of sales - royalties.
Autobiography - (from the Greek autos - myself, bios - life and grapho - I write) - a description by the author of his own life. Represents the author's judgment about himself, often expresses the writer's creative principles. An autobiography can reflect the personal qualities and properties of the author or generalize in the person of the author the characteristics of his generation, ethnic or social environment. A work of fiction in which the author used events from his personal life is called autobiographical.
Avant-garde literature is works that are unconventional in form, content or style. Such literature is difficult to understand because the author does not structure the text according to the usual rules.
Author's speech is the intratextual embodiment of the author (the image of the author), responsible for what he said. The term “Author's speech” is applicable primarily to artistic speech, since it is there that we meet many points of view, the speech of characters or someone other than the author of the text. In the text, the author can be presented as an author, an author-narrator, lyrical hero, the lyrical “I” and the hero of role-playing lyrics.
Acmeism - from Greek. άκμη - “peak, maximum, flowering, blooming time”) is a literary movement in Russian poetry that arose at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia. Contrasted with symbolism.
An acrostic is a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form a first name, last name, word or phrase.
Alliteration is the repetition in poetry (sometimes in prose) of consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Almanac is a collection of literary works.
An alpha reader is a person who reads a book as it is written. Alpha reader reads every new chapter, voices comments and gives advice on how to improve the text.
Allusion - (from the French allusion - hint) - an author's allusion to a well-known literary or historical fact, as well as a famous work of art. An allusion is broader than a specific phrase, quotation, the narrow context in which it is enclosed, and forces one to correlate the citing and cited works as a whole, to discover their general orientation or polemical nature.
Amphibrachium is a three-syllable foot in syllabic-tonic versification, the stress falls on the second syllable.
Anacreontic poetry is a type of ancient poetry: poems glorifying a cheerful, carefree life.
Anapest is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification with stress on the third syllable.
Anonymous - 1) a work without indicating the name of the author; 2) the author of the work who has hidden his name.
Antithesis is a turn of poetic speech in which, for expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.
Abstract - a brief (one or two paragraphs) summary of the contents of the book. Designed to arouse reader interest in the book.
Antagonist - opponent, rival.
An anthology is a collection of selected works by various authors.
Apostrophe, otherwise metobase or metabase, is a turn of poetic speech consisting of addressing an inanimate phenomenon as if it were animate and an absent person as if it were present.
Architectonics - the construction of a work of art, the proportionality of its parts, chapters, episodes.
An aphorism is a thought stated briefly and precisely.
B
A ballad is a lyric-epic poetic work with a clearly expressed plot of a historical or everyday nature.
Fable - small piece with ironic, satirical or moralizing content.
Fiction - common name fiction in prose and poetry. Fiction is now often referred to in the new meaning of "popular literature" as opposed to "high literature".
Blank verse is stop verse without rhyme. They are called so because the endings of the lines, where the rhyme is usually found, remain sonically unfilled, i.e. "white". Blank verse uses various poetic meters, but the endings of the verse are often selected according to a system, as a rule, provided for by the design and design of the stanza.
A beta reader is a person who reads a manuscript before it is sent to the publishing house and points out errors (stylistic, grammatical, structural, etc.) to the author.
Euphony (euphony) is the quality of speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound.
Burime is a poem composed according to predetermined rhymes.
Burlesque is a comic narrative poem in which a sublime theme is presented ironically and parodically.
Bylina is a Russian folk narrative song-poem about heroes and heroes.
IN
Versification is a system of certain rules and techniques for constructing poetic speech and versification.
Layout is one of the stages of pre-press preparation of a book. The layout designer places text and illustrations as they will appear in the book. Layout is also called a pdf file that is sent to the author so that he can familiarize himself with the layout of the book.
Free verse is syllabic-tonic, usually iambic verse with an unequal number of feet in the poetic lines. Free verse is often called fable verse due to its widespread use by fabulists, since, thanks to the variety of feet, it easily conveys the intonations of speech characteristic of a fable.
Memoirs, or memoirs, are works about past events written by their participants.
Vulgarism is a turn of phrase not accepted in literary speech. Rude word.
Fiction is the writer’s fantasy, a figment of the imagination.
G
Hyperbole is a stylistic device consisting of figurative exaggeration of the depicted event or phenomenon.
Galleys (obsolete) - text prepared for printing, but not yet typed.
Grotesque is an image of a person, events or phenomena in an ugly, comic, fantastic form.
D
Dactyl is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, containing a stressed and two unstressed syllables.
Decadence is a manifestation of modernism, which is characterized by the preaching of meaningless art, mysticism, and individualism.
Dialogue is a conversation between two characters.
A dithyramb is a work of praise.
Dolnik - trisyllabic poetic meter with the omission of one or two unstressed syllables within the line.
AND
Genre is a historically established division of literary works, carried out on the basis specific properties their form and content.
Genre literature is the general name for works in which the main driving force is the plot. The moral development of the heroes is not important here. Genre works include detective stories, romance novels, science fiction, fantasy and horror.
Z
The plot is an event during which the main conflict of the work is determined.
AND
Idealization is an image of something better than it actually is.
The ideological world of a work is the area of artistic decisions. It includes the author’s assessments and ideal, artistic ideas and pathos of the work.
The idea of a work of art is the main idea about the phenomena depicted in the work; expressed by the writer in artistic images.
Imagism - (from the Latin imago - image) is a literary movement in Russian poetry of the 20th century. Imagists proclaimed the main task of creativity to be inventing new images.
Impressionism - (from the French impressionnisme, from impression - impression) - a literary movement of the latter thirds of the XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, originating in France. The impressionists considered the task of art to convey the personal impressions of the writer.
Invective - form literary work, one form of pamphlet sharply ridiculing real face or group.
Inversion is a turn of poetic speech consisting of a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the usual order.
Intellectual prose - works designed to make the reader think about some problem.
Intrigue is the development of action in a complex plot of a work.
Irony is hidden mockery. A satirical device in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems.
TO
A cantata is a poem of a solemn nature, glorifying a joyful event or its hero.
A cantilena is a narrative poem sung to music.
Canzona is a poem glorifying knightly love.
Caricature is a humorous or satirical depiction of events or personalities.
Classicism - literary during the XVII- beginning XIX centuries in Russia Western Europe, based on imitation of ancient models and strict stylistic norms.
Classical literature is works considered exemplary for a particular era. The most valuable literature of the past and present.
Clause - the final syllables of a poetic line, starting with the last stressed syllable.
Coda - (Italian coda - “tail, end, train”) - final, additional verse.
Collision is a clash of forces involved in conflict with each other.
Commentary is an interpretation, clarification of the meaning of a work, episode, phrase.
Commercial literature is works intended for a wide audience and in great demand. Includes genre literature and mainstream literature.
The winged word is an apt expression that has become a proverb.
The climax is the most intense moment in the development of the plot. The conflict is reaching a critical point of development.
L
Laconism is brevity in the expression of thoughts.
A leitmotif is a recurring image or turn of phrase in a work.
Fiction is a field of art, the distinctive feature of which is the reflection of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.
A literary black is an unknown writer hired to write a book that will be published under the authorship of another person.
A literary editor is a specialist involved in editorial editing of texts.
M
Book marketing is actions to attract attention to a work or its author, facilitating the sale of a book. Includes advertising, promotion and publicity (PR).
The marketing department is a department of a publishing house that monitors the book market and the sales of its publishing house’s books on it. The department also deals with promotional materials and marketing-related activities.
Madrigal is a lyrical work of humorous, complimentary or love content.
Mainstream - works of art in which the main role is played not by the plot, but by the moral development of the characters.
Metaphor is the use of a word in figurative meaning to describe a person, object or phenomenon.
Myth is an ancient legend about the origin of life on Earth, about natural phenomena, about the exploits of gods and heroes.
Monologue is a speech addressed to an interlocutor or to oneself.
Monorhythm is a poem with one, repeating rhyme.
N
Initial rhyme is a consonance found at the beginning of a verse.
Non-commercial literature is books published without profit, often intellectual prose and poetry.
Innovation is the introduction of new ideas and techniques.
Non-fiction (from the English non-fiction) - non-fiction: biographies, memoirs, monographs, etc.
ABOUT
An image is an artistic depiction of a person, nature or individual phenomena.
Appeal is a turn of poetic speech, consisting in the writer’s emphasized appeal to the hero of his work, natural phenomena, and the reader.
Ode is a poem of praise dedicated to a solemn event or hero.
An octave is a stanza of eight verses in which the first six verses are united by two cross rhymes and the last two by an adjacent rhyme.
Personification (prosopopoeia) is a technique in which animals, natural phenomena, inanimate objects, are endowed with human properties and abilities.
The Onegin stanza is a stanza used by Pushkin in the novel Eugene Onegin, consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet.
Original layout is a page-by-page layout of a publication signed for printing, each page of which completely coincides with the corresponding page of the future publication.
P
Publicity (PR, PR) is a free mention of the title of a book or the name of the author in the media. This is the most effective, cheapest and most complex way of advertising. It requires a lot of time - and not so much on the part of the publisher, but on the part of the author.
Pamphlet - journalistic work with a clearly expressed accusatory orientation and a certain socio-political address.
Parallelism is a technique consisting in comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel.
Parody is a genre of literature that politically or satirically imitates the features of the original.
Lampoon is a work with offensive, slanderous content.
Landscape is a depiction of nature in a literary work.
Transfer (enjambment) - transferring the end of a complete sentence from one poetic line or stanza to the next one.
Periphrasis is the replacement of the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential characteristics and features.
A character is a character in a literary work.
The narrator is the person on whose behalf the story is told in epic and lyric epic works.
A story is a prose genre that, in terms of text volume, occupies an intermediate place between a novel and a short story, gravitating toward a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life. In Russia in the first third of the 19th century, the term “story” corresponded to what is now called “story”. The concept of a story or short story was not known at that time, and the term “story” meant everything that did not reach the volume of a novel.
