Culture of Kievan Rus folklore. Culture of Kievan Rus

IV century AD - Formation of the first tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (Volynians and Buzhans).
V century - Formation of the second tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (Polyans) in the middle Dnieper basin.
VI century - The first written news about “Rus” and “Rus”. Conquest of the Slavic tribe Duleb by the Avars (558).
VII century - Settlement of Slavic tribes in the basins of the upper Dnieper, Western Dvina, Volkhov, Upper Volga, etc.
VIII century - The beginning of the expansion of the Khazar Kaganate to the north, the imposition of tribute on the Slavic tribes of the Polyans, Northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi.

Kievan Rus

838 - The first known embassy of the “Russian Kagan” to Constantinople..
860 - Campaign of the Rus (Askold?) against Byzantium..
862 - Formation of the Russian state with its capital in Novgorod. The first mention of Murom in chronicles.
862-879 - The reign of Prince Rurik (879+) in Novgorod.
865 - Capture of Kyiv by the Varangians Askold and Dir.
OK. 863 - Creation Slavic alphabet Cyril and Methodius in Moravia.
866 - Slavic campaign against Constantinople (Constantinople).
879-912 - The reign of Prince Oleg (912+).
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under the rule of Prince Oleg. Transfer of the capital from Novgorod to Kyiv.
883-885 - Subjugation of the Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi by Prince Oleg. Territory formation Kievan Rus.
907 - Prince Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople. The first agreement between Rus' and Byzantium.
911 - Conclusion of the second treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
912-946 - Reign of Prince Igor (946x).
913 - Uprising in the land of the Drevlyans.
913-914 - Campaigns of the Rus against the Khazars along the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
915 - Treaty of Prince Igor with the Pechenegs.
941 - 1st campaign of Prince Igor to Constantinople.
943-944 - 2nd campaign of Prince Igor to Constantinople. Treaty of Prince Igor with Byzantium.
944-945 - Campaign of the Rus on the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
946-957 - Simultaneous reign of Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav.
OK. 957 - Olga's trip to Constantinople and her baptism.
957-972 - Reign of Prince Svyatoslav (972x).
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav against Volga Bulgaria, Khazars, tribes North Caucasus and Vyatichi. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate in the lower reaches of the Volga. Establishing control over the Volga - Caspian Sea trade route.
968-971 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to Danube Bulgaria. Defeat of the Bulgarians in the Battle of Dorostol (970). Wars with the Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Treaty of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
972-980 - Reign of Grand Duke Yaropolk (980s).
977-980 - Internecine wars for the possession of Kiev between Yaropolk and Vladimir.
980-1015 - Reign of Grand Duke Vladimir the Saint (1015+).
980 - Pagan reform of Grand Duke Vladimir. An attempt to create a single cult uniting the gods of different tribes.
985 - Campaign of Grand Duke Vladimir with the allied Torci against the Volga Bulgars.
988 - Baptism of Rus'. The first evidence of the establishment of the power of the Kyiv princes on the banks of the Oka.
994-997 - Campaigns of Grand Duke Vladimir against the Volga Bulgars.
1010 - Founding of the city of Yaroslavl.
1015-1019 - Reign of Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed. Wars for the princely throne.
beginning of the 11th century - settlement of the Polovtsians between the Volga and Dnieper.
1015 - Murder of princes Boris and Gleb by order of Grand Duke Svyatopolk.
1016 - Defeat of the Khazars by Byzantium with the help of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Suppression of the uprising in Crimea.
1019 - Defeat of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed in the fight against Prince Yaroslav.
1019-1054 - Reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1054+).
1022 - Victory of Mstislav the Brave over the Kasogs (Circassians).
1023-1025 - War of Mstislav the Brave and Grand Duke Yaroslav for the great reign. Victory of Mstislav the Brave in the battle of Listven (1024).
1025 - Division of Kievan Rus between princes Yaroslav and Mstislav (border along the Dnieper).
1026 - Conquest of the Baltic tribes of Livs and Chuds by Yaroslav the Wise.
1030 - Founding of the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu) in the Chud land.
1030-1035 - Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav the Brave. Unification of Kievan Rus under the rule of Grand Duke Yaroslav.
1037 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Prince Yaroslav and the foundation of the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv in honor of this event (finished in 1041).
