One-armed comedian stand up. The history of the emergence of the stand-up genre in Russia

How Koenigsberg became Kaliningrad

(about the book by Kaliningrad historians “East Prussia through the eyes of Soviet settlers. The first years of the Kaliningrad region in memoirs and documents”, S.-P., 2002)

An interesting, unique book prepared by a group of historians from Kaliningrad State University. Her background is as follows. In 1988, an association was created at the Faculty of History of KSU oral history. Oral, or folk history is a history of modern times, created on the basis of memories (interviews) of participants and eyewitnesses of the events. All interviews were recorded on tape. In the USSR, for a number of reasons, this direction in historical science was not developed. And only now it is beginning to gain recognition. The Oral History Association brought together young teachers, students, graduates of the KSU Faculty of History who worked in universities, museums and schools in the region. And its main goal was the implementation of the “Displaced People” project. We knew very little about the period of formation of the Kaliningrad region. Everything was shrouded veil of secrecy, secrecy, and eyewitnesses were reluctant to talk about the past, fearing negative consequences. And I, having lived there for 20 years, had little idea of ​​what seemed like a not-so-distant time. The documents also said little. The only chance to restore true story- obtain eyewitness testimony. Until it's not too late. While those who can tell about the events of the second half of the 40s are alive. Enthusiasts managed to record more than three hundred interviews, amounting to about 2.5 thousand typewritten pages. These living testimonies formed the basis of the book in the genre of oral history. Naturally, the author-compilers and the head of the team of authors, Doctor of History Yu.V. Konyashov cannot vouch for the veracity of every story, every fact, but collected together, they provide an impressive panorama of the initial period of the history of the Kaliningrad region. The value and uniqueness of the book also lies in the fact that the authors used a number of materials from archives - central, city, regional, etc., which allow, among other things, to evaluate everything that the first residents of the region told about. Research is hard to find this kind- for the first time, the true, and not falsified, history of a unique region of Russia is told.

East Prussia goes to the USSR

The war with Germany was far from over, but Stalin had already made his claims Soviet Union to East Prussia. At the Tehran Conference, in his speech on December 1, 1943, Stalin emphasized: “The Russians do not have ice-free ports on the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the Russians need the ice-free ports of Königsberg and Memel and the corresponding part of East Prussia. Moreover, historically these are primordially Slavic lands.” In a letter to Churchill dated February 4, 1944, Stalin again addressed the problem of Königsberg: “We claim that the northeastern part of East Prussia, including the port of Königsberg, as an ice-free port, should go to the Soviet Union. This is the only piece of German territory that we claim." And finally, at the Potsdam Conference, Stalin stated unequivocally: “If a German administration appears in Königsberg, we will drive it out, we will definitely drive it out.” The status of the territory of East Prussia after its occupation by Soviet troops was not entirely clear. The question of East Prussia remained open. The final decision was made in Potsdam in July 1945.

The minutes of the Potsdam Conference say: “The Conference considered the proposals of the Soviet government that, pending the final resolution of territorial issues in a peaceful settlement, the part adjacent to the Baltic Sea western border The USSR passed from a point on the Eastern shore of the Bay of Danzig to the east - north of Braunsberg-Goldan to the junction of the borders of Lithuania, the Polish Republic and East Prussia. The Conference agreed in principle to the Soviet Union's proposal to transfer to it the city of Königsberg and the surrounding area, as described above. However, the exact boundary is subject to expert research. The President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Great Britain stated that they would support this proposal at the conference during the upcoming peace settlement.” Thus, the fate of a huge region of Germany, which the Germans had mastered for more than seven hundred years, was decided. On April 7, 1946, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was published: “To form the Königsberg region on the territory of the city of Königsberg and adjacent areas with the center in the city of Königsberg. Include the Koenigsberg region into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" A few days after the region was renamed Kaliningrad, Stalin signed Resolution No. 1522 of the Council Ministers of the USSR, which opened the way for the mass settlement of the new region by Soviet citizens.