A proverb is a short, figurative expression that does not have syntactic completeness.
Pocketbook (pocketbook - pocket book) - book small size softcover.
A portrait is an image of a character’s appearance in a work of art.
Dedication - an inscription at the beginning of a work indicating the person to whom it is dedicated.
An afterword is a structurally independent addition placed after a literary work, not related to the development of the plot of this work, but dedicated to the discussion of the ideas, situations, autobiographical moments, etc. expressed in it, which, in the opinion of the author, require special clarification.
A joke is a sharp phrase or little word.
Parable - an edifying story about human life in allegorical or allegorical form
A pseudonym is a fictitious name of the writer.
Prologue - introductory part, introduction, preface to the book. A prologue introduces the characters before the action begins or tells what preceded it.
Promotion - as part of a promotion, the publisher provides discounts to sellers for making efforts to promote a particular book. They make displays in stores, place advertising stands, etc. Usually we're talking about about offset: the publishing house supplies goods for a certain amount free of charge.
Journalism is a set of artistic works that reflect the social and political life of society.
R
The denouement is the outcome of the main plot conflict in the work. Describes the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it. The final scene.
Verse size is the number and order of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in the feet of syllabic-tonic verse.
A rhapsode was a traveling poet-singer in Ancient Greece who sang epic songs to the accompaniment of a lyre.
A story or novella (Italian: novella - news) is the main genre of short narrative prose. A short story is a smaller form of fiction than a story or novel. Compared to more detailed narrative forms, stories do not have many characters and one plot line (rarely several) with the characteristic presence of a single problem.
Editorial (in publishing) is one of the variants of the text of a work. For example: “Get the text in the first edition.”
A replica is the response of one character to the speech of another.
Refrain - repeated verses at the end of each stanza.
Reader - an employee of the publishing house who reads submitted applications (gravity). Also called a reader e-book(reader).
Rhythm is a systematic, measured repetition in verse of certain, similar units of speech (syllables).
Rhyme - the endings of poetic lines that match in sound.
The type of literature is divided according to fundamental characteristics: drama, lyricism, epic.
Romance - small lyric poem melodious type on the theme of love.
Rondo is an eight-line poem containing 13 (15) lines and 2 rhymes.
A novel is a literary genre, usually prose, which involves a detailed narrative about the life and personality development of the main character (heroes) during a crisis, non-standard period of his life.
Royalty is a percentage of the book's wholesale price that is paid to the author after the advance has been repaid.
Rubai are forms of lyrical poetry of the East. A quatrain in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.
WITH
Sarcasm is a caustic mockery.
Satire is a work of art that ridicules vicious phenomena in the life of society or negative qualities an individual person.
Free verse (free verse) is a verse in which there is an arbitrary number of stressed and unstressed syllables; it is based on a uniform syntactic organization that determines the uniform intonation of the verse.
Signal instance - first instance printed edition, coming from the printing house to the publishing house for quality control. Books that are sent to the media for reviews and review are also called signal copies.
Syllabic versification - same number syllables in a poetic line.
Syllabic-tonic versification is a versification that is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in the line.
Symbolism is a literary movement. Symbolists created and used a system of symbols, into which they invested mystical meaning.
Synopsis - summary works from which the genre, time of action, characters and plot lines are clear. See the post “How to Write a Synopsis.”
Skaz is a way of organizing storytelling, focused on oral, popular speech.
A tale (legend) is a work based on an incident that actually took place.
A syllable is a sound or combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one exhalation; primary rhythmic unit in poetic measured speech.
Stanzas - small form lyric poetry, consisting of quatrains, complete in thought.
Versification is a system for constructing measured poetic speech, which is based on some repeating rhythmic unit of speech.
Foot - in syllabic-tonic versification, repeated combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, which determine its size.
T
The creative process is the writer’s work on a work.
Theme is the object of artistic reflection.
Theme is a set of themes of a work.
A trend is a conclusion to which the author seeks to lead the reader.
Notebook is a typographic term meaning a set of sheets in an assembly element. Subsequently, the notebooks are stitched or glued into a book and covered with a cover.
U
Urbanism is a direction in literature primarily concerned with describing the features of life in a big city.
Utopia is a work of art that tells about a dream as a real phenomenon. Portrays ideal social order without scientific justification.
F
Fabula is the plot basis of a literary work. The arrangement of the main events of a literary work in their chronological sequence.
Fan fiction (fan fiction - fan fiction) - texts created by fans of a work, movie, game using characters, situations, stories originally invented by other authors.
A feuilleton is a type of newspaper article ridiculing the vices of society.
A stylistic figure is an unusual turn of phrase that a writer resorts to to enhance the expressiveness of the literary word.
Flash back (return to the past) is a story about events that happened before the start of the current scene.
Folklore is a set of works of oral folk poetry.
X
Character is an artistic image of a person with pronounced individual traits.
A trochee is a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
Chronicle is a narrative or dramatic work that displays events in public life in chronological order.
Artistic taste is the ability to correctly perceive and independently comprehend works of art. Understanding nature artistic creativity and the ability to analyze a work of art.
C
Cycle - works of art united by characters, era, thought or experience.
H
A chastushka is a small piece of oral folk poetry with humorous, satirical or lyrical content.
E
Euphemism is the replacement of harsh expressions in poetic speech with softer ones.
Aesopian language is an allegorical, disguised way of expressing one's thoughts.
Exposition is a text at the beginning of a work that outlines the initial situation: the time and place of action, the composition and relationships of the characters. If the exposure is placed at the beginning of the work, it is called direct, if in the middle - delayed.
An eclogue is a short poem describing life in a village.
Exposure - initial, introductory part plot. Unlike the beginning, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
Impromptu is a work created quickly, without preparation.
An elegy is a poem permeated with sadness or a dreamy mood.
An epigram is a short witty, mocking or satirical poem.
An epigraph is a short text placed at the beginning of a work that explains the author’s intent.
Episode - one of the interconnected events in the plot, having more or less independent meaning in the work.
An epilogue is the final part added to a finished work of art and not necessarily connected with it by the inextricable development of the action. The epilogue introduces the reader to the further fate of the characters.
Epithet is a figurative definition.
YU
Humoresque is a short humorous work in prose or poetry.
I
Iambic is a two-syllable meter in Russian versification, consisting of an unstressed and stressed syllable.
ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is an international identification number assigned to a book when it is printed, consisting of 13 digits. The code is unique for each publication.
August 14, 2015Illustration for: Literary terms
ANTITHESIS - opposition of characters, events, actions, words. Can be used at the level of details, particulars (“Black evening, White snow" - A. Blok), but can serve as a method for creating the entire work as a whole. This is the contrast between the two parts of A. Pushkin’s poem “The Village” (1819), where the first depicts pictures of beautiful nature, peaceful and happy, and the second, by contrast, depicts episodes from the life of a powerless and brutally oppressed Russian peasant.
ARCHITECTONICS - the relationship and proportionality of the main parts and elements that make up a literary work.
DIALOGUE - a conversation, conversation, argument between two or more characters in a work.
PREPARATION - an element of the plot, meaning the moment of conflict, the beginning of the events depicted in the work.
INTERIOR is a compositional tool that recreates the environment in the room where the action takes place.
INTRIGUE is the movement of the soul and the actions of a character aimed at searching for the meaning of life, truth, etc. - a kind of “spring” that drives the action in a dramatic or epic work and makes it entertaining.
COLLISION - a clash of opposing views, aspirations, interests of characters in a work of art.
COMPOSITION – construction of a work of art, specific system in the arrangement of its parts. Vary compositional means(portraits of characters, interior, landscape, dialogue, monologue, including internal) and compositional techniques(montage, symbol, stream of consciousness, self-disclosure of the character, mutual disclosure, depiction of the character’s character in dynamics or statics). The composition is determined by the characteristics of the writer’s talent, the genre, content and purpose of the work.
COMPONENT – component work: when analyzing it, for example, we can talk about components of content and components of form, sometimes interpenetrating.
CONFLICT is a clash of opinions, positions, characters in a work, driving its action, like intrigue and conflict.
CLIMAX is an element of the plot: the moment of highest tension in the development of the action of the work.
LEITMOTHIO - the main idea of a work, repeatedly repeated and emphasized.
MONOLOGUE is a lengthy speech of a character in a literary work, addressed, in contrast to an internal monologue, to others. An example of an internal monologue is the first stanza of A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”: “My uncle has the most honest rules...”, etc.
MONTAGE is a compositional technique: compiling a work or its section into a single whole from individual parts, passages, quotes. An example is the book of Eug. Popov "The beauty of life."
MOTIVE is one of the components of a literary text, part of the theme of the work, which more often than others acquires symbolic meaning. Road motif, house motif, etc.
OPPOSITION - a variant of the antithesis: opposition, opposition of views, behavior of characters at the level of characters (Onegin - Lensky, Oblomov - Stolz) and at the level of concepts ("wreath - crown" in M. Lermontov's poem "The Death of the Poet"; "it seemed - it turned out" in A. Chekhov's story “The Lady with the Dog”).
LANDSCAPE is a compositional tool: the depiction of pictures of nature in a work.
PORTRAIT – 1. Compositional means: depiction of a character’s appearance – face, clothing, figure, demeanor, etc.; 2. Literary portrait is one of the prose genres.
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS is a compositional technique used mainly in literature modernist trends. Its area of application is the analysis of complex crisis states of the human spirit. F. Kafka, J. Joyce, M. Proust and others are recognized as masters of the “stream of consciousness”. In some episodes, this technique can also be used in realistic works– Artem Vesely, V. Aksenov and others.
