Nikitin em theoretical mechanics. Nikitin E.M.

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senior researcher at the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, candidate of philological sciences.

Born in 1950 in Minsk. While studying at school, I attended a literary club led by the writer V.I. Porudominsky.

By first education, he is a mechanical engineer. He worked for 15 years at one of the enterprises of Zelenograd near Moscow.

In 1988, he graduated with honors from the editorial and publishing department of the Moscow Printing Institute. Since March 1990, he has been working at the IMLI RAS, where in 1999 he defended his dissertation on the topic “The story “Confession” in the system of artistic and philosophical quests of M. Gorky.”

Participated in research project RGNF "Maxim Gorky and Russian Emigration" (the next volume of the "Literary Heritage") No. 97-04-06251 (1997-1999) and the publishing project of the RGNF No. 00 04 16005d 1999 for the publication of the work "Around the Death of Gorky: Documents, facts, versions", which was published in 2002 (title: 2001) and in the same year received the Gorky Prize.

LIST OF PRINTED WORKS BY E.N. NIKITINA

Books

1. The inventor of the radio is A.S. Popov. M.: Education, 1995. 112 p.
2. "Confession" by M. Gorky: A new reading. M.: Heritage, 2000. 165 p.
3. Gorky M. Childhood: A Tale. Stories. At the bottom. Summer Residents: Plays; Sholokhov M. Don stories. The fate of a person: Stories / Introductory article and comments by E.N. Nikitina. M.: Children's literature, 2004. 668 p. (Book of world literature for children. T.46).
4. Chukovsky N.K. About what I saw / Compilation, preface and commentary. E.N. Nikitina. M.: Young Guard, 2005. 688 p.

Rec.: Akmeychuk N. Semi-forbidden classics // Book Review. 2005. No. 21(2031). P.18.

1. Crossing: Collection of poems. Nizhny Novgorod: Volga region, 2009. 120 p.
2. How different they are... Korney, Nikolai and Lydia Chukovsky. Nizhny Novgorod: Dekom, 2014. 348 p. (Series “Names”).

Rec.: Sumatokhina L.V.. How different they are: the Chukovsky writers // Bibliography and book science. 2015. No. 6. pp. 146–148.

