Orthodoxy culture. The origins of Orthodox culture in Russia
The materials are addressed to literature teachers and graduates for preparing assignment C2. The Unified State Examination is compiled in accordance with the assessment criteria of Part C. Theme “fathers and sons” C2. Which works of Russian classics depict ideological clashes between representatives? different generations and in what way can these works be compared with “fathers and sons”? Ideological clashes between representatives of different generations are depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" and in A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit." In A. N. Ostrovsky's drama "The Thunderstorm" there is a conflict between the representative " dark kingdom» Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova, defender of the old foundations, and representative younger generation Katerina. Kabanikha is accustomed to the unquestioning submission of her loved ones, but in her own family she sees the awakening of something new, alien to her. Katerina cannot come to terms with the authority, despotism, and tyranny of her mother-in-law. In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" there is a clash on ideological grounds between Famusov, a representative of the "past century", and Chatsky, a representative of the "present century". The basis of the conflict is a sharp difference in views on the meaning of life, on the attitude towards wealth, rank, career, service, serfdom, education, and attitude towards everything foreign. Thus, the writers argue that the views on life of the younger and older generations in different times does not match. Theme “hero-entrepreneurs” C2. In which works Russian classics depicts the type of “active hero” and in what ways can he be compared with Andrei Stolts? “Active heroes” were portrayed by A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharov, N.V. Gogol. In the play by A.P. Chekhov " The Cherry Orchard» Ermolai Lopakhin managed to get out of poverty and achieve material well-being without any outside help. The hero correctly assesses the situation of the owners of the cherry orchard and gives them practical advice, which would allow saving the estate: he invites the owners to lay out a garden and land on the river on summer cottages. In N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” P.I. Chichikov is shown as enterprising person. He fulfills his father’s order to save a penny. He did not spend the money left by his father, but multiplied it (he molded a bullfinch out of wax, painted it and sold it; he sold food to his classmates). In the provincial town of N, he managed to find an approach to everyone he approached with a request to sell “dead souls.” Thus, Andrei Stolts, and Chichikov, and Lopakhin are “active heroes”, each of them earns money, each strives to become successful person. Duel theme C2. The heroes of which works of Russian classics are tested in a duel? Eugene Onegin from the novel of the same name in verse by A.S. took part in the duel. Pushkin, as well as Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov from the epic novel “War and Peace”. In the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin main character was forced to accept Lensky's challenge, he was afraid of the “opinion of the world,” which he himself despised so much. In the epic novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, Pierre Bezukhov shoots with Dolokhov, as a result of which the second was wounded. Thus, the heroes decide to duel, hoping that it will remove the shame from the offended person and restore their honor. Dream motive C2. Which works of Russian classics describe the dreams of heroes? A dream is often a continuation of events that happened recently, or, conversely, predicting the future. In Russian literature, the dream motif is one of the techniques psychological analysis. The dream conveys the hero’s state of mind in moments of severe upheaval. "Oblomov's Dream" in novel of the same name Goncharov allows us to find the origins of the hero’s character, to imagine the life, environment, and customs that shaped Ilya Oblomov. As a child, Ilyusha was not even allowed to dress himself. They only made sure that the child ate well and did not overwork himself while studying with Stolz. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Rodion has a dream before the crime, at a time of painful thoughts. The action takes place in Rodion's childhood. He dreams that he and his father pass by a tavern and see drunken men beating a horse. The boy tries to intercede, but in front of the crowd, the unfortunate nag is finished off with an iron crowbar. Rodion is crying and wants to scream. Thus, the introduction of a dream into a work gives the writer the opportunity to penetrate into the most hidden properties of the hero’s soul, into his subconscious. Images of the C2 drive. What works of Russian literature depict characters similar in character and worldview to Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka, what exactly is this similarity? The image of a hoarder can be observed in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”, in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor”. The