PROLOGUE is an extra-plot element that describes the events or persons involved before the start of the action in the work (“The Snow Maiden” by A. N. Ostrovsky, “Faust” by I. V. Goethe, etc.).
DENOUNCING is a plot element that fixes the moment of resolution of the conflict in the work, the outcome of the development of events in it.
RETARDATION is a compositional technique that delays, stops or reverses the development of action in a work. It is carried out by including in the text various kinds of digressions of lyrical and journalistic nature(“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” in “ Dead souls"N. Gogol, autobiographical digressions in A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", etc.).
PLOT - a system, the order of development of events in a work. Its main elements: prologue, exposition, plot, development of action, climax, denouement; in some cases an epilogue is possible. The plot reveals cause-and-effect relationships in the relationship between characters, facts and events in the work. To evaluate various types of plots, concepts such as plot intensity and “wandering” plots can be used.
THEME – the subject of the image in the work, its material, indicating the place and time of action. main topic, as a rule, is specified by topic, i.e., a set of private, individual topics.
FABULA - the sequence of unfolding of the events of a work in time and space.
FORM is a certain system of artistic means that reveals the content of a literary work. Categories of form - plot, composition, language, genre, etc. Form as a way of existence of the content of a literary work.
CHRONOTOP is the spatiotemporal organization of material in a work of art.
Bald man with white beard – I. Nikitin
Old Russian giant – M. Lermontov
With the young dogaressa – A. Pushkin
Falls on the sofa – N. Nekrasov
Used most often in postmodern works:
There's a stream underneath him,
But not azure,
There is an aroma above it -
Well, I have no strength.
He, having given everything to literature,
He tasted its full fruits.Drive away, man, five altyn,(I. Irtenev)
And don’t irritate unnecessarily.
Freedom sower desert
Reaps a meager harvest.
EXPOSITION - an element of the plot: setting, circumstances, positions of the characters in which they find themselves before the start of the action in the work.
EPIGRAPH – a proverb, a quotation, someone’s statement placed by the author before a work or its part, parts, designed to indicate his intention: “...So who are you finally? I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good.” Goethe. “Faust” is an epigraph to M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.”
EPILOGUE is a plot element that describes the events that occurred after the end of the action in the work (sometimes after many years - I. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons”).
2. Language of fiction
ALLEGORY is an allegory, a type of metaphor. Allegory captures a conventional image: in fables, the fox is cunning, the donkey is stupidity, etc. Allegory is also used in fairy tales, parables, and satire.
ALLITERATION is an expressive means of language: repetition of identical or homogeneous consonant sounds in order to create a sound image:
And its area is empty(A. Pushkin)
He runs and hears behind him -
It's like thunder roaring -
Heavy ringing galloping
Along the shocked pavement...
ANAPHOR - an expressive means of language: repetition at the beginning of poetic lines, stanzas, paragraphs of the same words, sounds, syntactic structures.
With all my insomnia I love you,
With all my insomnia I listen to you -
About that time, as throughout the Kremlin
The bell ringers wake up...But my river is yes with your river,(M. Tsvetaeva)
But my hand- yes with your hand
Not will come together. My joy, how long
Not the dawn will catch up.
ANTITHESIS is an expressive means of language: the opposition of sharply contrasting concepts and images: You and the poor, // You and the abundant, // You and the mighty, // You and the powerless, // Mother Rus'! (I. Nekrasov).
ANTONYMS – words with opposite meanings; serve to create bright contrasting images:
The rich man fell in love with the poor woman,(M. Tsvetaeva)
A scientist fell in love with a stupid woman,
I fell in love with ruddy - pale,
I fell in love with a good one - a harmful one,
Gold - copper half.
ARCHAISMS - outdated words, figures of speech, grammatical forms. They serve in the work to recreate the flavor of a bygone era and characterize the character in a certain way. They can give solemnity to the language: “Show off, city of Petrov, and stand, unshakably, like Russia,” and in other cases - an ironic shade: “This youth in Magnitogorsk gnawed at the granite of science in college and, with God’s help, graduated from it successfully.”
UNION is an expressive means of language that accelerates the pace of speech in the work: “Clouds are rushing, clouds are curling; // The invisible moon // Illuminates the flying snow; // the sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy" (A. Pushkin).
BARVARISMS are words from a foreign language. With their help, the flavor of a specific era can be recreated (“Peter the Great” by A. N. Tolstoy), and a literary character can be characterized (“War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy). In some cases, barbarisms can be the object of controversy and irony (V. Mayakovsky.“About “fiascoes”, “apogees” and other unknown things”).
RHETORICAL QUESTION – an expressive means of language: a statement in the form of a question that does not require an answer:
Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?(M. Lermontov)
Am I waiting for what? Do I regret anything?
RHETORICAL EXCLAMATION – an expressive means of language; an appeal that serves the purpose of increasing emotionality usually creates a solemn, upbeat mood:
Oh, Volga! My cradle!(N. Nekrasov)
Has anyone ever loved you like I do?
VULGARISM is a vulgar, rude word or expression.
HYPERBOLE - excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object, phenomenon, quality in order to enhance the impression.
Your love will not cure you at all,(B. Okudzhava)
forty thousand other loving pavements.
Ah, my Arbat, Arbat,
you are my fatherland,
will never completely get past you.
GRADATION is an expressive means of language, with the help of which the depicted feelings and thoughts are gradually strengthened or weakened. For example, in the poem “Poltava” A. Pushkin characterizes Mazepa this way: “that he does not know the shrine; // that he does not remember charity; // that he doesn't like anything; // that he is ready to shed blood like water; // that he despises freedom; // that there is no homeland for him.” Anaphora can serve as the basis for gradation.
GROTESQUE is an artistic device of an exaggerated violation of the proportions of the depicted, a bizarre combination of the fantastic and the real, the tragic and the comic, the beautiful and the ugly, etc. The grotesque can be used at the level of style, genre and image: “And I see: // Half of the people are sitting. // Oh, devilry! //Where is the other half?” (V. Mayakovsky).
DIALECTISM - words from the general national language, used mainly in a certain area and used in literary works to create local color or speech characteristics of characters: “Nagulnov let his mashtaka tent and stopped him side of the mound” (M. Sholokhov).
JARGON is the conventional language of a small social group, differing from the national language mainly in vocabulary: “The writing language was refined, but at the same time flavored with a good dose of maritime jargon... the way sailors and tramps speak.” (K. Paustovsky).
ABSOLUTE LANGUAGE is the result of an experiment that was mainly carried out by futurists. Its goal is to find a correspondence between the sound of a word and its meaning and to free the word from its usual meaning: “Bobeobi lips sang. // Veeomi's eyes sang..." (V. Khlebnikov).
INVERSION - changing the order of words in a sentence in order to highlight the meaning of a word or give an unusual sound to the phrase as a whole: “We moved from the highway to a piece of canvas // Barge haulers of these Repin’s legs” (Dm. Kedrin).
IRONY - subtle hidden mockery: “He sang the faded color of life // At almost eighteen years old” (A. Pushkin).
PUN – a witty joke based on homonyms or the use of different meanings of one word:
The realm of rhymes is my element(D. Minaev)
And I write poetry easily.
Without hesitation, without delay
I run to line by line.
Even to the Finnish brown rocks
I'm making a pun.
LITOTE - a figurative means of language, built on a fantastic understatement of an object or its properties: “Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, // No more than a thimble” (A. Griboyedov).
METAPHOR – a word or expression used in a figurative meaning. A figurative means of language based on implicit comparison. The main types of metaphors are allegory, symbol, personification: “Hamlet, who thought with timid steps...” (O. Mandelstam).
METONYMY is an artistic means of language: replacing the name of a whole with the name of a part (or vice versa) based on their similarity, proximity, contiguity, etc.: “What’s wrong with you, blue sweater, // There’s an anxious breeze in your eyes?” (A. Voznesensky).
NEOLOGISM – 1. A word or expression created by the author of a literary work: A. Blok – above the blizzard, etc.; V. Mayakovsky - huge, hammer-handed, etc.; I. Severyanin – sparkling, etc.; 2. Words that have acquired a new additional meaning over time - satellite, cart, etc.
RHETORICAL APPEAL – an oratorical device, an expressive means of language; a word or group of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed and contains an appeal, demand, request: “Listen, comrades descendants, // agitator, loudmouth, leader” (V. Mayakovsky).
OXYMORON - an epithet used in the opposite meaning of the words being defined: “miserly knight”, “living corpse”, “blinding darkness”, “sad joy”, etc.
PERSONIFICATION is a method of metaphorically transferring the features of living things to non-living things: “The river is playing,” “It’s raining,” “The poplar is burdened by loneliness,” etc. The polysemantic nature of personification is revealed in the system of other artistic means of language.
HOMONYMS - words that sound the same, but have different meanings: scythe, stove, marriage, once, etc. “And I didn’t care. about // What a secret volume my daughter has // Dozing under the pillow until the morning" (A. Pushkin).
ONOMATOPOEIA – onomatopoeia, imitation of natural and everyday sounds:
The kulesh cackled in the cauldron.(E. Yevtushenko)
Heeled in the wind
Red wings of fire.
Midnight in the swamp wilderness(K. Balmont)
The reeds rustle barely audibly, silently.
PARALLELISM is a figurative means of language; similar symmetrical arrangement elements of speech, in correlation creating a harmonious artistic image. Parallelism is often found in oral folklore and in the Bible. In fiction, parallelism can be used at the verbal-sound, rhythmic, compositional level: “Black raven in the gentle dusk, // Black velvet on dark shoulders” (A. Blok).
PERIPHRASE – a figurative means of language; replacing the concept with a descriptive phrase: “ It's a sad time! The charm of the eyes! - autumn; “Foggy Albion” – England; “Singer of Gyaur and Juan” - Byron, etc.