1. The Seven Lives of Maxim Gorky. Nizhny Novgorod: Dekom, 2017. 416 p. (Series “Names”).

Articles and publications

1. Book publishing « World literature"(1918 – 1924) // Book. Research and materials. M., 2008. Sat.89(1-2). pp.188-214; M., 2009. Sat.90(1-2). P.158-183.
2. One of the “Chayanov publications” // Bibliophiles of Russia. 2008. T.5. P.286-296.
3. Gorky about secrets literary excellence// Literary studies. 2008. No. 5. P.108-121.
4. Maxim Gorky and Russian socialists (1897 – 1917) // Questions of history. 2008. No. 8. P.24-43.
5. Maxim Gorky and Vladimir Vernadsky (On the history of contacts) // Izvestia AN. Literature and Language Series. 2008. T.67. No. 2. P.12-21.
6. Some aspects of commenting on the works of classics in a publication intended for children // Integration technologies in teaching Russian literature. Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference April 17 – 18, 2008. Nizhny Novgorod, 2008. P.302-307.
7. Maria Derenkova in the story “My Universities” and in life // Man and the World in the Works of M. Gorky. Gorky readings 2006. Materials of the International Conference. N. Novgorod, 2008. P.184-187.
8. The unrealized plan of Z.I. Publishing House Grzhebin" // Book. Research and materials. M., 2007. Sat.87(2). P.144-157.
9. Shkrob S.I. // Ibid. P.661-662.
10. Berman L.L. // Ibid. P.399-400.
11. Berliner G.O. // Summary of time: Days and works of Alexander Ratner. M., 2007. P.398-399.
12. Addressed to researchers of Z.N. Gippius // Bibliography. 2007. No. 6. P.101-103.
13. Correspondence of K.I. Chukovsky with academician V.V. Vinogradov and N.M. Malysheva // Izvestia AN. Literature and Language Series. 2007. T.66. No. 4. P.56-68 (partially rewritten in the book: Chukovsky K.I. Collected works: In 15 vols. M., 2009. T.15. P.546-548, 561-563 ).
14. To the anniversary of the “Literary Heritage” // Soviet bibliography. 1981. No. 3. P.54.
15. To the 70th anniversary of Yu.I. Masanova // Ibid. No. 5. P.59-60.
16. When and where was V.N. born? Figner? // Soviet archives. 1982. No. 4. P.69.
17. May sustretchy [publication of memoirs of B.S. Irinina about meetings with Yanka Kupala] // Literature and literature (Minsk). 1982. No. 27(3125). 9 Lipen (July) (in Belarusian).
18. Author of the complete dictionary [about P.G. Sennikovsky] // Book Review. 1982. No. 51(865). December 24.
19. Good memory I.F. Masanova // Librarian. 1983. No. 2. P.48-51.
20. “I bequeath you, children, to read books” [about I.P. Kulibino] // Ibid. No. 8. P.56-58.
21. "Friends of my life" [about D.I. Mendeleev] // Ibid. No. 10. P.55-57.
22. “Not reading means not living” [about I.S. Nikitina] // Ibid. 1984. No. 8. P.52-54.
23. The only great goal [about P. Paradizov] // Soviet polygraphist. 1984. No. 7-8(872-873). 30th of March.
24. The whole thing is a Russian song. To the 175th anniversary of the birth of Alexei Vasilyevich Koltsov // Librarian. 1984. No. 10. P.58-60.
25. Mikhail Vasilyevich Urnov turned 75 years old! // Soviet printer. 1984. No. 22-23(887-888). December 4.
26. Reveal the merits of the original // Rainbow (Kyiv). 1984. No. 12. P. 170.
27. On the history of the creation of the book by Yu.I. Masanova "In the world of pseudonyms, anonyms and literary forgeries" // Book: Research and materials. M., 1985. Sat.51. P.163-167.
28. “I am still in the Bolshevik system.” To the 120th anniversary of the birth of Hakob Hakobyan // Librarian. 1986. No. 5. P.47.
29. "...A wonderful commander." On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the birth of I.D. Chernyakhovsky // Ibid. No. 8. P.47.
30. Poet-bookseller [about I.S. Nikitin] // Book trade. M., 1986. Issue 18. P.207-211.
31. Lifetime publications of N.S. Leskova // Soviet bibliography. 1987. No. 3. P.94-95.
32. Masanovs: father and son // Book Review. 1987. No. 36(1110). 4 September.
33. Archive of historian P.P. Paradizova // Archaeographic Yearbook for 1988. M., 1989. P.237-252. References to this work in the book: Koval L.M.. V.I. Nevsky: Director of the main library of the country. 2nd ed., add. M.: Pashkov House, 2011 (see named after uk.).
34. Bibliographer and poet [about N.N. Bakhtin] // Soviet bibliography. 1989. No. 2. P.55-57.
35. Living soul [about E. Smirnova-Chikina] // Ibid. 1990. No. 1. P.134-140.
36. “We met you late...” From the correspondence of I.F. Masanova with F.I. Vityazev // Ibid. 1991. No. 1. P.125-132; No. 2. P.115-126.
37. "Escort" P.P. Paradise // New world. 1991. No. 9. P.249.
38. On the history of the creation of the "Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures"I.F. Masanova // Book: Research and materials. M., 1992. Coll. 64. P. 90-98.
39. Sell ​​Siberia to the Americans [memoirs of V.I. Anuchina about M.V. Frunze] // Manager. 1992. No. 8. P.14.
40. “I am not a Marxist and will never be one.” Unknown letter from Gorky to A.M. Skabichevsky // Ibid. No. 17. P.15.
41. "Russian culture is on the brink of destruction." Letter from S. Oldenburg to Gorky // Ibid. No. 19. P.13.
42. Unknown letter from A.M. Gorky V.M. Molotov // Russian news. 1993. No. 59(228). March 27.
43. Was V.I. a falsifier? Anuchin? // New world. 1993. No. 4. P.247-249.
44. Letter from Podolsk [M.D. Kuzmina-Mendeleeva V.M. Molotov dated March 7, 1934] // Podolsk district: Local history supplement to the newspaper "Podolsky Worker". 1993. August 6.
45. M. Gorky and Marxism. New materials // Gorky readings 1993. Nizhny Novgorod, 1994. P.69-72.
46. “In service to the cause of enlightenment” [rec. on the book: Moscow publisher V.M. Antique: Catalog of publications, 1906-1918 / Comp. L.V. Antique; Ed. and entry Art. L.I. Univerga. M., 1993] // Bibliography. 1994. No. 4. P.125-127.
47. Little man and big idea// The world of the unknown. 1994. No. 14. July. P.18-21.
48. Unknown letter [Gorky A.M. Skabichevsky from the end of February 1897] // Slovo. 1994. No. 1-6. P.84-85.
49. I.F. Masanov and "Academia" // Bibliography. 1994. No. 5. P.109-114.
50. Family honor or truth? // New world. 1994. No. 11. P.247-249.
51. Chekhov and Leskov. Fulfilled predictions // The world of the unknown. 1994. No. 21. November. P.13-14.
52. “... The healed one walks quietly among us” // Ibid. 1995. No. 4(28). P.13-14.
53. They wrote to Academician Tarle from Kryukov // Forty One. 1995. No. 50(317). 27th of June.
54. Letters from M. Gorky to V.I. Anuchin: The history of one publication // M. Gorky and his era: Materials and research. M., 1995. Issue 4. P.171-175.
55. Gorky’s ideological and philosophical quests until 1907 // Gorky Readings 1995, Nizhny Novgorod, 1996. pp. 91-96.
56. M. Gorky: dialogue with history [rec. on the book: Spiridonova L.A. M. Gorky: dialogue with history. M., 1994] // Russian literature. 1996. No. 2. P.209-211.
57. The sweet smell of buns // Forty-one. 1996. No. 82. July 25.
58. It started with Yakimanok and Ordynok: Moscow in the drawings of M. Lukichev // Ibid. No. 127. November 6.
59. Brilliant Maria Feodorovna // Word. 1996. No. 9-10. P.64-65 (reprint: Literary Zelenograd. Almanac. M., 1998. P.115-117; Moscow. 2005. No. 9. P.114-117).
60. “To protect from destruction...” From the correspondence of M. Gorky [letters to A.I. Rykov (dated March 5, 1927), V.V. Kuibyshev (from February 27, 1934), V.M. Molotov (from April 1935)] // Ibid. P.66.
