Contemporary art predicts the future. Give examples of predictions of future discoveries in works of art

Subject "Predictions in Art"

The purpose of the lesson: show the ability of works of art to predict historical events; develop skills in analyzing artistic and musical works.

Equipment: computer, projector, presentation, reproductions of paintings by B. Kustodiev, A. Durer, P. Picasso, musical composition by Charles Ives, fragment of the film by Andrei Rublev.

During the classes

Organizing time

Repetition of learned material

For several lessons now we have been talking and discussing with you very interesting and at the same time difficult topic. Which one? What knowledge have you already gained on this issue? Remember what we talked about in the last lesson and answer the question: “What examples in the history of art that predict future events do you know?”

Recall:

Jules Vernet's novel “20 Thousand Leagues Under the Sea”;

Artist Wassily Kandinsky;

Vincent Van Gogh;

A. Tolstoy “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”;

Johann Sebastian Bach

Tell me, for what purpose did we consider those examples of prediction in art that you just remembered? Tell me, what question did we look for the answer to in the previous lesson? What were we trying to prove with these examples? What idea should I formulate? (That art not only affects our emotional sphere, but sometimes even provides scientific knowledge.

Staging educational task to class.

The topic of our lesson is “Predictions in Art.” Try to tell me what we will do in class today? We continue our acquaintance with works of art that in one way or another predict future events or give their own special interpretation of those events that are revealed in these works.

Learning new material

Any piece of art is aimed at the future, therefore in history one can find many examples of artists warning their fellow citizens about the impending social danger: revolutions, wars and splits. This kind of prophecy has been encountered many times in art, including in artistic canvases. Great creators could use own works for prediction in art. It is possible that this is precisely the main strength of this species. human activity. Guys, remember we talked about this, why only creative people have such a gift? (they have special well-developed imaginative thinking, which allows them to invent missing data).

4.1 . Getting to know the engravings of A. Durer.

A striking example predictions in art can be considered the work of the German Renaissance painter and graphic artist Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528). He created a series of engravings.

Glossary of terms: engraving (from the French gravure) is a printed impression on paper (or on a similar material) from a plate (“board”) on which a design is carved.

This series of engravings was called “Apocalypse” (Greek apokalypsis - revelation - this word serves as the name of one of the ancient church books, which contains prophecies about the end of the world).

Wood engravings were made. There are 15 of them in total, they illustrate the Revelation of John the Theologian. When they were first published in 1498, they became widespread and popular precisely because at that time there was a widespread expectation of the end of the world in 1500.

There is an opinion that the artist expressed an anxious expectation of world-historical changes, which indeed shook Germany after some time.

The most significant of this series is the engraving "The Four Horsemen". Let's look at it, express our opinion and listen to the message.

SLIDE 1.

Look carefully at the contents of the engraving. What impression does she make on you? What emotions does it evoke? What do you see?

What do you think these horsemen symbolize?

Why did you get this impression?

Student message

Dürer's engravings illustrate the revelation of John the Evangelist. The engraving “The Four Horsemen” reflects chapter 6. Here short sayings from this chapter.

Behold, a white horse, and a rider on it had a bow, and a crown was given to him; and he came out victorious, and to conquer.

And another horse came out, a red one; and to him that sat on it was given power to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another; and a great sword was given to him.

The third animal is a black horse, and its rider has a measure in his hand.

And behold, a pale horse, and on it a rider whose name was “death”; and hell followed him; and power was given to him over the fourth part of the earth - to kill with the sword, and with famine, and with pestilence, and with the beasts of the earth.

Four horsemen are depicted (from right to left): the first is Conquest with a crown and bow; the second is War with the Sword; third - Hunger with scales; the fourth is Death, unlike other riders on an unshod, bareback, skinny horse. Durer moved away from the usual representation of Death in the form of a grinning skeleton with a scythe; he depicted Death in the form of a thin, bearded old man with a trident.

Teacher's story

Horsemen - Death, Judgment, War, Pestilence - fiercely sweep across the earth, sparing neither kings nor commoners. The swirling clouds and horizontal streaks of the background increase the speed of this frantic gallop. But the archer's arrow rests on the right edge of the engraving, as if stopping this movement.

According to the plot of the Apocalypse, horsemen appear on earth one by one, but the artist deliberately placed them next to each other. Everything is like in life - war, pestilence, death, judgment come together. It is believed that the key to this arrangement of figures lies in Durer’s desire to warn his contemporaries and descendants that, having destroyed the wall that the artist had erected in the form of the edge of the engraving, the horsemen would inevitably burst into the real world.

4.2 Acquaintance with the work of F. Goya

Examples of art’s predictions of social change and upheaval include the etchings of F. Goya, the paintings “Guernica” by P. Picasso, “Bolshevik” by B. Kustodiev, “New Planet” by K. Yuon and many others.

Let's look at the dictionary again

Etching (French eau-forte - nitric acid, literally - “strong water”) is a type of engraving on metal; receiving impressions from printed forms(“boards”), in the process of creating an image on which the surface is etched with acids

I suggest looking at Goya’s etchings and then expressing your opinion and impressions of what you saw.

SLIDES 2-4

Analysis of Goya's works.

What feelings did you get from viewing the etchings?

Try to guess what events the artist wanted to reflect in these works? Why did you decide so? Which means of expression Did they help you come to this conclusion?

In the series of etchings “Disasters of War,” Goya depicted the struggle of the broad masses of the Spanish people against Napoleonic troops. The people rebelled against Napoleon's regular troops with knives, stakes, and axes. They fought with frenzy and anger, defending every inch of the ground, hence the names - “With or without common sense?” The women fought with the same fury. "They became like wild animals", says Goya.

All the horrors of war pass through the etchings in a terrible sequence: piles of corpses, carts with the dead, execution of rebels and violence against women. “I saw it!”, “It’s impossible to see it!” - with these words Goya accompanies two of his etchings.

4.3 Getting to know the works of P. Picaso

Today I would like to introduce you to a painting by the famous Spanish artist, sculptor, graphic artist, ceramist and designer Pablo Picasso. To take a little break from the serious problem we have raised, I suggest you look at the screen and read full name Pablo Picasso.

SLIDE 5

The name Picasso consists of 16 names, along with particles of 22 words.

Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Mártir Patricio Ruiz and Picasso (Picasso's version (1881-1973) is also accepted)

SLIDE 6 Painting “Guernica”

Look and express your feelings about the picture

The reason for the creation of “Guernica” by Picasso was the bombing of the city of Guernica. During the Spanish Civil War, on April 26, 1937, a Fascist volunteer unit carried out a sadistic night bombing on the city of Guernica. Several aerial bombs were dropped on the city, which caused a devastating fire, as a result of which a significant part of the city was destroyed and, according to various estimates, about 200-250 people were injured.

The whole world watched these events, including Pablo Ruiz Picasso. Spanish poet and prominent public figure Rafael Alberti later recalled: “Picasso had never been to Guernica, but the news of the destruction of the city struck him like the blow of a bull’s horn.” The bombing of Guernica was the impetus for the creation famous painting. The painting was painted literally in a month - the first days of work on the painting, Picasso worked for 10-12 hours and already in the first sketches one could see the main idea.

This picture perfectly conveys the tragedy of people’s heartlessness.

Conversation about the works seen

Please tell me guys. We looked at a number of works by different artists living in different countries, in different time periods. Is there anything common in these works?

Why do you think these works are considered within this topic? What are the predictions?

Why will these paintings be relevant in the future?

This is because they show all the horrors of war, which in any historical period is terrible event and, regardless of time, will be accompanied by loss of life, hunger and grief. This is the predictive role of art.

4.4 Getting to know the works of Russian artists

And now I propose to turn to the work of Russian artists and see if predictions occur in Russian art.

Look at the following picture

SLIDE 7 Kustodiev "Bolshevik"

Listen to the story about this painting (Legeza S.)

B.M. Kustodiev is known as an original writer of everyday life of merchants. IN Soviet time the artist turned to the theme of revolution. Events February revolution 1917 Kustodiev, chained to wheelchair, could only watch from the window. He wrote about his impressions: “It’s still in full swing here, the streets are still full of people... I’ve never complained so much about my life, which doesn’t allow me to go out into the street - after all, I have to wait for “such” a street for centuries.”

Kustodiev understood the revolution as a spontaneous, gigantic popular revolt. Therefore, he decides to create the image of a new hero who led the people to victory over their oppressors.

In search of means of expression, Kustodiev for the first time in his work resorted to an allegorical solution. The huge, powerful figure of a Bolshevik with a red banner in his hands towers over the city and people. He walks, as in a fairy tale, with leaps and bounds, and it is not entirely clear where he is going. The grandiose banner of the flag, fluttering in the wind, like the flame of a revolutionary fire, blazes over the city and is lost beyond the horizon. Below, under the giant, streams of armed people are moving along the city streets and alleys. The simple Russian face of the giant is filled with indestructible will, his eyes are burning, his powerful hands tightly grip the shaft. In front of him, like the last barrier, rises a church building - a symbol of autocracy, a faithful custodian of the old order. The viewer feels that the giant will step over it as easily as he previously stepped over houses and other structures.

In the original version, the artist wanted to place a priest and a deacon hiding in panic on the roof of the church. But during the work, he refused to include this detail in the picture, realizing that it could take the picture into the plane of caricature.

In the painting “Bolshevik” Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev uses a metaphor ( hidden meaning), which has not been solved for many decades. Using this example, you can understand how the content of the picture is filled with new meaning, like an era with its new views that have changed value guidelines puts new meanings into the content.

Today it is difficult to overestimate the feat of Kustodiev, who created a canvas of such content in the difficult year of nineteen, in the ring of the blockade, in need and cold... In general, guys, it must be said that Kustodiev was a man who loved his homeland very much. Until the age of 20, he lived only in the city, although life was difficult, he wore two pairs of socks, because the bottom pair was missing toes, and the top heels... And when, as a student, he went to a Russian village to study its life, he fell in love with the village so much that 4 years later, when he got married, he returned to the village. At that time he was already in great demand (few people had such a rapid career: yesterday he still wore combined socks, today he paints portraits of people who decided the destinies of Russia). Therefore, many of his comrades wondered why he locked himself in such a wilderness. Boris Mikhailovich was surprised in his turn: “How can I be bored when I write every day and talk to my dear Yulik in the evening. On the contrary, I am now experiencing the best time of my life - I am painting a picture and I feel that I love and that I am loved. .."

But there was also annoyance that I wanted to quickly forget about. At the age of 19, he said in a letter to his mother: “Something is aching again, as it sometimes happens to me.” I forgot when I managed to forget. But at 31, it was no longer possible to shrug it off - the pain in the arm and neck kept getting worse and soon turned into suffering. Severe headaches were added to the pain in my arm. Doctors suspect bone tuberculosis. From now on he wears a rigid corset from chin to waist. He is being treated in a Swiss clinic, where he is given a new diagnosis: a tumor in the spinal canal. The operation cannot be avoided. True, then they promise a complete recovery. And at the age of 37 he undergoes a second operation. Boris Makhailovich has two children: his third son, Igorek, died at eleven months, and then, according to his daughter’s recollections, “the first gray strand appeared in my mother’s hair: Spinal cord surgery is no joke even today, but even then...

General anesthesia for 5 hours. Yulia Evstafievna (wife) is sitting in the corridor. The doctors encourage her from time to time, but their words and glances are evasive. The professor himself comes out into the corridor and says: a spinal cord tumor has been confirmed, but to get to it, you need to cut the nerve endings. The patient is unconscious, so you decide what to save: his arms or legs. A girl, a once happy lover, a woman immortalized in dozens of paintings, a mother who has already lost her son and is losing her husband with tragic iron inevitability, Yulia Evsafievna says: “Leave your hands. An artist is without hands, he cannot live...”

Since then, Boris Mikhailovich has been chained to wheelchair. But this did not break his spirit, he continues to create and create his new masterpieces.

Today, this picture, like K. Yuon’s “New Planet,” is filled with new content. But how artists at that time managed to sense the impending social changes so accurately remains a mystery.

Look at another painting by artist Konstantin Fedorovich Yuon “New Planet”

SLIDE 8 “New Planet”

What feelings and emotions does this picture evoke in you?

What do you think it's about? -What did the artist want to tell us?

This work does not just depict an unusual phenomenon - the birth of a new planet. K.F. Yuon is trying to comprehend the meaning October revolution. For him, a revolution is not just a coup that took place in one specific state. No. This is a phenomenon on a universal scale. And people’s reaction to such an unprecedented event is ambiguous.

