Analysis of the work The Captain's Daughter: Honor and Dishonor. How does the theme of honor and dishonor develop in Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”? Shvabrin and Grinev

First stage

Thoughts about creating a new work describing the surrounding reality arose in Turgenev when he was in England on the Isle of Wight. Then he conceives a major story, the hero of which should be a young doctor. The prototype of Bazarov was accidentally met by Turgenev while traveling around railway young doctor. In him he saw the beginnings of nihilism, which was just emerging at that time. This amazed Ivan Sergeevich. He was simply fascinated by the views of this young man.

Beginning of work

Completion of the novel

First publications and disputes

Latest edition of the novel

Roman I.S. Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons” became a unique work, reflecting the eternal confrontation between two generations not only within a single family, but also at the level of socio-political life of an entire country.

“Take care of your honor from a young age.” Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin took this proverb (more precisely, part of a proverb) as the epigraph to his story “ Captain's daughter”, emphasizing how important this issue is to him. For him, who did not allow himself to make a single line of poetry a stepping stone to a career, who took the chamber cadet uniform as an insult, who stepped towards the deadly barrier so that even the shadow of slander and gossip would not fall on the name that belongs to Russia.

Creating an image young officer Petrushi Grinev, Pushkin shows how the concept of honor and the duty that goes hand in hand with it was formed in Russian families, how it was passed down from generation to generation. personal example loyalty to the military oath. At the beginning of the story, we have before us an ordinary nobleman, who learned to read and write from a serf, more able to judge “the properties of a greyhound dog” than about French “and other sciences.” He thoughtlessly dreams of serving in the guard, of a future cheerful life in St. Petersburg.

But his father, who served under Count Minich and resigned when Catherine ascended the throne, has a different idea about the service. He sends his son to the army: “Let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, let him smell gunpowder, let him be a soldier, and not a shamaton.” The only letter of recommendation to an old colleague contains a request to keep his son “with a tight rein,” the only parting word to his son is an order not to chase affection, not to talk himself out of service and to take care of his honor.

Petrusha's first independent steps are funny and absurd: he got drunk with the first officer he met and lost a hundred rubles in billiards. But the fact that he paid the loss speaks volumes about his understanding of the officer's code of honor. The fact that he gave a sheepskin coat and half a ruble for vodka to a random companion for help during a snowstorm speaks of his ability to be grateful. Petrusha is drawn to the simple and honest family of Captain Mironov, and Shvabrin’s gossip and slander are unpleasant to him. Challenging Shvabrin to a duel for insulting words about Masha, Grinev does not think that this is how an officer should behave, he simply humanly protects the girl from slander.

Shvarbin is the complete opposite of Grinev. This former St. Petersburg guardsman continually acts dishonestly, without thinking and, it seems, even without repentance, violating even the most ordinary human norms. Wanting to take revenge on Masha for refusing to marry him, he slanderes the girl, without any doubt hurting Petrusha, taking advantage of the fact that the enemy was distracted, and it seems that he is not above writing a letter to Petrusha’s parents in which he denigrates his fiancee.

In times of need severe tests, fully understanding the weakness of the fortification Belogorsk fortress, Petrusha firmly knows: “It is our duty to defend the fortress until our last breath.” Without hesitating for a moment, without thinking about the futility of this act, with only one sword he goes out of the gates of the fortress along with his commanders. In the face of mortal danger, he is preparing to “repeat the answer of his generous comrades” and end up on the gallows. At the next meeting with the impostor, during a one-on-one conversation, Grinev answers him firmly: “I am a natural nobleman, I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.” The young man cannot even compromise, promising that he will not fight against Pugachev.