In the summer of 1945, a Special Military District was formed on the territory of Koenigsberg and surrounding areas, Colonel General K.N. was appointed commander. Galitsky. The territory of the district was divided into 15 districts, and the city of Königsberg stood out as an independent administrative unit. Subsequently, it became part of the Baltic Military District. Memel and the surrounding area became part of Lithuania. On the rest of East Prussia, 2 Polish voivodeships were created - Elbląg and Olsztyn. So East Prussia ceased to exist and 2 voivodeships and a Soviet region arose.

The area is being populated

Memories and documents help to understand how the region was settled. Some, after demobilization, had nowhere to go, and they remained where they served. Others were traveling according to distribution educational institutions, on vouchers from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in the direction of ministries. There were also those who came at their own peril and risk. Naturally, the first Soviet citizens on this land were soldiers and officers. But the most powerful flow was the migration flow. People were recruited by families and resettled in the region. Peasant families brought cattle with them. If they didn’t have their own livestock, then before leaving they bought cows and other livestock from collective farms and the state. We stocked up on livestock feed for the journey. The first echelons of settlers were carefully guarded by military units: the echelons traveled through Lithuania, where there was a fairly powerful anti-Soviet partisan movement. But it should be noted that the Lithuanians did not particularly hunt for settlers. They had other concerns. The first echelons were greeted with an orchestra and bread and salt. There were rallies, and military, civilian and party leaders gave welcoming speeches.

Immediately at the unloading site, the registration of migrants, the issuance of housing warrants, and assignment to places of work took place. There were also failures. The entire population was provided with passports. Königsberg and the surrounding areas were considered a restricted area. Until about the mid-50s, passports were stamped with a special “Forbidden Zone” stamp. Number 2 gave the right to live and move around the region, with the exception of border areas. The number 1 on the passport stamp allowed entry into the main fleet base of Baltiysk and border areas. Entry into the region was only by invitation or recruitment. Those recruited were carefully checked, because the region was considered borderline. Here is one example characterizing the degree of verification of those entering a new region. There was a desperate need for labor force, but the dropout rate was quite high. In one region, out of 140 recruited families, only 31 were released. archival documents it is known that on name list the recruited persons had to bear the conclusion of the head of the district police department. Where the population in the past opposed Soviet power, checked especially carefully.

About housing for displaced people. After the battles for East Prussia, the military, naturally, were the first to move into all the available apartments and mansions, often with preserved furniture and everything else. The civilian population began to arrive later, in the second half of 1945. It is clear that the supply of mansions and apartments has been depleted. The settlers were given housing that required repairs. When the supply of such housing ran out, the Germans began to be evicted. According to eyewitnesses, they were given 24 hours to vacate the apartment. However, it was not allowed to take things. “Or rather, they were allowed to take a bundle weighing no more than two kilograms, and only in some cases, if, say, a family with many children, they were allowed to take a load of up to seven kilograms,” the witness reports. The Germans were settled in basements, attics, attics and simply in ruins. To prevent epidemics, they paid great attention for medical care, although it was far from perfect. The first settlers received medical care from military hospitals and medical units. All medical institutions were named after the chief or chief physician. On Kashtanovaya Alley there was a “Rappoport hospital”, Lapidus’s farm was a regional hospital, Saulkin’s farm was the main military hospital. Old-timers to this day call the garrison hospital “Saulkin Hospital” - good memory the man left about himself. But morbidity and mortality, especially among German children, were very high. Dysentery, scarlet fever, diphtheria, measles decimated people. According to the data, 1,333 Germans died in October 1945, and 1,799 people died in two decades of September, not counting hospitals. 888 people died in hospitals in September and 768 in October. IN major cities the settlers were placed on allowances in military units. Then we switched to a card supply system. 400 grams of bread for an adult, 200 grams for a child. Then they began to give milk, fish, and meat. But in 1946-47. there was real hunger. Due to the massive arrival of immigrants, food became scarce, and the cost of bread rations was reduced by 30%. Since October 1946, all non-working adult women were removed from supply, except for students and persons involved in caring for young children under 7 years of age.