In the painting “New Planet,” the birth of a new cosmic body is accompanied by bright flashes that illuminate people. Witnesses unusual phenomenon, destroying the usual way of life, old world, react differently to what is happening. Some see this as the birth of something new. beautiful world. They hopefully stretch out their hands towards the bright light. Some don't have the strength to walk. They fall exhausted and crawl out of last bit of strength to this new one. For others, the collapse of the old world causes panic horror. They may perceive the emergence of a new planet as the end of the world. People fall on their faces in fear, covering their heads, trying to hide, to save themselves from the impending catastrophe. But the cosmic cataclysm does not leave both of them indifferent.

Why do you think we understand the picture differently? Do we put another meaning into it?

Probably because for our time the events of the revolution are already history, but the conquest of space and questions related to the place and fate of our planet in the Universe are relevant and concern us.

IN musical art An example of this kind of foresight is the piece for orchestra “The Unanswered Question” (“ Space landscape"") by American composer Charles Ives (1874-1954). It was created at the beginning of the 20th century. - at the time when they were committed scientific discoveries in the field of space exploration and the creation of aircraft (K. Tsiolkovsky).

Listen to a short fragment and try to say what this piece is about?

Insert a music file into slide 8 - close the screen while playing

What emotions does music evoke? What state of mind is conveyed in music? What can this work tell about?

This play became philosophical reflection about the place and role of man in the Universe.

Today we got acquainted with works that reflect social changes in society, which were sometimes accompanied by tragedies, bloodshed, etc.

Therefore, I propose to end our lesson by talking about something more joyful and positive.

Look at the works of Russian artist Aristarkh Vasilyevich Lentulov

SLIDES 9-11

In his dynamic compositions he sought to express the internal energy of the object. By crushing objects, pushing them on top of each other, shifting planes and plans, he created the feeling of a lightning-fast changing world. In this restless, shifting and rushing space, the familiar outlines of Moscow cathedrals, views of Novgorod and Moscow can be discerned. He is attracted by the opportunity to convey something that is generally indescribable, for example, the spreading sound in the film “Ringing. Ivan the Great belltower".

In Russian musical art, the theme of bells has found a vivid embodiment in the works of various composers of the past and present: M. Glinka, M. Mussorgsky, S. Rachmaninov, G. Sviridov, V. Gavrilin, A. Petrov

For the lesson, the girls completed an artistic and creative task and prepared a musical and literary composition “and rushes over the earth bell ringing»

Literary and musical composition

“And the ringing of bells rushes over the earth”

The temple is an image of a transformed world, created according to the laws of beauty and harmony.

There is beauty unspeakable, bright,

The one that is not called holy for nothing...

The cherished secret will be quietly revealed.

Rus' will remain a white swan in the heart.

A blessed dream, a joy come true -

The hour of contemplation God given,

As if miraculously descended from heaven -

With a silent song - White stone temple...

Extraordinary, attractive. The appearance of the temple is beautiful and unusual; being away from it, we hear the ringing of its bells.

How quietly it blows over the valley

Distant bell ringing

Like the noise of a flock of cranes, -

And he froze in the sonorous leaves...

Lives in only one country in the world - in Russia bell music. Only in Rus' did bell ringing become a national art: it entered music and was reflected in literature and painting.

Bell tower

Among the sky

Among the fire-faced

Bow with your pure ringing,

From the bell tower of Ivan the Great

I see everything Orthodox Rus'…

Since ancient times, bells in Rus' have invariably accompanied holidays and celebrations, informing people about important events,

They convened people for a meeting, showed the way to travelers lost in bad weather, and in tragic days for the Fatherland they called for the defense of their homeland.

(A poem is played against the background of music.)

When the bells ring solemnly

Or a sensitive ear will hear their distant ringing,

Involuntarily embraced by a sad thought,

Like a funeral song,

I listen to their cheerful sounds sadly,

And my soul is full of secret murmurs.

The bell is the only one musical instrument in an Orthodox church. And although in the 4th-5th centuries it left the Orthodox tradition instrumental music, and the church fathers gave preference human voice, considering it the most perfect instrument, the bells remained.

The dormant bell

Woke up the fields

Smiled at the sun

Sleepy land.

The blows came

To the blue skies

It rings loudly

Hidden behind the river

White moon,

She ran loudly

Frisky wave.

The quiet valley drives away sleep.

Somewhere down the road

The ringing stops.

In Rostov, the belfries of the Assumption Cathedral have survived to this day. Rostov bells are a wonderful creation of the Russian national epic. Their origin dates back to the 17th century.

The largest bell, cast in 1688 by Rostov master Frol Terentev. It weighs 2,000 pounds, has a velvety sound and beautiful overtones. The sound of this bell was recognized 20 km from the city.

(A poem is played against the background of music).

I love the church bell immensely

And again, like a shadow, I will enter the cold temple,

So that I can meet living water there

And go home again with an even gait.

The most famous bell in Russia is, of course, the Tsar Bell. It weighed more than 200 tons. During a fire in 1737, the bell collapsed and a piece weighing 11.5 tons fell off. Since then he has been silent forever. And now the Tsar Bell, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, amazes visitors with its size.

Honk with your mighty tongue,

Call the trembling of menacing metal

In Rus', bells were treated as living beings, and they were given names and nicknames: Gabriel, Howler, Broad, Swan, Bear - depending on the nature of their sound.

Russian craftsmen began casting bells in the 12th and 13th centuries. To do this, a brick “blockhead” and a clay mold were built in a huge hole. Copper was melting in a furnace nearby. Only 5-10 minutes before casting was tin added to it. Some craftsmen threw silver coins into the melted mass. Several workers, swinging a lever, punched a hole in the melting furnace from which metal burst out. Flowing down the gutters, it filled the form. So that success is not damaged by intrigues evil spirits, before casting, the most ridiculous rumors were spread. It was believed that the more ridiculous the rumors, the louder the bell would ring.

In Russia, the poorest church had at least three bells, and the bell towers of rich churches had up to 10 or more. The collection of all the bells is called ringing.

Only the middle bells participate in the everyday ringing, and it is performed by one bell ringer. And on holidays, for example, Easter, everyone was allowed into the bell tower all week long. Ringing bells was a favorite pastime of the Russian people.

