Primary and additional colors in color science. Basics of color and color composition

South Dakota is a truly American province, where there are practically no large cities, and the state capital, the city of Pyrrhus, ranks second to last in terms of the number of inhabitants among the administrative centers of American regions. South Dakota, like neighboring North Dakota, received its name from two Indian tribes - the Dakota and the Lakota, whose representatives to this day make up a significant percentage of the state's population.

One of the largest state parks in the state, Custer Park, hosts an annual “buffalo drive,” when anyone can participate in the drive of almost 1,500 bison into the central part of the massif. Unlike earlier times of the Wild West, it is forbidden to shoot animals, and driving has become just ordinary fun, a kind of tribute to the past.

South Dakota occupies the territory of the Rocky Mountains, the Great Plains, as well as part of the Mississippi River basin, which leads to extremely diverse terrain and picturesque areas. The most famous natural massif of the region is the Black Hills, which from time immemorial have been considered shrines for all Indian tribes living on the territory of the Great Plains. Legend says that this place has special magical energy, where you can gain powers and various abilities.

The state capital is the city of Pyrrhus.

The largest city is Sioux Falls.

How to get there

The central city of the state of Pierre can only be reached by air. The city has a small airport with regular commercial flights from Denver and Minneapolis; you can fly to these cities from Russia with transfers in London, Frankfurt am Main, Los Angeles or New York.

Search for flights to Pierre (the closest airport to South Dakota)

Black Hills Attractions

On the territory of the mountain range there is perhaps the main popularly recognized wonder of the Midwest - Mount Rushmore, on which is carved a huge bas-relief depicting the founding fathers of American statehood: the first President George Washington, the author of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson, the liberator of black slaves Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt , a prominent international peacemaker.

Theodore Roosevelt's head is carved into the rock a little deeper than the heads of other presidents, as explosives were used in the construction of the monument and too large a piece of rock was chipped off.

The approach to the mountain begins from the Avenue of Flags, along which it is very easy to get to the observation deck, from where you can see great view on mountain. Along the alley you can also walk to numerous cafes located at the foot. The Rushmore terrain itself is closed to climbing and is guarded by the complex's staff, although the neighboring rocks are very popular among climbers. Not far from the entrance there are several food outlets and souvenir shops. Entrance to the memorial site is free, and you only need to pay for a parking space in the parking lot.

On one of the peaks of the sacred Black Hills there is another similar memorial, which half a century ago became the largest work of art carved into the rock. The monument is dedicated to the deceased Indian Chief Crazy Horse, the main fighter for the independence of the Lakota tribes. Construction has been going on since 1948, mainly by enthusiasts. Once completed, Crazy Horse will “grow” to a height of 172 meters, almost 10 times the size of the American Presidential Memorial on Mount Rushmore.

In the film “The Reservation,” which is inspired by the dream of cultural independence of the Dakota Indians, a tribal policeman at the end of the film throws a bag of paint on the presidential memorial after approaching the mountain with back side. The film caused a wave of indignation and the growth of national liberation sentiments among American Indians.

Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

Once every two years, the world's largest biker race takes place in the town of Sturgis, South Dakota, which dates back to 1938. Surprisingly, only nine people came to the city then, whereas in 2005 the event was attended by more than 600,000 people! In addition to the stunning atmosphere and extremely colorful audience, you can see the world's leading rock musicians here, many of whom come as participants.

There is even a motorcycle museum in Sturgis, which presents the history of the development of motorcycle technology, covering the world's leading manufacturers of "iron horses".

In addition, the Sturgis motorcycle show is an excellent representative platform for bike and component manufacturers. Thus, many companies present their new products at this show. And recently another competition was added to the ranks of the festival events, this time among customizers who make motorcycles in the most amazing configurations and images. Over the past few years, the chopper (a motorcycle with an extended frame and front fork) has become one of the main figures of the festival.

Mysterious Jewel Cave

In South Dakota there is the second longest cave in the world, the labyrinths of which stretch for 257 kilometers at a depth of more than 190 meters. It is noteworthy that only one natural entrance leads to Jewel Cave, and strong winds constantly blow in the corridors and cavities, sometimes reaching speeds of 15 m/s.