box saves money “in colorful bags”, cares about the safety of its condition, so it keeps great amount dogs The old money-lender also wants to increase her income by lending money at interest. Prostakova robbed her serfs to the bone. The main thing for her in life is personal gain. Thus, all the heroines want to get rich at the expense of other people. “Russian revolt” C2. Which works of Russian classics show the tragedy of the “Russian revolt”? In Russian classics, the theme of the “Russian revolt” was touched upon more than once. At all times, there have been people who resigned themselves to the strength and inevitability of circumstances and were ready to accept fate as it was with their heads bowed. But at all times there have been people who were ready to fight for their happiness, people who did not want to tolerate injustice, people who had nothing to lose. We can meet such people on the pages of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Dubrovsky" and the novel " Captain's daughter" Troekurov, one of the main characters, took possession of Kistenevka with the help of bribes and bribery, and now, according to the law, the peasants became the property of this cruel and oppressive landowner. Vladimir Dubrovsky cannot come to terms with the idea that in the house where he spent his childhood, where his mother and father died, a person guilty of all the misfortunes that befell him will live. Dubrovsky decides to burn the house and hide. Many peasants who have shown their dissatisfaction with the current situation follow him. In an effort to restore justice, a squad of robbers robs the rich on the roads. Historical background The novel "The Captain's Daughter" is based on real events peasant war 1773-1775 under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. A.S. Pushkin described in detail the entire course of events: the capture of fortresses, the siege of Orenburg, the execution of Pugachev, the suppression of the uprising. Thus, the people have fought against injustice at all times. Matchmaking C2. Which works of Russian writers talk about matchmaking? Matchmaking is discussed in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor” and in M.A. Sholokhov’s epic novel “ Quiet Don", in N.V. Gogol's play "The Inspector General". In D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Skotinin and Mitrofanushka woo Sophia, but Starodum refuses them, since she has already made an arrangement with Milo. In N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General,” Khlestakov first confesses his love to the mayor’s daughter, then to his wife. The hero proposes to his daughter, takes money from the mayor, supposedly in order to discuss the wedding with his uncle. IN epic novel M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, the father of Grigory Melekhov wooes Natalya Korshunova in order to stop his son’s illegal relationship with Aksinya. Thus, only Sophia was the happiest of the above-mentioned heroines. Changes in life C2. In which works of Russian classics do heroes face the need for change? Changes in life occur for Gerasim in the story by I.S. Turgenev “Mumu”, in Andrei Sokolov’s story “The Fate of a Man” by M.A. Sholokhov, as well as in Grigory Melekhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. Gerasim, the main character of the story, was brought to Moscow by a capricious lady from the village and given a job as a janitor. He performed his duties honestly and conscientiously. Walking along the river, the hero saves the puppy, brings it to his home and begins to care for the pet. After the lady's order to exterminate the dog, the janitor disobeys his mistress and goes back to the village. In M.A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov lost everything in the war: home, family, and, it would seem, there is no longer any meaning in life. The hero takes him in for his upbringing orphan boy. Now he has someone to live for! In the epic novel “Quiet Don” M.A. Sholokhov portrays a difficult moral path Grigory Melekhov. During Civil War the hero goes over to the side of the whites, then to the side of the reds. At the end of the novel, he returns home, he doesn’t want to fight anymore, the meaning of life is children. Life goes on. Thus, if a person strives for changes in life, he makes efforts to change his life in better side. Dramatic relationship between lovers C2. Which works of Russian writers depict dramatic relationships between lovers? The dramatic relationship between lovers is depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky’s “The Thunderstorm”, M.A. Sholokhov’s novel-epic “Quiet Don”, as well as in A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”. Katerina, main character plays, falls in love with Boris. She struggles with her feelings in every possible way, as she is married woman. Dikoy sends Boris to Siberia; the hero is not ready to take responsibility for the life of the woman he loves. In A.S. Griboedov’s play “Woe from Wit,” Chatsky is in love with Sophia, but she prefers Molchalin. In love, Chatsky is not so much deceived as deceiving himself; he, like all lovers, sees what he wants