In the native fields there is a quiet evening ringing, -

I once loved listening to him so much

At the hour, like the rays of the evening sunset

The evening sky will be gilded...

evening call, evening Bell... Don't wait for the dawn;

But even in the mists of December

Sometimes summer sends me a smile

Cold dawn...

Evening bells are the poet's soul,

Bless this ringing...

It's not like the cries of light

Scared away my best dream.

Evening bells... And into the distance,

Through the roar of urban anxiety,

You prophesy inspiration to me

Or the grave and peace.

(Picture by Levitan “Evening Bells”).

Deplorable, mournful, iron sound, invariably monotonous, heavy.

But in the life of the people there are not only sad days heralded by alarm or wire ringing, but also holidays that are accompanied by red and festive ringing.

The sound of bells sounds.

Thanks girls

5. Lesson summary

Let's summarize our lesson. What was the topic of the lesson? What new did you learn in class today? Were you interested in the lesson?

Thanks for your work, lesson is over.

The “Cassandrian principle” has always lived in art - the ability to foresee the future. Cassandra, as you know, predicted the death of Troy in the present day. Art has always lived on “Cassandra’s
beginning” – the ability to foresee the future.
Cassandra is known to have predicted doom
Troy in the days of the city's heyday and power.
Literature often anticipated the future. IN
in science fiction, utopias and dystopias there lived a spirit
Cassandra.
Moreover, the writers designed not only
the technical future of humanity, how,
for example, Jules Verne, but they also tried
penetrate his upcoming social
structure and predict the fate of an individual
personality.

Since artistic thinking is better developed than other people among artists, composers, writers, whose profession is creative

Albrecht Durer woodcut "Apocalypse".

Workshop of the Master And after five centuries, the mysteries and secrets of the genius of the Renaissance never cease to amaze our contemporaries. Italian and

Having constructed the “machine” of Leonardo da Vinci according to the drawings, the researchers proved that it was he who owned the “copyright” of the parachute, in

Inventions

10 – Mirror Writing Was this a ploy to keep your notes private or just to avoid smearing?

8 – Rotating Bridge This type of bridge, designed by Leonardo da Vinci, could have been useful to the armies of that time. Consisting of one span

H.G. Wells

Jules Gabriel Verne

Alexander Belyaev

A. N. Tolstoy

K. F. Yuon “New Planet” 1921

Until the last moment, K. Petrov-Vodkin himself feared that the painting would not be put on public display, since he already guessed what

Since ancient times, the image of a horse in Russian art has been perceived as significant. In the figurative and poetic structure of Slavic mythology, a horse would

Teacher: Gogoleva E.T.

The purpose of the lesson: developing in students an understanding of the numerous functions of art, the ability to relate new sciences to art, and the formation of competently expressing their attitude towards works of art.

Tasks: expand students’ knowledge about the scientific significance of artistic knowledge using examples of masterpieces of literature, music, and fine arts, cultivate motivation for educational activities .

Lesson type: a lesson in learning new knowledge.

Lesson format: teacher's story with elements of students' creative work.
Lesson technical equipment: computer presentation, tests, reproductions of paintings, an excerpt from the film “The Mysterious Journey of J. Verne,” a video of playing the theremin, “Fugue and Toccata in D Minor” by J. S. Bach.

Lesson plan:

1.Introduction. Emotional mood using an epigraph :

“Art does not achieve its meaning when it confines itself to enchanting people without at the same time arousing in them inspiration for everything that constitutes the greatness of life” J. Rainier

Formulation of the problem:

U: Look at the questions I propose to you. What questions do you think you can already answer, what do you want to know first? What will be the topic of our lesson? What questions can you already answer, and what do you want to know? What goal will we set for ourselves today?

Students are introduced to the following questions:

1. 
   What does art help you pay attention to?
2. 
   What discovery was revealed in the painting “The Chocolate Girl” by J.E. Lyotard?
3. 
   What discovery did the writer Jules Verne predict? And in what novel?
4. 
   What discovery was predicted by the 20th century Russian writer Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy and in what work?
5. 
   Who developed the theory of the influence of color on human emotions and came closer to solving the problems of modern psychology and art therapy?
6. 
   Give an example from a movie about scientific discoveries. What is it called? Who is the film director?
7. 
   How did scientists prove that the French artist Vincent Van Gogh had a unique gift for seeing air currents?
8. 
   What is the painting style of the artist Van Gogh?
9. 
   What scientific discovery did Van Gogh anticipate?
10. 
    What did you guess? German composer Johann Sebastian Bach reflected this in his music, namely in his fugues?
11. 
    Who confirmed this discovery after 250 years?

U: So, the topic of our lesson: Prediction in art.

Updating knowledge:

Before you start studying new topic our lesson, we need to repeat what we talked about in previous lessons.

1. 
   Why did the expression “Cassandra’s prophecy” become allegorical?
2. 
   Do predictions happen in art?
3. 
   What qualities are especially necessary for the ability to predict in art?
4. 
   Which people exhibit such abilities and why?
5. 
   What have works of art foreshadowed more than once?
6. 
   What insights in works of art are especially important to people?

U: I suggest everyone work independently with the text of the textbook and find answers to these questions, and 2 people will work on individual assignments.

Independent work of students with the textbook

Posting new material.

U: Art helps people pay attention to what they themselves don’t always see in everyday life. It seems to open up familiar things and phenomena from a new side. It is especially important that art gives people knowledge, sometimes imperceptibly and unobtrusively. What answers did you find in the textbook?

2 .In the history of mankind, art has more than once discovered knowledge that has scientific significance. For example, an artist of the 18th century. J.-E. Lyotard in the painting“Chocolate Girl” decomposed light according to laws that were still unknown to physics at that time.

3. French science fiction writer of the 19th century. J. Verne in the novel“20 Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” predicted the appearance of a submarine, one of the founders of the science fiction genre, predicted flights to the Moon at a time when there were no airplanes, much less rockets. In many of the writer’s works there is a protest against the use of science for criminal purposes. So he foresaw this opportunity too!

Report about J. Verne. Watching an excerpt from the film “The Mysterious Journey of J. Verne”

4. Artist Wassily Kandinsky, Having developed a theory of the influence of color on human emotions, he came closer to solving the problems of modern psychology and art therapy (healing through art).
5. Scientists who digitized and mathematically calculated the works of Frenchartist Vincent van Gogh , they claim that he had a unique gift to see what mere mortals are not given - air currents. The artist’s peculiar, seemingly chaotically looped style of painting, as it turned out, is nothing more than a distribution of brightness corresponding to the mathematical description of a turbulent flow, the theory of which was laid down by the great mathematician A. Kolmogorov only in the middle of the 20th century. Scientists, having explained the phenomenon of turbulence, decide serious problem in aviation: after all, today the cause of many air disasters is turbulence.