61. Champion of liberalism [about V.M. Garshine] // Literary Zelenograd. M., 1997. P.71.
62. Forgive us, Varlam Tikhonovich [about Shalamov] // Ibid. P.72.
63. To the biography of V.I. Vernadsky. Letters from scientist V.M. Molotov // Domestic archives. 1997. No. 2. P.80-83.
64. "We ask you to give us a piece of land." On the pages of the first two volumes of M. Gorky’s letters // Slovo. 1997. No. 11-12. P.29-31.
65. Reflection of the philosophy of A.A. Bogdanov in Gorky’s story “Confession” // Gorky Readings. 1997 Nizhny Novgorod, 1998. P.148-153.
66. Letter from historian M.S. Grushevsky V.M. Molotov // Domestic archives. 1998. No. 3. P.94-98.
67. "The facts of death from exhaustion should be pointed out." Letter from Gorky to Oldenburg [May 1919] // News of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Literature and Language Series. 1998. T.57. No. 3. P.58-59.
68. Pushkin and the Bolsheviks // Literary Zelenograd. M., 1999. P.102.
69. Y. Baltrushaitis and M. Gorky // To the 125th anniversary of the birth of Jurgis Baltrushaitis. To the 80th anniversary of Lithuanian diplomacy. Scientific readings. May 30, 1998. M., 1999. P.56-64.
70. M. Gorky and L.N. Tolstoy. Comparison of two “Confessions” // Gorky Readings. 1998 Nizhny Novgorod, 2000. T.2. P.14-18.
71. Official versions of Gorky’s death // M. Gorky. Materials and research. M., 2001. Issue 6. Around the death of Gorky: Documents, facts, versions. P.228-240.
72. Artist and critic (from the history of the creation of Gorky’s memoirs about Chekhov) // Gorky Readings. year 2000. N. Novgorod, 2002. P.180-187.
73. Participates in the preparation for publication of the second series (letters) of the Complete Works of M. Gorky (T.1-13. M., 1997-2007, - publication continues).
74. Collectivist philosopher // Bibliography. 2002. No. 4. P.100-120.
75. Archive of A.M. Gorky. T.16. A.M. Gorky and M.I. Budberg (1920-1936). M., 2001 [rec.] // Izvestia AN. Literature and Language Series. 2002. T.61. No. 6. P.69-71.
76. Editor's preamble // Gorky M. Complete Works. Letters. In 24 t. M., 2002. T.9. P.291-298.
77. Wonderful Grzhebin edition // Bibliophile. People, manuscripts, books. Secrets and discoveries: Collection. 2003. No. 1(7). P.171-188.
78. Korney Chukovsky - Nikolai Chukovsky. Correspondence (1921-1963) / Intro. note, prepared text and notes E.N. Nikitina // Banner. 2004. No. 1. P.141-163 (entirely in the book: Chukovsky N.K. About what I saw. M., 2005. P.368-670, partially in the book: Chukovsky K.I. Collected works .: In 15 volumes. M., 2008. T. 14. P. 467-469, 575-579; Ibid. M., 2009. T. 15. P. 168, 189-191, 225-228 , 231-233, 248-250, 300, 319, 323-325, 331-333, 377-378).
79. Correspondence of K.I. Chukovsky with V.A. Kaverin / Introductory article, preparation of text and notes by E.N. Nikitina // Izvestia AN. Literature and Language Series. 2004. T.63. No. 2. P.62-68 (partially translated. In the book: Chukovsky K.I. Collected works: In 15 vols. M., 2009. T.15. P.310-311, 503-504 , 608-609, 619-620, 623-625).
80. Magazine “Zavtra” (unfulfilled publishing plan of Gorky) // Maxim Gorky and literary quest XX century. Gorky readings. 2002: Proceedings of the international conference. Nizhny Novgorod, 2004.P.461-465.
81. Nadezhda Ivana Shmeleva // I.S. Shmelev and spiritual traditions of Slavic culture. XI Crimean International Shmelev Readings. Collection of materials from international scientific conference September 11-15, 2002 Alushta. Alushta, 2004. P.104-110.
82. Book by I.S. Shmeleva about Valaam in the context of the Russian literary tradition // Creativity of I.S. Shmelev in the axiological aspect. XIII Crimean International Shmelev Readings. Collection of materials of the international scientific conference September 10 - 15, 2004. Alushta, 2004. P.68-72 (2004 cited on title page, in fact, the book was published in 2006, signed for publication on September 19, 2005).
83. Muratov's publications // Bibliophiles of Russia. Almanac. M.: Lyubimaya Rossiya, 2005. T.2. P.458-465.
84. Correspondence of K.I. Chukovsky with M.N. Albov / Introductory article, preparation of text and notes by E.N. Nikitina // Izvestia AN. Literature and Language Series. 2005. T.64. No. 1. P.51-57 (partially rewritten in the book: Chukovsky K.I. Collected works: In 15 volumes. M., 2008. T.14. P.225-229).
85. Rereading Gorky // Zelenograd today: Who is who in Zelenograd literature. M., 2005. P.16-17.
86. What should art be like // Moscow. 2005. No. 9.S.111-114.
87. Publishing house Z.I. Grzhebina // Bibliography. 2005. No. 5. P.85-100.
88. “The work must be accomplished by artists of a new spirit, and from them you are the first...” Letters to V.A. Bazarov to Gorky // M. Gorky. Materials and research. M., 2005. Issue 7. P.102-164.
89. E.V. Tarle and K.I. Chukovsky. Correspondence / Publication prepared by E.N. Nikitin // Questions of history. 2006. No. 1. P.85-96.
90. "Thank you for your dictionary." Correspondence of K.I. Chukovsky with S.I. Ozhegov / Intro. article, prepared text and notes E.N. Nikitina // Izvestia AN. Literature and Language Series. 2006. T.65. No. 4. P.60-62.
91. Authors of the “Literary Heritage” [bio-bibliographic index] // Bibliography. 2006. No. 5. P.150-157; No. 6. P.135-146; No. 4. P.149-157; No. 5. P.147-159; No. 6. P.138-146; 2008. No. 1. P.150-157; No. 4. P.156-159; No. 5. P.147-158; No. 6. P.135-148; 2009. No. 1. P.146-158; No. 3. P.149-158.
92. Untimely Gorky: On journalism 1914 - 1918. // The work of Maxim Gorky in the sociocultural context of the era: Gorky readings 2004. Materials of the international conference. N. Novgorod, 2006. P.107-112.
93. Biography of A.F. Devriena, written by his son // Book. Research and materials. M., 2007. Sat. 86(1). P.128-130.
94. Unknown poet - Nikolai Chukovsky // Literary studies. 2009. No. 3. P.167-178.
95. Gorky and the idea of ​​collectivism // M. Gorky. Materials and research. M., 2009. Issue. 9 (The concept of the world and man in the works of M. Gorky). P.188-223.
96. The role of the concept of “truth” in Gorky’s work in the second half of the 1910s // Integration technologies in the teaching of philological disciplines. Materials of the II All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference April 22-25, 2009 Nizhny Novgorod, 2009. P.298-303.
97. Nizhny Novgorod link E.N. Chirikova // Nizhny Novgorod text of Russian literature. Interuniversity collection of scientific articles. Nizhny Novgorod, 2009. P.107-112.
98. V.V. Vinogradov in correspondence with K.I. Chukovsky with N.M. Malysheva // Text and context: linguistic, literary and methodological aspects. T. 2. Text and context in literary criticism. M.; Yaroslavl, 2009. P.208-214.
99. Theodore Fontane - poet. To the 190th anniversary of his birth // Literary studies. 2009. No. 6. P.204-209.
100. Autograph of Father Iakinthos // Bibliophiles of Russia. M., 2009. T.6. P.111-119.
101. Chukovsky K.I. Collection cit.: In 15 volumes. M., 2009. T.15 (participation).
102. Gorky M. Complete. collection Op. Letters: In 24 volumes. M., 2009. T.14 (participation).
103. An unknown page from the history of the magazine “Collective Farmer” // Maxim Gorky: a view from the 21st century. Gorky readings 2008. Materials of the International Conference. Nizhny Novgorod, 2010. P.151-156.