without noticing the obvious. In the epic novel Quiet Don, Sholokhov tells the love story of Grigory Melekhov with the married Aksinya. The heroes overcome many trials to be together, but the heroine dies. Thus, lovers fight for their happiness, suffer, overcome many life trials. Drama of the serf C2. Which works of Russian classics show the drama of the serf? The life of serfs was depicted by A.P. Chekhov in the play “The Cherry Orchard”, M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin in fairy tales " Wild landowner" and "the story of how one man fed two generals." In the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, he speaks with bitterness about the humility of the peasant. The writer leads readers to think that it is time for a strong, strong man to think about his position and stop meekly submitting to the ruling class. The owners forget about the sick footman Firs and lock him up, although the old man faithfully served Gaev and Ranevskaya all his life. Thus, the writers show that the ruling class is indifferent to the fate of its serfs. Friendship relationships C2. Which works of Russian classics depict heroes related to friendly relations? In Russian classics, Onegin and Lensky in the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, Grinev and Pugachev in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” were connected by friendly relations. Onegin and Lensky became friends out of “nothing to do.” Lensky introduced Onegin to the Larin family. After a quarrel between friends, a duel took place, in which Lensky was killed. In the novel “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin, friendly relations develop between Pugachev and Grinev. The author portrays Pugachev as complex and contradictory nature. On the one hand, he is a thief and a villain, declared state criminal, on the other hand, he is fair and noble man, remembering goodness. Pugachev helps Peter get out of the fortress occupied by the rebels, and then frees Masha Mironova from Shvabrin’s tyranny. Thus, the friendly relations of the heroes are based on the fact that they understand each other, but at the same time, these relationships are short-term, at some point they end for various reasons.
The main quality that characterizes Andrei Stolts is hard work. He graduated from the university with honors, entered the service, began to earn money, and then began to develop his own business. Therefore, it can be called “active”.
N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" also presents an "active" character. Chichikov, following his father’s commandment to “take care of a penny,” devotes his entire life to making money. To this end, he seeks to commit a scam with dead souls. Both heroes make their fortune, but Stolz earns it in legal, honest ways and this is not the goal and meaning of his life. Chichikov, on the contrary, has set a goal for himself and is going towards it by any means. The hero is absolutely devoid of any moral qualities or ideas.
Evgeny Bazarov from the novel by I.S. can also be called an “active” character.
Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Just like Stolz, Bazarov is hardworking. He pursues the goal of becoming a doctor and directs all means to achieve it. Like Stolz, the hero is not indifferent to studies. In addition to studying at the university, he reads relevant literature and conducts experiments. All his thoughts and actions are aimed at extracting practical benefit. Subsequently, Bazarov provides assistance to Pavel Petrovich and heals Fenechka’s child.
These characters are united by the desire to extract as much as possible more benefits from your actions. However, Stolz is able to exist in harmony of mind and feelings, and Bazarov tries to subordinate feelings to reason. Stolz, capable of admiring works of art, is spiritually developed.
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Useful material on the topic
- What is the duality of the attitude of the author and his hero to the phenomenon of the “Russian revolt”? and In what works of Russian classics did the authors address the theme of popular revolt and in what ways can they be compared with Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter”?
I ask very urgently!
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Stolz was only half German, through his father: his mother was Russian; he professed the Orthodox faith; His natural speech was Russian: he learned it from his mother and from books, in the university classroom and in games with village boys, in discussions with their fathers and in Moscow bazaars. He inherited the German language from his father and from books.
In the village of Verkhleve, where his father was a manager, Stolz grew up and was educated.<…>
When he grew up, his father put him on a spring cart, gave him the reins and ordered him to take him to the factory, then to the fields, then to the city, to the merchants, to public places, then to look at some clay, which he would take on his finger, smell, sometimes he’ll lick it and let his son smell it, and explain what it’s like and what it’s good for. Otherwise, they’ll go and see how potash or tar is mined and lard is melted.