5. One of the unique guesses about the polyphony of the Universe was the greatest musical creative discovery of the 17th century. - fugue - a genre of polyphonic music, which was developed in the work of J.-S. Bach. Two and a half centuries later, A. Einstein, the creator of the theory of relativity, will say that the Universe is layered cake, where each layer has its own time and its own density, structure, forms of movement and existence. This is, in fact, an image that brings us closer to understanding the fugue. It is the fugue with its voices entering at different times that represents a kind of figurative model of the structure of the Universe.

Listening to the music of J.-S. Bach "Fugue and Toccata in D Minor"

U: Of course, for art, predicting the future or discovering new scientific facts is not the main purpose, it is just one of its many functions. You could say it's a by-product. But it is very indicative for understanding the significance of artistic and imaginative thinking in the cultural development of mankind. As is known, cultural development includes achievements technical progress. There are many different facts in the history of culture that confirm this.

Science and art - these are two areas of activity that accompany the development of humanity throughout its existence.


Using examples of the activities of Leonardo da Vinci, one can understand how inextricably scientific and artistic creativity. The Vitruvian Man drawing symbolizes internal symmetry, Divine proportion human body. Two figures superimposed on each other are inscribed in a circle and a square. This drawing determined the canonical proportions of a human image for European art subsequent time. In the 20th century based on this drawing, a scale of proportions was left, which influenced figurative solutions modern architecture.

The Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci already in the 15th century. developed a model of an aircraft! True, it was never built then, but the drawings were preserved.

A message about Leonardo da Vinci.

Russian writer, Count Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy(1882-1945), author of the famous historical novels, wrote several equally popular science fiction works. In them he predicted the appearance of lasers and spaceships.

Russian engineer Lev Sergeevich Termen(1896-1993) foresaw the emergence of the modern synthesizer and the sound electronic music. In 1920, he invented the theremin, an electromusical instrument in which sound is produced by moving the performer's hands in an electromagnetic field near a metal antenna. Theremin can sound like a violin, cello, or flute. The instrument is intended for performing any (classical, pop, jazz) musical works, as well as for creating various sound effects (birds singing, whistling, etc.), which are used in film scoring, in theatrical productions, circus programs. L. Theremin believed that the most successful work for demonstrating the capabilities of the theremin was “Vocalise” by S. Rachmaninov.

Watch a video of playing the theremin.

U: Science fiction not only projected the technological progress of mankind, but also sought to predict the future of man and society.

Summarizing.

W: I. Goethe wrote: “In order for any science to move forward, so that its expansion becomes more perfect, hypotheses are necessary just like the evidence of experience and observation.”

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  Do you agree with the opinion of I. Goethe?
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  Which predictions surprised you the most?

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  Give examples of predictions in works of art about future discoveries and achievements of science.
• 
  I hope you will want to read the books of G. Wales, A. Tolstoy, J. Verne, R. Bradbury - this will be your homework.

In order to discover the laws of proportion of the golden section for both science and art, ancient Greek scientists had to be artists at heart. And indeed it is.

Were they interested in Pythagoras? musical proportions and relationships. Moreover, music was the basis of the entire Pythagorean doctrine of number. For Pythagoras, music was derived from the divine science of mathematics, and its harmonies were tightly controlled by mathematical proportions. The Pythagoreans argued that mathematics demonstrates exact method, by which God established and established the Universe, Numbers therefore precede harmony, since their unchangeable laws govern all harmonic proportions. After the discovery of these harmonic relationships, Pythagoras gradually initiated his followers into this teaching, as into the highest secret of his Mysteries. He divided the multiple parts of creation into a large number of planes or spheres, to each of which he assigned tone, harmonic interval, number, name, color and form. He then proceeded to demonstrate the accuracy of his deductions, demonstrating them on various planes of mind and substance, from the most abstract logical premises to the most concrete geometric solids. From general fact By the consistency of all these different methods of proof, he established the unconditional existence of certain natural laws."

It is known that A. Einstein, in XX V. upended many established scientific ideas, music helped in his work. Playing the violin gave him as much pleasure as work. Close friends describe Einstein as a sociable, friendly, cheerful, witty person, with an excellent sense of humor; they note his kindness, readiness to help at any moment, complete lack of snobbery , captivating human charm .

Einstein was passionate about music, especially his compositions18th century . Over the years, his favorite composers includedBach , Mozart , Schumann , Haydn AndSchubert , and in last years - Brahms. He played the violin well, which he never parted with. From fiction spoke with admiration of the prose Lev Tolstoy , Dostoevsky , Dickens , playsBrecht . I was also interested inphilately , gardening , sailing on a yacht (I even wrote an article about the theory of yacht control). IN privacy he was unpretentious, at the end of his life he invariably appeared in his favorite warm sweater.

Despite his colossal scientific authority, he did not suffer from excessive conceit; he readily admitted that he could be wrong, and if this happened, he publicly admitted his error. This happened, for example, in 1922, when he criticized the article Alexander Fridman, who predicted expansion of the universe. Having then received a letter from Friedman explaining the controversial details, Einstein reported in the same journal that he was wrong, and Friedman’s results were valuable and “shed new light” on possible models of cosmological dynamics.

Many discoveries of scientists have provided invaluable services to art.

French physicist of the 19th century. Pierre Curie conducted research on the symmetry of crystals. He discovered an interesting and important thing for science and art: a partial lack of symmetry gives rise to the development of an object, while complete symmetry stabilizes its appearance and condition. This phenomenon was called dissymmetry (not symmetry). Curie's law states: dissymmetry creates the phenomenon.

In the middle of the twentieth century. the concept also appeared in science "antisymmetry", i.e. against (opposite) symmetry. If the generally accepted concept "asymmetry" for both science and art means “not quite exact symmetry", then antisymmetry is a certain property and its negation, i.e. opposition. In life and in art, these are eternal opposites: good - evil, life - death, left - right, up - down, etc.