1038 - Victory of Yaroslav the Wise over the Yatvingians (Lithuanian tribe).
1040 - War of the Rus with the Lithuanians.
1041 - Campaign of the Rus against the Finnish tribe Yam.
1043 - Campaign of the Novgorod prince Vladimir Yaroslavich to Constantinople ( last trip to Byzantium).
1045-1050 - Construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
1051 - Founding of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. The appointment of the first metropolitan (Hilarion) from the Russians, appointed to the position without the consent of Constantinople.
1054-1078 - The reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Yaroslavich (The actual triumvirate of princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and Vsevolod Yaroslavich. “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs.” Weakening of the supreme power of the Kyiv prince.
1055 - The first news of the chronicle about the appearance of the Polovtsians at the borders of the Pereyaslavl principality.
1056-1057 - Creation of the "Ostromir Gospel" - the oldest dated handwritten Russian book.
1061 - Polovtsian raid on Rus'.
1066 - Raid on Novgorod by Prince Vseslav of Polotsk. The defeat and capture of Vseslav by the Grand Duke Izslav.
1068 - New Polovtsian raid on Rus' led by Khan Sharukan. The Yaroslavichs' campaign against the Polovtsians and their defeat on the Alta River. The uprising of the townspeople in Kyiv, the flight of Izyaslav to Poland.
1068-1069 - Great reign of Prince Vseslav (about 7 months).
1069 - Return of Izyaslav to Kyiv together with the Polish king Boleslav II.
1078 - Death of Grand Duke Izyaslav in the battle of Nezhatina Niva with the outcasts Boris Vyacheslavich and Oleg Svyatoslavich.
1078-1093 - Reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Land redistribution (1078).
1093-1113 - Reign of Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich.
1093-1095 - War of the Rus with the Polovtsians. Defeat of princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsians on the Stugna River (1093).
1095-1096 - The internecine struggle of Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons with Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and his brothers for the Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
1097 - Lyubech Congress of Princes. Assignment of principalities to princes on the basis of patrimonial law. Fragmentation of the state into specific principalities. Separation of the Murom principality from the Chernigov principality.
1100 - Vitichevsky Congress of Princes.
1103 - Dolob congress of princes before the campaign against the Polovtsians. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians.
1107 - Capture of Suzdal by the Volga Bulgars.
1108 - Foundation of the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma as a fortress to protect the Suzdal principality from the Chernigov princes.
1111 - Campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians. The defeat of the Polovtsians at Salnitsa.
1113 - First edition of The Tale of Bygone Years (Nestor). An uprising of dependent (enslaved) people in Kyiv against the princely power and merchants-usurers. Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.
1113-1125 - Reign of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Temporary strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke. Drawing up the "Charters of Vladimir Monomakh" (legal registration of judicial law, regulation of rights in other areas of life).
1116 - Second edition of The Tale of Bygone Years (Sylvester). Victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovtsians.
1118 - Conquest of Minsk by Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1132 - Reign of Grand Duke Mstislav I the Great.
1125-1157 - Reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal Principality.
1126 - First election of mayor in Novgorod.
1127 - Final division of the Principality of Polotsk into fiefs.
1127 -1159 - Reign of Rostislav Mstislavich in Smolensk. The heyday of the Smolensk Principality.
1128 - Famine in the Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1129 - Separation of the Ryazan Principality from the Murom-Ryazan Principality.
1130 -1131 - Russian campaigns against Chud, the beginning of successful campaigns against Lithuania. Clashes between the Murom-Ryazan princes and the Polovtsians.
1132-1139 - Reign of Grand Duke Yaropolk II Vladimirovich. The final decline of the power of the Kyiv Grand Duke.
1135-1136 - Unrest in Novgorod, Charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of merchants, expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. Invitation to Novgorod for Svyatoslav Olgovich. Strengthening the principle of inviting the prince to the veche.
1137 - Separation of Pskov from Novgorod, formation of the Pskov Principality.
1139 - 1st great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (8 days). Unrest in Kyiv and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1139-1146 - Reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod II Olgovich.
1144 - Formation of the Principality of Galicia through the unification of several appanage principalities.
1146 - Reign of Grand Duke Igor Olgovich (six months). The beginning of a fierce struggle between the princely clans for the Kiev throne (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davydovichi) - lasted until 1161.