In the center of the cave there is a second artificial entrance, through which excursions can be conducted throughout most of the speleological site. A visit to Jewel is divided into two stages, the first of which is designed to explore the halls closest to the exit. There is no need to have additional equipment or preparation, and the journey will take a little time. If you wish, you can book a tour of remote labyrinths in the company of a professional speleologist, who will tell you about the history of the discovery of each site.

The walls of the cave are almost everywhere covered with calcite - a mineral that, when illuminated, can take on a wide variety of colors, while creating an impressive spectacle. Brothers Frank and Albert Michaud, who discovered the cave in 1900, without thinking twice, called it Jewel Cave, which means “precious stone cave.”

Terry Peak Ski Resort

The slope of Mount Terry Peak is a real paradise for snowboarders and skiers, because the length of the track here is 3219 meters with a height difference of almost 351 meters. Ski slopes are open from November to April. The resort has two ski lifts, and at the foot of the mountain there is a service where you can rent houses or sit in a cafe. On the territory of the ski resort there is a snow park, where numerous obstacles and jumps have been erected, which allows famous athletes to train here.

In contact with

Let's talk about South Dakota? This is a state that not many people think of when thinking about significant cultural and historical places in the United States. This is not the place where the average tourist wants to go, be it an American or a resident of any other country. However, South Dakota really deserves attention, because it is there famous mountain Rushmore with the four Founding Fathers (Washington, Lincoln, Roosevelt and Jefferson) carved into it. This is where History was made centuries ago, where Native Americans fought for their land, and where the heritage of the Indians (such as the Sioux and Dakota tribes) continues to this day.

So, South Dakota is located in the north central part of the country and is bordered by North Dakota to the (drum roll) north, Minnesota and Iowa to the east, Nebraska to the south, and Wyoming and Montana to the east. The state is divided diagonally by the Missouri River. In terms of the vastness of its territory, South Dakota occupies a fairly respectable seventeenth place, but in terms of population this state ranks fifth from the bottom. The population density is consequently low, as is the number big cities and tourist places.

Pyrrhus is the capital of the state, but often in US geography the capital is not the largest city in the state. So is the case with South Dakota - the largest populated area is not Pierre, but Sioux Falls with a population of about 165,000 people. Other major cities include Aberdeen, Rapid City, Brookings, and Watertown (none of which are likely familiar to tourists).

South Dakota is attractive to tourists mainly due to the region under called Black Hills (from English - Black Hills) in the southwest of the state. This is where the famous Mount Rushmore, Harney Peak (the highest point in the state), Badlands (well, very rocky area) and many interesting places like authentic old western towns with actors dressed as cowboys are located. A gigantic monument to the Indian leader Crazy Horse (from English - Wild Horse) is also being erected there, but it is unknown when construction will be completed.

The northeastern part of the state is strikingly different from the area described above. This side is an almost completely flat plain and cannot boast famous monuments. The largest city in this part of the state is Aberdeen (no, Kurt Cobain was born in another Aberdeen - appeal to Nirvana fans). The town is quiet, with a population of about 26,000 people, and is known (at least to state residents) for the fabulous Storybook Land park, which brings together the most famous heroes children's fairy tales under the canopy of numerous trees. In addition, one of the largest universities in the state is located there - Northern State University (NSU).

It is worth saying a few words about the climate of these places. The climate of Dakota, in general, is unlikely to shock a Russian person: winters are snowy and cold there, summers are hot and dry, and spring and autumn are just as beautiful (or terrible - it’s up to anyone) as in any city in central Russia . Perhaps the only noteworthy thing is the unrestrained winds of the northwest of the state and periodic tornadoes.

South Dakota is a state of open spaces. Vast plains, peaceful green pastures and farms make up a large part of the state. This is what makes the Dakotas an important agricultural region. Lonely farms, the roads to which branch off from spacious highways, can be found throughout the states.

Despite the sparse population of the state and the jokes of Americans about “rednecks,” South Dakota is a very pleasant place, not without its attractions and tourist locations. So what if the state doesn't even have its own football team, forcing them to root for either the Minnesota Vikings or the Wisconsin Packers? So what if there are many farms and few large cities? Dakota has a lot to offer its residents and tourists, and rarely does anyone visiting this state have unflattering comments about it. And if there is no way to verify this, believe our story and several photographs.