Unlike Pyotr Grinev, Shvabrin betrays his oath, going over to the side of the impostor for the sake of preserving own life, receiving the position of commandant and power over Masha. Pushkin does not show the moment of betrayal itself. We see only the result - Shvabrin, “cut into a circle and wearing a Cossack caftan,” as if he, having betrayed his oath, changed his disguise. True to his duty as an officer, Petrusha comes to Orenburg and makes one proposal after another to liberate the Belogorsk fortress and save Masha. But the command is not interested in the fate of the daughter of Captain Mironov, who died heroically “for Mother Empress”; they are more concerned about the safety of their own skin and peace. Tired of imitating activities in a lazy shootout, touched to the depths of his soul by Masha’s plea, Grinev voluntarily leaves for Pugachev. He understands that such a violation of discipline is contrary to officer honor, but in this moment he is above the blind letter of the code, defending the life and honor of the girl who completely trusted him.

Petrusha's duty and honor grow from genuine humanity, from a sense of responsibility for loved ones. So, for example, he cannot leave Savelich, who lags behind on a bad horse, in captivity among the Pugachevites. In a truly moral attitude towards people there are no trifles or secondary things. Having honestly admitted to Pugachev that his bride is the daughter of Captain Mironov, Grinev says: “I would be glad with my life to pay you for what you did for me. Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.”... When Masha is freed and, it would seem, she could enjoy happiness, Petrusha sends the girl to her parents, and he himself joins Zurin’s detachment, not forgetting his military duty to the Motherland .

All of Petrusha's behavior is the behavior of a strong and whole person, albeit very young. There is not a drop of selfishness in his attitude towards people and his responsibilities. And again, Shvabrin appears before us as the antithesis of Grinev’s image, living by the principle: “If not for me, then for no one.” It is he, realizing that Masha is slipping out of his hands, who gives her to Pugachev, without a twinge of conscience or any sympathy, endangering the girl’s life. After the suppression of Pugachev's uprising, finding himself accused as a traitor, Shvabrin slandered Grinev. And again Petrusha makes a moral and purely human choice, deciding not to mention Masha Mironova’s name, because “the very idea of ​​entangling her name among the vile slander of villains and bringing her into a confrontation with them” seems unbearable to him.

Petrusha’s father is the same: he is afraid not of the execution of his son, but of dishonor: “My ancestor died on frontal place, defending what he considered sacred in his conscience; my father suffered along with Volynsky and Khrushchev. But for a nobleman to betray his oath, to unite with robbers, with murderers, with runaway slaves!.. Shame and shame on our family!..”

Petrusha's choice is even more difficult - between his dishonor, or rather, his honor, which he cannot defend without sacrificing the honor of his beloved girl. If Grinev Sr. knew real reasons, who prevented Petrusha from saying anything in his own defense, he would have understood his son. Because they have the same concept of honor and duty - family, hard-won. Pushkinskoe. ...In September 1836, Pushkin finished work on The Captain's Daughter. And in January 1837, defending his honor and the honor of his wife, he stepped towards the deadly barrier.

Honor and dishonor

Quotes and epigraphs

Honor is the cornerstone of human wisdom.

V. G. Belinsky

Honor is the desire to gain honor; to observe your honor means not to do anything that would be unworthy of honor.

F. Voltaire

Who is not ready to die for own honor, he will gain dishonor.

B. Pascal

Honor cannot be taken away, it can be lost.

A. P. Chekhov

Honor is external conscience, and conscience is internal honor.

A. Schopenhauer

The concept of honor in our time

In our cruel age it seems that the concepts of honor and dishonor have died. There is no special need to preserve honor for girls - striptease and depravity pay dearly, and money is much more attractive than some ephemeral honor. I remember Knurov from “Dowry” by A.N. Ostrovsky:

There are boundaries beyond which condemnation does not cross: I can offer you such enormous content that the most evil critics of other people's morality will have to shut up and open their mouths in surprise.

Sometimes it seems that men have long ceased to dream of serving for the good of the Fatherland, protecting their honor and dignity, and defending the Motherland. Probably, literature remains the only evidence of the existence of these concepts.