“They forgot that science developed from poetry: they did not take into account the consideration that in the course of time both could very well meet again in a friendly manner at a higher level for mutual benefit.” I.-V. Goethe

Today this prophecy is coming true. The synthesis of scientific and artistic knowledge leads to the emergence of new sciences (synergetics, fractal geometry, etc.) and forms a new artistic language of art.

Dutch artist and geometer Maurits Escher (1898-1972) built his decorative works on the basis of antisymmetry. He, just like Bach in music, was a very strong mathematician in graphics. The image of the city in the engraving “Day and Night” is mirror-symmetrical, but on the left side there is day, on the right there is night. Images of white birds flying into the night form the silhouettes of black birds flying into the day. It is especially interesting to observe how figures gradually emerge from the irregular asymmetrical shapes of the background.
Exercise:
Find the concepts “synergetics”, “fractal”, “fractal geometry” in the reference literature. Consider how these new sciences relate to art.

Remember the familiar phenomenon of color music, which became widespread thanks to the work of the 20th century composer. A. N. Scriabin.

Name literary works with antisymmetrical titles (example "The Prince and the Pauper"). Remember folk tales, the plot of which was based on antisymmetric events.

Influenced by the discoveries of radioactivity and ultraviolet rays in science, the Russian artist Mikhail Fedorovich Larionov (1881-1964) founded one of the first abstract movements in Russia in 1912 - Rayonism. He believed that it was necessary to depict not the objects themselves, but the energy flows coming from them, represented in the form of rays.

The study of problems of optical perception prompted French painter Robert Delaunay (1885-1941) at the beginning of the twentieth century. on the idea of ​​​​the formation of characteristic circular surfaces and planes, which, creating a multi-colored storm, dynamically took over the space of the picture. The abstract color rhythm excited the emotions of the audience. The interpenetration of the primary colors of the spectrum and the intersection of curved surfaces in Delaunay’s works create dynamics and truly musical development of rhythm.

One of his first works was a colored disk, shaped like a target, but color transitions its neighboring elements have complementary colors, which gives the disk extraordinary energy.

Russian artist Pavel Nikolaevich Filonov (1882-1941) performed in the 20s. XX century graphic composition - one of the “formulas of the Universe”. In it, he predicted the movement of subatomic particles, with the help of which modern physicists are trying to find the formula of the universe.

Artistic and creative tasks

> Make a sketch of a coat of arms, trademark or emblem (pencil, pen, ink; collage or applique; computer graphics), using different types of symmetry.

> Perform decorative work using antisymmetry as a principle for obtaining an image (similar to the engravings of M. Escher).

Art anticipates the future

The gift of anticipation

Ancient Greek mythology tells about the daughter of the Trojan king, Cassandra, whom Apollo first awarded with the gift of prophecy, and then, when the girl rejected his love, made people stop believing her. Therefore, when Cassandra, predicting the death of Troy, tried to warn the Trojans about the danger lurking in the wooden horse, no one believed her. And Troy, as we know, really perished. The expression “Cassandra’s prophecy” has become allegorical.

The same thing sometimes happens with works of art and literature. Some of their creators have an amazing gift for predicting the future, but they are rarely believed, despite the fact that their predictions come true.

What helps these people predict events? Maybe intuition? The ability to make an assumption, to solve a problem, without having all the necessary data, which in this case is conjectured? This quality can only be found in people with well-developed imaginative thinking.

Since artistic thinking is better developed than other people among artists, composers, writers - people whose profession is the creative completion of reality, it is they who most often make amazing predictions, which often come true after some time.

Works of art have more than once anticipated historical events, scientific discoveries, the development of technical progress, etc. The energy of art awakens the feelings and consciousness of both the authors of works and the people who perceive them.

No less important are works of art in which the authors, keenly aware of their time, foresee its further development and strive to warn people about social and political dangers, to force them to be more tolerant, more attentive, kinder and more restrained.

Remember fairy tales, folk tales, legends, the characters of which anticipated the phenomena and events of the future.

Explain the concepts: allegory, metaphor, allegory, personification - using examples of works of different types of art known to you.

What knowledge does art give?

Art helps people pay attention to what they themselves do not always see in everyday life. It seems to open up familiar things and phenomena from a new side. It is especially important that art gives people knowledge, sometimes imperceptibly and unobtrusively.

In the history of mankind, art has more than once revealed knowledge of scientific significance. For example, an artist of the 18th century. J.-E. Lyotard in the film “The Chocolate Lady” decomposed light according to laws that were still unknown to physics at that time.

French science fiction writer of the 19th century. J. Verne predicted the appearance of a submarine in his novel “20 Thousand Leagues Under the Sea,” and the Russian writer of the 20th century. A. Tolstoy in the novel “Engineer Garin’s Hyperboloid” - the appearance of a laser.

The artist V. Kandinsky, having developed the theory of the influence of color on human emotions, came closer to solving the problems of modern psychology and art therapy (healing through art).

Many works of literature, cinema, and theater that tell about scientific discoveries (for example, the film “Nine Days of One Year” directed by M. Romm, based on the novel “I’m Going into a Storm” by D. Granin, etc.) will not teach how to set up experiments or do experiments. But from them they learn how different in character people are in science, how the path of research depends on the individuality of the scientist, and how dangerous it is when individuals who are far from its interests penetrate into science.

Scientists who digitized and mathematically calculated the works French artist V. van Gogh, they claim that he had a unique gift to see what mere mortals are not given - air currents. The artist’s peculiar, seemingly chaotically looped style of painting, as it turned out, is nothing more than a distribution of brightness corresponding to the mathematical description of a turbulent flow, the theory of which was laid down by the great mathematician A. Kolmogorov only in the middle of the 20th century. Scientists, having explained the phenomenon of turbulence, are solving a serious problem in aviation: after all, today the cause of many air disasters is precisely turbulence.

One of the unique guesses about the polyphony of the Universe was the greatest musical creative discovery of the 17th century. - fugue is a genre of polyphonic music, which was developed in the work of J.-S. Bach. Two and a half centuries later, A. Einstein, the creator of the theory of relativity, will say that the Universe is a layer cake, where each layer has its own time and its own density, structure, forms of movement and existence. This is, in fact, an image that brings us closer to understanding the fugue. It is the fugue with its voices entering at different times that represents a kind of figurative model of the structure of the Universe.