South Dakota(English) South Dakota, IPA: /ˌsɑʊθ dəˈkoʊtə/ (inf.)) is a state located in the Midwestern United States. Named after the Lakota and Dakota (Sioux) Indian tribes. The state capital is Pierre, the largest city is Sioux Falls.

Geography

South Dakota is located in the north-central United States. The area of ​​the state is 199,905 km². In the north, South Dakota is bordered by North Dakota, in the east by Minnesota and Iowa, in the south by Nebraska, and in the west by Wyoming and Montana.

Regions and geology

South Dakota is divided into three regions: eastern South Dakota (eastriver), western South Dakota (Westriver) and Black Hills ("Black Hills"). The Missouri River serves as a kind of border between the two main parts of South Dakota, not only geographically, but also socially and politically. South Dakotans themselves consider the Black Hills to be part of the Westriver region, although geographically the Black Hills differ significantly from other regions of South Dakota.

East End South Dakota is more different high level rainfall and flat terrain. Several smaller geological regions are distinguished here: the Coteau des Prairies, the Rugged Till Plains, and the James River Valley. The Coteau de Prairie is a plateau bounded on the east by the Minnesota River valley and on the west by the James River basin. Further west in the James River Valley lie flat lowlands that have undergone high degree erosion. The rugged Tilev Plains are a zone of hills and fertile soils located in southeastern South Dakota. Much of eastern South Dakota is formed by layers laid down during the Pleistocene era, about 2 million years ago. The younger layers were the result of several glaciations, which led to the formation of hills and the so-called Tila(clayey soils).

Western part South Dakota is occupied by the Great Plains. West of the Missouri River lies drier, hillier terrain consisting of plains intersected by ravines, steep hills, and outcrops. To the south, east of the Black Hills is the Badlands. Erosion, sediments formed on the bottom of the shallow sea that once covered these areas, and volcanic activity contributed to the formation of the relief of these places.

Black Hills located in southwestern South Dakota and is a massif of low mountains covering an area of ​​16,000 km². Their height varies from 600 to 1200 m. Harney Peak is located here - highest point South Dakota (2,207 m above sea level). The core of the Black Hills is Precambrian sediments 2 billion years old, while their outer ring formed in the Paleozoic 540-250 million years ago. This area is characterized by limestone cliffs, which in ancient times were the shore of an inland sea.

Hydrology

Missouri - main river South Dakota, crosses the state from north to south. Missouri is blocked by dams that divide it into four reservoirs: Oahe (the fourth largest artificial reservoir in the United States), Sharp, Lewis and Clark, and Francis Case.

Hydroelectric dams on the Missouri River generate up to half of the state's electricity.

The eastern part of the state is home to many natural lakes that were formed during the Ice Age. Other important rivers are the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux and White River. All of them mostly belong to the Missouri basin.

Flora and fauna

Most of South Dakota (with the exception of the Black Hills) is covered with grasses and grasses and belongs to herbaceous community ecosystems. In the river valleys there are deciduous trees: poplar, elm, willow.

Mammals include bison, deer, pronghorn, coyotes and prairie dogs. The common pheasant (the state bird) has adapted well here after being introduced from China. The bald eagle is common near the Missouri River. Rivers and lakes are home to pike perch, carp, pike and other species. Prehistoric paddlefish are found in the Missouri River.

The flora and fauna of the Black Hills differ significantly from the prairies. The low mountains are covered with pine and spruce trees, the animals here include deer, elk, bighorn goat, pine marten and puma, and trout are found in the rivers and lakes.

National parks and monuments

South Dakota is home to several areas managed by the US National Park Service. In the southwestern part of the state there are two national parks. National Park Wind, founded in 1903 in the Black Hills, is an extensive network of caves. Created in 1978, the Badlands features eroded, jagged cliffs surrounded by prairie.

Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills was established in 1925. This is a giant bas-relief 18.6 meters high, representing sculptural portraits four US presidents.

Other national monuments are the Jewel karst cave, memorable places in honor of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, a museum-turned control center and Minuteman missile silo commemorating the Cold War, and the unfinished Crazy Horse Memorial.