1146-1154 - The reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav III Mstislavich with interruptions: in 1149, 1150 - the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky; In 1150 - the 2nd great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (all - less than six months). Intensification of internecine struggle between Suzdal and Kyiv princes.
1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow.
1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts by the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Ugra tribute from the Novgorodians.
Bookmark "Yuryev in the field" (Yuryev-Polsky).
1152 - Founding of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Kostroma.
1154 - Founding of the city of Dmitrov and the village of Bogolyubov.
1154-1155 - Reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich.
1155 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich (about six months).
1155-1157 - Reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich in Kyiv and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1159-1167 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1160 - Uprising of the Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1164 - Andrei Bogolyubsky's campaign against the Volga Bulgarians. Victory of the Novgorodians over the Swedes.
1167-1169 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Mstislav II Izyaslavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir.
1169 - Capture of Kyiv by the troops of Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir. The rise of Vladimir Rus'.

Rus' Vladimir

1169-1174 - Reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir.
1174 - Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky. The first mention of the name "nobles" in the chronicles.
1174-1176 - Reign of Grand Duke Mikhail Yuryevich. Civil strife and uprisings of townspeople in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1176-1212 - Reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod Big Nest. The heyday of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'.
1176 - War of the Rus with the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. The clash between the Rus and the Estonians.
1180 - Beginning of civil strife and collapse of the Smolensk Principality. Civil strife between the Chernigov and Ryazan princes.
1183-1184 - Great campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes under the leadership of Vsevolod Great nest on the Volga Bulgars. Successful campaign of the princes of Southern Rus' against the Polovtsians.
1185 - Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians.
1186-1187 - Internecine struggle between the Ryazan princes.
1188 - Attack of the Novgorodians on German merchants in Novotorzhka.
1189-1192 - 3rd Crusade
1191 - Campaigns of the Novgorodians with Koreloya to the pit.
1193 - Unsuccessful campaign of the Novgorodians against Ugra.
1195 - The first known trade agreement between Novgorod and German cities.
1196 - Recognition of Novgorod liberties by the princes. Vsevolod's Big Nest march to Chernigov.
1198 - Conquest of the Udmurts by the Novgorodians. Relocation of the Teutonic Order of Crusaders from Palestine to the Baltic states. Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade.
1199 - Formation of the Galician-Volyn principality through the unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities. The rise of Roman Mstislavich the Great Foundation of the Riga fortress by Bishop Albrecht. Establishment of the Order of the Swordsmen for the Christianization of Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia)
1202-1224 - Capture of Russian possessions in the Baltic states by the Order of the Swordsmen. The Order's struggle with Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk for Livonia.
1207 - Separation of the Rostov Principality from the Vladimir Principality. Unsuccessful defense of the Kukonas fortress in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina by Prince Vyacheslav Borisovich (“Vyachko”), grandson of the Smolensk prince Davyd Rostislavich.
1209 - The first mention in the chronicle of Tver (according to V.N. Tatishchev, Tver was founded in 1181).
1212-1216 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Internecine struggle with brother Konstantin Rostovsky. Defeat of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the battle on the Lipitsa River near the city of Yuryev-Polsky.
1216-1218 - Reign of Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich of Rostov.
1218-1238 - 2nd reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich (1238x) 1219 - foundation of the city of Revel (Kolyvan, Tallinn)
1220-1221 - Campaign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich to Volga Bulgaria, seizure of lands in the lower reaches of the Oka. Founding of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) in the land of the Mordovians as an outpost against Volga Bulgaria. 1219-1221 - Genghis Khan's capture of the states of Central Asia
1221 - Yuri Vsevolodovich's campaign against the crusaders, unsuccessful siege of the Riga fortress.
1223 - Defeat of the coalition of Polovtsians and Russian princes in the battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River. Yuri Vsevolodovich's campaign against the crusaders.
1224 - Capture of Yuryev (Dorpt, modern Tartu) by the knights-swords, the main Russian fortress in the Baltic states.
1227 - The campaign was carried out. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and other princes to the Mordovians. Death of Genghis Khan, proclamation of Batu as the Great Khan of the Mongol-Tatars.
1232 - Campaign of the Suzdal, Ryazan and Murom princes against Mordovians.