A.S. Pushkin’s most cherished work begins with the epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age,” which is part of a Russian proverb. The entire novel “The Captain's Daughter” gives us the best idea of ​​honor and dishonor. The main character, Petrusha Grinev, is a young man, practically a youth (at the time of his departure for service he was “eighteen” years old, according to his mother), but he is filled with such determination that he is ready to die on the gallows, but not to tarnish his honor. And this is not only because his father bequeathed to him to serve this way. Life without honor for a nobleman is the same as death. But his opponent and envious Shvabrin acts completely differently. His decision to go over to Pugachev’s side is determined by fear for his life. He, unlike Grinev, does not want to die. The outcome of the life of each of the heroes is logical. Grinev lives a dignified, albeit poor, life as a landowner and dies surrounded by his children and grandchildren. And the fate of Alexei Shvabrin is clear, although Pushkin does not say anything about it, but most likely death or hard labor will end this unworthy life of a traitor, a man who did not preserve his honor.

War is a catalyst for the most important human qualities, she shows either courage and courage, or meanness and cowardice. We can find proof of this in V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov”. Two heroes - moral poles narratives. The fisherman is energetic, strong, physically strong, but is he courageous? Having been captured, he betrays his partisan detachment, reveals its location, weapons, numerical strength - in a word, everything in order to eliminate this center of resistance to the fascists. But the frail, sickly, puny Sotnikov turns out to be courageous, endures torture, and resolutely ascends to the scaffold, not for a second doubting the correctness of his action. He knows that death is not as terrible as remorse from betrayal. At the end of the story, Rybak, who escaped death, tries to hang himself in the toilet, but cannot, because he does not find a suitable weapon (his belt was taken away during his arrest). His death is a matter of time, he is not a completely fallen sinner, and living with such a burden is unbearable.

Years pass by historical memory Humanity still contains examples of actions based on honor and conscience. Will they become an example for my contemporaries? I think yes. The heroes who died in Syria, saving people in fires and disasters, prove that there is honor, dignity, and there are bearers of these noble qualities.

Total: 441 words

Honor and dishonor

What does the concept of “honor” mean today? Everyone will interpret this concept in their own way. For some, it is a collection of higher moral principles, respect, honor, recognition of other victories. For others it is “land, cattle, sheep, bread, commerce, profit - this is life!” For me, honor and dignity are not an empty phrase. It's too early to say that I live by honor. But I hope that these concepts will always serve as a life guide for me.

Nowadays, it seems that the concepts of “honor and dignity” are outdated, having lost their original, true values. But earlier, in the times of valiant knights and beautiful ladies, they preferred to give up their lives rather than lose honor. And it was customary to defend one’s dignity, the dignity of one’s loved ones and simply dear people in fights. Let us at least remember how, defending the honor of his family, A.S. died in a duel. Pushkin. “I need my name and honor to be inviolable in all corners of Russia,” he said. The favorite heroes of Russian literature were people of honor. Let us remember what advice the hero of the story “The Captain's Daughter” receives from his father: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” The father did not want his son to become a secular reveler and therefore sent him to serve in a distant garrison. Meeting with people devoted to duty, Motherland, love, for whom the honor of the uniform was above all, played a decisive role in Grinev’s life positive role. He passed all the trials that befell him with honor, and never once lost his dignity or compromised his conscience, although there were plenty of reasons.

"Honor is like gem“The slightest spot takes away its shine and takes away all its value,” Edmond Pierre Beauchaine once said. Yes, this is indeed true. And everyone, sooner or later, will have to decide how to live - with honor or without it.

A woman's honor

Each newborn is given a name. Along with a name, a person receives the history of his family, the memory of generations and an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhonor. Sometimes a name obliges you to be worthy of your origin. Sometimes, through your actions, you have to wash away and correct the negative memory of your family. How not to lose your dignity? How to protect yourself in the face of emerging danger? It is very difficult to be prepared for such a test. You can find many similar examples in Russian literature.