At the age of fourteen or fifteen, the boy often went alone, in a cart or on horseback, with a bag at the saddle, on errands from his father to the city, and it never happened that he forgot something, changed it, overlooked it, or made a mistake.
– Recht gut, mein lieber Junge! - the father said, having listened to the report, and, patting him on the shoulder with a wide palm, he gave two, three rubles, depending on the importance of the assignment.
After a long time, the mother washes the soot, dirt, clay and lard from Andryusha.
She didn’t quite like this laborious, practical upbringing. She was afraid that her son would become the same German burgher that his father came from. She looked at the entire German nation as a crowd of patented philistines, did not like the rudeness, independence and arrogance with which the German masses everywhere present their burgher rights developed over a millennium, like a cow wears its horns, not being able, by the way, to hide them.
In her opinion, there was not and could not be a single gentleman in the entire German nation.
(I.A. Goncharov, “Oblomov”)
Indicate the correspondence between the three main characters appearing in this work, and their fate in the finale. For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.
CHARACTERS
FURTHER FATE
A)
Stolz
B)
Zakhar
IN)
Oblomov
1)
cynically misappropriates other people's property
2)
will pass away quietly
3)
will be on the porch
4)
marries Olga Ilyinskaya
Write down your answer in numbers in the table and transfer it to answer form No. 1.
In this fragment, the author contrasts two types of education: “German” and “Russian”. Indicate the term used to denote such opposition.
What term is used to describe the comparison of objects or phenomena based on their similarity (“... did not like the rudeness, independence and arrogance with which the German masses everywhere present their burgher rights developed over a thousand years, like a cow wears its horns, not being able, by the way, to hide them”)?
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What was unique about the upbringing Stolz received and how did it affect his personality and fate?
What is the name of the means of characterizing a hero, based on a description of his appearance (“a white, beautifully built boy, with such small arms and legs, with a clean face, with a clear, lively look...”)?
Which works of Russian classics depict the type of “active” hero and in what ways can he be compared with Andrei Stolts?
What is the name of significant detail, carrying an important semantic load in the text (for example, short pipes and tough hands of German burghers)?
The principles of what literary direction, which reached its peak in the second half of the 19th century, found its embodiment in Oblomov?
What genre does the work of I.A. belong to? Goncharov "Oblomov"?
The materials are addressed to literature teachers and graduates for preparing assignment C2. The Unified State Examination is compiled in accordance with the assessment criteria of Part C.
Theme "fathers and sons"
C2. Which works of Russian classics depict ideological clashes between representatives of different generations, and in what ways can these works be compared with “fathers and sons”?
Ideological clashes between representatives of different generations are depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" and in A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit."
In A. N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” a conflict occurs between the representative of the “dark kingdom” Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova, a defender of the old foundations, and the representative of the younger generation Katerina. Kabanikha is accustomed to the unquestioning submission of her loved ones, but in her own family she sees the awakening of something new, alien to her. Katerina cannot come to terms with the authority, despotism, and tyranny of her mother-in-law.
In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" there is a clash on ideological grounds between Famusov, a representative of the "past century", and Chatsky, a representative of the "present century". The basis of the conflict is a sharp difference in views on the meaning of life, on the attitude towards wealth, rank, career, service, serfdom, education, and attitude towards everything foreign.
Thus, the writers argue that the views on life of the younger and older generations at different times do not coincide.
Theme: “Hero-Entrepreneurs”
C2. In which works of Russian classics is the type of “active hero” depicted and in what ways can he be compared with Andrei Stolts?
“Active heroes” were portrayed by A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharov, N.V. Gogol.
In the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" Ermolai Lopakhin managed to get out of poverty and achieve material well-being without any outside help. The hero correctly assesses the situation of the owners of the cherry orchard and gives them practical advice that would allow them to save the estate: he invites the owners to divide the garden and the land on the river into summer cottages.