From the same day, the distribution of flour, bread, cereals for all types of additional nutrition, the distribution of bread for school breakfasts, and trip rations to train crews and sailing personnel were stopped. By a special decision, all residents, Germans and Russians, were ordered to cultivate at least 0.15 hectares and sow a mandatory set of crops. Despite the gravity of the situation, there were no cases of starvation among the displaced. Fishing, hunting, and other crafts helped out. And there was a lot of livestock for personal use. It is noted that our settlers met with a type unfamiliar to them Western civilization in the very in a broad sense this word. Agricultural production was carried out using completely different principles and technologies. That is why the reclamation system was actually destroyed, which led to the flooding of part of the land and a sharp decrease in productivity. Here are the data for 1947. The average yield in East Prussia (in centners per hectare) was usually: rye - 18.6, rye - 20.2, potatoes - 125. The settlers had 3-4 centners of grain and 25-30 centners of potatoes per hectare, i.e. 6-7 times lower. It took a long time for collective farmers to learn how to manage the new land.

When asked if the settlers had learned anything from local residents, many answered in the affirmative. So, the settlers salted everything in barrels: meat, cabbage, apples... - the Germans taught them to prepare compotes in jars. The Germans taught how to cook kvass and jelly with rhubarb. The settlers considered this plant a weed. Beet molasses also seemed very tasty, and the Russians learned how to cook it. It was here, in the Koenigsberg region, that many Soviet settlers first became acquainted with the structure of traditional European life. German houses were well equipped. The Russians did not know how to handle some items. So, in many houses there were washing machines. According to one displaced woman, they did not know what this unit was for, and... they stored drinking water in it. Pickling cucumbers in the bath was also common. Among the new residents there were also those who saw asphalt for the first time. And the use of nightgowns and similar items as outerwear has become the talk of the town.

Beautiful German churches were dismantled for bricks or turned into outbuildings, museums, Sport halls. But in many churches there were beautiful organs. Orthodox churches they were in no hurry to create. Repeated requests from the Orthodox to give them at least one German church were always answered with a refusal. So the region was considered “atheistic”, and they went to church in Lithuania. There, on the border with the Kaliningrad region, in Kibartai, there were 2 churches nearby: Orthodox and Catholic. They went there to get married and baptized. And they brought the priest home for the funeral service. Those who were not afraid of the authorities. Beautiful ancient cemeteries were also destroyed. The Kalinin Central Park was created on the site of an ancient German cemetery. The graves were destroyed. “Treasure hunters” have been doing this for many years.

Kant's grave, the authors note, is certainly the most famous burial in Königsberg. But worldwide fame did not protect the philosopher’s grave from vandalism. “The eyes of the people who were looking for the last refuge of the great Koenigsberger saw the following picture: the lids of the sarcophagus were moved, and the walls were covered with writing.” Almost all monuments were dismantled. They left a monument to Schiller near the city theater and something else. But on the other hand, monuments to leaders were erected en masse, incl. Kalinin. Attention was paid to the development of spiritual culture, but ideological work came first. The book contains an excerpt from an article in the newspaper “Kaliningrad Komsomolets” on November 23, 1948. It reports that 10 thousand copies were sold to immigrants in a short period of time “ Short course history of the CPSU(b)” and 10 thousand copies of Stalin’s biography.

Sculptures intended for the city park of culture and recreation arrived from the Moscow Sculpture and Art Factory: “Lion and Lioness”, “Lion with a Boar”, “Tennis Player”, “Young Footballer”, “Shot Put”, “Young Designer”, “Pioneer” with a bugle”, “Pioneer with a banner”, etc. The sculptures were installed in the park and children's playground.

Cities and streets were renamed. True, some of the streets that bore neutral names or the names of writers and composers were left. The streets of Schiller, Chestnut Alley, Litovsky Val, etc., retained their names. One of the first settlers said: “The street where I live used to be named after Goethe. But when people who lived here were asked what street you lived on, they usually answered “ghetto.” This name of Goethe was alien to the Russian ear. So they decided to rename it Pushkin Street.” “Weber, Gluck, Haydn... I am familiar with these names, but I know composers who are more famous and dear to my Russian heart, whose names you will not see on the enamel tablets of the city,” the candidate wrote on June 24, 1949 in Kaliningradskaya Pravda economic sciences V. Murin, and the streets were renamed to names dear to Murin’s heart. Amateur art shows, festivals, etc. were held. At the competition for the best ditty, first place was won by “Comrade. Sloikov, author of the ditty:

We keep a big dream:

Create a wonderful life

To our region young

Invite Stalin to visit.”