104. The history of the relationship between Gorky and V.I. Vernadsky // Maxim Gorky: a view from the 21st century. Gorky anniversary readings 2008. Proceedings of the International Conference (Moscow, 2008). M., 2010. P.117-126.
105. On the return of Maxim Gorky to Soviet Russia // Integration technologies in teaching philological disciplines: types, principles, techniques: Materials of the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference April 22 - 23, 2010: In 2 volumes. Nizhny Novgorod, 2010. Vol. 1. P.289-294.
106. Chukovsky N.K. Under siege / Entry. note and publication E.N. Nikitina // Youth. 2010. No. 5. P.9-29.
107. “You still can’t renounce Russia.” Letters from Z.N. Gippius V.V. and V.D. Rozanov / Publication, introductory article and comments by E.N. Nikitina // Literary journal. 2010. No. 27. P.172-205.
108. War in the life and work of N.K. Chukovsky // Bibliography. 2010. No. 5. P.83-91.
109. He was driven by the power of love (N.K. Chukovsky) // Literary studies. 2010. No. 5. P.192-208.
110. "Publishing house Z.I. Grzhebin" (1919 - 1924) // Book. Research and materials. M., 2010. Sat. 92. Part 1-2. P.166-194; Sat. 93. Part 1-2. P.141-162.
111. A poet in love with Russia. On the 135th anniversary of the birth of R.M. Rilke // Literary studies. 2010. No. 6. P. 163-178.
112. M. Gorky and A. Bogdanov. Unknown correspondence 1908 – 1910 / Intro. article by L. Spiridonova; Prepare the text of Gorky's letters to L. Spiridonova with the participation of G. Propolianis, Bogdanov's letters to E. Nikitin; Note To the letters of Gorky - L. Spiridonova, to the letters of Bogdanov - E. Nikitin // M. Gorky. Materials and research. M.: IMLI RAS, 2010. Issue. 10 (Gorky in the mirror of the era: Unpublished correspondence). P.9-160.
113. “I want to go to Russia, where everything has wonderfully changed...” Letters from N.N. Sukhanov to Gorky / Intro. article, prepared text and notes E.N. Nikitina // Ibid. P.391-424.
114. Pushkin, Khitrovo and others // Bibliophiles of Russia. Almanac. M., 2010. T.7. P.350-364.
115. Book master V.I. Anisimov // Bibliophiles of Russia. Almanac. M., 2011. T.8. P.201-226.
116. French count who became German poet. To the 130th anniversary of the birth of Adelbert von Chamisso // Literary studies. 2011. No. 1. P.270-285.
117. Literary struggle of the 20s in the letters of Alexei Tveryak // Literary studies. 2011. No. 2. P.202-233.
118. About the poetry of Zinaida Gippius // Integration technologies in teaching philological disciplines: types, principles, techniques. Materials of the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. April 28, 2011 Nizhny Novgorod, 2011. T. 1. P.210-215.
119. Russian language is the basis intercultural relations. Using the example of translations of poems by R.M. Rilke, T. Fontane, A. Chamisso // Russian language in the communicative space modern world. Collection of materials of the International Conference. M., 2011. P.131-136.
120. The first book by I.S. Shmeleva and the Russian literary tradition // Poetry of Russian life in the works of I.S. Shmeleva. Shmelevsky readings 2007 and 2009. Materials of International Scientific Conferences. M., 2011. P.100-106.
121. Creativity of I.S. Shmelev in the assessment of M.Yu. Levidova // Ibid. P.389-394.
122. Magazine A.M. Gorky “Chronicle” // Bibliography. 2011. No. 4. P.123-139; No. 5. P.127-139; No. 6. P.137-147; 2012. No. 1. P.153-159; No. 3. P.153-156; No. 4. P.135-159; No. 6. P.135-142.
123. Poetry is above all. To the 120th anniversary of the birth of Johannes Becher // Literary studies. 2011. No. 5. P.248-261.
124. Publishing house "Thought" in the memoirs of N.K. Chukovsky // Book. Research and materials. M., 2011. Sat.94. Part 2. P.104-127.
125. Glorifying the foam-born Venus. To the 105th anniversary of the birth of Georg Maurer // Literary studies. 2012. No. 1. P.206-210.
126. About the first meeting of Gorky with the “Serapion Brothers” // M. Gorky and culture: Gorky Readings 2010: Materials of the XXXIV International Scientific Conference. Nizhny Novgorod: RI “Begemot”, 2012. P.85-93.
127. About poetic translation // Integration technologies in teaching philological disciplines: methods of implementation: Collection of materials of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference. April 25-27, 2012 Nizhny Novgorod, 2012. T. 3. pp. 326-329.
128. About one letter from Ivanov-Razumnik to Gorky // Literary studies. 2012. No. 3. P. 152-159.
129. Chukovsky Nikolai Korneevich // Moscow Encyclopedia. M.: Moscow textbooks, 2012. T. 1. Book. 5. pp. 339-340.
130. Petrograd publishing house “Thought” // Book culture. Experience of the past and problems of our time. To the 285th anniversary of the founding of the Academic Printing House in Russia. Materials of the V International Scientific Conference (Moscow, October 24 – 26, 2012): In 2 volumes. M.: Nauka, 2012. Vol. 1. Part 1. pp. 277-281.
131. On the need for a historical approach in solving textual problems // Textological vremennik. Russian literature of the twentieth century: Questions of textual criticism and source study. M.: IMLI RAS, 2012. Book. 2. P.951-960.
132. Authors of “Literary Heritage” // Literary Heritage. M., 2012. T.104. Book 1. P.407-476 (together with M.A. Frolov).
133. “Go into battle while singing the Marseillaise...”: To the 125th anniversary of the birth of Georg Heim // Literary studies. 2012. No. 6. P.225-230.
134. Power and freedom: M. Gorky and M. Prishvin: On the history of the relationship between two writers // Literary studies. 2013. No. 1. P.188-209.
135. On Gorky’s return to Soviet Russia // Literary studies. 2013. No. 4. P.164-181.
136. “Untranslatable” Clemens Brentano // Literary studies. 2013. No. 5. P. 193-199.
137. Life wonderful person: (To the 85th anniversary of V.I. Porudominsky) // Bibliography. 2013. No. 4. P.133-157.
138. On the history of the publication of the collected works of M.M. Prishvina 1927 – 1930 // Book. Research and materials. M., 2013. Sat.99. Part 1-2. P.129-150.
139. M. Gorky and the “Great Turning Point” // Program of the international scientific conference “Metamorphosis of cultures and new perspectives. M., 2013. P.4 (translation into Japanese is given on p. 5).
140. “...He began to write not only about Vishnevsky” (Letters from N.K. Chukovsky to A.L. Dymshits) // Konstantin Fedin and his contemporaries (Fedin readings. Issue 5): To the 120th anniversary of the birth of K.A. Fedina. Saratov, 2013. pp. 174-180.
141. Letter to the editor // New Literary Review. 2013. No. 6(124). P.406-408.
142. “Untimely thoughts” of Gorky and modernity // M. Gorky and modernity: integration into cultural space: Collective monograph. Kazan: Publishing house of the Kazan State University of Culture and Arts, 2014. P.141-146.
143. About poetic translation // Word – image – text – context: materials of the III All-Russian scientific and methodological conference with international participation “Word – image – text – context”. Odintsovo: ANOO VPO "Odintsovo Humanitarian Institute", 2014. P. 300-305.
144. Gorky, Grzhebin and bibliophilia // Book in information space: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Scientific Conference on Problems of Bibliology: At 4 p.m. M.: Nauka, 2014. Part 1. P. 146-147.
