What to do Chernyshevsky new people. An essay on the topic of new people in the novel, what to do, Chernyshevsky read for free

Novel
Chernyshevsky “What to do?” captured in
their ideological and semantic problems, genre
complexity and diversity of structures
multi-channel historical movement
Russian life and literature in the 50s

"What
do?" - a novel about “new people”.
Chernyshevsky “knows not only how
new people think and reason, but also how
they feel loved and respected by each other
friend, how do you arrange your family and
everyday life and how ardently they strive for
to that time and to that order of things, with
who could love all people and
trustingly extend your hand to everyone.”

“New
people, according to Pisarev, are utopian socialists.”
His socialism was utopian, but he
correctly pointed out this feature of them. IN
in the novel Chernyshevsky showed images of the “new
people” - Lopukhova and Kirsanova. Life on
principles of collectivism, according to the rule of “reasonable
selfishness” (make sure that others feel
good - there is no equal happiness) - that’s it
the first step to socialism

WITH
they treat with exceptional respect
woman, considering her a friend in the fight for
happiness. They give her full
freedom in life, in choosing a friend. Love for
them - a sublime feeling, free from
egoism, from selfishness. Love for Vera Pavlovna
helps Kirsanov grow spiritually, she
says that love consists in
help uplift and elevate.

Kirsanov
believes in the strength of friendship, he says
Lopukhov, that I would give my
head without thinking. Lopukhov, in turn,
“leaves the stage so as not to be in the way of
happiness” Kirsanov, and at the same time feels
what comes as noble man. Myself
Chernyshevsky considered positive only
someone who loved others and cared for them
happiness. Lopukhov and Kirsanov -
revolutionary democrats. These are the best
representatives of progressive people

I really
close to that “honesty of heart”, “decency”
new people I was targeting
author. She wasn't made up, she's real
existed - it was crystal
morality of revolutionary democracy.
What is important to me is a person’s ability to evaluate their
actions and be able to listen to criticism from
sides of others. Such qualities are inherent
new people because they know what it is
necessary for the benefit of others. Heroes
Chernyshevsky passionately defend their right
self-esteem, which is very important. None
can choose a person's life, he makes it
myself. This sounds like the law. But to
understand that you need to set goals and
tasks. For new people the purpose of life is
service

Such people
were and will be “engines of engines”, “salt
salt of the earth." Without such people it is impossible
life. After all, she must change,
change from year to year. These days too
there is room for new people who contribute
fundamental changes in life. And in this
regarding Chernyshevsky’s novel “What to do?”
valuable for modern reader. He
helps to evoke a rise in a person’s soul,
desire to fight for the good of society. I
I am sure that the essence of the novel will always be
modern and necessary for society.

Ivan Vladimirovich, it seems that not so long ago the phrase “new Russian” arose, implying a crimson jacket, gold chain, financial wealth and complete lack of culture...

I think the new Russians appeared in 1917. They, in fact, created everything that we are made of. for a long time trying to get out. They bred a tribe that remains to this day and still rules.
Their children received great opportunities, money, they distributed property in a unique way. Neither Abramovich nor Khodorkovsky belong to this category. Now this tribe, as if in contrast to itself, has created a new generation - bandits who have become heroes of our time.
And the so-called " middle class"who created the country - engineers, teachers, intelligentsia - was turned into a disrespected class.
Middle class is normal people who want to get an education and with its help earn normal money. Not only through trade, exchange or pure business, but to receive money for your knowledge, talents, craft.
This is the generation that I greet with all my might.

- This means that new people, new people are the same notorious “middle class”.

Exactly. The same middle class that has now begun to emerge. Which is still very difficult to survive. Fortunately, more and more such people are appearing, but, unfortunately, the state and society do not notice them. They are not taken into account by any ratings.

I know them personally

- Do you know any new people?

Most of my friends belong to the middle class. These people are the flower of the nation, they create culture, science, and normal business.

Let's try to determine the characteristics of a new person: a representative of the middle class is a person with income who has received a good education, hardworking... By the way, how do your “new” friends cope with failure?

Only an idiot is always happy. Naturally, anything happens in their lives. But these people are certainly full of self-confidence and strength.
I don't want to paint them all with one stroke. These are normal, responsible people who have enough mental strength to go to theaters, listen good music, dance, drink, travel, truly love your family.