Contact with another culture, constant interaction with neighboring Lithuania and Poland over time left an imprint on the inhabitants of this region, their morals, customs and traditions. There is every reason to claim that a new community of people has emerged, which can be defined in one word: Kaliningraders. You can tell them apart everywhere, even here in America. A new intelligentsia has emerged, and the Murins, naturally, have no place in it.

And the fate of the indigenous people was tragic. But it is not the residents of the region who are to blame for this.

Exodus

In connection with the advance of the Red Army on German territory, the local population was evacuated into the interior of the country. Part of the population of East Prussia managed to evacuate, but a significant number of Germans remained in the region. These were men of considerable age, women, children and old people. The book provides data on the German population as of September 1, 1945. About 130 thousand people are registered on the territory of the Soviet part of East Prussia: about 50 thousand of them are men and almost 81 thousand women, incl. There were 44,511 children under 17 years of age. More than 68 thousand people lived in Königsberg. Among the first orders that radically changed the usual way of life was a set of measures on the “housing issue”: the Germans were evicted from their apartments - the military moved in, and then displaced people.

All food in the city and regions, by order of the high command, was to be transferred to the quartermaster department of the front. On April 22, 1945, General Rozhkov, chief of logistics of the 3rd Belorussian Front, issued an order: “To supply the German population, use flour from sunken barges, potatoes located in the city warehouses, and meat in the refrigerator.” At first, working Germans were given 400 grams. bread, everyone else - 200 gr. in a day. But already in the fall of 1945, the commandant’s office distributed food only to working Germans. The first Soviet residents of the city spoke about this. In the first days after the capture of the city, the population was fed from field kitchens. In 1946-47 everyone was starving. An eyewitness says: “The Germans were plump from hunger. They were blown apart, and they looked like they were made of glass. And some, on the contrary, became dry, as if dried up...” They ate everything. Exactly like in besieged Leningrad. The mortality rate was extremely high. Hunger, cold, and epidemics claimed 2-3 thousand people a month.

For the Germans, the working day was set at 12 hours. There were no days off. This was noted in the report of the Königsberg civil administration. There were cases of looting, banditry, and violence. IN better position there were prisoners of war. There were several camps in the city. Germans who were not Soviet citizens were tried according to Soviet laws. Many were convicted of “counter-revolutionary agitation among the German population.”

After the massive (1946-47) resettlement of Soviet people to the Kaliningrad region, the time came for the deportation of the local population. According to the authors of the study, the deportation was carried out on the basis of decrees signed by Stalin on October 11, 1947 and February 15, 1948. Naturally, the decisions were secret. In 1947, 30 thousand Germans were to be evicted from the region to the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany. First of all, they were evicted from Baltiysk, the main base of the fleet. First, the disabled, those not engaged in socially useful work, and children from orphanages were evicted. According to the regulations, it was allowed to take a load of up to 300 kg with you. In practice, a suitcase per person. According to the testimony of the first settlers, most Germans did not want to leave. Many believed that they would return and asked the new residents to take care of their homes. But there were also those who did not want to live with the Russians and willingly left.

For whom could exceptions be made during eviction?

For German communists and members of the anti-fascist Resistance. They left behind specialists the region could not do without. But there were only a few of them. Rarely did Germans stay illegally. They fled to Lithuania, and then returned to Königsberg in the 50s.

This is the true picture the authors of the study reveal to us.

During the years of perestroika, Germans began to move to the region. But others, from the Volga region. Germany helped them. They were very successful agriculture. But now they have become strangers...among the Russians. And East Prussian Germans began to come on excursions in the late 80s. They visited their homes, established very good and close relationships with the residents of these buildings, sometimes helped and even repaired them. One former resident East Prussia visited the gymnasium, which she herself had once graduated from, and donated a large amount money for building renovations. Now there is a school there. They say that the Prussian Germans did not feel hatred towards the new masters of the region. At that time I was the head of the department of political science and law at Kaliningrad Technical University. We had to receive delegations from Germany. I think this tradition continues now.