145. I.S. Shmelev and the “Publishing Association of Writers” in St. Petersburg // Book: Research and materials. M.: Nauka, 2014. Sat. 100. pp. 151-158.
146. About one thing rare edition// Bibliophiles of Russia: Almanac. M.: Lyubimaya Rossiya, 2014. T. 10. P. 302-319.
147. M. Gorky and Ivanov-Razumnik: (The story of one letter) // M. Gorky and Russia. Gorky readings - 2012. March 28 - 28. Materials of the XXXV International Scientific Conference. Nizhny Novgorod, 2014. pp. 271-281.
148. “...He was funnier than Averchenko and Teffi” [about Arkady Bukhov] // Bibliography. 2014. No. 3. P. 152-159; No. 4. P. 142-158; No. 5. P. 154-158; Bibliography and book science. 2015. No. 1. P. 149-159; No. 3. P. 137-143.
149. “Writing is a difficult and responsible business”: Correspondence between M. Gorky and M. Prishvin / Intro. article, prepared text and notes E.N. Nikitina // M. Gorky: Materials and research. M., 2014. Issue. 12. Gorky: Unknown pages stories. pp. 338-425.
150. About the author of “Beetles on Pins” // Literary studies. 2014. No. 5. P. 209-216.
151. “Happiness is being in your... favorite business”: Emmanuel Filippovich Tsipelzon // Bibliophiles of Russia: Almanac. M., 2014. T. 11. P. 220–260.
152. “By proxy of the author” [On the first edition of “Zangezi” by V. Khlebnikov] // Ibid. pp. 513–521.
153. Say a word about the poor bibliographer // Bibliography. 2014. No. 6. P. 114-116 (subparagraph N.N. Ivanov).
154. The novel “Kashcheev’s Chain” in the letters of M.M. Prishvin to the critic N.I. Zamoshkin // Integration technologies in the teaching of philological disciplines: Collection of articles of the VI All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of teachers, scientists, specialists, graduate students, students. Nizhny Novgorod, 2014. pp. 248-254.
155. A book born of the revolution: “My sister is life” in the assessment of contemporaries // Pasternak readings: Research and materials. M., 2015. Issue. 3. pp. 206–214.
156. The writer's letters are an important source scientific biography(based on correspondence between M.M. Prishvin and N.I. Zamoshkin) // 20th century in the mirrors of epistolary, diaries, memoirs. Fedya readings. Vol. 6. Saratov: IC “Science”, 2015. P. 43-47.
157. “...He was funnier than Averchenko and Teffi” // Bibliography and book science. 2015. No. 1. P. 149-159; No. 3. P. 137-143.
158. Research about the ascetic of publishing // Ibid. No. 3. P. 78-81.
159. M. Gorky and the “Great Turning Point” // Metamorphosis of cultures and new perspectives: Collection of articles of the international scientific conference “Joint research in Japan and European countries transformation of cultural manifestations as an intercultural phenomenon in the 20th century to the present day" at the Italian Institute of Culture in Moscow within the framework of the "Strategic Young Researcher Overseas Visit Program for Accelerating Brain Circulation" with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) initiative of Tokyo University of Studies (TUFS). Tokyo, 2015, pp. 7–17.
160. War in the life and work of Nikolai Chukovsky // XII Surguchev Readings. Literature and journalism in the flames of war: from the First World War to Great victory: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference (Stavropol, February 27 – 28, 2015) / ed. A.A. Fokina and O.I. Lepilkina. Stavropol: Design Studio, 2015. pp. 20–25.
161. About the biographical prose of Vladimir Porudominsky // Gorky, Shmelev, Teffi and others: Anniversary collection for the eightieth birthday of Lydia Alekseevna Spiridonova. M., 2015. pp. 252-261.
162. A.N. Tikhonov – a participant in M. Gorky’s publishing endeavors // Book: Research and materials. M., 2015. Sat. 102. pp. 83-108.
163. Publishing house "Parus" (1915 - 1918) // Bibliography and book science. 2015. No. 4. pp. 151-159.
164. Russian German Jacob Lenz // Literary studies. 2015. No. 5. P. 190-198.
165. Too Russian Shmelev // New Russian humanitarian studies. 2015. No. 10.
166. “Your three volumes lie next to me on the table”: On the history of the relationship between I.S. Shmelev and M.N. Albova // I.S. Shmelev and problems national identity(traditions and innovation): Proceedings of international scientific conferences Shmelev readings 2011 and 2013. Moscow: IMLI RAS, 2015. pp. 166-172.
167. Two letters from I.S. Shmelev to V.V. Muizhel // Ibid. pp. 314-322.
168. M. Gorky and his journal “Chronicle” // Transformation of personality and culture in times of world crises and humanitarian disasters. To the 100th anniversary of the start of the First World War: Collection of articles based on the materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference. Kazan: IRC “Culture”, 2015. pp. 145–151.
169. About one unknown work by V.V. Rozanova // Nizhny Novgorod text of Russian literature: Collection of articles based on the materials of the V International Scientific Conference. Nizhny Novgorod: Minin University, 2015. pp. 182–184.
170. Gorky newspaper “New Life” // M. Gorky: lessons from history. Gorky Readings 2014: Materials of the XXXVI International Scientific Conference. Nizhny Novgorod: BegamontNN LLC, 2016, pp. 45–53.
171. “Sail” is an anti-war publishing project of M. Gorky // Economic and social-humanitarian studies. 2016. No. 3(11). pp. 130–136.
172. “The Life of Klim Samgin” in context European literature first half of the twentieth century. Towards the formulation of the problem // Gorky - artist and thinker. Gorky Readings - 2016: Materials of the XXXVII International Scientific Conference. Nizhny Novgorod: BegemotNN LLC, 2016. pp. 185–193.
173. The first volume of the “Archive of A.M. Gorky" as a mirror of the political struggle of the early twentieth century. // Bibliography and book science. 2016. No. 6. pp. 144–150.
174. From the history of the 6th book of the Krug publishing house almanac. Letters from A.N. Tikhonov to M. Gorky / Intro. article, prepared text and notes E.N. Nikitina // M. Gorky. Materials and research. Vol. 11. M. Gorky and his addressees. M.: IMLI RAS, 2016. pp. 125 – 169.
175. Gorky publishing house "Parus" (1915 - 1918) // Book: Research and materials. M., 2017. Sat. 3–4(108–109). pp. 96–125.
176. Official versions of Gorky's death // The mystery of the death of Maxim Gorky: Documents, facts, versions / rep. ed. L.A. Spiridonova. M.: AST, 2017. pp. 11–26.
177. “Sail” is Gorky’s anti-war and, in fact, anti-revolutionary publishing project // Russian Revolution of 1917 literary sources and documents. M.: IMLI RAS, 2017. pp. 203–210.
178. About “Hard worker Slovotekov”. Innovation of the genre // Dramaturgy of M. Gorky in the historical and functional aspect (materials and research. Issue 13). M.: IMLI RAS, 2017. pp. 231–282.
179. Autograph of historian Ivan Zabelin // Bibliophiles of Russia: Almanac. M.: Lyubimaya Rossiya, 2017. T. 13. pp. 235–244.
180. “The Life of Klim Samgin” and the literary process in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century // International Conference " Global significance M. Gorky." (To the 150th anniversary of his birth). March 27–30, 2018: Abstracts of scientific reports. M.: IMLI RAS, 2018. P. 58.