Story

The territory of modern South Dakota was inhabited by people at least several thousand years ago. Its first inhabitants were the Paleo-Indians, who lived by hunting and gathering, but around 5000 BC. e. they disappeared from South Dakota. Between 500 and 800 AD. e. in central and eastern South Dakota lived a semi-nomadic tribe called the "Bund Builders". At the beginning of the XIV century, the so-called Crow Creek Massacre took place - the destruction of an Indian settlement during an intertribal war, when hundreds of men, women and children were killed.

Around 1500, the Arikara tribes settled in the Missouri River Valley. The first Europeans to reach South Dakota were the French expedition of the La Veredry brothers in 1743, at the same time this territory was proclaimed French and became part of the large colony of Louisiana. TO early XIX centuries, the Arikara Indians were largely displaced by the Sioux.

In 1803, France sold Louisiana to the United States, including South Dakota. Immediately following this, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was organized to explore the acquired land. In 1817, a trading post was founded on the site of modern Pyrrhus, which marked the beginning of American settlements in South Dakota. In 1855, Fort Pierre was acquired by the American army, but next year the military center was moved to Fort Randall, located to the south. The number of American settlers increased, and in 1858 the Sioux signed a treaty conceding most modern South Dakota to the United States. At the same time they were founded Largest cities modern South Dakota: Sioux Falls (1856) and Yankton (1859).

In 1861, the US government created the Dakota Territory, which included North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of Montana and Wyoming.) The number of migrants from the east coast and from Europe grew rapidly, especially after the completion of construction railway to Yankton in 1873.

In 1874, Custer's military expedition discovered gold in the Black Hills, after which prospectors began illegally entering territory promised to the Lakota tribe as part of the large Sioux reservation. Because the US government did not stop the white miners, the Indians began hostilities that ended with the defeat of the Sioux and the division of the large reservation into five parts. However, the Sioux continued to resist forced removal to reservations until 1890, when the last major conflict between them and the U.S. Army occurred, known as the Wounded Knee Massacre.

In the 1930s, a combination of man-made (extensive agriculture and soil degradation) and natural (drought) factors caused a phenomenon called the Dust Bowl. A series of catastrophic dust storms led to the blowing out of huge masses of soil, up to 80% of the prairie area was partially or completely eradicated, and several crops were lost. This phenomenon, combined with the Great Depression, led to an outmigration of population from South Dakota. From 1930 to 1940, the population fell by 7%.

The economy stabilized only after the United States entered the Second World War. world war, which required mobilization Agriculture and industry. Six large dams were built on the Missouri River, four of them in South Dakota. It provided flood control, provided hydroelectric power, and increased recreational opportunities.

The following decades saw a transformation of South Dakota's economy from being agriculturally oriented to becoming more diversified. Since the 1960s, when the development of the interstate highway network made the attractions of the Black Hills accessible, the tourism industry began to develop rapidly, and since 1981, the growth of the financial sector began associated with the transfer of Citibank's credit card operations center from New York to Sioux. -Fols.

Color is a capacious, multifaceted concept. The study of this special natural and cultural phenomenon Physicists, physiologists, psychologists, philosophers, art historians and many others are engaged in this field.

The nature of color

We see the world in colors and consider color to be a constant characteristic of things. No one will object to the statement that grass is green and snow is white. Meanwhile, in the dark and at twilight they are gray. The psychology of color perception is such that we do not pay attention to the change in color of objects when their lighting changes. Although in lighting, or rather in light, lies the key to understanding the nature of color. The first person to understand this was the English physicist Isaac Newton (1642-1727). In 1666, he discovered the phenomenon of dispersion (scattering), thanks to which White light, refracting when passing through a glass prism, decomposes into a spectrum (Fig. 1). Much later, other scientists qualified light as one of the types of electromagnetic energy, consisting of light waves of different lengths.

Rice. 1. Newton's experiment. Decomposition of light into a spectrum when passing through a prism.

So, let's summarize, light is electromagnetic waves in the range of frequencies perceived by the human eye. This definition of light is given by the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Perhaps someone will be closer to the more poetic definition of light from Dahl’s explanatory dictionary: “Light is a state opposite to darkness, gloom, which gives a way to see.”