In N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” P.I. Chichikov is shown as an enterprising person. He fulfills his father’s order to save a penny. He did not spend the money left by his father, but multiplied it (he molded a bullfinch from wax, painted it and sold it; he sold food to his classmates), in provincial town N managed to find an approach to everyone he approached with a request to sell “dead souls.”
Thus, Andrei Stolts, Chichikov, and Lopakhin are “active heroes”, each of them earns money, each strives to become a successful person.
Subject duels
C2. The heroes of which works of Russian classics are tested in a duel?
Eugene Onegin from the novel of the same name in verse by A.S. took part in the duel. Pushkin, as well as Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov from the epic novel “War and Peace”.
In the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin's main character was forced to accept Lensky's challenge; he was afraid of the “opinion of the world,” which he himself despised so much.
In the epic novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, Pierre Bezukhov shoots with Dolokhov, as a result of which the second was wounded.
Thus, the heroes decide to duel, hoping that it will remove the shame from the offended person and restore their honor.
Dream motive
C2. Which works of Russian classics describe the dreams of heroes?
A dream is often a continuation of events that happened recently, or, conversely, predicting the future. In Russian literature, the dream motif is one of the methods of psychological analysis. Transmitted in a dream state of mind hero in moments of great upheaval.
“Oblomov’s Dream” in Goncharov’s novel of the same name allows us to find the origins of the hero’s character, to imagine the life, environment, and morals that shaped Ilya Oblomov. As a child, Ilyusha was not even allowed to dress himself. They only made sure that the child ate well and did not overwork himself while studying with Stolz.
In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Rodion has a dream before the crime, at a time of painful thoughts. The action takes place in Rodion's childhood. He dreams that he and his father pass by a tavern and see drunken men beating a horse. The boy tries to intercede, but in front of the crowd, the unfortunate nag is finished off with an iron crowbar. Rodion is crying and wants to scream.
Thus, the introduction of a dream into a work gives the writer the opportunity to penetrate into the most hidden properties of the hero’s soul, into his subconscious.
Storage images
C2. Which works of Russian literature depict characters similar in character and worldview to Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka, What exactly is this similarity?
The image of a hoarder can be observed in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”, in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor”.
Korobochka saves money “in colorful bags”, takes care of the safety of her fortune, and therefore keeps a huge number of dogs.
The old money-lender also wants to increase her income by lending money at interest.
Prostakova robbed her serfs to the bone. The main thing for her in life is personal gain.
Thus, all the heroines want to get rich at the expense of other people.
"Russian revolt"
C2. Which works of Russian classics show the tragedy of the “Russian revolt”?
In Russian classics, the theme of the “Russian revolt” was touched upon more than once. At all times, there have been people who resigned themselves to the strength and inevitability of circumstances and were ready to accept fate as it was with their heads bowed. But at all times there have been people who were ready to fight for their happiness, people who did not want to tolerate injustice, people who had nothing to lose. We can meet such people on the pages of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Dubrovsky" and the novel "The Captain's Daughter".
Troekurov, one of the main characters, took possession of Kistenevka with the help of bribes and bribery, and now, according to the law, the peasants became the property of this cruel and oppressive landowner. Vladimir Dubrovsky cannot come to terms with the idea that in the house where he spent his childhood, where his mother and father died, a person guilty of all the misfortunes that befell him will live. Dubrovsky decides to burn the house and hide. Many peasants who have shown their dissatisfaction with the current situation follow him. In an effort to restore justice, a squad of robbers robs the rich on the roads.
The historical basis of the novel “The Captain's Daughter” is real events peasant war of 1773-1775 under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. A.S. Pushkin described in detail the entire course of events: the capture of fortresses, the siege of Orenburg, the execution of Pugachev, the suppression of the uprising.
Thus, the people have fought against injustice at all times.
Matchmaking
C2. Which works of Russian writers talk about matchmaking?
Matchmaking is discussed in D.I. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor,” in M.A. Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don,” and in N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General.”