Kaliningrad (until 1255 - Tvangste; until July 4, 1946 - Königsberg, German K?nigsberg) is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Kaliningrad region. Westernmost regional center countries. Located at the confluence of the Pregolya River into the Kaliningrad Bay.

October 17, 2015 marked exactly 70 years since Kaliningrad became part of the USSR, or more precisely, Koenigsberg, since the city was called that way at that time. Few people today know that before the mid-twentieth century, this once Prussian territory had already become part of Russia.

And this happened during the Seven Years' War. Then, from 1758 to 1762, East Prussia had the status of a Russian governor-general. Today, against the backdrop of the reunification of the Russian Federation and Crimea, calls are increasingly heard in the West to return Kaliningrad to Germany. Let's try to assess how legitimate these claims are; to do this, let's look at the issue of the city's annexation to the USSR.

The city was founded in 1255 by the knights of the Teutonic Order. WITH early XVIII century, the city of Königsberg was the de facto capital of East Prussia; the coronation of Prussian kings took place here.

As a result of the Second World War, reflected in the decisions of the Potsdam and Yalta conferences, more than a third of the territory of the former East Prussia, together with the city of Königsberg, was transferred by the Allies under the jurisdiction of the USSR. The majority of the German population left the city back in 1945, before the capture of Königsberg Soviet troops. About 20 thousand residents remaining in the city were deported to Germany between 1945 and 1947.

Koenigsberg has become a Russian city more than once in history. After the Seven Years' War between Russia and Prussia, in 1758, almost the entire territory of East Prussia, and with it the capital, Königsberg, was annexed to Russian Empire. Even the famous German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who lived in Königsberg and taught at the university there. However, in 1762, after the accession of Peter III to the Russian throne, the annexed lands were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia.

IN Soviet time Kaliningrad was a city closed to foreigners. German historical and architectural monuments there's a little left, but that's all settlements East Prussia, including urban areas and streets in Kaliningrad itself, were renamed.

ABOUT German period the history of the city in modern Kaliningrad resembles Cathedral(one of the few buildings gothic style in Russia), the Mausoleum of Immanuel Kant, the Church of Queen Louise (now it houses the Puppet Theater), several brick gates - Royal, Brandenburg, Rossgarten, Friedrichsburg, fragments of the Königsberg fortress and some other architectural objects.

http://tourweek.ru

Western outpost of Russia: On April 7, 1946, the Königsberg region was formed as part of the RSFSR, today - the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation

The westernmost point of Russia, an enclave surrounded by the territories of Poland and Lithuania, which are not very friendly to us, a military trophy received by right of the winner in World War II...

It would be a mistake to call part of the former East Prussia, which became the Kaliningrad region first of the USSR, and later of Russia, exclusively a trophy - lands taken, albeit by right of the winner, but by force. Two centuries earlier, Koenigsberg had already managed, although not for long, to be part of the Russian Empire, and of its own free will: during the Seven Years' War in 1758, the townspeople swore allegiance to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the city and the surrounding area became the Russian Governor-General.

Later, when Kursk Bulge There had already been a turning point during the Second World War, and the defeat of Germany had become inevitable. During a meeting on December 1, 1943 at the Tehran Conference, Joseph Stalin justified the allies the need to transfer this territory to the USSR: “The Russians do not have ice-free ports on the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the Russians would need the ice-free ports of Königsberg and Memel and the corresponding part of the territory of East Prussia. Moreover, historically this is primordial Slavic lands».

“The Russians have a historical and well-founded claim to this German territory“, Churchill agreed, “(even during the First World War) the soil of this part of East Prussia was stained with Russian blood.” The anti-Hitler coalition recognized in absentia Russia's right to Königsberg and surrounding lands. All that was left to do was to recapture East Prussia from Germany.

The assault on the Königsberg fortifications began on April 6, 1945. There was only a month left until victory, German forces were running out, but the city, considered a first-class fortress, did not give up without a fight. Tempered for long years wars Soviet army, having lost about 3,700 people killed against 42,000 enemy losses, took Königsberg “not by numbers, but by skill.” On April 9, the garrison of the fortress capitulated on the square, today named after Victory, and the red banner of the winners was raised on the Der Dona tower (now the Kaliningrad Amber Museum is located there).

