Perspective meaning of the word. What is perspective? New explanatory and word-formative dictionary of the Russian language, T

PERSPECTIVE, -s, and.

1. A view into the distance from somewhere. places, space visible to the eye. The rustle of rain ran across the mountains, and a thick fog began to cover 112 perspective. Chirikov, In the parking lot. His cart became a blur in the distance of the street. Korolenko, The Humble. || Volumetricity, the ratio of three-dimensional objects, parts of objects that appear to the eye. Dusk was deepening unnoticed by the eye. --- Everything turned black, lost color and perspective; all objects turned into black flat silhouettes. Kuprin, Duel. The air is so transparent and clean that the landscape loses perspective and seems flat. B. Polevoy, Gold.

2. A method of depicting three-dimensional objects on a plane in accordance with the apparent change in their size, outline, and clarity, which is determined by the degree of distance from the observation point. Laws of perspective. □ Shouldn’t I imagine myself as an artist and, at the age of twenty-five, start drawing eyes and ears and studying perspective? Pisarev, Bazarov. || Reproduction of apparent changes in size, outlines of three-dimensional objects in picturesque, graphic representation them on a plane. Aerial perspective. Wrong perspective. Lack of perspective in the picture. || Mat. The central projection of a body onto a plane when depicting it, used by descriptive geometry. Linear perspective. Panoramic perspective.

3. trans. What should or can happen, comes after the present, the further course of something. events. The prospect of rest. □ I realized that they would keep me here until navigation opened, after which they would send me to Eastern Siberia. All that remained was to come to terms with this prospect. Korolenko, History of my contemporary. All my comrades clearly saw the prospect before them: to go to St. Petersburg, graduate from the Mining Institute and then return as an engineer to Baku. M. Pavlov, Memoirs of a metallurgist. || Development, movement forward in smth. Nevedov realized long ago that the empire’s fleet was not up to par, that there was no forward movement and that he himself was powerless to change anything. There were no prospects. Vishnevsky, War. [Larissa:] I'm going to study to become a fitter. --- I want to live differently... With perspective! Arbuzov, Irkutsk history. || usually plural h. (prospects, -tiv). Views, plans for the future. Prospects further development. Job prospects. □ And before he had happened to think about the future and imagine all sorts of prospects for himself, but these were always the prospects of free contentment and never the prospects of work. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Messrs. Golovlevs. Such prospects unfolded before him that took his breath away. Chakovsky, It’s already morning here.

In perspective- ahead, in the near future. Having eaten like a person who has a rich dinner party in the future, --- Mister Golyadkin sat down in the chair. Dostoevsky, Double.

[French perspective]

Source (printed version): Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / RAS, Institute of Linguistics. research; Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. language; Polygraph resources, 1999; (electronic version):

PERSPECTIVE

PERSPECTIVE

(new Latin, from perspicere - to see through). 1) the art of depicting distance in pictures the way it appears in reality. 2) future. 3) view into the distance, opening from the observation point, on various items standing in the distance. 4) expectation or fear of something probable, albeit distant; eg: he has wealth in the future.

Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

PERSPECTIVE

1) the image in the painting of Ph.D. the appearance as it appears to the eye in reality, maintaining the arrangement of lines (linear p.) and tones (aerial p.) corresponding to reality; so that, for example, looking at a landscape in which a manor is presented and, far from it, across a field, a village with a church, a person with a good eye could correctly guess how many miles from this manor to the village; 2) portable sense: future, prospects for the future, plans.

Complete dictionary foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .

PERSPECTIVE

1) an image on the plane of objects as they appear to the eye in lines (linear p.) and shades (aerial p.) 2) in figuratively- expected in the future.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

PERSPECTIVE

novolatinsk., from perspicere, to see through. a) The art of depicting the distance as it is visible in reality. b) Future. c) Species in nature.

Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .

Perspective

(fr. perspective lat. perspicere to look through, to penetrate with one's gaze)

1) an image on the surface (in a painting, drawing, etc.) of objects in accordance with the apparent change in their size, outline, clarity, which is determined by the degree of their distance from the viewer, from the point of observation;

2) a set of rules for constructing images of three-dimensional objects on a plane;

3) section descriptive geometry, studying the rules for depicting bodies using their central projection onto a plane (i.e., projection using rays emanating from one point);

4) view into the distance, at distant objects;

5) future, prospects for the future,

New dictionary foreign words.- by EdwART,, 2009 .