In the story by Viktor Petrovich Astafiev “Lyudochka” there is a narration about the fate of a young girl, yesterday’s schoolgirl, who came to the city in search of better life. Having grown up in the family of a hereditary alcoholic, like frozen grass, she tries all her life to preserve her honor, some kind of feminine dignity, tries to work honestly, build relationships with the people around her, without insulting anyone, pleasing everyone, but keeping her at a distance. And people respect her. Her landlady Gavrilovna respects her for her reliability and hard work, poor Artyomka respects her for her rigor and morality, she respects her in her own way, but for some reason her stepfather is silent about it. Everyone sees her as a person. However, on her way she meets a disgusting type, a criminal and a scumbag - Strekach. The person is not important to him, his lust is above all. The betrayal of Artyomka’s “friend-boyfriend” turns into a terrible ending for Lyudochka. And the girl is left alone with her grief. For Gavrilovna there is no particular problem with this:

Well, they tore off the plonba, just think, what a disaster. Nowadays this is not a flaw, but now they marry just anyone, ugh now about these things...

The mother generally moves away and pretends that nothing happened: the adult, they say, let her get out of it herself. Artemka and “friends” invite you to spend time together. But Lyudochka does not want to live like this, with her honor soiled and trampled. Seeing no way out of this situation, she decides not to live at all. In his last note she asks for forgiveness:

Gavrilovna! Mother! Stepfather! I didn’t ask what your name is. Good people, forgive me!

The very fact that Gavrilovna, and not the mother, comes first here speaks volumes. And the worst thing is that no one cares about this unfortunate soul. In the whole world - no one...

In the epic novel " Quiet Don» Sholokhov, each heroine has her own idea of ​​honor. Daria Melekhova lives only in the flesh, the author says little about her soul, and the characters in the novel generally do not perceive Daria without this base principle. Her adventures both during her husband’s life and after his death show that honor does not exist for her at all; she is ready to seduce her own father-in-law just to satisfy her desire. I feel sorry for her, because a person who lived his life so mediocrely and vulgarly, left no record of himself good memory- insignificant. Daria remained the embodiment of the base, lustful, dishonest female insides.

Honor is important for every person in our world. But especially the honor of women, maidenhood remains business card and always attracts Special attention. And let them say that in our time morality is an empty phrase, that “they will marry just anyone” (in Gavrilovna’s words), what is important is who you are for yourself, and not for those around you. Therefore, the opinions of immature and narrow-minded people are not taken into account. For everyone, honor has and will come first.

Total: 463 words

What is honor

(No literary example)

What is honor and why has it been so valued at all times? He talks about her folk wisdom“Take care of your honor from a young age,” poets sing about it, philosophers think about it. They died in duels for her, and, having lost her, they considered their life over. In any case, the concept of honor contains the desire for moral ideal. This ideal can be created by a person for himself, or he can accept it from society.

In the first case, in my opinion, this is a kind of internal honor, which includes such individual qualities of a person as courage, nobility, justice, and honesty. These are the beliefs and principles that form the basis of a person's self-esteem. This is what he cultivates and values ​​in himself. A person's honor outlines the limits of what a person can allow himself and what kind of attitude he can tolerate from others. A person becomes his own judge. This is what constitutes human dignity, so it is important for a person not to betray any of his principles.

I would correlate another understanding of honor with more modern concept reputation is how a person shows himself to other people in communication and business. IN in this case It is important not to “lose your dignity” in the eyes of other people, because few people will want to communicate with a rude person, do business with an unreliable person, or help a heartless miser in need. However, a person may still have bad traits character and simply try to hide them from others.

In any case, loss of honor leads to negative consequences- either a person becomes disappointed in himself or becomes an outcast in society. Honor, which I defined as reputation, has always been considered the calling card of a person - both men and women. And sometimes it hurt people. For example, when they were considered unworthy, although it was not they who were to blame, but gossip and intrigue. Or rigid social boundaries. I have always found it amazingly accepted in Victorian era the condemnation of a young woman who was in mourning for her husband and wanted to start a new life.

The main thing I realized is that the word “honor” is related to the word “honesty.” You need to be honest with yourself and people, to be, not to seem worthy person, and then you will not face either condemnation or self-criticism.