Main publications by E.N. Nikitina

Books:

A) Nikitin E.N. How different they are...Korney, Nikolai and Lydia Chukovsky. Nizhny Novgorod: Dekom, 2014. – 348 p. (22 a.l.) – 1500 copies. – ISBN 978-5-89533-311-2.

B) Nikitin E.N. The Seven Lives of Maxim Gorky. Nizhny Novgorod: Dekom, 2017. – 416 p. (26 a.l.) – 1700 copies. – ISBN 978-5-89533-390-7.

Articles:

A) Nikitin E.N. What should art be like // Moscow. 2005. No. 9. pp. 111–114.

B) Nikitin E.N. Maxim Gorky and Vladimir Vernadsky: On the history of contacts // Izvestia AN. Literature and Language Series. 2008. T. 67. No. 2. P. 12–21.

B) Nikitin E.N. Maxim Gorky and Russian socialists (1897–1917) // Questions of history. 2008. No. 8. pp. 24–43.

D) Nikitin E.N. Book publishing house “World Literature” (1918–1924) // Book: Research and materials. M.: Nauka, 2008. Sat. 89. Part 1–2. pp. 188–214; Right there. M.: Nauka, 2009. Sat. 90. Part 1–2. pp. 158–183.

D) Nikitin E.N. A poet in love with Russia. On the 135th anniversary of the birth of R.M. Rilke // Literary studies. 2010. No. 6. pp. 163–178.

Contacts: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.

EVGENY PETROVICH NIKITIN. (1934 - 2001)

E.P. Nikitin is a specialist in the methodology of science and theory of knowledge. Graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University, since 1963 he worked at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor philosophical sciences, since 1986, leading researcher. He developed problems of explanation and justification, having full knowledge of both domestic and foreign research. Created a theory scientific explanation, identifying types, structure and superstructure, as well as systems of explanation; examined the relationship between discovery and justification procedures. Showed versatility scientific justification, which involves the use of such procedures as explanation, definition, prediction, proof, etc. In the last years of his life he turned to the problems of specialization and differentiation of spiritual activity. Scientific methodologists are well aware of his monographs: “Explanation is the Function of Science” (Moscow, 1970); “The nature of justification. Substrate Analysis" (Moscow, 1981); “Discovery and Justification” (Moscow, 1988).

L.A. Mikeshina

Below are excerpts from the monographs:

1. Nikitin E.P.Explanation is the function of science. M., 1970.

2. Nikitin E.P.Formation of the theoretical world. Ch. II I Gryaznoe V.S., Dynin V.S., Nikitin E.P. Theory and its object. M. 1973.

Explanation is the function of science

<...>And in past history science, and now it is generally accepted that in the scientific study of any object one of the main tasks is to give explanation of this object. But in our case, the explanation is at the same time the object of study. Thus, one of the main tasks of logical-epistemological work on the problem of explanation is to give explanation explanation(1, p. 5).

The characterization of scientific explanation through the word “understandable” does not in the slightest degree reveal the cognitive essence of this function of science, but only provides an interpretation of the ordinary word “explanation”. This may sound paradoxical, but when attempting a more precise analysis, the most incomprehensible thing turns out to be what “understandable” is. This criterion of explanation is very vague, primarily due to the fact that it explicitly or implicitly involves an appeal to purely subjective aspects. What is understandable to one person (or at one time) may be completely incomprehensible to another person (or at another time). Thus, the very possibility of establishing any objective criterion for distinguishing between the explained and the unexplained is eliminated. Closely related to this interpretation is the concept of explanation<...>To explain something means to reduce the unusual (unfamiliar) to the familiar (familiar)<...>The main flaw of these approaches to the problem is that they replace the epistemological analysis of the nature of explanation as a specific function of science with either an ordinary, “everyday” interpretation of the word, or (in best case scenario) pedagogical understanding of explanation as interpretation, clarification (for example, the meaning of a word, a method of performing an action, the rules of a game) (1, p. 7).<...>

Explanation is the disclosure of the essence of the object being explained<...>The essence is in a certain way an organized set of such characteristics of an object, elimination (exception. - Ed.) of which (each individually or all together) is equivalent to the destruction of the object. These characteristics are usually called essential. For a person to know a thing means to know its essence. This is true both in relation to knowledge in general and in relation to scientific research in particular. However, an essentialist interpretation of an explanation (i.e., interpreting it through the category “essence”) can raise objections, which can be summed up in the following two:

1) the explanation in each specific case reveals either the cause, or function, or structure, or substrate (etc.) of the object, but not its essence,

2) revealing the essence of an object is the task of the entire process of cognition, and not just explanation (1, pp. 14,15).<...>

The statement that revealing the essence is a task at the theoretical level of research does not take into account the internal differentiation of this level scientific knowledge. It would be wrong to imagine this level as something completely homogeneous, amorphous, structureless. The tasks, methods, and functions of theoretical research are very diverse and heterogeneous. Here, cognitive functions that are different in nature, such as unifying and interpretive, predictive and retro-predictive, explanatory and normative, are performed. The unifying function is associated with achieving the unity of knowledge, with the construction of a single “building of science”, the interpretive function is associated with giving meaning to symbols and formalized logical-mathematical structures. Performing a predictive function, Scientific research carries out the theoretical construction of objects of the future (observation or existence). In a similar way, in retro-narrative, objects of the past are theoretically reconstructed. Finally, the task of the normative function is to formulate scientifically based norms of activity (cognitive or material).