1233 - Attempt of the Knights of the Sword to take the Izborsk fortress.
1234 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich over the Germans near Yuryev and the conclusion of peace with them. Suspension of the advance of the swordsmen to the east.
1236-1249 - Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod.
1236 - defeat of the Volga Bulgaria and the Volga tribes by the great Khan Batu.
1236 - defeat of the troops of the Order of the Sword by the Lithuanian prince Mindaugas. Death of the Grand Master of the Order.
1237-1238 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in North-Eastern Rus'. The destruction of the cities of Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities.
1237 - defeat of the troops of the Teutonic Order by Daniil Romanovich of Galicia. Merger of the remnants of the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238 - Defeat of the troops of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in the battle on the Sit River (March 4, 1238). Death of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Separation of the Belozersky and Suzdal principalities from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238-1246 - Reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich..
1239 - Devastation of the Mordovian lands, Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities by Tatar-Mongol troops.
1240 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Southern Rus'. The devastation of Kiev (1240) and the Galician-Volyn principality. Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish army in the battle on the Neva River (“Battle of the Neva”)..
1240-1241 - Invasion of the Teutonic knights into the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, their capture of Pskov, Izborsk, Luga;
Construction of the Koporye fortress (now a village in the Lomonosovsky district of the Leningrad region).
1241-1242 - Expulsion of the Teutonic knights by Alexander Nevsky, liberation of Pskov and other cities. Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Eastern Europe. The defeat of the Hungarian troops on the river. Solenaya (04/11/1241), devastation of Poland, fall of Krakow.
1242 - Victory of Alexander Nevsky over the knights of the Teutonic Order in the battle of Lake Peipus (" Battle on the Ice"). Conclusion of peace with Livonia on the terms of its renunciation of claims to Russian lands. Defeat of the Mongol-Tatars from the Czechs in the Battle of Olomouc. Completion of the "Great Western Campaign".
1243 - Arrival of Russian princes at Batu's headquarters. Announcement of Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich as “the oldest” Formation of the “Golden Horde”
1245 - Battle of Yaroslavl (Galitsky) - last fight Daniil Romanovich Galitsky in the struggle for possession of the Principality of Galicia.
1246-1249 - Reign of Grand Duke Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich 1246 - Death of the Great Khan Batu
1249-1252 - Reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yaroslavich.
1252 - The devastating "Nevryuev's army" to the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1252-1263 - Reign of Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. The campaign of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Novgorodians to Finland (1256).
1252-1263 - reign of the first Lithuanian prince Mindovg Ringoldovich.
1254 - foundation of the city of Saray - the capital of the Golden Horde. The struggle of Novgorod and Sweden for Southern Finland.
1257-1259 - The first Mongol census of the population of Rus', the creation of a Baska system for collecting tribute. The uprising of the townspeople in Novgorod (1259) against the Tatar "numerals".
1261 - Establishment of the Orthodox diocese in the city of Saray.
1262 - Uprisings of the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir and Yaroslavl against Muslim tax farmers and tribute collectors. The assignment of collecting tribute to the Russian princes.
1263-1272 - Reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav III Yaroslavich.
1267 - Genoa receives the khan's label for ownership of Kafa (Feodosia) in Crimea. The beginning of the Genoese colonization of the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. Formation of colonies in Kafa, Matrega (Tmutarakan), Mapa (Anapa), Tanya (Azov).
1268 - Joint hike Vladimir-Suzdal princes, Novgorodians and Pskovians to Livonia, their victory at Rakovor.
1269 - Siege of Pskov by the Livonians, conclusion of peace with Livonia and stabilization of the western border of Pskov and Novgorod.
1272-1276 - Reign of Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich 1275 - campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army against Lithuania
1272-1303 - Reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Foundation of the Moscow dynasty of princes.
1276 Second Mongolian census of Rus'.
1276-1294 - Reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich of Pereyaslavl.
1288-1291 - struggle for the throne in the Golden Horde
1292 - Invasion of the Tatars led by Tudan (Deden).
1293-1323 - War of Novgorod with Sweden for the Karelian Isthmus.
1294-1304 - Reign of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1299 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kyiv to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maxim.