Predictions in art

Any work of art is directed towards the future. In the history of art one can find many examples of artists warning their fellow citizens about impending social danger: wars, schisms, revolutions, etc. The ability to provide foresight is inherent in great artists, perhaps this is where the main strength of art lies.

German painter and the Renaissance graphic artist Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) created a series of engravings “Apocalypse” (Greek apokalypsis - revelation - this word serves as the name of one of the ancient church books, which contains prophecies about the end of the world). The artist expressed an anxious expectation of world-historical changes, which indeed shook Germany after some time. The most significant of this series is the engraving "The Four Horsemen". Horsemen - Death, Judgment, War, Pestilence - fiercely sweep across the earth, sparing neither kings nor commoners. The swirling clouds and horizontal streaks of the background increase the speed of this frantic gallop. But the archer's arrow rests on the right edge of the engraving, as if stopping this movement.

According to the plot of the Apocalypse, horsemen appear on earth one by one, but the artist deliberately placed them next to each other. Everything is like in life - war, pestilence, death, judgment come together. It is believed that the key to this arrangement of figures lies in Durer’s desire to warn his contemporaries and descendants that, having destroyed the wall that the artist had erected in the form of the edge of the engraving, the horsemen would inevitably burst into the real world.

Examples of art’s predictions of social change and upheaval include the etchings of F. Goya, the paintings “Guernica” by P. Picasso, “Bolshevik” by B. Kustodiev, “New Planet” by K. Yuon and many others.

In the painting “Bolshevik” Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev (1878–1927) used a metaphor (hidden meaning), which for many decades has not been solved. Using this example, you can understand how the content of the picture is filled with new meaning, how the era with its new views and changed value orientations puts new meanings into the content.

For many years, this picture was interpreted as a solemn hymn to a persistent, strong-willed, unbending revolutionary, towering above the everyday world, which he overshadows with a red flag soaring into the sky. Events of the last decade of the twentieth century. made it possible to understand what the artist consciously or, most likely, unconsciously felt at the beginning of the century. Today, this picture, like K. Yuon’s “New Planet,” is filled with new content. But how artists at that time managed to sense the impending social changes so accurately remains a mystery.

In musical art, an example of this kind of foresight is the piece for orchestra “The Unanswered Question” (“Cosmic Landscape”) by the American composer Charles Ives (1874-1954). It was created at the beginning of the 20th century. - at a time when scientific discoveries were made in the field of space exploration and the creation of aircraft (K. Tsiolkovsky).

This piece, built on a dialogue between strings and woodwind instruments, became a philosophical reflection on the place and role of man in the Universe.

Russian artist Aristarkh Vasilyevich Lentulov (1882-1943) sought to express the internal energy of the object in his dynamic compositions. By crushing objects, pushing them on top of each other, shifting planes and plans, he created the feeling of a lightning-fast changing world. In this restless, shifting, rushing and splitting space one can discern the familiar outlines of Moscow cathedrals, views of Novgorod, historical events expressed in allegorical form, flowers and even portraits. Lentulov is concerned with the bottomless depths of human consciousness, which is in constant motion. He is attracted by the opportunity to convey something that is generally indescribable, for example, the spreading sound in the film “Ringing. Ivan the Great belltower".

In the paintings “Moscow” and “St. Basil’s”, unprecedented, fantastic forces shift established forms and concepts, a chaotic mixture of colors conveys kaleidoscopic, fragile images of the city and individual buildings, disintegrating into countless elements. All this appears before the audience as a moving, flickering, sounding, emotionally rich world. The widespread use of metaphor helps the artist transform ordinary things into bright, generalized images.

In Russian musical art, the theme of bells has found a vivid embodiment in the works of various composers of the past and present: (M. Glinka, M. Mussorgsky, S. Rachmaninov, G. Sviridov, V. Gavrilin, A. Petrov, etc.).

Predictions in art Compiled by: MBOU teacher Secondary school No. 3 of the village of Krylovskaya, Krasnodar Territory, Krylovsky district Shikulya Elena Nikolaevna

Any work of art is directed towards the future. In the history of art one can find many examples of artists warning their fellow citizens about impending social danger: wars, splits, revolutions, etc. The ability to foresight is inherent in great artists, and perhaps this is where the main strength of art lies.

Albrecht Durer German painter and graphic artist of the Renaissance Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) created a series of engravings “Apocalypse” (Greek apokalypsis - revelation - this word serves as the name of one of the ancient church books, which contains prophecies about the end of the world).

Albrecht Dürer artist German painter and graphic artist, recognized as the largest European master of woodblock printing, who raised it to the level of real art. One of greatest masters Western European Renaissance. The first art theorist among Northern European artists, Born: May 21, 1471, Nuremberg, Germany Died: April 6, 1528 (age 56), Nuremberg, Germany Married to: Agnes Dürer Parents: Albrecht Dürer Elders ̆

woodcut Woodcut (ancient Greek ξύλον - wood and γράφω - write, draw) is a type of printed graphics, wood engraving, the oldest technique of wood engraving or an impression on paper made from such an engraving. A series of engravings by A. Durer “Apocalypse” was made using this technique.

The artist expressed an anxious expectation of world-historical changes, which, indeed, shook Germany after some time. The most significant of this series is the engraving "The Four Horsemen". Horsemen - Death, Judgment, War, Pestilence - fiercely sweep across the earth, sparing neither kings nor commoners. The swirling clouds and horizontal streaks of the background increase the speed of this frantic gallop. But the archer's arrow rests on the right edge of the engraving, as if stopping this movement.

According to the plot of the Apocalypse, horsemen appear on the ground one by one, but the artist deliberately placed them next to each other. Everything is like in life - war, pestilence, death, judgment come together. It is believed that the key to this arrangement of figures lies in Durer’s desire to warn his contemporaries and descendants that, having destroyed the wall that the artist had erected in the form of the edge of the engraving, the horsemen would inevitably burst into the real world.

Examples of predictions in the art of social changes and upheavals include the etchings of F. Goya, the paintings “Guernica” by P. Picasso, “Bolshevik” by B. Kustodiev, “New Planet” by K. Yuon and many others.

Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes (Spanish: Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes; March 30, 1746, Fuendetodos, near Zaragoza - April 16, 1828, Bordeaux) - Spanish artist and engraver.

This is how Goya captured the feat of young Maria Agostina, the defender of Zaragoza (sheet “What Courage!”).