As can be seen from these brief characteristics, none of the named functions of the theoretical level of research has as its immediate task the disclosure of the essence of the object being studied. Of course, some of these functions, to one degree or another, contribute to the discovery of the essence of objects, create real prerequisites for it (unifying, interpretive), but nevertheless do not directly have such a task in front of them. Other functions of theoretical research, as a rule, assume that the essence of the object has already been revealed in one way or another (predictive, normative, retropredictive).<...> Disclosure of the essence of the explained object can be carried out only through knowledge of its relations and connections with other entities or its internal relations and connections(1, pp. 16-17).<...>

Relations and relationships between entities and internal relations and connections of an entity represent laws.<...>Explain object - means to show that it is subject to a certain objective law or set of laws. This is the “ontological” meaning of the explanation procedure.<...> An explanation establishes a logical connection between the representation of the explained object in language and the law of science. There is an organic necessary connection between the procedure of explanation and the law of science (which is a reflection in the mind of the law of the objective world). The very knowledge of objective laws, as a rule, is caused by the need to explain some objects. The explanatory function is one of the main functions of the law of science. Apparently, any law of science has explanatory power in relation to those objects that obey the law of the objective world it reflects<...>

The law of the objective world is a universal, necessary, invariant relation, and the law of science is a reflection of this relation, and, moreover, such a reflection in which, with the help of certain cognitive means, these basic characteristics of the objective law are expressed. To explain an object means to show its subordination to a certain objective law, in other words, to show that this object is consistent with law. And to show that an object is consistent with laws means to demonstrate that it has attributes corresponding to all the main characteristics of a law: (1) universality, (2) necessity, (3) invariance (1, pp. 18-19).<...>

Every explanation is two-part. It breaks down into two parts: a set of explanatory provisions (explanans) and provisions that reflect the object being explained (explanandum). In this regard, it is logical to assume that the specific type of any explanation will be significantly determined by at least three characteristics: (1) the nature of the esplananza, (2) the nature of the explanandum and (3) the nature of the relationship between the explanans and the explanandum, i.e., the mechanism of explanation. Using these three essential characteristics as the basis of division, we can obtain, respectively, three various classifications explanations (1, p. 43).<...>

Simple genetic explanations are very often carried out in the so-called. genetic sciences (sometimes also called “historical”) - historical geology, paleontology, evolutionary theory, etc. But they also play a big role in sciences that are usually not classified as genetic.

By calling genetic explanations of this type “simple,” we only meant that they were relatively less profound than causal explanations.

Causal is an explanation of an object, carried out by indicating its cause and the law in accordance with which this cause gives rise to the explained object. This law can be reflected as either a cause-and-effect or an effect-causal law of science.<...>

Researchers are often misled by the apparent irrelevance of a causal explanation to the revelation of the essence. However, upon closer analysis, it turns out that the existence of a causal explanation not only does not refute, but, on the contrary, only confirms the essentialist interpretation of the nature of explanation. The fact is that the cause does not simply precede the effect in time and does not even only “energetically” influence it. By generating a consequence, the cause, in a certain sense, “imprints” in it (in its essence) its nature or a separate side of its nature, i.e. along the “chain of causation” not only a certain amount of motion is transmitted, but also certain essential properties. Therefore, establishing the cause of an object can be qualified as its explanation on the basis that knowledge of the cause of the occurrence (change) of an object largely reveals its internal essence (1, p. 86).

Causal explanation is relative simple view explanations. It reveals the essence as something “passive”, “passive”, produced by another object. And such a study of an object always turns out to be simpler than an analysis of its own active functioning. A causal explanation often examines an object not immanently, but “from the outside,” by indicating another, external object.<...>In the study of a certain object, a causal explanation, precisely because of its relative simplicity, is often performed before other types of explanation and thereby serves as a necessary preparatory stage for them.

The widespread prevalence of causal explanation in science has led to the emergence of a philosophical concept that absolutizes this type of explanation, believing that “every explanation is, in one sense or another, a causal explanation.”<...>

This concept was brought to life by certain historical circumstances. The relative simplicity and widespread prevalence of causal explanations (especially in early stages development of science) led to the fact that new types of explanation that arose with the development of knowledge began to be formulated in the language of causal explanation.<...>For most justifications of the absolutist concept of causal explanation, the common thing is that in them various regular relationships are reduced to a cause-and-effect relationship, regularity is identified with only one of its varieties - causality (1, pp. 88-90).

Theory and its object

Having found out what the theoretical world is and what its specific characteristics are, we now turn to the question of how this world is formed. At the same time, it is necessary to immediately make a reservation that our task will be limited only to the analysis of those research procedures, through which the world of scientific theory is formed. As for the time sequence of these procedures, i.e. actually process constructing a theoretical world, then it will not be the subject of our attention. In other words, we are not going to empirically describe those numerous specific processes of constructing theoretical worlds that took place in the history of sciences, much less build any universal epistemological theory of the genesis of such worlds.

But doesn’t this mean a complete rejection of the analysis of the formation of the theoretical world? In fact, researchers working in the field of epistemology of science, as a rule, were driven by the only goal - to develop such an epistemological theory that would be the Organon of Science, those. would make it possible to standardize not only individual specific scientific research procedures, but also the very sequence of these procedures, the entire research process, scientific discovery generally. Since it is obvious that this function could only be performed by an epistemological theory that would provide a universal scheme genesisscientific knowledge, insofar as it becomes clear that practically all the teachings that have so far existed in the epistemology of science contained as their necessary component genetic concept of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, this concept often constituted the core that determined the character of the entire epistemological system.

The most diverse and even opposite directions in the epistemology of science were unanimous in resolving the issue of the need to develop a genetic system of scientific knowledge. Differences began only in connection with the problem of establishing the initial, initial element of this scheme. For numerous concepts that make up one of the main epistemological directions - empiricism, such an initial element is empirical knowledge, fact.<...>For an alternative direction to empiricism, which, following Popper, could be called “theoreticism,” the starting point in the genetic scheme of scientific knowledge is a theoretical position, theory.<...>In our opinion, empiricism and theoreticism are confirmed to the same extent and refuted to the same extent when compared with the actual course of development of science (2, pp. 55-57).

The mistake of empiricism and theoreticism is that each of them considers and elevates to the rank of universal only one particular fragment of the genesis of scientific knowledge.

So, neither empiricism nor theoreticism can claim to be a universal epistemological theory of the genesis of science, although these genetic concepts, apparently, can be used to solve certain particular problems of the development of science. True, this reveals one significant difficulty: in the absence general theory it is impossible to establish the scope of applicability of each of these concepts, i.e. define the “world of problems” solvable with the help of each of them.