PLEONASM (Greek “pleonasmos” - excess) is an expressive means of language; repetition of words and phrases that are close in meaning: sadness, melancholy, once upon a time, crying - shedding tears, etc.
REPEATMENTS are stylistic figures, syntactic constructions based on the repetition of words that carry a special semantic load. Types of repetitions – Anaphora, Epiphora, Refrain, Pleonasm, Tautology and etc.
REFRAIN – an expressive means of language; periodic repetition of a semantically complete passage that summarizes the thought expressed in it:
Mountain king on a long journey(K. Balmont )
– It’s boring in a foreign country. -
He wants to find a beautiful maiden.
-You won't come back to me. -
He sees a manor on a mossy mountain.
– It’s boring in a foreign country. -
Little Kirsten is standing in the yard.
-You won't come back to me. –<…>
SYMBOL (one of the meanings) is a type of metaphor, a comparison of a generalizing nature: for M. Lermontov, “sail” is a symbol of loneliness; A. Pushkin’s “star of captivating happiness” is a symbol of freedom, etc.
SYNECDOCHE is a figurative means of language; view Metonymies, based on replacing the name of the whole with the name of its part. Synecdoche is sometimes called "quantitative" metonymy. “The bride has gone crazy today” (A. Chekhov).
COMPARISON is a figurative means of language; creating an image by comparing the already known with the unknown (old with new). Comparison is created using special words (“as”, “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”), the form instrumental case or comparative forms of adjectives:
And she herself is majestic,(A. Pushkin )
Swims out like a peahen;
And as the speech says,
It's like a river babbling.
TAUTOLOGY is an expressive means of language; repetition of words with the same root.
Where is this house with the shutter that came off?(D. Kedrin )
A room with a colorful carpet on the wall?
Dear, dear, long, long ago
I remember my childhood.
TRAILS are words used in a figurative meaning. Types of tropes are Metaphor, Metonymy, Epithet and etc.
DEFAULT is an expressive means of language. The hero's speech is interrupted in order to activate the reader's imagination, called upon to fill in what was missed. Typically indicated by an ellipsis:
What's wrong with me?(A. Pushkin )
Father... Mazepa... execution - with a prayer
Here, in this castle, my mother -
EUPHEMISM is an expressive means of language; a descriptive phrase that changes the assessment of an object or phenomenon.
“In private I would call him a liar. In a newspaper article I would use the expression - a frivolous attitude towards the truth. In Parliament - I would regret that the gentleman is ill-informed. One could add that people get punched in the face for such information.” (D. Galsworthy"The Forsyte Saga").
EPITHET – a figurative device of language; a colorful definition of an object that allows you to distinguish it from a whole range of similar ones and discover the author’s assessment of what is being described. Types of epithet - constant, oxymoron, etc.: “The lonely sail is white...”.
EPIPHOR - an expressive means of language; repetition of words or phrases at the end of poetic lines. Epiphora is a rare form in Russian poetry:
Note - I love you!(V. Voznesensky )
Edge - I love you!
Animal - I love you!
Separation - I love you!
3. Fundamentals of poetry
ACROSTIC - a poem in which the initial letters of each verse form a word or phrase vertically:
The angel lay down at the edge of the sky,
Leaning over, he marvels at the abyss.
The new world was dark and starless.
Hell was silent. Not a groan was heard.Scarlet blood timid beating,
Fragile hands are frightened and shuddering,
The world of dreams got possession
Angel's holy reflection.The world is crowded! Let him live dreaming(N. Gumilev)
About love, about sadness and about shadows,
In the eternal darkness, opening
The ABC of your own revelations.
ALEXANDRIAN VERSE - a system of couplets; iambic hexameter with a number of paired verses based on the principle of alternating male and female pairs: aaBBvvGG...
Two Astronomers happened together at a feast(M. Lomonosov)
A
And they argued quite heatedly among themselves:
A
One repeated: the earth, spinning, circles the Sun,
B
Another is that the Sun takes all the planets with it:
B
One was Copernicus, the other was known as Ptolemy,
V
Here the cook settled the dispute with his smile.
V
The owner asked: “Do you know the course of the stars?
G
Tell me, how do you reason about this doubt?”
G
He gave the following answer: “In that Copernicus is right,
d
I will prove the truth without having been to the Sun.
d
Who has seen a simpleton among cooks like this?
E
Who would turn the fireplace around the roaster?
E
Alexandrian verse was used mainly in high classicist genres - tragedies, odes, etc.
AMPHIBRACHIUS (Greek “amphi” - around; “bhaspu” - short; literal translation: “short on both sides”) - three-syllable size with emphasis on the 2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th, etc. d. syllables.
Once upon a time there lived a little boy(V. A. Zhukovsky(two-footed amphibrachium))
He was as tall / as tall as a finger.
The face was / handsome, -
Like sparks / little eyes,
Like fluff in / calf...
ANAPEST (Greek “anapaistos” - reflected back) - three-syllable size with emphasis on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, etc. syllables.
Neither country / nor state / that(I. Brodsky(two-foot anapest))
I don't want / to choose.
On Vasil/evsky os/trov
I will come / die.
ASSONANCE is an imprecise rhyme based on the consonance of the roots of words, rather than the endings:
The student wants to listen to Scriabin,(E. Yevtushenko)
And for half a month he lives as a miser.
ASTROPHIC TEXT - the text of a poetic work, not divided into stanzas (N. A. Nekrasov“Reflections at the Front Entrance”, etc.).
BANAL RHYME - a frequently occurring, familiar rhyme; sound and semantic stencil. “...There are too few rhymes in the Russian language. One calls the other. The “flame” inevitably drags the “stone” along with it. Because of the “feelings”, “art” certainly appears. Who isn’t tired of “love” and “blood”, “difficult” and “wonderful”, “faithful” and “hypocritical” and so on.” (A. Pushkin"Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg").
POOR RHYME - only stressed vowels are consonant in it: “near” - “earth”, “she” - “soul”, etc. Sometimes a poor rhyme is called a “sufficient” rhyme.
BLANK VERSE - verse without rhyme:
Of life's pleasures(A. Pushkin)
Music is inferior to love alone;
But love is also a melody...
Blank verse appeared in Russian poetry in the 18th century. (V. Trediakovsky), in the 19th century. used by A. Pushkin (“Again I visited...”),
M. Lermontov (“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”), N. Nekrasov (“Who Lives Well in Rus'”), etc. In the 20th century. blank verse is represented in the works of I. Bunin, Sasha Cherny, O. Mandelstam, A. Tarkovsky, D. Samoilov and others.
BRACHYKOLON - a monosyllabic verse used to convey an energetic rhythm or as a form of humor.
Forehead -(V. Khodasevich."Funeral")
Chalk.
Bel
Coffin.
Sang
Pop.
Sheaf
Strel -
Day
Holy!
Crypt
Blind
Shadow -
In hell!
BURIME – 1. Poem with given rhymes; 2. A game consisting of composing such poems. During the game, the following conditions are met: rhymes must be unexpected and varied; they cannot be changed or rearranged.
Free verse - free verse. It may lack meter and rhyme. Free verse is a verse in which the unit of rhythmic organization (line, Rhyme, Stanza) intonation appears (chant in oral performance):
I was lying on the top of a mountain(A. Tarkovsky)
I was surrounded by earth.
Enchanted Edge Below
Lost all colors except two:
Light blue,
Light brown where there is blue stone
the pen of Azrael wrote,
Dagestan lay around me.
INTERNAL RHYME - consonances, one (or both) of which are located inside the verse. Internal rhyme can be constant (appears in a caesura and defines the boundary between hemistiches) and irregular (breaks the verse into separate rhythmic unequal and inconsistent groups):
If rhea, disappearing,(K. Balmont)
Numb and shining
Snow flakes curl. -
If sleepy, distant
Sometimes with reproach, sometimes in love,
The sounds of crying are gentle.
FREE VERSE - verse in different feet. The predominant size of free verse is iambic with a verse length of one to six feet. This form is convenient for conveying lively colloquial speech and therefore is used mainly in fables, poetic comedies and dramas (“Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov and others).
Crosses / no, you / shed from / terpen / I 4-stop.(I. Krylov)
From ra/zoren/ya, 2-stop.
What speech / ki them / and ru / cells 4-stop.
When in / additional / lie when / fixing / whether, 4-stop.
Let's go / ask / for ourselves / upra / you at / the River, 6-stop.
In which / torus / the stream / and the river / flows / there are 6 stops.
Octagon - a stanza of eight verses with a certain method of rhyming. See more details. Octave. Triolet.
HEXAMETER – hexameter dactyl, favorite meter of ancient Greek poetry:
The son of the Thunderer and Lethe - Phoebus, angry with the king(Homer. Iliad; lane N. Gnedich)
He brought an evil plague upon the army: nations perished.
The maiden dropped the urn with water and broke it on the cliff.(A. Pushkin)
The virgin sits sadly, idle holding a shard.
Miracle! The water flowing from the broken urn will not dry up,
The Virgin, above the eternal stream, sits forever sad.
HYPERDACTYLIC RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the fourth and further syllables from the end of the verse:
Goes, Balda, quacks,(A. Pushkin)
And the priest, seeing Balda, jumps up...
DACTYLIC RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the verse:
I, Mother of God, now with prayer(M. Yu. Lermontov)
Before your image, bright radiance,
Not about salvation, not before battle
Not with gratitude or repentance,
I don’t pray for my deserted soul,
For the soul of a wanderer in the light of a rootless...
DACTYL – three-syllable meter with emphasis on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th, etc. syllables:
Was approaching / gray behind / cat(I. Annensky(3-foot dactyl))
The air was / tender and / intoxicated,
And from there / beckoned / garden
Somehow about / especially / green.
COUPLET – 1. A stanza of two verses with a paired rhyme:
Pale blue mysterious face
He drooped over the withered roses.And the lamps gild the coffin(I. Bunin)
And their children flow transparently...