In D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Skotinin and Mitrofanushka woo Sophia, but Starodum refuses them, since she has already made an arrangement with Milo.
In N.V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector General,” Khlestakov first confesses his love to the mayor’s daughter, then to his wife. The hero proposes to his daughter, takes money from the mayor, supposedly in order to discuss the wedding with his uncle.
In the epic novel by M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, the father of Grigory Melekhov wooes Natalya Korshunova in order to stop his son’s illegal relationship with Aksinya.
Thus, only Sophia was the happiest of the above-mentioned heroines.
Changes in life
C2. In which works of Russian classics do the heroes encounter the need for change?
Changes in life occur for Gerasim in the story by I.S. Turgenev “Mumu”, in Andrei Sokolov’s story “The Fate of a Man” by M.A. Sholokhov, as well as in Grigory Melekhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”.
Gerasim, the main character of the story, was brought to Moscow by a capricious lady from the village and given a job as a janitor. He performed his duties honestly and conscientiously. Walking along the river, the hero saves the puppy, brings it to his home and begins to care for the pet. After the lady's order to exterminate the dog, the janitor disobeys his mistress and goes back to the village.
In M.A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov lost everything in the war: home, family, and, it would seem, there is no longer any meaning in life. The hero takes in an orphan boy to raise him. Now he has someone to live for!
In the epic novel “Quiet Don” M.A. Sholokhov depicts the difficult moral path of Grigory Melekhov. During the Civil War, the hero goes over to the side of the whites, then to the side of the reds. At the end of the novel, he returns home, he doesn’t want to fight anymore, the meaning of life is children. Life goes on.
Thus, if a person strives for changes in life, he makes efforts to change his life for the better.
Dramatic relationship between lovers
C2. Which works of Russian writers depict dramatic relationships between lovers?
The dramatic relationship between lovers is depicted in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky’s “The Thunderstorm”, M.A. Sholokhov’s novel-epic “Quiet Don”, as well as in A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”.
Katerina, the main character of the play, falls in love with Boris. She struggles with her feelings in every possible way, since she is a married woman. Dikoy sends Boris to Siberia; the hero is not ready to take responsibility for the life of the woman he loves.
In A.S. Griboedov’s play “Woe from Wit,” Chatsky is in love with Sophia, but she prefers Molchalin. In love, Chatsky is not so much deceived as deceiving himself; he, like all lovers, sees what he wants without noticing the obvious.
In the epic novel Quiet Don, Sholokhov tells the love story of Grigory Melekhov with the married Aksinya. The heroes overcome many trials to be together, but the heroine dies.
Thus, lovers fight for their happiness, suffer, and overcome many life trials.
Serf drama
C2.Which works of Russian classics depict the drama of the serf?
The life of serfs was depicted by A.P. Chekhov in the play “The Cherry Orchard”, M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin in the fairy tales “The Wild Landowner” and “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.”
In the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, he speaks with bitterness about the humility of the peasant. The writer leads readers to think that it is time for a strong, strong man to think about his position and stop meekly submitting to the ruling class.
The owners forget about the sick footman Firs and lock him up, although the old man faithfully served Gaev and Ranevskaya all his life.
Thus, the writers show that the ruling class is indifferent to the fate of its serfs.
Friendship
C2. Which works of Russian classics depict heroes connected by friendly relations?
In Russian classics, Onegin and Lensky in the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, Grinev and Pugachev in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” were connected by friendly relations.
Onegin and Lensky became friends out of “nothing to do.” Lensky introduced Onegin to the Larin family. After a quarrel between friends, a duel took place, in which Lensky was killed.
In the novel “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin, friendly relations develop between Pugachev and Grinev. The author portrays Pugachev as a complex and contradictory person. On the one hand, he is a thief and a villain, declared a state criminal, on the other hand, he is a fair and noble man who remembers good. Pugachev helps Peter get out of the fortress occupied by the rebels, and then frees Masha Mironova from Shvabrin’s tyranny.