- How difficult is it to be a new person? What does it take to succeed in our country?

I have a friend who is an architect. At Soviet power, as a young guy, he received some awards, but naturally, he was given little to build. Now he has an excellent architectural bureau. Good projects. His buildings are located in Moscow.
Of course, not everyone can achieve this, but there is still some kind of air for these people. It's illogical that there is so little of it.
I have friends who are involved in the television business, making some films. These are also middle class people.

- Well, how did they achieve something: through friends, with the help of money?

Many of them rallied and somehow helped each other.
I was very glad that the technical intelligentsia, especially the young ones, turned out to be more enterprising, more capable of survival, and more active. They did not despair, they did not become despondent (although I do not blame the desperate at all).
By the way, in my opinion, among the new people there are very few people of art. Mostly they are either doctors or businessmen. Businessmen, by the way, are also different. I know the most worthy oligarchs who created their capital from scratch, without outside help.
In general, in our country there is only one thing you can simply do - die.
One thing amazes me: it’s mostly some Komsomol guys who “make their way into the people” here.

- And why?

And this is probably a question of our culture and history. The whole country enjoys watching films about bandits who became heroes of our real life. Yes, “Once Upon a Time in America” is also about bandits, but the emphasis is placed differently, it clearly states what is what.
I think it doesn’t matter with our consciousness. Because we choose our own bandits to power... It all starts with ourselves.

- More than once I have heard this addressed to the new generation: they are pragmatic.

Partly yes.

This is probably what is needed now.

Who will be screwed by life?

- Have the new Russians, in the sense of “nouveau riche”, already outlived their usefulness?

They are still there. The most successful guys have some kind of rudeness, like: we achieved everything, we succeeded, but you didn’t succeed, which means you’re stupid. That's twenty to thirty percent. They pretend to be the masters of life. But all this will pass, life will be a mess. It happens. This is a normal process.
Why am I so lax towards this generation - does anyone say anything to them? Does at least one channel convey any message to them? declares any human values? We ourselves tried to explain to them that not everything in life is measured by money, that there are other values?

- What are the values ​​of new people?

Family. Dignity. Word of honor. Friendship.
For example, when choosing an activity where large dividends are offered, but with people who are dishonest and unworthy, they will choose less money and decent people. This happens to my friends almost every day.
As for family, these people live with people they love, not people they tolerate. They try to do everything possible for their loved ones.

- Do you think the new people are free?

Of course, money gives you some freedom. But up to a certain point, after which they give wild lack of freedom. Therefore freedom is something else. For example, a completely poor person who professes a certain faith does not feel deprived.
Freedom, it is within us. It starts with self-respect. In our country this is not easy, because if you don’t respect others, you don’t respect yourself.

-Are you a prosperous person yourself? Can you consider yourself one of the new people?

Quite prosperous. In general, if I complain about something, then after a few minutes I understand that I am wrong, because thousands, hundreds live much worse than me.
And if I don’t have something, it doesn’t mean that I’m poor or that I was offended. It means I didn't do something. So I didn't need it that much.

"New People" in the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?" (2)

I wanted to portray ordinary decent people of the new generation.

The revolutionary-democrat Chernyshevsky, a follower of Belinsky, is near and dear to everyone honest people lands with their faith in a better future for working humanity, with their historical optimism. Chernyshevsky’s novel “What to do?” was a political testament addressed to revolutionary youth. The strength of the novel lies in the fact that it convinces of the truth, beauty and greatness of the new, advanced in life. He answers the most main question era: what should people do who do not want to live in the old way, who strive to bring closer the beautiful tomorrow of their Motherland and all humanity. Chernyshevsky's heroes are progressive people of Russia. They are convinced socialists, the ultimate goal of their activities is a people's revolution. They embody the character traits of the revolutionaries emerging in Russia with their unyielding will to fight, high moral nobility, and boundless devotion to the people and the Motherland. The heroes of the novel contain the best traits of Chernyshevsky himself and his friends.

Lopukhov and Kirsanov are typical commoner democrats, who through their labor created the opportunity for themselves to receive an education. They are atheists and materialists in their worldview. Chernyshevsky’s “new people” not only destroy old world, but they themselves are building a new society. They recognize art aesthetic impact on a person of the beauty of nature, they firmly believe in friendship and show a comradely attitude towards a woman. They give their whole lives to the people, work for their benefit, sparing no effort, and find great satisfaction in this. Chernyshevsky's heroes are even ready for people to condemn their behavior if this is necessary for the common good.