The human eye perceives light only at wavelengths between 380 and 780 nanometers. This range characterizes visible or optical radiation (Fig. 2). It consists of rainbow colors:

• red;
• orange;
• green;
• blue;
• blue;
• violet.

Here it’s time to remember the children’s memory counting rhyme: “ TO every ABOUT hunter AND wants Z nat, G de WITH goes F azan"! In a rainbow, these colors are always observed in this sequence. Red light has the longest wavelength, and violet light has the shortest. Beyond the visible range lies infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The human eye cannot see them.

Rice. 2. Visible radiation lies in the range from 380 to 780 nanometers. UV and IR radiation invisible to the human eye is outside this range.

Although colors are created by light waves, light waves themselves have no color. Color occurs as a result of the perception of reflected radiation by the human eye and brain. In fact, we see a light beam reflected from the surface of an object. Thus, a green cup looks green only because its surface reflects a green light ray and absorbs all others. A red surface appears red because it absorbs all rays except red. The situation is a little different with white and black colors. Objects that reflect all the colors of the visible spectrum (and to be precise, up to 75% of light) are considered white. Objects appear black if they absorb almost all the light falling on them. By the way, black velvet is considered the blackest. It reflects only 0.2% of the light.

So, color is a sensation that occurs in the human brain as a result of light waves of different lengths hitting the retina of the eye.

If we analyze hair color in the context of the above, a simple conclusion arises - hair color depends on the reflective and absorbing ability of the color pigments included in it, natural and cosmetic. Black hair reflects from 2% of the light incident on it, and light hair reflects up to 90% of the light (the maximum reflection value was recorded on hair).

Color vision

The human eye perceives light reflected from objects using two types of photoreceptors - rods and cones. Rods are highly sensitive to light and are responsible for night black and white vision person. Cones are responsible for color vision. Each type of cone reacts to a certain range of the visible spectrum, the maximum sensitivity of which falls on its red, green and blue sections. I wonder what color vision humans are slightly better developed than dogs. The light receptors of our four-legged brothers are sensitive to the violet-blue and yellow-green spectrum, which presumably allows them to distinguish only two colors - yellow and blue, the rest of the colors are perceived by them as gray. Birds' eyes have a more sensitive spectral range. Thus, some species of birds are able to distinguish four colors. Bees also have fantastic color vision. They see in the ultraviolet range, inaccessible to the human eye. Just imagine the difference in color perception!

The influence of language on color perception

We have just found out that the perception of color depends on light, the reflectivity of objects and the characteristics of color vision. To this set should be added thinking and linguistic culture. Yes, it's not easy!

It is important to understand that carriers different cultures may perceive colors differently. And do you know why? In everyday life they give them different meanings, and this is reflected in the language. In other words, what stands out in language is considered important. For example, in many Germanic languages ​​(English, German, etc.) there is no concept blue color, and all shades of blue are denoted by one word ( blue- in English, blau- in him.). Scientists have proven that because of this linguistic feature, blue and blue colors are perceived by these peoples as one.

Here is another interesting example of the influence of cultural and linguistic features on color perception. At the row northern peoples the speech records the names of several dozen characteristics of snow. They wear strictly practical nature and are used to describe its condition and shades. Thanks to this attention to snow, northerners are well versed in its palette. For us, most snowy shades will be simply indistinguishable. It is interesting that white as a general color for snow is not in their language, but lexicon relative to other colors, it is very depleted, from which, presumably, they do not particularly suffer. Why is there hypersensitivity to shades of white? Hairdressers-colorists, because of their profession, have to develop color vision and sensitivity to hair shades. Over time, many of them develop the professional skill of accurately determining hair color, as they say, by eye.

Color synthesis

There are two ways to obtain color:

• by subtracting light rays;
• by adding light rays.

The principle of subtraction, also known as subtractive color synthesis, is based on the absorption of individual spectral components of light by objects or painted surfaces. Remember the example with the green cup. Its surface absorbs all light rays except green. When mixing dyes by “subtraction,” the colors darken—the resulting mixture contains less light than its individual components. If, for example, you mix paints of all the colors of the rainbow, you will get a color close to black ( rice. 3). The principle of addition (additive color synthesis) is a method of obtaining color from luminous objects by adding the light rays emitted by them. It is fundamentally different from the principle of subtraction. The more light rays an object emits, the lighter it appears. So, if you combine all the rays of the spectrum, you get White color, or rather white light ( rice. 4).