We leave open question about the possibility of constructing a universal epistemological theory of the genesis of the theoretical world. In our opinion, today it is only obvious that any attempt to create such a theory would have to use as “ building material» some transformed versions of the genetic concepts of empiricism and theoreticism<...>Without pretending to create a universal epistemological theory of the genesis of the theoretical world, we set ourselves a more modest task - to analyze those research procedures through which the theoretical world is formed.

The only subject of consideration in this chapter will be a procedure that we will call "justification". The fact is that, in our opinion, it represents the main means of shaping the theoretical world. From here, on the one hand, it does not at all follow that this procedure is used only for the formation of scientific theories; justification is a universal operation of human cognition, and even more broadly, of consciousness, i.e. spiritual activity in general. On the other hand, characterizing justification as The main thing a means of forming a theoretical world, we mean that this world is created not only by justification. Many other research procedures also participate in one way or another in the construction of a theoretical world, although they, we think, play some auxiliary role in this construction, because they do not so much directly create the theoretical world itself, but, so to speak, supply “raw materials” for its formation (2, pp. 59-60).<...>

We mean a very long-standing tradition, which has passed through the entire history of philosophy and is still alive today, with virtually no changes, to consider justification as something unlimitedly universal, i.e. widespread in the widest possible subject area - in the area of ​​​​everything that exists. In other words, justification is interpreted as taking place not only in the sphere of consciousness, spiritual activity of a person (as cognitive and evaluative procedures), but also in the sphere of being (as objective processes, connections or relationships). In what follows, we will call justifications belonging to the first sphere “subjective” (and in one of the special cases, “cognitive” or “epistemological”), and justifications belonging to the second sphere “objective” or “ontological.” (2, pp. 60-61).

In contrast to rationalism, we proceed from the fact that the actual sphere of distribution of justification is only the area of ​​subjective human activity; in our opinion, it makes no sense to talk about justification in relation to being.<...>Recognizing an objective justification along with a subjective one, in our opinion, does not make sense, not only because it evokes associations inspired by the rationalist tradition. Characterizing, for example, causal connections as relations of justification simply does not add anything positive to the usual characterization of these connections in terms of the theory of causality. Qualifying a cause as an “objective basis” and an effect as an “objectively substantiated” would make sense only in one case: if in the procedures of cognitive justification knowledge of the cause always acted as the basis for knowledge of the effect. However, the latter is not always the case.

In actual research practice, quite often knowledge of the effect is the basis for knowledge of the cause. Moreover, in many cases (probably even the majority) cognitive justification does not deal at all with mappings of cause-and-effect relationships. In science, functional, structural and other non-causal justifications are widespread and are gaining increasing importance. In this situation, characterizing the connections and relations of being as relations of justification cannot lead to anything other than confusion (2, pp. 76-78).

In its composition, justification breaks down at the bottom of the part: (1) the “justifying” ideal object, or base, and (2) a justifiable ideal object, or justifiable. We call an ideal object any fragment of a person’s conscious spiritual activity, reflected in language.<...>IN ordinary consciousness <...>justification is understood only as the process of finding some external “support”, “foundation”, “base” for an object that is made outside and independently of this process: if justification is capable of changing anything, then this concerns only the external status of the object, but not nor his own, internal characteristics. This interpretation of the justification procedure seems to us completely unacceptable.<...>What is essential for the justification procedure is precisely that it is synthetic(in the traditional philosophical meaning of the word) procedure. Every act of justification is at the same time an act of formation of the object being justified. This is precisely the meaning and value of the justification procedure.<...>The substantiated receives new characteristics thanks to two main operations: (1) the establishment of one or another connection between the substantiated and the basis and (2) attributing to the first of them some characteristics of the second. However, it does not at all follow from this that justification is some kind of autonomously occurring process in which one element (the basis) acts as an active, spontaneous, producing principle, and the other (the justified) - as a passive, passive, produced one. Justification is not accomplished by itself, it is performed by man. And if you want to look for an active, amateur beginning of the justification procedure, then such a beginning is the person himself, who establishes a certain connection between two ideal objects - the basis and the justified - and endows the second of them with some characteristics of the first. We specifically emphasize this due to the fact that in the history of epistemology and logic, attempts have been made repeatedly to present justification as an independent procedure performed independently of a person, in which the driving principle is the basis (2, pp. 78-81).<...>

From our general characteristics justification as a constructive, synthetic process, during which certain properties of the base are attributed to what is being justified, and corresponding requirements for these constituent elements follow. One of them is that the basis and the justified must allow for the fundamental possibility of establishing a connection between them. Another most important requirement: the basis must be in a certain respect richer than what is justified, i.e. possess characteristics that the latter does not have. Thanks to this advantage, the justification procedure is only possible (2, p. 82).<...>

Contrary to empiricism, on the one hand, and theoreticism (rationalism), on the other, we will proceed from the fact that perfect, or fully justified, is such a theoretical object of “empirical” science that has received double - both empirical and theoretical - justification(2, p. 86 ). <...>

Justification can have a wide variety of structures - both deductive and inductive, both logical inferential and logical non-inferential, both logical and extra-logical(2, p. 99).<...>The structure of justification, like the structure of any cognitive operation, can be analyzed in two different ways: static and dynamic. In the first case, it is depicted as timeless: the basis and the justified appear as coexisting. On the contrary, with dynamic structural analysis the structure of justification is depicted as temporary, expressing the temporal order of individual ideal objects, private research procedures, which takes place in the very process justifications.

Static and dynamic structures related to the same justification procedure coincide in their composition. Both of them organize and connect the same set of ideal objects - all those ideal objects that take place in a given procedure. But their principles, methods of ordering and linking are different. Therefore, for many types of justification, these structures turn out to be non-coinciding, and sometimes even directly opposite. Thus, in deductive explanation, the static structure is a progressive deduction, i.e. deductive inference, in which a certain conclusion necessarily follows from the given premises, and the dynamic structure is a regressive deduction, i.e. reasoning in which, given a conclusion, they look for premises from which this conclusion would follow deductively. But for some types of justification, the static and dynamic structures turn out to coincide. Thus, in deductive prediction, both structures are progressive deduction (2, pp. 100-101).

Fedorov Evgeniy Petrovich Fedorov Evgeniy Petrovich [b.15 (28).12.1911, Strelna, now Leningrad City Council], twice Hero Soviet Union(7.4.1940 and 29.6.1945), Major General of Aviation (1957). Member of the CPSU since 1932. Soviet army since 1930. Graduated from the military pilot school in Orenburg (1933) and