The theme of honor in the story “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin

After reading the story by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter”, you understand that one of the themes of this work is the theme of honor and dishonor. The story contrasts two heroes: Grinev and Shvabrin - and their ideas about honor. These heroes are young, both of them are nobles. YES, they end up in this outback (Belogorsk Fortress) not of their own free will. Grinev - at the insistence of his father, who decided that his son needed to “pull the strap and smell the gunpowder...” And Shvabrin ended up in the Belogorsk fortress, perhaps because of the high-profile story associated with the duel. We know that for a nobleman a duel is a way to defend honor. And Shvabrin, at the beginning of the story, seems to be a man of honor. Although from the point of view common man, Vasilisa Egorovna, a duel is “murder.” This assessment allows the reader who sympathizes with this heroine to doubt Shvabrin’s nobility.

You can judge a person by his actions Hard time. For the heroes, the challenge was the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev. Shvabrin saves his life. We see him “with his hair cut in a circle, in a Cossack caftan, among the rebels.” And during the execution, he whispers something in Pugachev’s ear. Grinev is ready to share the fate of Captain Mironov. He refuses to kiss the impostor’s hand because he is ready to “prefer a cruel execution to such humiliation...”.

They also treat Masha differently. Grinev admires and respects Masha, even writes poetry in her honor. Shvabrin, on the contrary, confuses the name of his beloved girl with dirt, saying “if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of tender poems, give her a pair of earrings.” Shvabrin slanderes not only this girl, but also her relatives. For example, when he says “as if Ivan Ignatich was in an inappropriate relationship with Vasilisa Egorovna..” It becomes clear that Shvabrin actually does not love Masha. When Grinev rushed to free Marya Ivanovna, he saw her “pale, thin, with disheveled hair, in a peasant dress.” The girl’s appearance eloquently speaks of what she had to endure due to the fault of Shvabrin, who tortured her, kept her in captivity and constantly threatened to extradite her her rebels.

If we compare the main characters, of course, Grinev will evoke more respect, because, despite his youth, he managed to behave with dignity, remained true to himself, did not disgrace his father’s honorable name, and defended his beloved.

Perhaps all this allows us to call him a man of honor. Self-esteem helps our hero at the trial at the end of the story to calmly look into the eyes of Shvabrin, who, having lost everything, continues to fuss, trying to slander his enemy. Long ago, while still in the fortress, he crossed the boundaries defined by honor, wrote a letter - a denunciation to Grinev's father, trying to destroy the newly born love. Having acted dishonestly once, he cannot stop and becomes a traitor. And therefore Pushkin is right when he says “take care of your honor from a young age.”

About honor

(no literary example)

Concepts such as “honor” and “conscience” have somehow lost their relevance in modern world indifference and cynical attitude towards life.

If before it was a shame to be known unscrupulous person, then today such a “compliment” is taken lightly and even with bravado. Pangs of conscience - today this is something from the realm of melodrama and is perceived as a movie plot, that is, the audience is indignant, and at the end of the film they go and, for example, steal apples from someone else's orchard.

Nowadays, it has become a shame to show mercy, compassion, empathy. Nowadays it’s “cool”, to the approving hooting of the crowd, to hit a weak person, kick a dog, insult an elderly person, be rude to a passerby, and so on. Any nasty thing created by one scumbag is perceived as almost a feat by the fragile minds of teenagers.