Consolidating the results of World War II, the Potsdam Conference first transferred the north of East Prussia to the temporary administration of the USSR, and soon, during the signing of the border treaty, it finally legitimized the Soviet Union’s right to this territory. On April 7, 1946, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Koenigsberg Region was formed in the territory of the district as part of the RSFSR.

Rename a conquered city to permanently close its page German history, was necessary. Initially, it was planned to name Königsberg with the neutral name Baltiysk, and even a draft of a corresponding decree was prepared. But on July 3, 1946 he died “ All-Union headman"Mikhail Kalinin and, although there was already a city in the Moscow region named in his honor (the current Korolev), the decision to rename was made: this is how the city became Kaliningrad.

IN post-war years Kaliningrad became one of the most militarized regions of the Soviet Union. The region's ice-free ports remain the largest base Baltic Fleet USSR, and later Russia. During the collapse of the Union, the Kaliningrad region, although cut off from the rest of the country by the territory of Lithuania and Poland, remained part of Russia: unlike Crimea, which was transferred to Ukraine in 1991, Kaliningrad always remained part of the RSFSR.

The creation of the Schengen zone, the gradual deterioration of relations with EU countries, and international sanctions have complicated the life of the “Russian island on the map of Europe.” Against the backdrop of the annexation of Crimea to Russia, some European politicians Lately allow themselves to come up with a proposal to “reconsider the provisions of the Potsdam Treaty” and return the Kaliningrad region to Germany. There is only one answer to this: to those who propose to “reconsider” the results of the Second World War, Russia can “re-show” them.

October 17, 1945 to
decision of the Potsdam Conference, the German city of Königsberg with its adjacent
territories was temporarily included in the USSR. At the same time, the southern part
East Prussia went to Poland.

Later in April 1946
years, the corresponding region was formed as part of the RSFSR, and after another three
month its capital - Koenigsberg - was renamed Kaliningrad ( in memory of the "All-Union" who died on June 3
headman" M.I. Kalinin).

As a result of entering
territory into the USSR from the 370 thousand Germans who once inhabited it in the region
only 20 thousand remained, the rest were deported to their homeland in Germany. Gradually
the city was populated by Soviet citizens. At a fast pace started here
restore production.

New stage of development
Kaliningrad region occurred in the 90s of the twentieth century, when the Soviet Union,
in fact, no longer existed. Since 1991, Kaliningrad began to cooperate with
many foreign countries, primarily with Germany and Poland. So it opened
a new page in the history of the western border of the modern Russian Federation.

However, it would not be
it is true to say that the very history of Koenigsberg as part of Russia began precisely
since its annexation to the USSR. We should not forget that the city, like
the surrounding area was once part of the Russian Empire. Was
this was during the Seven Years' War. In 1758, the residents of Königsberg swore allegiance
Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and until the spring of 1762, until the conclusion of peace,
East Prussia had the status of a Russian general government. It is even known
that in 1758, Immanuel Kant himself, the famous city dweller, addressed the empress
Koenigsberg, with a request to provide him with a position as a professor in the local
university.

As part of Russia with
Over time, Kaliningrad began to flourish. Today he turns twenty-five
largest industrial centers countries. Mechanical engineering is actively developing here,
metallurgy, light industry, printing industry, fisheries. Some
years in a row, in 2012, 2013 and 2014, according to the rating of Kommersant magazine
Secret of the Company", Kaliningrad was recognized the best city Russia. According to RBC,
He for a long time was the most beautiful, and according to the Forbes magazine rating, the most favorable for
business city of the country.

True, today in the background
reunification of Crimea with Russia, calls began to be heard more and more often for
return Kaliningrad to Germany. Among others, the Estonian
Research Center Analyst of Eastern Europe Laurynas Kasciunas. Recently an expert
made a proposal to revise the Potsdam Treaty and recalled that the Kaliningrad
The region was given to the USSR for 50 years for administration. This period, according to
Kaschiunas, has already expired, which means that there is a reason “to raise this issue” again.