2. Type of lyrics; a complete poem of two verses:
From others I receive praise - what ashes,(A. Akhmatova)
From you and blasphemy - praise.
DOLNIK (Pauznik) – poetic meter on the verge syllabo-tonic And tonic versification. Based on the rhythmic repetition of strong ones (see. ICT) and weak points, as well as variable pauses between stressed syllables. The range of interic intervals ranges from 0 to 4 unstressed. The length of a verse is determined by the number of stresses in a line. The dolnik came into widespread use at the beginning of the 20th century:
Late autumn. The sky is open(A. Blok(three-beat dolder))
And the forests are filled with silence.
Lying down on the blurry shore
The mermaid's head is sick.
FEMALE RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the second syllable from the end of the verse:
These meager villages(F. I. Tyutchev)
This meager nature
The native land of long-suffering,
You are the edge of the Russian people!
ZEVGMA (from ancient Greek literally “bundle”, “bridge”) - an indication of the commonality of various poetic forms, literary movements, and types of art (see: Biryukov SE. Zeugma: Russian poetry from mannerism to postmodernism. – M., 1994).
IKT is a strong rhythm-forming syllable in a verse.
QUATREIN – 1. The most common stanza in Russian poetry, consisting of four verses: “In the depths of the Siberian ores” by A. Pushkin, “Sail” by M. Lermontov, “Why are you greedily looking at the road” by N. Nekrasov, “Portrait” by N. Zabolotsky, “It’s Snowing” by B. Pasternak and others. The rhyming method can be paired (aabb), circular (Abba), cross (abab); 2. Type of lyrics; a poem of four lines of predominantly philosophical content, expressing a complete thought:
Until convincing, until(M. Tsvetaeva)
Murder is simple:
Two birds built a nest for me:
Truth - and Orphanhood.
CLAUSE - a group of final syllables in a line of poetry.
LIMERICK – 1. Solid stanza form; pentaverse with double consonance based on the rhyming principle aabba. The limerick was introduced into literature as a type of comic poem telling about an unusual incident by the English poet Edward Lear:
There lived an old man from Morocco,
He saw surprisingly poorly.
- Is this your leg?
- I doubt it a little, -
The old man from Morocco answered.
2. Literary game, which consists of composing similar comic poems; in this case, the limerick must necessarily begin with the words: “Once upon a time ...”, “Once upon a time there lived an old man ...”, etc.
LIPOGRAM - a poem in which no specific sound is used. Thus, in G. R. Derzhavin’s poem “The Nightingale in a Dream” there is no “r” sound:
I slept on a high hill,
I heard your voice, nightingale;
Even in the deepest sleep
It was clear to my soul:
It sounded and then echoed,
Now he groaned, now he grinned
In hearing from afar he, -
And in the arms of Callista
Songs, sighs, clicks, whistles
Enjoyed a sweet dream.<…>
MACARONIK POETRY - poetry of a satirical or parody nature; comic effect It is achieved by mixing words from different languages and styles:
So I set off on the road:(I. Myatlev(“Ms. Kurdyukova’s sensations and remarks abroad were given in L’Etrange”))
Dragged to the city of St. Petersburg
And got a ticket
For myself, e pur Anet,
And pur Khariton le medic
Sur le pyroscaphe "Heir",
Loaded the crew
Prepared for a voyage<…>
MESOSISH - a poem in which the letters in the middle of the vertical line form a word.
METER – a certain rhythmic ordering of repetitions within poetic lines. The types of meter in syllabic-tonic versification are two-syllable (see. Trochee, Iambic), trisyllabic (see Dactyl, Amphibrachium, Anapest) and other poetic meters.
METRICS is a section of poetry that studies the rhythmic organization of verse.
MONORYM - a poem using one rhyme:
When, children, are you students,(A. Apukhtin)
Don't rack your brains over the moments
Over the Hamlets, Lyres, Kents,
Over kings and over presidents,
Over the seas and over the continents,
Don't mingle with your opponents there,
Be smart with your competitors
How will you finish the course with eminents?
And you will go into service with patents -
Don't look at the service of assistant professors
And don’t disdain, children, gifts!<…>
MONOSTYCH - a poem consisting of one verse.
I(K. Balmont)
All-expressiveness is the key to worlds and secrets.
II
Love is fire, and blood is fire, and life is fire, we are fiery.
MORA - in ancient versification, a unit of time for pronouncing one short syllable.
MALE RHYME - a consonance in which the emphasis falls on the last syllable of the verse:
We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time!(A. Pushkin)
There, where the mountain turns white behind the clouds,
To where the sea edges turn blue,
To where we walk only the wind... yes me!
ODIC STROPHE - a stanza of ten verses with a rhyming method AbAbVVgDDg:
Oh you who are waiting(M. V. Lomonosov(“Ode on the day of accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty the Empress Elisaveta Petrovna. 1747”))
Fatherland from its depths
And he wants to see them,
Which ones are calling from foreign countries.
Oh, your days are blessed!
Be of good cheer now
It’s your kindness to show
What can Platonov's own
And the quick-witted Newtons
Russian land gives birth.
OCTAVE - a stanza of eight verses with triple consonance due to rhyming abababvv:
Verse harmonies divine secrets
Don't think about figuring it out from the books of the sages:
At the shore of sleepy waters, wandering alone, by chance,
Listen with your soul to the whispering of the reeds,I say oak forests: their sound is extraordinary(A. Maikov)
Feel and understand... In the consonance of poetry
Involuntarily from your lips dimensional octaves
The oak groves flow, sonorous as music.
The octave is found in Byron, A. Pushkin, A.K. Tolstoy and other poets.
ONEGIN STROPHA - a stanza consisting of 14 verses (AbAbVVg-gDeeJj); created by A. Pushkin (novel “Eugene Onegin”). A characteristic feature of the Onegin stanza is the obligatory use of iambic tetrameter.
Let me be known as an Old Believer,(M. Lermontov(Tambov treasurer))
I don't care - I'm even glad:
I am writing Onegin in size:
I sing, friends, in the old way.
Please listen to this tale!
Its unexpected ending
Perhaps you will approve
Let's bow our heads lightly.
Observing the ancient custom,
We are the beneficial wine
Let's drink unsmooth poems,
And they will run, limping,
For your peaceful family
To the river of oblivion for peace.<…>
PALINDROM (Greek “palindromos” - running backward), or TURN - a word, phrase, verse that can be read equally from left to right and from right to left. An entire poem can be built on a palindrome (V. Khlebnikov “Ustrug Razin”, V. Gershuni “Tat”, etc.):
The frailer the spirit, the thinner the dashing,(V. Palchikov)
cunning (especially quiet in a quarrel).
Those are in Viya’s quarrel. Faith in the light.
PENTAMETER – pentameter dactyl. Used in combination with hexameter like elegiac distich:
I hear the silent sound of divine Hellenic speech.(A. Pushkin)
I feel the shadow of the great old man with my troubled soul.
PENTON is a five-syllable foot consisting of one stressed and four unstressed syllables. In Russian poetry, “mainly the third penton is used, bearing stress on the third syllable:
Red flame(A. Koltsov)
Dawn broke out;
Across the face of the earth
The fog is creeping...
PEON is a four-syllable foot consisting of one stressed and three unstressed syllables. Peons differ in place of stress - from the first to the fourth:
Sleep, half / dead and withered flowers / you,(K. Balmont(pentameter peon first))
So you are not bound / by the races / colors of beauty / you,
Near the paths beyond / traveled / nurtured by the creator,
Crumpled by the / yellow cola / catfish that didn’t / see you...
Flashlights – / sudariki,(I. Myatlev(two-foot peon second))
Tell me/you tell me
What you saw / what you heard
Are you in the night bus?…
Listening to the wind, / the poplar bends, / autumn rain pours from the sky,(K. Balmont(third tetrameter peon))
Above Me / the measured knocking of the clock / of the wall owls is heard;
No one / smiles at me / and my heart beats anxiously /
And from the lips does not / freely burst / a monotonous / sad verse;
And like a quiet / distant stomp, / outside the window I / hear a murmur,
Incomprehensible / strange whisper / - whisper of drops / rain.
Let us use the third peon more in Russian poetry; peon of the fourth type does not occur as an independent meter.
TRANSFER – rhythmic mismatch; the end of the sentence does not coincide with the end of the verse; serves as a means of creating conversational intonation:
Winter. What should we do in the village? I meet(A. Pushkin)
The servant bringing me a cup of tea in the morning,
Questions: is it warm? Has the snowstorm subsided?..
PYRRICHIUM – foot with missing accent:
The storm/haze/covers the sky/(A. Pushkin(the third foot of the second verse is pyrrhic))
Whirlwinds / snowy / steep / cha...
PENTATHS – stanza-quatrains with double consonance:
How a pillar of smoke brightens in the heights! -(F. Tyutchev)
How the shadow below glides elusively!..
“This is our life,” you said to me, “
Not light smoke shining in the moonlight,
And this shadow running from the smoke..."
A type of pentaverse is Limerick.
RHYTHM - repeatability, proportionality of identical phenomena at equal intervals of time and space. In a work of art, rhythm is realized at different levels: plot, composition, language, verse.
RHYME (Regional Agreement) - identical sounding clauses. Rhymes are characterized by location (paired, cross, ring), by stress (masculine, feminine, dactylic, hyperdactylic), by composition (simple, compound), by sound (accurate, root or assonance), monorhyme, etc.
SEXTINE - a stanza of six verses (ababab). Rarely found in Russian poetry:
King Fire with Queen Water. -(K. Balmont)
World beauty.
Serves the day to them white-faced
At night the darkness is unbearable,
Twilight with the Moon-Maiden.