Thus, the friendly relations of the heroes are based on the fact that they understand each other, but at the same time, these relationships are short-term, at some point they end for various reasons.
What works of Russian classics depict heroes connected by friendly relations, and in what ways can these heroes be compared with Pechorin and Werner?
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
Werner was short, thin, and weak, like a child; one of his legs was shorter than the other, like Byron; in comparison with his body, his head seemed huge: he cut his hair into a comb, and the irregularities of his skull, discovered in this way, would strike a phrenologist as a strange tangle of opposing inclinations. His small black eyes, always restless, tried to penetrate your thoughts. Taste and neatness were noticeable in his clothes; his thin, wiry and small hands were wearing light yellow gloves. His coat, tie and vest were always black. The youth nicknamed him Mephistopheles; he showed that he was angry for this nickname, but in fact it flattered his vanity. We soon understood each other and became friends, because I am incapable of friendship: of two friends, one is always the slave of the other, although often neither of them admits this to himself; I cannot be a slave, and in this case commanding is tedious work, because at the same time I must deceive; and besides, I have lackeys and money! This is how we became friends: I met Werner in S... among a large and noisy circle of young people; At the end of the evening the conversation took a philosophical and metaphysical direction; They talked about beliefs: everyone was convinced of different things.
As for me, I am convinced of only one thing... - said the doctor.
What is this? - I asked, wanting to know the opinion of the person who had been silent until now.
“The fact,” he answered, “is that sooner or later one fine morning I will die.”
I am richer than you, I said, - besides this, I also have a conviction - namely, that one disgusting evening I had the misfortune of being born.
Everyone thought that we were talking nonsense, but, really, none of them said anything smarter than that. From that moment on, we recognized each other in the crowd. We often got together and talked about abstract subjects very seriously, until we both noticed that we were fooling each other. Then, having looked significantly into each other’s eyes, as the Roman augurs did, according to Cicero, we began to laugh and, having laughed, dispersed satisfied with our evening.
I was lying on the sofa, my eyes fixed on the ceiling and my hands behind my head, when Werner came into my room. He sat down in an armchair, put his cane in the corner, yawned and announced that it was getting hot outside. I answered that the flies were bothering me, and we both fell silent.
Please note, dear doctor,” I said, “that without fools the world would be very boring!.. Look, there are two of us smart people; we know in advance that everything can be argued about endlessly, and therefore we do not argue; we know almost all of each other’s innermost thoughts; one word is a whole story for us; We see the grain of each of our feelings through a triple shell. Sad things are funny to us, funny things are sad, but in general, to be honest, we are quite indifferent to everything except ourselves. So, there cannot be an exchange of feelings and thoughts between us: we know everything we want to know about the other, and we don’t want to know anymore. There is only one remedy left: telling the news. Tell me some news.
Tired of the long speech, I closed my eyes and yawned...
M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Explanation.
Pechorin and Werner converge on the waters. They immediately notice each other, since both stand out against the background of the “water society”: “they recognized each other in the crowd.” The characters are smart, observant, critical, it seems that they understand each other perfectly, and have a good understanding of people. However, for all their commonality, they are different. And these differences are so strong that they are assigned different functions in the novel: the doctor is only an accompaniment to Pechorin, who is a real participant in life, Werner is its witness.
Friendly relations connect Onegin with Lensky, who, like Lermontov’s heroes, “have nothing to do with friends.” They are, in fact, antipodes, although against the backdrop of village society they seem similar. Like Werner and Pechorin, they stand out in the “crowd” and therefore become friends. Lensky is a young poet, an ardent lover, a romantic, far from reality. Onegin is a realist, prone to the blues, tired of secular society and an empty life. No one can say better than Pushkin himself about the opposition of his heroes:
They got along. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
The difference between Werner and Pechorin leads to the fact that they part rather coldly, while Pechorin remained “cold as a stone.” The conflict between Onegin and Lensky is generally tragic: a duel.