1300-1301 - Construction of the Landskrona fortress on the Neva by the Swedes and its destruction by the Novgorodians led by Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1300 - Victory of Moscow Prince Daniil Alexandrovich over Ryazan. Annexation of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - Annexation of the Pereyaslav Principality to Moscow.
1303-1325 - Reign of Prince Yuri Daniilovich in Moscow. Conquest of the Mozhaisk appanage principality by Prince Yuri of Moscow (1303). The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver.
1304-1319 - Reign of Grand Duke Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver (1319x). Construction (1310) by the Novgorodians of the Korela fortress (Kexgolm, modern Priozersk). Reign of Grand Duke Gediminas in Lithuania. Annexation of the Polotsk and Turov-Pinsk principalities to Lithuania
1308-1326 - Peter - Metropolitan of All Rus'.
1312-1340 - reign of Uzbek Khan in the Golden Horde. The rise of the Golden Horde.
1319-1322 - Reign of Grand Duke Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow (1325x).
1322-1326 - Reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (1326x).
1323 - Construction of the Russian fortress Oreshek at the source of the Neva River.
1324 - Campaign of the Moscow prince Yuri Daniilovich with the Novgorodians to the Northern Dvina and Ustyug.
1325 - Tragic death in the Golden Horde of Yuri Daniilovich Moskovsky. Victory of Lithuanian troops over the people of Kiev and Smolensk.
1326 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow by Metropolitan Theognostus.
1326-1328 - Reign of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy (1339x).
1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Mongol-Tatars. The flight of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich from the punitive army of the Mongol-Tatars.

Rus' Moscow

1328-1340 - Reign of Grand Duke Ivan I Danilovich Kalita. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Vladimir to Moscow.
The division of the Vladimir principality by Khan Uzbek between Grand Duke Ivan Kalita and Prince Alexander Vasilyevich of Suzdal.
1331 - Unification of the Vladimir principality by Grand Duke Ivan Kalita under his rule..
1339 - The tragic death of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy in the Golden Horde. Construction of a wooden Kremlin in Moscow.
1340 - Founding of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh (Trinity-Sergius Lavra) Death of Uzbek, Great Khan of the Golden Horde
1340-1353 - Reign of Grand Duke Simeon Ivanovich Proud 1345-1377 - Reign of Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich. Annexation of Kyiv, Chernigov, Volyn and Podolsk lands to Lithuania.
1342 - Nizhny Novgorod, Unzha and Gorodets joined the Suzdal principality. Formation of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality.
1348-1349 - Crusades of the Swedish king Magnus I in the Novgorod lands and his defeat. Novgorod recognizes the independence of Pskov. Bolotovsky Treaty (1348).
1353-1359 - Reign of Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich the Meek.
1354-1378 - Alexey - Metropolitan of All Rus'.
1355 - Division of the Principality of Suzdal between Andrei (Nizhny Novgorod) and Dmitry (Suzdal) Konstantinovich.
1356 - subjugation of the Bryansk principality by Olgerd
1358-1386 - Reign of Svyatoslav Ioannovich in Smolensk and his struggle with Lithuania.
1359-1363 - Reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal. The struggle for the great reign between Moscow and Suzdal.
1361 - seizure of power in the Golden Horde by Temnik Mamai
1363-1389 - Reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1363 - Olgerd's campaign to the Black Sea, his victory over the Tatars on the Blue Waters (a tributary of the Southern Bug), the subordination of the Kyiv land and Podolia to Lithuania
1367 - Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky came to power in Tver with the help of the Lithuanian army. Worsening relations between Moscow and Tver and Lithuania. Construction of the white stone walls of the Kremlin.
1368 - Olgerd’s 1st campaign against Moscow (“Lithuanianism”).
1370 - Olgerd’s 2nd campaign against Moscow.
1375 - Dmitry Donskoy's campaign against Tver.
1377 - Defeat of the troops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod from the Tatar prince Arab Shah (Arapsha) on the Pyana River Unification by Mamai of the uluses west of the Volga
1378 - Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Tatar army of Begich on the Vozha River.
1380 - Mamai’s campaign against Rus' and his defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. The defeat of Mamai by Khan Tokhtamysh on the Kalka River.
1382 - Tokhtamysh’s campaign against Moscow and the destruction of Moscow. The destruction of the Ryazan principality by the Moscow army.