They have three pillars to support them.<…>
SYLLABIC VERSE - a system of versification based on equal amount syllables in alternating verses. When there are a large number of syllables, a caesura is introduced, which divides the line into two parts. Syllabic versification is used primarily in languages that have constant stress. In Russian poetry it was used in the 17th–18th centuries. S. Polotsky, A. Kantemir and others.
SYLLAB-TONIC VERSE - a system of versification based on the ordered arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse. Basic meters (dimensions) – two-syllable (Iambic, Horey) and trisyllabic (Dactyl, Amphibrachium, Anapaest).
SONNET – 1. A stanza consisting of 14 verses with various ways of rhyming. Types of sonnet: Italian (rhyme method: abab//abab//vgv//gvg)\ French (rhyme method: abba/abba//vvg//ddg)\ English (rhyme method: abab//vgvg//dede//LJ). In Russian literature, “irregular” sonnet forms with unfixed rhyming methods are also being developed.
2. Type of lyrics; a poem consisting of 14 verses, mainly philosophical, love, elegiac content - sonnets by V. Shakespeare, A. Pushkin, Vyach. Ivanova and others.
SPONDE – foot with additional (super-scheme) stress:
Swede, rus/skiy ko/let, ru/bit, re/jet.(A. Pushkin)
(iambic tetrameter – first spondee foot)
VERSE – 1. Line in a poem; 2. The set of features of the versification of a poet: verse by Marina Tsvetaeva, A. Tvardovsky, etc.
STOP is a repeated combination of stressed and unstressed vowels. The foot serves as a unit of verse in the syllabic-tonic system of versification: iambic trimeter, anapaest tetrameter, etc.
STROPHE - a group of verses united by repeating meter, method of rhyming, intonation, etc.
STROPHIC is a section of versification that studies the compositional techniques of verse structure.
TACTOVIK - a poetic meter on the verge of syllabic-tonic and tonic versification. Based on the rhythmic repetition of strong ones (see. ICT) and weak points, as well as variable pauses between stressed syllables. The range of interictal intervals ranges from 2 to 3 unstressed. The length of a verse is determined by the number of stresses in a line. The tactician came into widespread use at the beginning of the 20th century:
A black man was running around the city.(A. Blok(four-beat tactician))
He turned off the flashlights, climbing the stairs.
Slow, white dawn approached,
Together with the man he climbed the stairs.
TERZETT – a stanza of three verses (ahh, bbb, eee etc.). Terzetto is rarely used in Russian poetry:
She is like a mermaid, airy and strangely pale,
A wave plays in her eyes, slipping away,
In her green eyes there is a depth - cold.Come, and she will embrace you, caress you,
Not sparing myself, tormenting, perhaps ruining,
But still she will kiss you without loving you.And he will instantly turn away, and his soul will be far away,(K. Balmont)
And will be silent under the Moon in golden dust
Watching indifferently as ships sink in the distance.
TERZINA - a stanza of three verses (aba, bvb, vgv etc.):
And then we went - and fear embraced me.
Imp, tucking his hoof under himself
Twisted the moneylender by the fire of hell.Hot fat dripped into the smoked trough,(A. Pushkin)
And the moneylender baked on the fire
And I: “Tell me: what is hidden in this execution?
It is written in terzas " The Divine Comedy» Dante.
TONIC VERSE - a system of versification based on the ordered arrangement of stressed syllables in a verse, while the number of unstressed syllables is not taken into account.
EXACT RHYME - a rhyme in which the sounds clause match up:
In the blue evening, in the moonlit evening(WITH. Yesenin)
I was once handsome and young.
Unstoppable, unique
Everything flew... far... past...
The heart grew cold and the eyes faded...
Blue happiness! Moonlit nights!
TRIOLET – a stanza of eight verses (abbaabab) repeating the same lines:
I'm lying in the grass on the shore(V. Bryusov)
I hear the splashing of the night river.
Having passed fields and copses,
I'm lying in the grass on the shore.
In a foggy meadow
Green sparkles flicker,
I'm lying in the grass on the shore
Night river and I hear splashes.
FIGURED POEMS - poems whose lines form the outline of an object or geometric figure:
I see(G. Derzhavin)
Dawn
Rays
How with things
I shine in the darkness,
I delight my whole soul.
But what? - Is there only a sweet shine in it from the sun?
No! – The pyramid is a memory of good deeds.
PHONICS is a section of versification that studies the sound organization of verse.
TROCHEA (Tracheus) – two-syllable size with emphasis on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, etc. syllables:
The fields are / compressed, / the groves are / bare,(WITH. Yesenin(tetrameter trochee))
From the water / mana and / dampness.
Kole / catfish for / blue / mountains
The sun / was / quietly / setting.
CAESURA - a pause in the middle of a line of poetry. Typically the caesura appears in verses of six feet or more:
Science is torn, // trimmed in rags,(A. Cantemir(Satire 1. On those who blaspheme the teaching: To your own mind))
From almost all the houses // knocked down with a curse;
They don’t want to know her, // her friendships are running away,
How, who suffered at sea, // ship service.
HEXA - a six-line stanza with triple consonance; The rhyming method can be different:
This morning, this joy, A(A. Fet)
This power of both day and light, A
This blue vault b
This scream and strings IN
These flocks, these birds, IN
This talk of water... b
The type of six-line is Sextina.
JAMB is the most common two-syllable meter in Russian poetry with emphasis on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, etc. syllables:
Friend / ga do / we are idle / noah(A. Pushkin(iambic trimeter))
Ink / niya / mine!
My century / rdno / image / ny
You / stole / strength I.
4. Literary process
AVANT-GARDISM is the general name for a number of movements in the art of the 20th century, which are united by a rejection of the traditions of their predecessors, primarily the realists. The principles of avant-gardeism as a literary and artistic movement were implemented in different ways in futurism, cubism, Dada, surrealism, expressionism, etc.
ACMEISM is a movement in Russian poetry of the 1910-1920s. Representatives: N. Gumilyov, S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Kuzmin and others. In contrast to symbolism, Acmeism proclaimed a return to the material world, the subject, the exact meaning of words. va. Acmeists compiled literary group“The Workshop of Poets”, published an almanac and the magazine “Hyperborea” (1912–1913).
UNDERGROUND (English “underground” - underground) is the general name for works of Russian unofficial art of the 70-80s. XX century
BAROQUE (Italian “Bagosso” - pretentious) is a style in the art of the 16th–18th centuries, characterized by exaggeration, pomp of form, pathos, and a desire for opposition and contrast.
ETERNAL IMAGES - images whose artistic significance has gone beyond the framework of a specific literary work and the historical era that gave birth to them. Hamlet (W. Shakespeare), Don Quixote (M. Cervantes), etc.
DADAISM (French “dada” - wooden horse, toy; figuratively - “baby talk”) is one of the directions of the literary avant-garde, which developed in Europe (1916–1922). Dadaism preceded surrealism And expressionism.
DECADENTITY (Latin “decadentia” - decline) is a general name for crisis phenomena in the culture of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, marked by moods of hopelessness and rejection of life. Decadence is characterized by the rejection of citizenship in art, the proclamation of the cult of beauty as the highest goal. Many motifs of decadence have become the property of artistic movements modernism.
IMAGINISTS (French “image” - image) - a literary group of 1919–1927, which included S. Yesenin, A. Mariengof, R. Ivnev, V. Shershenevich and others. The Imagists cultivated the image: “we who polish the image who cleans the form from the dust of content better than a street bootblack, we affirm that the only law of art, the only and incomparable method is to reveal life through the image and rhythm of images...” In literary work, the Imagists relied on complex metaphor, play of rhythms, etc. .
IMPRESSIONISM is a movement in the art of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In literature, impressionism sought to convey fragmentary lyrical impressions, designed for the associative thinking of the reader, capable of ultimately recreating a complete picture. A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Fet, K. Balmont and many others resorted to the impressionistic style. etc.
CLASSICISM is a literary movement of the 17th–18th centuries that arose in France and proclaimed a return to ancient art as a role model. The rationalistic poetics of classicism is set out in N. Boileau’s essay “Poetic Art.” The characteristic features of classicism are the predominance of reason over feelings; the object of the image is the sublime in human life. The requirements put forward by this direction are: rigor of style; depiction of a hero at fateful moments in life; unity of time, action and place - most clearly manifested in drama. In Russia, classicism emerged in the 30-50s. XVIII century in the works of A. Kantemir, V. Trediakovsky, M. Lomonosov, D. Fonvizin.
CONCEPTUALISTS - a literary association that arose at the end of the 20th century, denies the need to create artistic images: the artistic idea exists outside of the material (at the level of application, project or comment). Conceptualists are D. A. Prigov, L. Rubinstein, N. Iskrenko and others.
LITERARY DIRECTION – characterized by the commonality of literary phenomena over a certain time. A literary direction presupposes a unity of worldview, aesthetic views of writers, ways of depicting life in a certain historical period. The literary direction is also characterized by a common artistic method. Literary movements include classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, etc.
LITERARY PROCESS (evolution of literature) - reveals itself in a change in literary trends, in updating the content and form of works, in establishing new connections with other types of art, with philosophy, with science, etc. The literary process proceeds according to its own laws and is not directly connected with the development of society.
MODERNISM (French “modern” – modern) – general definition a number of trends in the art of the 20th century, characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. The term "modernism" is used to refer to a variety of non-realistic movements in the art and literature of the 20th century. – from symbolism at its beginning to postmodernism at the end.
OBERIU (Association of Real Art) - a group of writers and artists: D. Kharms, A. Vvedensky, N. Zabolotsky, O. Malevich, K. Vaginov, N. Oleinikov and others - worked in Leningrad in 1926–1931. The Oberiuts inherited the futurists, professing the art of the absurd, the rejection of logic, the usual calculation of time, etc. The Oberiuts were especially active in the field of theater. great art and poetry.