In response to this from
Russia received a proposal to revise the agreement on the transfer of Lithuanian
Republic of the city of Vilna and the Vilna region and about mutual assistance between the Soviet
Union and Lithuania. Simply put, modern Vilnius was offered to be returned
Poland, “since Lithuania does not comply with the requirements of the treaty on the protection
state borders." And in case Poland refuses, Vilna was recommended
return to "brotherly" to the Belarusian people" By the way, the proposal to transfer it to Belarus
sounded back in 1939...

From myself I would like
add that the Estonian analyst we mentioned did not take into account another very important historical
a detail that could nullify all his arguments: when signing agreements on
borders, the Kaliningrad region was fully recognized as the possessions of the Soviet
Union, so there was no talk of any temporary use even then.

Text: Marina
Antropova, Notum Information Bureau

The material was prepared on
based on open sources.

To the question: is Kaliningrad a Russian or a German city? given by the author User deleted the best answer is 1.
On February 4-11, 1945, the Crimean Conference took place, at which the leaders of the three Allied powers practically resolved issues related to the future borders of Poland and the fate of East Prussia. The issue of East Prussia was considered in more detail at the Berlin (Potsdam) conference of the leaders of the three allied powers on July 17 - August 2, 1945, which took place after the end of hostilities in Europe. In the Protocol of the Berlin Conference of the Three Great Powers of August 1, 1945 in section V and in the Report of the Berlin Conference of the Three Great Powers of August 2, 1945 in section VI “The city of Königsberg and the surrounding area” it was said: “The Conference considered the proposal of the Soviet government for that, until the completion of the resolution of territorial issues in a peaceful settlement, the part of the western border of the USSR adjacent to the Baltic Sea runs from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay of Danzig to the east - north of Braunsberg-Goldap to the junction of the borders of Lithuania, the Polish Republic and East Prussia. Thus, the Potsdam Conference recognized the need to exclude East Prussia from Germany and transfer its territory to Poland and the USSR. The Allied Powers did not set any deadlines (50 years, etc., as some historians claim) for which Königsberg and the surrounding area were supposedly transferred to the USSR. The decision was final and indefinite. On April 7, 1946, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a Decree on the formation of the Koenigsberg region on the territory of the city of Koenigsberg and the adjacent region and on its inclusion in the RSFSR. On July 4, it was renamed Kaliningradskaya. The recognition by all participants of the 1975 Helsinki Conference of the principle of the inviolability of borders, the signing on September 12, 1990 in Moscow by the foreign ministers of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States of the Treaty on the Final Settlement in relation to Germany, the unification of the two German states in October 1990 summed up the final results of the Second World War.
2.
From the certificate of the presence of the local population in the regions of East Prussia that were ceded to the USSR (without the Memel region), as of September 1, 1945, 68,014 lived in Koenigsberg (about 130 thousand on the territory of East Prussia). The deportation took place from 1946 to 1951. The deportation was carried out on the basis of decrees signed by Stalin (October 11, 1947 and February 15, 1948). First, those who were unable to work and were not engaged in socially useful work were evicted. They were evicted within 24 hours, and it was forbidden to take valuables with them. Exceptions were made for German communists, members of the anti-fascist Resistance and specialists, without whom the region could not survive. The Germans did not stay in the region illegally; some moved to Lithuania, and then returned to Kaliningrad in the 50s. But there were very few of them.
I advise you to read the book “East Prussia through the eyes of Soviet settlers. The first years of the Kaliningrad region in memories and documents.”♡ ♫Tatyana♫ ♡
Higher intelligence
(112668)
http://www.klgd.ru/ru/city/750/peresel/begin.php - shortened version.
St. Petersburg, 2002, group of authors. Head Yu.V. Kostyashov.
Kaliningrad - Russian city. There are disputes over the territorial affiliation of the Kaliningrad region. They say that the region was transferred to the USSR, and after the formation of Russia in 1991, the question remains open. But Russia is the legal successor of the USSR, and no one canceled the decision of the Potsdam Conference.

Answer from brushwood[newbie]
ALL, I repeat, ALL GERMANS were taken to Germany in 47-48. even German translators and German children were sent there.
German soil? as German as all your Tatar land east of the Urals. don't talk nonsense.
Koenigsberg went to Russia under the agreement of the Post-Dame Conference; other parts of Germany were seized by Poland and Lithuania. this is a Russian city and Russian land since 1945.