OK. 1382 - Coin minting begins in Moscow.
1383 - Annexation of the Vyatka land to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Death of the former Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
1385 - Judicial reform in Novgorod. Declaration of independence from the metropolitan court. Dmitry Donskoy's unsuccessful campaign against Murom and Ryazan. Krevo Union of Lithuania and Poland.
1386-1387 - Campaign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the head of a coalition of Vladimir princes to Novgorod. Payments of indemnity by Novgorod. Defeat of the Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich in the battle with the Lithuanians (1386).
1389 - The appearance of firearms in Rus'.
1389-1425 - Reign of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, for the first time without the sanction of the Horde.
1392 - Annexation of the Nizhny Novgorod and Murom principalities to Moscow.
1393 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Novgorod lands.
1395 - Defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Tamerlane. Establishment of vassal dependence of the Smolensk principality on Lithuania.
1397-1398 - Campaign of the Moscow army to the Novgorod lands. Annexation of Novgorod possessions (Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Ustyug and Komi lands) to Moscow, return of the Dvina land to Novgorod. Conquest of the Dvina land by the Novgorod army.
1399-1400 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Kama against the Nizhny Novgorod princes who took refuge in Kazan 1399 - victory of Khan Timur-Kutlug over the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich.
1400-1426 - Reign of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich in Tver, strengthening of Tver 1404 - capture of Smolensk and the Smolensk principality by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich
1402 - Annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow.
1406-1408 - War of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I with Vitovt Keistutovich.
1408 - March on Moscow by Emir Edigei.
1410 - Death of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave Battle of Grunwald. The Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of Jogaila and Vytautas defeated the knights of the Teutonic Order
OK. 1418 - Popular uprising against the boyars in Novgorod.
OK. 1420 - Beginning of coinage in Novgorod.
1422 - Peace of Melno, agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland with the Teutonic Order (concluded on September 27, 1422 on the shore of Lake Mielno). The Order finally abandoned Samogitia and Lithuanian Zanemanje, retaining the Klaipeda region and Polish Pomerania.
1425-1462 - Reign of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.
1425-1461 - Reign of Prince Boris Alexandrovich in Tver. An attempt to enhance the significance of Tver.
1426-1428 - Campaigns of Vytautas of Lithuania against Novgorod and Pskov.
1427 - Recognition of vassal dependence on Lithuania by the Tver and Ryazan principalities. 1430 - death of Vytautas of Lithuania. The beginning of the decline of the Lithuanian great power
1425-1453 - Internecine war in Rus' between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Yuri Zvenigorodsky, cousins ​​Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1430 - 1432 - struggle in Lithuania between Svidrigail Olgerdovich, representing the “Russian” party, and Sigismund, representing the “Lithuanian” party.
1428 - Raid of the Horde army on the Kostroma lands - Galich Mersky, destruction and robbery of Kostroma, Ples and Lukh.
1432 - Trial in the Horde between Vasily II and Yuri Zvenigorodsky (on the initiative of Yuri Dmitrievich). Confirmation of Grand Duke Vasily II.
1433-1434 - Capture of Moscow and the great reign of Yuri of Zvenigorod.
1437 - Ulu-Muhammad's campaign to the Zaoksky lands. Battle of Belevskaya December 5, 1437 (defeat of the Moscow army).
1439 - Basil II refuses to accept the Florentine Union with the Roman Catholic Church. The campaign of the Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) to Moscow.
1438 - separation of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
1440 - Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Casimir of Lithuania.
1444-1445 - Raid of the Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) on Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal.
1443 - separation of the Crimean Khanate from the Golden Horde
1444-1448 - War of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov. The campaign of Tver residents to the Novgorod lands.
1446 - Transfer to Moscow service of Kasim Khan, brother of the Kazan Khan. The blinding of Vasily II by Dmitry Shemyaka.
1448 - Election of Jonah as Metropolitan at the Council of the Russian Clergy. Signing of a 25-year peace between Pskov and Novgorod and Livonia.
1449 - Agreement between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark and Casimir of Lithuania. Recognition of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.
OK. 1450 - First mention of St. George's Day.
1451 - Annexation of the Suzdal Principality to Moscow. The campaign of Mahmut, the son of Kichi-Muhammad, to Moscow. He burned the settlements, but the Kremlin did not take them.