Chernyshevsky's heroes passionately defend their right to self-respect. This is their “benefit”, their “selfishness”. Like real revolutionaries, Lopukhov and Kirsanov want happiness, equality, brotherhood for all peoples. So Lopukhov, having arrived in America, is actively involved in the struggle for the liberation of blacks.

Chernyshevsky gave in his novel the image of “ new woman”, Vera Pavlovna, whom Lopukhov rescued from the “basement of bourgeois life.” Vera Pavlovna harmoniously developed person. She actively helps her comrades in all their endeavors. What is especially remarkable about her is her desire to improve - she decides to become a doctor in order to bring more great benefit to people.

We see that all the activities of Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna are inspired by faith in the advent of a bright future. They are no longer alone, although their circle of like-minded people is still small. But it was precisely people like Kirsanov, Lopukhov, Vera Pavlovna and others that Russia needed at that time. Their images served as an example for shaping the worldview of the revolutionary generation.

Chernyshevsky realized that the people depicted in the novel were his dream. But this dream at the same time turned out to be a prophecy. “Years will pass,” says the author of the novel about the type of new person, “and he will be reborn in more numerous people.”

Chernyshevsky's work was continued by other people. They were ahead of him in many ways, but they proceeded from the foundations that he laid while living and working in feudal Russia.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials from the site http://ilib.ru/ were used

N. G. Chernyshevsky wrote his novel “What is to be done?” while imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress. In this novel, he wrote about “new people” who had just appeared in the country.

In the novel “What is to be done?”, in all its figurative system Chernyshevsky tried to present in living heroes, in life situations those standards that, as he believed, should be the main measure of public morality. In their statement, Chernyshevsky saw the high purpose of art.

Heroes "What to do?" - " special people", "new people": Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna. Their so-called reasonable egoism is the result of a conscious sense of purpose, the conviction that an individual can only feel good in a rationally structured society, among people who also feel good. These rules, as we know, were adhered to by Chernyshevsky himself in life, and they are followed by the “new people” - the heroes of his novel.

“New people” do not sin and do not repent. They always think and therefore only make errors in calculations, and then correct these errors and avoid them in subsequent calculations. Among the “new people”, goodness and truth, honesty and knowledge, character and intelligence turn out to be identical concepts; The smarter a person is, the more honest he is, because he makes fewer mistakes. “New people” never demand anything from others; they themselves need complete freedom of feelings, thoughts and actions, and therefore they deeply respect this freedom in others. They accept from each other what is given - I don’t say voluntarily, this is not enough, but with joy, with complete and living pleasure.

Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, who appear in the novel “What to do?” the main representatives of the new type of people, do not do anything that would exceed ordinary human capabilities. They are ordinary people, and the author himself recognizes them as such people; this circumstance is extremely important, and it gives the whole novel a special deep meaning. Describing Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, the author claims: this is how they can be ordinary people, and this is how they should be if they want to find a lot of happiness and pleasure in life. Wishing

To prove to readers that they are truly ordinary people, the author brings onto the stage the titanic figure of Rakhmetov, whom he himself recognizes as extraordinary and calls him “special.” Rakhmetov does not participate in the action of the novel, and he has nothing to do in it. People like him are necessary only then and there, when and where they can be historical figures. Neither science nor family happiness satisfies them. They love all people, suffer from every injustice that occurs, experience in their own souls the great grief of millions and give everything they can give to heal this grief. Chernyshevsky's attempt to introduce a special person to readers can be called successful. Before him, Turgenev took on this matter, but completely unsuccessfully.

Chernyshevsky’s “new people” are the children of city officials and townspeople. They work, study natural sciences, and began to make their way in life early. Therefore, they understand working people and take the path of transforming life. They are engaged in work that is necessary for the people, abandoning all the benefits that private practice could give them. Before us is a whole group of like-minded people. The basis of their activities is propaganda. Kirsanov’s student circle is one of the most effective. Young revolutionaries are brought up here, the personality of a “special person”, a professional revolutionary, is formed here.