Perspective

prospects, g. [ from lat. perspectus – through something. seen, considered] (book). 1. Distance, space. 2. only units. The art of depicting, reproducing objects in a drawing, on a flat surface in accordance with the apparent change in their size, outline, clarity, which is determined by the degree of their distance from the viewer, from the point of observation (picturesque). Laws of perspective. 3. The department of descriptive geometry, which studies the rules for depicting bodies using central projection of them onto something. surface (matte). 4. View, panorama, picture of nature, some kind. terrain, as it appears to the observer from a distance, from some. remote observation point. There was a magnificent view from the balcony. 5. Avenue, straight, long street (obsolete). 6. trans., only plural. Plans, plans for the future, the fate of someone. in future. Political prospects for Europe. 7. transfer Something that someone expects to happen; inevitability or the possibility of something. (colloquial).

Big dictionary foreign words.- Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

Perspective

s, and. (German Perspective, fr. perspective Middle-Lat. perspectiva ars art of perspective image lat. perspicere to look through, to penetrate with one's gaze).
1. pl. No. Distance, the space covered by the eye. P. streets.
|| Wed. panorama
2. pl. No. A way to depict three-dimensional space on a plane in accordance with the apparent change in the size, outline, clarity of objects, which is determined by the degree of their distance from the point of observation, as well as the sequence of objects depicted in this way. Laws of perspective. In the picture - p. mountain ranges.
3. trans., usually pl. Future, expected, prospects for the future. Good prospects for harvest. In the future he has work abroad.
4. pl. No, geom. Descriptive section geometry, studying the rules for depicting bodies by projecting them onto a plane using rays emanating from one point (the so-called central projection).
Perspective -
1) pertaining to perspective 2, 4;
2) providing for future development (long-term plan);
3) one that has good prospects 3 (prospective employee).

Dictionary foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998 .

See what “PERSPECTIVE” is in other dictionaries:

- (French perspective, from Latin perspicio I see clearly), image system volumetric bodies on a plane, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space, including distance from the observer. Prospect in... ... Art encyclopedia

Prospects, women [from Latin. perspectus through something seen, examined] (book). 1. Distance, space. In the future, all this had a different look. 2. only units. The art of depicting, reproducing in a drawing, on a flat surface... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

perspective- y, w. perspective f. 1. Distance, the space covered by the eye. BAS 1. The rotten huts were demolished, and new ones with cheerful prospects and romantic peristyles were built in their place. Danilevsky Ek. Great. // PSS 18 6. || View, panorama of what... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- - a system for depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane, and in the artistic sphere - the science of constructing forms and determining proportions that create a natural (naturalistic) display of objects and scenes real world, visible from a fixed point of view... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (French perspective from Latin perspicio I see clearly), 1) image system objective world on the plane in accordance with visual perception objects by a person.2) Linear perspective, a method of depicting spatial figures on a plane with... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Perspective. In perspective (foreign language) everything that is expected and expected, what, according to known data, a person may hope for in the future, or fear (a hint of the future, a view into the distance). Wed. (Hope for earning money) this most wonderful prospect,... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

Female, lat. view into the distance, forward, at a distance, with the situation along the way different objects; | visible, imaginary diminution of objects and distortion of their outlines, according to the laws of vision; | image, according to these laws, of thick objects on a plane. | * All,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

See view, expectation... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. perspective view, angle... Synonym dictionary

The word "perspective" is borrowed from French(perspective), and comes from the Latin perspicere, which means “to look through.” This term was originally used in fine arts, and today a different, indirect meaning of the word “perspective” is better known. Let's figure out what the perspective of dependence on the context of use of this word is.