1456 - The campaign of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark against Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army near Staraya Russa. Yazhelbitsky Treaty of Novgorod with Moscow. The first restriction of Novgorod liberties. 1454-1466 - The Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the Teutonic Order, which ended with the recognition of the Teutonic Order as a vassal of the Polish king.
1458 The final division of the Kyiv Metropolis into Moscow and Kyiv. The refusal of the church council in Moscow to recognize Metropolitan Gregory sent from Rome and the decision to henceforth appoint a metropolitan by the will of the Grand Duke and the council without approval in Constantinople.
1459 - Subordination of Vyatka to Moscow.
1459 - Separation of the Astrakhan Khanate from the Golden Horde
1460 - Truce between Pskov and Livonia for 5 years. Recognition of Moscow's sovereignty by Pskov.
1462 - Death of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

Russian state (Russian centralized state)

1462-1505 - Reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich.
1462 - Ivan III stopped issuing Russian coins with the name of the Khan of the Horde. Statement by Ivan III on the renunciation of the khan's label for the great reign..
1465 - Scriba's detachment reaches the Ob River.
1466-1469 - Travel of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin to India.
1467-1469 - campaigns of the Moscow army against the Kazan Khanate..
1468 - Campaign of Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat to Ryazan.
1471 - 1st campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod, defeat of the Novgorod army on the Sheloni River. Horde campaign to the Moscow borders in the Trans-Oka region.
1472 - Annexation of the Perm land (Great Perm) to Moscow.
1474 - Annexation of the Rostov Principality to Moscow. Conclusion of a 30-year truce between Moscow and Livonia. The conclusion of the alliance of the Crimean Khanate and Moscow against the Great Horde and Lithuania.
1475 - capture of Crimea by Turkish troops. The transition of the Crimean Khanate to vassal dependence on Turkey.
1478 - 2nd campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III to Novgorod.
Elimination of independence of Novgorod.
1480 - “Great Stand” on the Ugra River of Russian and Tatar troops. Ivan III's refusal to pay tribute to the Horde. The end of the Horde yoke.
1483 - The campaign of the Moscow governor F. Kurbsky in the Trans-Urals on the Irtysh to the city of Isker, then down the Irtysh to the Ob in the Ugra land. Conquest of the Pelym Principality.
1485 - Annexation of the Tver Principality to Moscow.
1487-1489 - Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. Capture of Kazan (1487), adoption by Ivan III of the title "Grand Duke of the Bulgars". Moscow's protégé, Khan Mohammed-Emin, was elevated to the Kazan throne. Introduction of a local land tenure system.
1489 - March on Vyatka and the final annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow. Annexation of Arsk land (Udmurtia).
1491 - “Campaign into the Wild Field” of a 60,000-strong Russian army to help the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey against the khans of the Great Horde. The Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin joins the campaign to attack the flank.
1492 - Superstitious expectations of the “end of the world” in connection with the end (March 1) of the 7th millennium “from the creation of the world.” September - decision of the Moscow Church Council to postpone the start of the year to September 1. The first use of the title "autocrat" was in a message to Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the Narva River.
1492-1494 - 1st war of Ivan III with Lithuania. Annexation of Vyazma and the Verkhovsky principalities to Moscow.
1493 - Treaty of Ivan III on an alliance with Denmark against the Hansa and Sweden. Denmark cedes its possessions in Finland in exchange for the cessation of Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.
1495 - separation of the Siberian Khanate from the Golden Horde. Collapse of the Golden Horde
1496-1497 - War of Moscow with Sweden.
1496-1502 - reign in Kazan of Abdyl-Letif (Abdul-Latif) under the protectorate of Grand Duke Ivan III
1497 - Code of Law of Ivan III. The first Russian embassy in Istanbul
1499 -1501 - Campaign of the Moscow governors F. Kurbsky and P. Ushaty to the Northern Trans-Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob.
1500-1503 - 2nd war of Ivan III with Lithuania for the Verkhovsky principalities. Annexation of the Seversk land to Moscow.
1501 - Formation of a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde, directed against Moscow, Crimea and Kazan. On August 30, the 20,000-strong army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but did not go further to the Moscow lands.
1501-1503 - War between Russia and the Livonian Order.