Rice. 3. Subtractive color mixing (subtractive model) - the sum of all the colors of the rainbow gives black. Rice. 4. Mixing colors according to the principle of addition (additive model) - the sum of all the colors of the rainbow gives white.

The set of primary colors depends on the type of color model:

• subtractive;
• additive.

So, in fine arts, as well as in a hairdressing salon, the mixing of colors occurs according to the principle of subtraction (subtractive synthesis) and the main colors are considered to be red, blue and yellow. The printing industry uses a subtractive CMYK color scheme, the primary colors of which are yellow, magenta, and cyan. Additive models use red, blue and green as primary colors.

The principle of addition is valid only for technical devices and objects that emit light (monitors, TVs, lamps, etc.). And the principle of subtraction is in relation to objects that reflect light and, accordingly, to all dyes: picturesque, hairdressing, automotive and any other. With regard to , we will only talk about the principle of color subtraction (subtractive synthesis).

Color classification

To get any color, you do not need a lot of paints, it is enough to take paints of only three colors. Scientifically speaking, any color can be obtained by mixing different combinations and proportions of three colors, each of which cannot be obtained from a combination of the other two. These colors are usually called primary. In hairdressing, as well as in fine art, main(primary) colors when constructing a palette are considered red , blue And yellow .

Pairs of primary and secondary colors - red-green, blue-orange, yellow-violet - are additional (complementary) colors to each other. Their optical mixing results in the visual sensation gray.

When mixing two primary colors you get secondary colors. These include violet , green And orange . Green color- the result of mixing blue and yellow, orange - red and yellow, purple - red and blue. Pairs of primary and secondary colors - red-green, blue-orange and yellow-violet - are additional(complementary) colors to each other. Their optical mixing results in the visual sensation of gray.

If primary colors are mixed with secondary, but not additional colors, then the colors of the third level will be obtained, otherwise tertiary. Examples of such colors are yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green, and yellow-green.

It should be noted that all colors are usually divided into chromatic and achromatic.

• Chromatic colors - all colors except black, white and gray.
• Achromatic colors - black, white and grey.

White is the brightest achromatic color; it reflects all light rays. Black is the darkest. On the contrary, it absorbs all rays. Well, gray colors equally reflect and absorb light rays.

Color characteristics

Any color, regardless of which group of shades it belongs to, can be described using three independent characteristics:

• Color tone;
• saturation;
• lightness

Let's dwell on them in more detail.

Color tone is the color itself (yellow, orange, red, green, blue, violet), which is determined by the wavelength of the reflected radiation ( rice. 7.1).

Color saturation determines its intensity. It is characterized by the degree of difference between a chromatic color and an equal gray color (achromatic). Rich colors we usually call deep, and not saturated - muted ( rice. 7.2). The saturation of colors will decrease with the addition of white, gray and black tones, as well as with the addition of an additional shade. Complementary colors are pairs of colors whose optical mixing results in the visual sensation of gray. A fully desaturated color will be a shade of gray.

Lightness - quantitative characteristic color, determines its position on a scale from white to black. Lightness can be characterized by the words "dark", "light". For example, the color of black tea and the color of black tea with milk will differ in lightness. The color of the second will be noticeably lighter than the first ( rice. 7.3). The color with the maximum value of lightness is white, with the minimum value - black.

Rice. 7.1. Color tone. Rice.7.2. Changing Saturation of blue color adding black to it. Rice.7.3. Brown color different lightness.

Color circle

How to arrange color space? This question in different times occupied both artists and scientists. Their efforts have created a variety of color systems and models, which were most often depicted as flat or volumetric figures: circles, rings or balls.

The creation of the first color wheel is attributed to Isaac Newton. Back in the 16th century, he presented the colors of the solar spectrum in the form of a seven-sector circle ( rice. 5, 6 ). The scientist connected the spectrum using purple, which he obtained by mixing red with purple. His circle belongs to the genus of physical ones, since it contains iridescent colors in the sequence in which they are observed in nature.