Word meanings

• Perspective in the meaning of “space, distance.” For example: “When the ship left the pier, it no longer seemed majestic: in perspective, everything looks different.” In this meaning the word is used only in the singular.
• Perspective as the art of reproducing in a drawing the effect of the distance of objects from the observation point. In this case, we can talk about the laws of perspective and its types: linear, air-light, etc.
• Perspective as the apparent change in the size of an object, its position or outline as it moves away from the viewer. So, for example, it seems to us that the rails converge in the distance, and the road goes into the sky.
• A panorama of the area that opens to an observer located in the distance or on a hill. For example: “Such a Parisian perspective, as with Eiffel Tower, you won’t see it anywhere else.”
• Perspective as a mathematical term. The name of the section in geometry that studies the image of objects according to the rules of central design.
• Perspective as the name of a straight and long street, an obsolete name for an avenue. For example, Nevskaya Prospekt is an avenue in St. Petersburg.
• Perspective as a view of the future. Figurative meaning words, used only in plural. For example, economic prospects, political prospects, harvest prospects, etc.: “The prospects for the sowing company were discussed at the meeting.”
• Prospect as inevitability or possibility, the expected course of events. The figurative meaning of the word is used in colloquial speech. For example: “And how do you like this prospect?”, “This prospect does not appeal to me.”

You can also read about the meaning of the term “perspective” as the art of reproduction in the article

I suggest short review on one of the central themes in the visual arts since ancient times.

Perspective (fr. perspective from lat. perspicere — look through, penetrate with one's gaze) - a technique for depicting spatial objects on a plane or any surface in accordance with those apparent abbreviations their sizes, changes in outline, shape and light-and-shadow relationships that are observed in nature.

In the visual arts, perspective can be used in various ways, which is used as one of artistic means, enhancing the expressiveness of images.

1. Fine distortion of the proportions and shapes of real bodies when they visual perception. For example, two parallel rails appear to converge to a point on the horizon.

2. A method of depicting volumetric bodies that conveys their own spatial structure and location in space.

Depending on the purpose created image and the author’s vision of the object, there are several main types of perspective.

Direct linear perspective

It is designed for a fixed point of view and assumes a single vanishing point on the horizon line (objects proportionally decrease in size as they move away from the foreground).

Direct perspective has long been recognized as the only true reflection of the world in the picture plane.

Taking into account the fact that linear perspective is an image built on a plane, the plane can be positioned vertically, obliquely and horizontally, depending on the purpose of the perspective images.

The vertical plane on which images are constructed using linear perspective is used when creating paintings (easel painting) and wall panels (on the wall indoors or outside the house).

I.I. Shishkin. Kama near Yelabuga

The construction of perspective images on inclined planes is used in monumental painting- paintings on inclined friezes inside palace buildings and cathedrals. On an inclined picture in easel painting construct perspective images of tall buildings from a close distance or architectural objects of the cityscape from a bird's eye view.

The construction of perspective images on a horizontal plane is used when painting ceilings (plafonds). For example, mosaic images on the oval lampshades of the Mayakovskaya metro station by artist A.A. are known. Deineki. Images constructed in perspective on the horizontal plane of the ceiling are called ceiling perspective.

Nowadays the dominant use is direct linear perspective V to a greater extent due to the greater “realism” of such an image, in particular due to the use of this type of projection in 3D games.

In photography, to obtain a linear perspective in a photograph, lenses with a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal of the frame are used. To enhance the effect of linear perspective, wide-angle lenses are used, which make foreground more convex, and for softening - long-focal ones, which equalize the difference in the sizes of distant and close objects.

Reverse linear perspective

This is a type of perspective used, for example, in Byzantine and ancient Russian painting, when objects appear to grow larger as they move away from the viewer. The created image has several horizons, points of view and other features.

When depicted in reverse perspective, objects expand as they move away from the eyes, as if the center of convergence of the lines is not on the horizon, but inside the observer himself. Reverse perspective forms a holistic symbolic space, oriented towards the viewer and suggesting his spiritual connection with the world symbolic images. The reverse perspective meets the task of embodying supersensible sacred content in a visible, but devoid of material concreteness, form.

Reverse perspective has a strict description; mathematically it is equivalent to forward perspective. Reverse perspective arose in late antiquity and medieval art(miniature, icon, fresco, mosaic) both in Western European and Byzantine countries. Interest in reverse perspective increased in the 20th century due to the revival of interest in symbolism and the medieval artistic heritage.

Andrey Rublev. Trinity

Panoramic perspective

This is an image built on an internal cylindrical (sometimes spherical) surface. The word “panorama” literally means “I see everything,” that is, it is a perspective image in the picture of everything that the viewer sees around him.