Chernyshevsky also touches on the problem of women's emancipation. Having escaped from her parents' house, Vera Pavlovna frees other women. She creates a workshop where she helps poor girls find their place in life. Chernyshevsky thus wants to show what needs to be transferred from the future to the present. These are also new labor Relations, and fair wages, and the combination of mental and physical work.

Thus, Russian literature, like a mirror, reflected the emergence of “new people”, new trends in the development of society. In the same time literary heroes became models for worship and imitation. And the social literary utopia “What is to be done?” in the part that talks about the fair organization of labor and remuneration for labor, it became a guiding star for several generations of Russian revolutionaries.

CLASSIC

N. G. CHERNYSHEVSKY

“NEW PEOPLE” IN N. G. CHERNYSHEVSKY’S NOVEL “WHAT TO DO?”

Kind and strong, honest and skillful, you recently began to appear among us, but there are already many of you and the number is quickly growing.

N. G. Chernyshevsky

The “new people” that Chernyshevsky wrote about in his novel were representatives of a new phase in the development of society of that time. The world of these people was formed in the struggle against the old regime, which had outlived its usefulness, but continued to dominate. The heroes of the novel at almost every step encountered difficulties and adversities of the old order and overcame them. The “new people” in the work are commoners. They were determined, had a goal in life, knew what they should do, and were united by common ideas and aspirations. “Their main desire is for the people to be free, happy, and live in contentment.” The “new people” believed in their people, saw them as decisive, powerful, and capable of fighting. But in order for him to achieve his goal, he must be taught, inspired and united.

The commoners, who are the heroes of Chernyshevsky’s novel, have a developed sense of self-esteem, pride, and the ability to stand up for themselves. The author writes: “Each of them is a courageous person, who does not hesitate, who does not yield, who knows how to take up a task, and if he takes it up, he grasps it tightly, so that it does not slip out of his hands. This is one side of their properties; on the other hand, each of them is a person of impeccable honesty, such that the question does not even occur to you, can you rely on this person in everything, unconditionally? This is as clear as the fact that he is breathing through his chest; as long as this chest breathes, it is hot and unchanging, feel free to lay your head on it...” Chernyshevsky was able to show their common, typical features, but also the characteristics of each of them.

Lopukhov and Kirsanov always relied only on themselves, worked together in the name of high goal– develop and improve science, selfless, help those who need help and who deserve it. They did not seek profit in treating the sick. But Dmitry Sergeevich is calmer, Alexander Matveevich is an emotional and artistic person.

It was difficult for Vera Pavlovna to live in own home due to the constant oppression and reproaches of her mother, but she did not break under oppression, did not surrender to the mercy of the old order. This

The heroine was strong by nature, with early age had her own views on life, she always wanted freedom and life without lies. It was not her habit to be disingenuous in front of people and, most importantly, in front of herself. She could not build her happiness on the misfortune of others, and did not tolerate being treated like a thing. Vera Pavlovna tried to understand the rational structure of society, so she created a sewing workshop with fair procedures and conditions. She is not interested in money, she wants to see the process itself. By doing good for oneself, one does good for others. Vera Pavlovna, creating a workshop, sets out to educate “new people.” She thinks that good people a lot, but they need help, and they will help others, there will be more “new people”. Vera Pavlovna is a different character than Katerina Polozova.

Rakhmetov is a special person, of all the others he is the most active. Understands that the fight is for new world It will be life or death. By all possible means he prepares himself for it. This hero is “the salt of the earth, the engine of engines.” He renounced his personal interests for the sake of one goal.’ He has enormous energy, endurance, clarity of thoughts and behavior. As Chernyshevsky writes: “Rakhmetov is an ebullient person, he was a master of business, he was a great psychologist.”

“And Lopukhov, and Kirsanov, and Vera Pavlovna, and Polozova, and Rakhmetov are people strong passions, great experiences, rich temperament. But at the same time, they can control their feelings, subordinate their behavior to the great tasks of the common cause.” “New people” - people high ideals. Activity for them was the implementation of these ideals. All “new people” lived according to the “theory of rational egoism.” By doing things for themselves and in their own name, they also benefit others. According to Chernyshevsky, “new people” behave the same in all situations: they remain human under any circumstances. “New people” are not two-faced. The heroes of Chernyshevsky’s novel respect their loved one, do everything to make his life better, and treat each other as equals. That is why their love is pure and noble.

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