Rice. 5. Original color circle Newton from Optics, 1704. Rice.6 . The physical circle of the seven colors of the rainbow.

Two centuries later German poet and the philosopher Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) developed a classification of colors based on physiological characteristics. Goethe built his color circle using three primary colors - red, blue and yellow, and three additional - orange, green and purple. As a result, the circle consisted of three pairs of complementary colors located opposite each other ( rice. 8). It should be noted that he was the first to speak about primary and secondary colors German painter and engraver Jacob Christoph Le Blon (1667-1741). Goethe managed to combine them into a color system.

Be that as it may, Goethe's six-sector circle, composed of three pairs additional (mutually neutralizing) colors, to this day has a wide range of applied value. Colorists and artists use it to determine harmonious colors, and hairdressers also use color nuances to neutralize unwanted shades on the hair. Despite the fact that the authorship of the above-described color scheme of three pairs of complementary colors belongs to Goethe, many hairdressers know it better under the name "Ostwald's Star" We cannot explain why this happened. Wilhelm Ostwald, a respected German physicist and chemist, founder of the Institute for the Study of Color Problems, indeed developed the color wheel. But only his circle included 24 colors, not 6. And it was built on a different principle - it did not take into account the laws of mixing pigment colors (in it, yellow is located opposite blue, so that in the mixture they give green). That's why he color scheme could not be used in painting and other applied arts, in the hairdressing salon, in particular. However, the Ostwald circle became the predecessor of the modern color wheel used in computer graphics and design.

In addition to Goethe's circle, the twelve-part color circle of Johannes Itten, a famous Swiss artist and art critic, is of considerable practical interest ( rice. 9). It clearly illustrates primary, secondary and tertiary colors. The circle is built in such a way that diametrically opposite colors are complementary to each other. By the way, in hairdressing practice many professional brands to demonstrate the pigment composition of various color nuances of hair dyes, it is precisely twelve-part that is used. On Figure 10 depicts a modern version of the pigment color wheel with the division of colors into primary and secondary.

Rice. 8. Goethe's circle. Rice.9 . Johannes Itten's color wheel. Rice.10 . Modern pigment color wheel.

Color harmony

The main goal of professional hair coloring is to achieve a harmonious combination of shades. Most often, color harmony is defined as a combination of two or more colors that causes a pleasant impression. For the last hundred years, art theorists have been arguing about whether there are objective universal laws of color harmonies. Some claim that such laws exist and describe them in detail. Others believe that color harmonies in to a greater extent are influenced by subjective preferences, fashion, cultural characteristics, as well as composition and image features.

However, despite the lack of agreement among art critics, the theory of “objective color harmonies” has become widespread in design, which is expressed in the following simple schemes color combinations.

Harmony achromatic colors (white, grey, black). White and black create a contrasting combination, shades of gray are calmer. By the way, it often creates visual effect achromatic harmony ( rice. eleven). Monochrome harmony is a combination of shades of the same color of different intensity ( rice. 12). Harmony of complementary (complementary) colors is a combination of colors located opposite each other on the color wheel. This combination looks very contrasting ( rice. 13). Accents made by one of the colors of the pair against the background of the other look piquant.

Rice. eleven. Harmony of achromatic colors.

Rice. 12. Monochrome harmony.

Harmony of similar or related colors- a combination of colors located in the color circle in the neighborhood ( rice. 14). These colors create a calm, comfortable combination for the eyes. Similar ranges of shades are often found in nature.

Three-color harmony- a combination of colors located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the color wheel ( rice. 15).

Harmony of separated complementary colors- a combination of three colors lying on the vertices of one inscribed in the color wheel isosceles triangle (rice. 16). In this triad, two colors are related, and the third is complementary to the color lying between them. In this combination, one of the colors of the complementary pair is replaced by two shades derived from it. This combination of colors has a strong visual contrast, but looks less intense than a combination of complementary colors in its pure form.

Four-color harmony of complementary colors- a combination of two pairs of complementary colors lying on the vertices of a rectangle or square inscribed in the color wheel ( rice. 17, 18). It is recommended to use one of the combination colors as the main (background) color, and the rest as secondary colors.

Rice. 13. Harmony of complementary colors. Rice.