When drawing, the point of view is placed on the axis of the cylinder (or in the center of the ball), and the horizon line is placed on a circle located at the height of the viewer’s eyes. Therefore, when viewing panoramas, the viewer should be in the center of the round room, where, as a rule, observation deck. Perspective images in the panorama are combined with the front subject plan, that is, with real objects in front of her.

The panoramas “Defense of Sevastopol”, “Battle of Borodino”, “Battle of Stalingrad” are well known.

The part of the panorama with real objects lying between the cylindrical surface and the viewer is called diorama. Dioramas often use backlighting to create a lighting effect.

The rules of panoramic perspective are used when drawing paintings and frescoes on barrel vaults and ceilings, in niches, on the outer surface of cylindrical vases and vessels, as well as when creating cylindrical and spherical photo panoramas.

Axonometry

Axonometry (from ancient Greek ἄξων “axis” + μετρέω “I measure”) is one of the types of perspective, based on the method of projection (obtaining a projection of an object on a plane), with the help of which spatial bodies are visually depicted on the plane of paper.

Axonometry, like reverse perspective, for a long time was considered imperfect and, therefore, axonometric images were perceived as a craftsman, forgivable in distant eras, way of depiction, which did not have a serious scientific justification. However, when conveying the visible appearance of small objects located nearby, the most natural image is obtained precisely when turning to axonometry.

Axonometry is divided into three types:

1. Isometric (measurement along all three coordinate axes is the same);

2. Dimetry (the measurement along two coordinate axes is the same, and along the third - different);

3. Trimetry (measurement on all three axes is different).

In each of these types, the projection can be rectangular or oblique. Axonometry is widely used in technical literature and popular science books due to its clarity.

Spherical perspective

Spherical distortions can be observed on spherical mirror surfaces. In this case, the viewer's eyes are always in the center of the reflection on the ball. This is the position main point, which is not really tied to either the horizon level or the main vertical.

When depicting objects in spherical perspective, all depth lines will have a convergence point at the main point and will remain strictly straight. The main vertical and the horizon line will also be strictly straight. All other lines will bend more and more as they move away from the main point, transforming into a circle. Each line that does not pass through the center, being extended, is a semi-ellipse.

K.S. Petrov-Vodkin. Bathing the red horse

Aerial (tonal) perspective

Aerial perspective is characterized by the disappearance of clarity and clarity of the outlines of objects as they move away from the observer’s eyes. At the same time, the background is characterized by a decrease in color saturation (the color loses its brightness, the chiaroscuro contrasts are softened), so the depth appears lighter than the foreground.

Aerial perspective is associated with changes in tones, which is why it can also be called tonal perspective. First studies of patterns aerial perspective found even in Leonardo da Vinci.

“Things at a distance,” he wrote, “seem ambiguous and doubtful to you; do them with the same vagueness, otherwise they will appear at the same distance in your picture. Do not limit things that are distant from the eye, for at a distance not only these boundaries, but also parts of bodies are imperceptible.”

The great artist noted that the distance of an object from the observer’s eye is associated with a change in the color of the object. Therefore, to convey the depth of space in a painting, nearby objects must be depicted by the artist in their own colors, distant ones acquire a bluish tint, “... and the very last objects visible in it, such as, for example, mountains due to large quantity the air between your eye and the mountain appears blue, almost the color of air...”

Aerial perspective depends on the humidity and dustiness of the air, and especially during fog, at dawn over a body of water, mountains, in the desert or steppe during windy and dusty weather.

*(If anyone knows, friends, please tell me the author and title of the painting)*

Perceptual perspective

Academician B.V. Rauschenbach studied how a person perceives the depth of an observed object in connection with binocular vision, the mobility of the observation point and the constancy of the shape of the object in the subconscious. He came to the conclusion that a close-up view is perceived in reverse perspective, a shallow, distant view is perceived in an axonometric perspective, and a long-range view is perceived in a direct linear perspective.

D. Canaletto. View of Grand Canal(Venice)

This overall perspective, connecting inverse, axonometric and direct linear perspective, is called perceptual.

Sources:
en.wikipedia.org
scilib.narod.ru
myshared.ru
Yandex.Pictures

Everyone - Have a good day and beautiful impressions!

Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary.

perspective

Efremova T.F. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

perspective

S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

perspective