POSTMODERNISM is a type of aesthetic consciousness in the art of the late 20th century. In the artistic world of a postmodernist writer, as a rule, either causes and consequences are not indicated, or they are easily interchanged. Here the concepts of time and space are blurred, the relationship between the author and the hero is unusual. Essential elements of style are irony and parody. The works of postmodernism are designed for the associative nature of perception, for the active co-creation of the reader. Many of them contain detailed critical self-assessment, that is, literature and literary criticism are combined. Postmodernist creations are characterized by specific imagery, so-called simulators, i.e., copy images, images without new original content, using what is already known, simulating reality and parodying it. Postmodernism destroys all sorts of hierarchies and oppositions, replacing them with allusions, reminiscences, and quotations. Unlike avant-gardeism, it does not deny its predecessors, but all traditions in art are of equal value for it.
Representatives of postmodernism in Russian literature are Sasha Sokolov (“School for Fools”), A. Bitov (“Pushkin House”), Ven. Erofeev (“Moscow – Petushki”) and others.
REALISM is an artistic method based on an objective depiction of reality, reproduced and typified in accordance with the author’s ideals. Realism depicts the character in his interactions (“links”) with the surrounding world and people. An important feature of realism is the desire for verisimilitude, for authenticity. In the process of historical development, realism acquired specific forms of literary movements: ancient realism, Renaissance realism, classicism, sentimentalism, etc.
In the 19th and 20th centuries. realism successfully assimilated individual artistic techniques romantic and modernist movements.
ROMANTICISM – 1. An artistic method based on the subjective ideas of the author, relying mainly on his imagination, intuition, fantasies, dreams. Like realism, romanticism appears only in the form of concrete literary direction in several varieties: civil, psychological, philosophical, etc. The hero of a romantic work is an exceptional, outstanding personality, depicted with great expression. The style of the romantic writer is emotional, rich in visual and expressive means.
2. A literary movement that arose at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, when freedom of society and human freedom were proclaimed as ideals. Romanticism is characterized by an interest in the past and the development of folklore; his favorite genres are elegy, ballad, poem, etc. (“Svetlana” by V. Zhukovsky, “Mtsyri”, “Demon” by M. Lermontov, etc.).
SENTIMENTALISM (French “sentimental” - sensitive) is a literary movement of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. The manifesto of Western European sentimentalism was L. Stern’s book “A Sentimental Journey” (1768). Sentimentalism, in contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, proclaimed the cult of natural feelings in human everyday life. In Russian literature, sentimentalism originated in late XVIII V. and is associated with the names of N. Karamzin (“ Poor Lisa"), V. Zhukovsky, Radishchev poets, etc. The genres of this literary movement are epistolary, family romance; confessional story, elegy, travel notes, etc.
SYMBOLISM is a literary movement of the late 19th – early 20th centuries: D. Merezhkovsky, K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, A. Blok, I. Annensky, A. Bely, F. Sologub and others. Based on associative thinking, subjective reproduction reality. The system of paintings (images) proposed in the work is created through the author’s symbols and is based on the artist’s personal perception and emotional feelings. Intuition plays an important role in the creation and perception of works of symbolism.
SOC-ART is one of characteristic phenomena Soviet unofficial art of the 70-80s. It arose as a reaction to the pervasive ideologization of Soviet society and all types of art, choosing the path of ironic confrontation. Also parodying European and American pop art, he used the techniques of grotesque, satirical shocking, and caricature in literature. Sots art achieved particular success in painting.
SOCIALIST REALISM is a movement in the art of the Soviet period. As in the system of classicism, the artist was obliged to strictly adhere to a certain set of rules governing the results creative process. The main ideological postulates in the field of literature were formulated at the First Congress Soviet writers in 1934: “Socialist realism, being the main method of Soviet fiction and literary criticism, requires from the artist a truthful, historically specific depiction of reality in its revolutionary development. At the same time, the truthfulness and historical specificity of the artistic depiction must be combined with the task of ideological reworking and education of working people in the spirit of socialism.” Actually socialist realism took away the writer’s freedom of choice, depriving art of research functions, leaving him only the right to illustrate ideological guidelines, serving as a means of party agitation and propaganda.
STYLE is the stable features of the use of poetic techniques and means, serving as an expression of the originality and uniqueness of the phenomenon of art. It is studied at the level of a work of art (the style of “Eugene Onegin”), at the level of the individual style of the writer (N. Gogol’s style), at the level of a literary movement (classicism style), at the level of the era (Baroque style).
SURREALISM is an avant-garde movement in art of the 20s. XX century, which proclaimed the human subconscious (his instincts, dreams, hallucinations) as a source of inspiration. Surrealism breaks logical connections, replaces them with subjective associations, and creates fantastic combinations of real and unreal objects and phenomena. Surrealism manifested itself most clearly in painting - Salvador Dali, Joan Miro, etc.
FUTURISM is an avant-garde movement in art of the 10-20s. XX century Based on the denial of established traditions, the destruction of traditional genre and language forms, on the intuitive perception of the rapid flow of time, a combination of documentary material and fiction. Futurism is characterized by self-sufficient form-creation and the creation of an abstruse language. Futurism received its greatest development in Italy and Russia. His prominent representatives in Russian poetry there were V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, A. Kruchenykh and others.
EXISTENTIALISM (Latin “existentia” - existence) is a direction in the art of the mid-20th century, consonant with the teachings of philosophers S. Kierkegaard and M. Heidegger, and partly N. Berdyaev. The personality is depicted in a closed space where anxiety, fear, and loneliness reign. The character comprehends his existence in borderline situations of struggle, disaster, and death. By gaining insight, a person comes to know himself and becomes free. Existentialism denies determinism and affirms intuition as the main, if not the only, way of understanding a work of art. Representatives: J. - P. Sartre, A. Camus, W. Golding and others.
EXPRESSIONISM (Latin “expressio” - expression) is an avant-garde movement in the art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which proclaimed the only reality spiritual world personality. The basic principle of depicting human consciousness ( main object) is boundless emotional tension, which is achieved by violating real proportions, up to giving the depicted world a grotesque fracture, reaching the point of abstraction. Representatives: L. Andreev, I. Becher, F. Dürrenmat.
5. General literary concepts and terms
ADEQUATE – equal, identical.
ALLUSION - the use of a word (combination, phrase, quotation, etc.) as a hint that activates the reader’s attention and allows one to see the connection between what is being depicted and something else known fact literary, everyday or socio-political life.
ALMANAC is a non-periodic collection of works selected according to thematic, genre, territorial, etc. characteristics: “Northern Flowers”, “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, “Poetry Day”, “Tarusa Pages”, “Prometheus”, “Metropol”, etc.
“ALTER EGO” – second “I”; reflected in literary hero parts of the author's consciousness.
ANACREONTICA POETRY - poems celebrating the joy of life. Anacreon is an ancient Greek lyricist who wrote poems about love, drinking songs, etc. Translations into Russian by G. Derzhavin, K. Batyushkov, A. Delvig, A. Pushkin and others.
ANNOTATION (Latin “annotatio” – note) is a brief note explaining the contents of the book. The abstract is usually given on the back of the title page of the book, after the bibliographic description of the work.
ANONYMOUS (Greek “anonymos” - nameless) is the author of a published literary work who did not give his name and did not use a pseudonym. The first edition of “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow” was published in 1790 without indicating the author’s surname on the title page of the book.
DYSTOPIA - genre epic work, most often a novel that creates a picture of the life of a society deceived by utopian illusions. – J. Orwell “1984”, Eug. Zamyatin “We”, O. Huxley “O Brave New World”, V. Voinovich “Moscow 2042”, etc.
ANTHOLOGY – 1. A collection of selected works by one author or group of poets of a certain direction and content. – Petersburg in Russian poetry (XVIII – early XX century): Poetic anthology. – L., 1988; Rainbow: Children's Anthology / Comp. Sasha Cherny. – Berlin, 1922, etc.; 2. In the 19th century. Anthological poems were those written in the spirit of ancient lyric poetry: A. Pushkin “The Tsarskoye Selo Statue”, A. Fet “Diana”, etc.
APOCRYPH (Greek “anokryhos” - secret) - 1. A work with a biblical plot, the content of which does not completely coincide with the text of the holy books. For example, “Limonar, that is, Dukhovny Meadow” by A. Remizov and others. 2. An essay attributed with a low degree of reliability to any author. IN ancient Russian literature, for example, “Tales of Tsar Constantine”, “Tales of Books” and some others were supposed to have been written by Ivan Peresvetov.
ASSOCIATION (literary) is a psychological phenomenon when, when reading a literary work, one idea (image) by similarity or contrast evokes another.
ATTRIBUTION (Latin “attributio” - attribution) is a textual problem: identifying the author of a work as a whole or its parts.
APHORISM - a laconic saying that expresses a capacious generalized thought: “I would be glad to serve, but it’s sickening to be served” (A.S. Griboyedov).
BALLAD - a lyric-epic poem with a historical or heroic plot, with the obligatory presence of a fantastic (or mystical) element. In the 19th century the ballad was developed in the works of V. Zhukovsky (“Svetlana”), A. Pushkin (“Song of the Prophetic Oleg”), A. Tolstoy (“Vasily Shibanov”). In the 20th century the ballad was revived in the works of N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky, E. Yevtushenko and others.