K. Yuon “New Planet”. This work depicts an unusual phenomenon - the birth of a new planet. Using symbols and allegories, reflecting on past grandiose events, K.F. Yuon is trying to comprehend the meaning of the October Revolution. This is a phenomenon on a universal scale. And people’s reaction to such an unprecedented event is ambiguous.

In the painting “New Planet,” the birth of a new cosmic body is accompanied by bright flashes that illuminate people. Witnesses of an unusual phenomenon that destroys the usual way of life, the old world, react differently to what is happening. Some see this as the birth of a new, beautiful world. They hopefully stretch out their hands towards the bright light.

Some don't have the strength to walk. They fall exhausted and crawl with all their strength to this new one. For others, the collapse of the old world causes panic. They may perceive the appearance of a new planet as the end of the world. People fall on their faces in fear, covering their heads, trying to hide, to save themselves from the impending catastrophe. The cosmic cataclysm leaves no one indifferent.

In the painting “Bolshevik” Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev (1878-1927) used a metaphor (hidden meaning), which for many decades has not been solved. Using this example, you can understand how the content of the picture is filled with new meaning, how the era with its new views and changed value orientations puts new meanings into the content.

For many years, this picture was interpreted as a solemn hymn to a persistent, strong-willed, unbending revolutionary, towering above the everyday world, which he overshadows with a red flag soaring into the sky. Events of the last decade of the twentieth century. made it possible to understand what the artist consciously or, most likely, unconsciously felt at the beginning of the century. Today, this picture, like K. Yuon’s “New Planet,” is filled with new content. But how artists at that time managed to sense the impending social changes so accurately remains a mystery.

In musical art, an example of this kind of foresight is the piece for orchestra “The Unanswered Question” (“Cosmic Landscape”) by the American composer Charles Ives (1874-1954). It was created at the beginning of the 20th century. - at a time when scientific discoveries were being made in the field of space exploration and the creation of aircraft (K. Tsiolkovsky). This play, built on a dialogue between strings and woodwind instruments, became a philosophical reflection on the place and role of man in the Universe.

C. Ives (1874-1954).

Russian artist Aristarkh Vasilyevich Lentulov (1882-1943) sought to express the internal energy of the object in his dynamic compositions. By crushing objects, pushing them on top of each other, shifting planes and plans, he created the feeling of a lightning-fast changing world. In this restless, shifting, rushing and splitting space one can discern the familiar outlines of Moscow cathedrals, views of Novgorod, historical events expressed in allegorical form, flowers and even portraits.

Aristarkh Vasilievich Lentulov (1882-1943) Self-portrait

Lentulov is concerned with the bottomless depths of human consciousness, which is in constant motion. He is attracted by the opportunity to convey something that is generally indescribable, for example, the spreading sound in the film “Ringing. Ivan the Great belltower".

A. Lentulov. Ringing. Ivan the Great belltower

In the paintings “Moscow” and “St. Basil’s”, unprecedented, fantastic forces shift established forms and concepts, a chaotic mixture of colors conveys kaleidoscopic, fragile images of the city and individual buildings, disintegrating into countless elements.

St. Basil the Blessed

All this appears before the audience as a moving, flickering, sounding, emotionally rich world. The widespread use of metaphor helps the artist transform ordinary things into bright, generalized images.

P. Picasso

painting "Guernica" by P. Picasso

Guernica - Pablo Picasso. 1937 Picasso's expressive 1937 canvas was a public protest against the Nazi bombing of the Basque city of Guernica. His painting is full of personal feelings of suffering and violence. On the right side of the picture, figures are running away from a burning building, from the window of which a woman falls; on the left, a sobbing mother holds her child in her arms, and a triumphant bull tramples a fallen warrior.

The broken sword, the crushed flower and dove, the skull (hidden inside the horse's body), and the crucifixion-like pose of the fallen warrior are all generalized symbols of war and death. The bull symbolizes cruelty, and the horse symbolizes the suffering of the innocent.

Together, these frantic figures form a kind of collage, silhouetted against a dark background, brightly lit by a woman with a lamp and an eye with a light bulb instead of a pupil. The monochrome painting, reminiscent of newspaper illustrations, and the sharp contrast of light and dark enhance the powerful emotional impact.

Kuzma Sergeevich Petrov-Vodkin Soviet painter, Honored Artist of the RSFSR was born in the city of Khvalynsk, Saratov province. In 1897-1905. he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in the class of V.A. Serov, after which he continued his studies in the studio of A. Azhbe in Munich and in private academies in Paris. At the beginning of its creative activity Petrov-Vodkin was strongly influenced by the German and French masters of Symbolism and Art Nouveau. He became one of the first to reflect symbolist trends in Russian painting.

Bathing the red horse

History of creation In 1912, Petrov-Vodkin lived in the south of Russia, on an estate near Kamyshin. There is an opinion that the painting was painted in the village of Gusevka. It was then that he made the first sketches for the painting. And also the first, unpreserved version of the canvas, known from black and white photography, was painted. The picture was a work of everyday life rather than symbolic, as happened with the second version; it depicted simply several boys with horses. This first version was destroyed by the author, probably soon after his return to St. Petersburg. Petrov-Vodkin based the horse on a real stallion named Boy, who lived on the estate. To create the image of a teenager sitting astride him, the artist used the features of his nephew Shura.

It is believed that the horse was originally bay, and that the master changed its color after becoming acquainted with the color scheme of Novgorod icons, which he was shocked by. The collection and clearing of icons was in its heyday in 1912. From the very beginning, the picture caused numerous disputes, in which it was invariably mentioned that such horses do not exist. However, the artist claimed that he adopted this color from ancient Russian icon painters: for example, in the icon “The Miracle of the Archangel Michael” the horse is depicted completely red. As in the icons, in this picture there is no mixing of colors; the colors are contrasting and seem to collide in confrontation.

Perception of contemporaries The painting so impressed contemporaries with its monumentality and fate that it was reflected in the works of many masters of brush and words. Thus, Sergei Yesenin wrote the following lines: Now I have become stingier in my desires. My life! Or did I dream about you! As if I rode on a pink horse in the echoing early spring. The red horse acts as the Fate of Russia, which the fragile and young rider is unable to hold. According to another version, the Red Horse is Russia itself, identified with Blokov’s “steppe mare.” In this case, one cannot help but note the prophetic gift of the artist, who symbolically predicted with his painting the “red” fate of Russia in the 20th century.