№1
The theme of honor and human dignity in the work of A. S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”.
Reading his works,
can be done in an excellent way
educate a person within yourself.
V. G. Belinsky
In any literary work, one way or another, in one form or another are put eternal questions– What is considered a moral norm? Where is the line separating morality from immorality? Are they different at all? And in almost any work, as a rule, we are talking about moral ideals.
I believe that honor ranks first among moral symbols. You can survive the collapse of the economy, even endure parting with the most dear people and with the Motherland, but not a single people on earth will ever come to terms with the decay of morality. IN human society always treated dishonest people with contempt.
The loss of honor is a decline in moral principles, followed by inevitable punishment: entire states disappear from the map of the earth, peoples disappear into the black hole of history, and individuals perish.
Russian writers have always addressed the problem of honor in their works. Today, in our difficult times, it sounds especially poignant.
The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. The example of A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” clearly shows how this happens in life and what results it leads to. The main character of the story, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, was brought up in an environment of high morality from childhood. On the first pages of the story, Pushkin, through the mouth of Savelich, introduces readers to moral principles Grinev family: “It seems that neither the father nor the grandfather were drunkards; there’s nothing to say about mother...” With these words the old servant brings up his ward Pyotr Grinev, who got drunk for the first time and behaved unsightly. And before leaving for service, Grinev receives a behest from his father: “Take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.” This folk proverb is also an epigraph to the work. All further history Grineva represents the fulfillment, despite all the difficulties and mistakes, of this paternal covenant. But honor is a broadly understood term. If for Grinev the father, honor is, first of all, the honor of a nobleman and an officer, then Grinev the son, without abandoning this understanding, was able to expand the concept of honor to its human and civil meaning.
It’s as if good things were combined in him, loving heart mother with honesty, integrity, courage - qualities that are inherent in his father.
The first time Grinev acted honorably, returning the gambling debt, although in that situation Savelich tried to persuade him to evade payment. But nobility prevailed.
A man of honor, in my opinion, is always kind and selfless in his interactions with others. These qualities were manifested in a generous gift to a “little man” unknown to him, who showed the way during a snowstorm and who then played decisive role in all its future fate. And how, risking everything, he rushed to the rescue of the captured Savelich.
Tests awaited Grinev in the fortress where he served. By his behavior here, Pyotr Andreevich proved his loyalty to his father’s behests, and did not betray what he considered his duty and his honor. Shvabrin interferes with Grinev’s love for Masha Mironova and weaves intrigues. In the end it comes down to a duel. The complete opposite of the honest and straightforward Grinev is his rival Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin. He is a selfish and ungrateful person. For the sake of his personal goals, Shvabrin is ready to do anything dishonest act. He slanderes Masha Mironova and casts a shadow on her mother. He inflicts a treacherous blow on Grinev in a duel and, in addition, writes a false denunciation of him to Grinev’s father. Shvabrin goes over to Pugachev’s side not out of ideological convictions: he expects to save his life, hopes to make a career with him if Pugachev succeeds, and most importantly, he wants, having dealt with his rival, to forcefully marry a girl who does not love him.
Honesty and decency occupy a special place in the characteristics of the heroes. It’s amazing how honest Masha and Grinev are with each other. Between them it is natural to understand, save, and feel sorry for each other. Mutual devotion helps them overcome life difficulties and find happiness.
During the riot, the moral qualities some heroes and the baseness of others. For example, Captain Mironov and his wife chose to die rather than surrender to the mercy of the rebels. Grinev did the same, not wanting to swear allegiance to Pugachev, but was pardoned. It seems to me that the author made it clear to the reader that Pugachev showed generosity towards the young officer not only out of a feeling of gratitude for the old favor. He equally, it seemed to me, appreciated Grinev as a man of honor. The leader of the uprising himself was not alien to the concepts of honor. In addition, thanks to him, Grinev and Masha found each other forever.
Shvabrin, too, turned out to be powerless in implementing his selfish plans, since Pugachev not only did not support him, but also clearly made it clear that he was dishonest and therefore not a competitor to Grinev.
The ending of the story is also interesting: Grinev is arrested following a denunciation for his connection with the rebel chieftain. He is facing the death penalty, but Grinev decides, for reasons of honor, not to name his beloved. If he had told the whole truth about Masha, he would probably have been acquitted. And at the very last moment justice has triumphed: Masha asks the lady, who turns out to be the empress, to pardon Grinev. And the fate of Masha’s beloved was decided for the better.
Grinev remained a man of honor to the end. He was present at the execution of Pugachev, to whom he owed his happiness. Pugachev recognized him and nodded his head from the scaffold.
Unfortunately, now there are very few people like Pyotr Grinev, honest, kind and selfless. Modern society has almost lost these qualities. And I really want the proverb “take care of your honor from a young age” to have the meaning of a life talisman for everyone, helping to overcome harsh life obstacles.