A FABLE is an epic work of an allegorical and moralizing nature. The narrative in the fable is colored with irony and in the conclusion contains the so-called moral - an instructive conclusion. The fable traces its history back to the legendary ancient Greek poet Aesop (VI–V centuries BC). The greatest masters of the fable were the Frenchman Lafontaine (XVII century), the German Lessing (XVIII century) and our I. Krylov (XVIII-XIX centuries). In the 20th century the fable was presented in the works of D. Bedny, S. Mikhalkov, F. Krivin and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY is a section of literary criticism that provides a targeted, systematic description of books and articles under various headings. Reference bibliographic manuals on fiction prepared by N. Rubakin, I. Vladislavlev, K. Muratova, N. Matsuev and others are widely known. The multi-volume bibliographic reference book in two series: “Russian Soviet prose writers” and “Russian Soviet poets” provides detailed information on how about publications literary texts, as well as about scientific and critical literature for each of the authors included in this manual. There are other types of bibliographic publications. Such are, for example, the five-volume bibliographic dictionary “Russian Writers 1800–1917,” “Lexicon of Russian Literature of the 20th Century,” compiled by V. Kazak, or “Russian Writers of the 20th Century.” and etc.
Current information about new products is provided by a special monthly newsletter “Literary Studies” published by the institute scientific information PARADISE. The newspaper “Book Review”, the magazines “Questions of Literature”, “Russian Literature”, “Literary Review”, “New Literary Review”, etc. are also systematically reported on new works of fiction, scientific and critical literature.
BUFF (Italian “buffo” - buffoonish) is a comic, mainly circus genre.
WREATH OF SONNETS - a poem of 15 sonnets, forming a kind of chain: each of the 14 sonnets begins with the last line of the previous one. The fifteenth sonnet consists of these fourteen repeated lines and is called the "key" or "turnpike." A wreath of sonnets is presented in the works of V. Bryusov (“Lamp of Thought”), M. Voloshin (“Sogopa astralis”), Vyach. Ivanov (“Wreath of Sonnets”). It is also found in modern poetry.
VAUDEVILLE is a type of situation comedy. A light entertaining play of everyday content, based on an entertaining, most often love affair with music, songs, dances. Vaudeville is represented in the works of D. Lensky, N. Nekrasov, V. Sologub, A. Chekhov, V. Kataev and others.
VOLYAPYUK (Volapyuk) – 1. An artificial language that they tried to use as an international language; 2. Gibberish, meaningless set of words, abracadabra.
DEMIURG – creator, creator.
DETERMINISM is a materialistic philosophical concept about objective laws and cause-and-effect relationships of all phenomena of nature and society.
DRAMA – 1. A type of art that has a synthetic nature (a combination of lyrical and epic principles) and belongs equally to literature and theater (cinema, television, circus, etc.); 2. Drama itself is a type of literary work that depicts acute conflict relations between man and society. – A. Chekhov “Three Sisters”, “Uncle Vanya”, M. Gorky “At the Depth”, “Children of the Sun”, etc.
DUMA – 1. Ukrainian folk song or poem on a historical theme; 2. Lyric genre; poems of a meditative nature, dedicated to philosophical and social problems. – See “Dumas” by K. Ryleev, A. Koltsov, M. Lermontov.
SPIRITUAL POETRY – poetic works different types and genres containing religious motifs: Y. Kublanovsky, S. Averintsev, Z. Mirkina and others.
GENRE is a type of literary work, the features of which, although they have developed historically, are in the process of constant change. The concept of genre is used at three levels: generic - the genre of epic, lyric or drama; specific – the genre of novel, elegy, comedy; genre itself - historical novel, philosophical elegy, comedy of manners, etc.
IDYLL is a type of lyric or lyric poetry. An idyll, as a rule, depicts the peaceful, serene life of people in the lap of beautiful nature. – Ancient idylls, as well as Russian idylls of the 18th – early 19th centuries. A. Sumarokov, V. Zhukovsky, N. Gnedich and others.
HIERARCHY is the arrangement of elements or parts of a whole according to the criteria from highest to lowest and vice versa.
INVECTIVE - angry denunciation.
HYPOSTASE (Greek “hipostasis” - person, essence) - 1. The name of each person of the Holy Trinity: The One God appears in three hypostases - God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit; 2. Two or more sides of one phenomenon or object.
HISTORIOGRAPHY is a branch of literary studies that studies the history of its development.
HISTORY OF LITERATURE - a branch of literary criticism that studies the features of development literary process and determining the place of a literary movement, a writer, a literary work in this process.
TALKING - a copy, an exact translation from one language to another.
CANONICAL TEXT (correlates with the Greek “kapop” - rule) - is established in the process of textual verification of publishing and handwritten versions of the work and corresponds to the last “author’s will”.
CANZONA is a type of lyric poetry, mainly love. The heyday of the canzone was the Middle Ages (the work of the troubadours). It is rare in Russian poetry (V. Bryusov “To the Lady”).
CATharsis is the purification of the soul of the viewer or reader, experienced by him in the process of empathizing with literary characters. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the goal of tragedy, which ennobles the viewer and reader.
COMEDY is one of the types literary creativity belonging to the dramatic family. Action and characters In comedy, the goal is to ridicule the ugly in life. Comedy originated in ancient literature and is actively developing right up to our time. There is a distinction between sitcoms and character comedies. Hence the genre diversity of comedy: social, psychological, everyday, satirical.
Avant-garde - the general name of a number of movements in the art of the 20th century, which are united by social engagement (i.e. commitment to any political movement, often of a socialist orientation).
Alliteration – an expressive means of language: repetition of identical or homogeneous consonant sounds in order to create a sound image: “ It’s like a rumble of thunder - /Heavy, ringing galloping /Across the shaken pavement...» A. Pushkin.
Allusion - the use of a word, phrase, quote as a hint that activates the reader’s attention and allows one to see the connection of what is depicted with any known fact of literary or socio-political life.
Antithesis – expressive means of language: opposition of sharply contrasting concepts and images. For example, A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Thick and the Thin” is built on the principle of contrasting two heroes, on the principle of antithesis.
Dystopia - a genre of epic work that creates a picture of the life of a society deceived by utopian illusions, the main pathos is a warning about the danger of implementing utopian ideas (E. Zamyatin “We”, A. Platonov “The Pit”, A. Kabakov “Defector”).
Association – a psychological phenomenon when, when reading a work, one image, by similarity or opposition, evokes another.
Fiction - a term sometimes used to characterize prose works of low artistic level. V.G. Belinsky understood fiction as “light reading,” contrasting it with serious literature. At the same time, Russian writers, in particular F.M. Dostoevsky, noted the need for the people to have “pleasant and entertaining reading.” Many works of literature of the Soviet period on the “spite of the day” (D. Furmanov “Chapaev”, N. Ostrovsky “How the Steel Was Tempered”, M. Sholokhov “Virgin Soil Upturned”), elevated to the rank of classics, can rightfully be called fiction. Fiction as the “middle” sphere of literary creativity comes into contact with both the “top” and the “bottom” - mass literature.
Graphomania – passion for literary creativity, not supported by talent and recognition of readers.
Discourse – a specific method or specific rules for organizing speech activity (written or oral).
In tonation is a set of expressively significant changes in the sound of the human voice. Physical (acoustic) “carriers” of intonation are the timbre and tempo of the sound of speech, the strength and pitch of the sound. Written text(if it is subjectively colored and expressive) bears a trace of intonation, which is felt primarily in syntax statements.
Intertextuality – “dialogue” between texts (works of art), “the text reads history and fits into it,” i.e. incorporates previous texts and becomes part of the culture.
Intrigue - a movement of the soul, an action, a character, with the goal of searching for the meaning of life, truth, etc. - a kind of “spring” that drives the action in a dramatic or epic work and makes it entertaining.
Catharsis - the purification of the reader’s soul, experienced by him in the process of empathizing with literary characters. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the goal of tragedy, which ennobles the viewer and reader.
Conflict - a clash of opinions, positions, characters in a work, driving its action like intrigue and conflict.
Leitmotif - the main idea of the work, repeatedly repeated and emphasized.
Literary direction – characterized by the commonality of literary phenomena over a certain time. A literary direction presupposes a unity of worldview, aesthetic views of writers, and ways of depicting life in a certain historical period. The literary direction is also characterized by a common artistic method. Literary movements include classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, etc.
Literary process – the evolution of literature – reveals itself in a change in literary trends, in updating the content and form of works, in establishing new connections with other types of art, with philosophy, and science. It proceeds according to its own laws and is not directly related to the development of society.
Popular literature – a polysemantic term that has several synonyms: popular, trivial, para-, tabloid literature; traditionally, this term denotes: the value “bottom” of the literary hierarchy - works classified as marginal sphere of generally accepted literature, rejected as kitsch, pseudoliterature. Often, “maslit” is understood as the entire array of artistic works of a certain cultural and historical period, which are considered as the background to the peak achievements of writers of the first rank.
Method - general principle the artist’s creative attitude to knowable reality, i.e. its re-creation; and therefore it does not exist outside of its concrete individual implementation. In this content, this very abstract and now unfashionable category takes on more real outlines, often under the name "style" .
Onomatopoeia (Greek onomatopoieia - production of names) - onomatopoeia, for example, “the beetle was buzzing” - the sound of words reproduces the phenomenon being called.
Plagiarism - literary theft.
Subtext – internal, not verbally expressed meaning of the text. The subtext is hidden and can be restored by the reader taking into account the specific historical situation. Most often present in psychological genres.
Nickname - (Greek pseudonymos from pseudos - fiction, lie and onoma - name) - a fictitious name or surname that replaces the writer’s real one in print. For example, Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev is known under the pseudonym Andrei Bely.
Style – stable features of the use of poetic techniques and means, serving as an expression of the originality and uniqueness of the phenomenon of art. It is studied at the level of a work of art (the style of “Eugene Onegin”), at the level of the individual style of the writer (N. Gogol’s style), at the level of a literary movement (classicism style), at the level of the era (Baroque style).
Fiction - a figment of the author’s imagination (fantasy), the creation of plots and images that have no direct correspondence in previous art and reality. Through fiction, the writer embodies his view of the world, and also demonstrates the embodiment of creative energy.
Essay – an artistic and journalistic work of small volume, containing the author’s thoughts, but not limited by any compositional framework or conditions.