One of the main topics historical novel Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a theme of honor. This is stated in the very epigraph to the work and is picked up on its very first pages. After all, this is precisely the parting word that Andrei Petrovich Grinev gives to his young son, sending him to military service. This is also emphasized by the fact that Petrusha, the successor of the old noble family of the Grinevs, is sent by his father to serve in a “deaf and distant direction.” He is not looking for any concessions for his son; on the contrary, he wants him to become a real officer, a man of honor and duty. Petrusha had a worthy example before his eyes all his life. Pushkin emphasizes the strictness of Andrei Petrovich’s morals, his wisdom, and self-esteem.

The concept of honor and duty in the story is ambiguous. The theme of noble honor clearly sounds in the story of Petrusha’s acquaintance with Zurin. Then the young man lost a large sum money. Petrusha’s money was kept by Savelich, and to a young nobleman I had to quarrel with my uncle to get this amount. Savelich, horrified by the amount of money lost, begged Grinev to refuse to pay the debt, to say that he did not have that kind of money. But Petrusha was inexorable. He cannot fail to pay his billiard debt, because this is a matter of noble honor.

In the history of Grinev’s relationship with Masha Mironova, the theme of honor also arises. The girl was terribly slandered by Shvabrin. It was simply impossible for Petrusha to tolerate this. Defending the honor of his beloved girl, he challenges the scoundrel to a duel, which was prevented by the intervention of the commandant. However, it resumed, because a truly honest and honest man I could not tolerate such treatment of a girl. Here we're talking about about the lady's honor, about duty to her.

Having fallen in love with a young girl, he feels responsible for her fate. It is his direct duty to protect and protect his beloved. Therefore, when Masha becomes Shvabrin’s prisoner, Grinev is ready to do anything to save her. A very interesting fact is that Petrusha did not find any support from the official authorities. At this moment, he is ready to turn to Pugachev for help. And so it turns out that it is this robber, rebel and murderer who helps him. Pugachev frees Masha, despite the fact that she is the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, an officer of the enemy troops. The image of Petrusha is connected here with the theme of not only knightly honor, but also male honor. After all main character He could hardly consider himself a real man if he could not rescue his beloved from such a humiliating situation.

What is also noteworthy here is that after Grinev’s arrest, a trial took place. But, defending himself, the hero could not open true position of things. He was afraid to involve Masha Mironova in this matter: “It occurred to me that if I named her, the commission would demand her to answer; and the thought of entangling her name among the vile reports of villains and herself, bringing her to a confrontation with them - this terrible thought struck me so much that I hesitated and became embarrassed.” It is easier for a hero to suffer an undeserved punishment than to offend him in any way good name Mashi. We can say that this is a truly chivalrous act, because Petrusha is ready to defend the peace of Marya Ivanovna at the cost of his life.

Also in the story you can note the theme military honor, duty to the fatherland, loyalty to the oath. This is especially noticeable thanks to the history of Grinev’s relationship with Pugachev. After the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev recognizes Petrusha as his former travel companion and saves him from imminent execution. But the robber demands that Grinev recognize him as the sovereign. The young man cannot do this, realizing that before him is an impostor, guilty of the death of not only the commandant of the fortress and his wife, but also many other innocent people. Grinev refuses to kiss Pugachev’s hand, realizing that this could be followed by terrible reprisals. But Pugachev does not touch Petrusha, he only joked that the young man was “stupified with joy.” Grinev refuses to see his sovereign in the robber and to serve him, although life young man hanging by a thread. Petrusha tells Pugachev that he is a nobleman who swore allegiance to the empress and will not break his oath. In addition, Grinev cannot even promise Pugachev that he will not oppose the rebels. After all, he must obey the themes military duty, obey the order. I think Pugachev was able to appreciate the nobility of Petrusha’s nature, so he let him go.

The theme of honor is also embodied through other characters. For example, Ivan Kuzmich Mironov refuses to recognize the impostor as his sovereign and prefers to die, fulfilling his duty as the commandant of the fortress to the end. For him better death than betrayal of one's duty. Ivan Ignatievich, the garrison lieutenant who refused to swear allegiance to Pugachev, also dies heroically.

So everyone goodies In the story, the theme of honor is close and understandable; each of them is ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of his duty, considering this unspeakably better than betraying his own ideals.