1502 - The final defeat of the Great Horde by the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the transfer of its territory to the Crimean Khanate
1503 - Annexation of half of the Ryazan principality (including Tula) to Moscow. Truce with Lithuania and annexation of Chernigov, Bryansk and Gomel (almost a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) to Russia. Truce between Russia and Livonia.
1505 - Anti-Russian uprising in Kazan. The beginning of the Kazan-Russian War (1505-1507).
1505-1533 - Reign of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
1506 - Unsuccessful siege of Kazan.
1507 - First raid of the Crimean Tatars on the southern borders of Russia.
1507-1508 - War between Russia and Lithuania.
1508 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden for 60 years.
1510 - Elimination of independence of Pskov.
1512-1522 - War between Russia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1517-1519 - Publishing activity of Francis Skaryna in Prague. Skaryna publishes a translation from Church Slavonic into Russian - “The Russian Bible”.
1512 - "Eternal Peace" with Kazan. Unsuccessful siege of Smolensk.
1513 - Accession of the Volotsk inheritance to the Moscow Principality.
1514 - Capture of Smolensk by the troops of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich and annexation of the Smolensk lands.
1515, April - Death of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, a longtime ally of Ivan III;
1519 - Campaign of the Russian army to Vilno (Vilnius).
1518 - Moscow’s protégé, Khan (Tsar) Shah-Ali, came to power in Kazan
1520 - Conclusion of a truce with Lithuania for 5 years.
1521 - Campaign of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars led by Muhammad-Girey (Magmet-Girey), Khan of Crimea and Kazan Khan Saip-Girey (Sahib-Girey) to Moscow. Siege of Moscow by the Crimeans. Complete annexation of the Ryazan principality to Moscow. Seizure of the throne of the Kazan Khanate by the dynasty of the Crimean khans Giray (Khan Sahib-Girey).
1522 - Arrest of Novgorod-Seversk Prince Vasily Shemyachich. Annexation of the Novgorod-Seversky Principality to Moscow.
1523-1524 - 2nd Kazan-Russian War.
1523 - Anti-Russian protests in Kazan. The march of Russian troops into the lands of the Kazan Khanate. Construction of the Vasilsursk fortress on the Sura River. Capture of Astrakhan by Crimean troops..
1524 - New Russian campaign against Kazan. Peace negotiations between Moscow and Kazan. Proclamation of Safa-Girey as king of Kazan.
1529 - Russian-Kazan Peace Treaty Siege of Vienna by the Turks
1530 - Campaign of the Russian army to Kazan.
1533-1584 - Reign of the Grand Duke and Tsar (from 1547) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1533-1538 - Regency of the mother of Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich Elena Glinskaya (1538+).
1538-1547 - Boyar rule under the infant Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (until 1544 - Shuiskys, from 1544 - Glinskys)
1544-1546 - Annexation of the lands of the Mari and Chuvash to Russia, campaign in the lands of the Kazan Khanate.
1547 - Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich accepted the royal title (coronation). Fires and civil unrest in Moscow.
1547-1549 - Political program of Ivan Peresvetov: the creation of a permanent Streltsy army, the support of royal power on the nobles, the seizure of the Kazan Khanate and the distribution of its lands to the nobles.
1547-1550 - Unsuccessful campaigns (1547-1548, 1549-1550) of Russian troops against Kazan. Campaign of the Crimean Khan against Astrakhan. Construction of a protege of Crimea in Astrakhan
1549 - First news of Cossack towns on the Don. Formation of the embassy order. Convening of the first Zemsky Sobor.
1550 - Sudebnik (code of laws) of Ivan the Terrible.
1551 - "Stoglavy" Cathedral. Approval of the reform program (with the exception of the secularization of church lands and the introduction of a secular court for clergy). 3rd Kazan campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
1552 - 4th (Great) campaign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich to Kazan. Unsuccessful campaign of the Crimean troops to Tula. Siege and capture of Kazan. Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate.
1552-1558 - Subjugation of the territory of the Kazan Khanate.
1553 - Unsuccessful campaign of the 120,000-strong army of Prince Yusuf of the Nogai Horde against Moscow..
1554 - 1st campaign of Russian governors to Astrakhan.
1555 - Abolition of feedings (completion of the provincial and zemstvo reforms) Recognition of vassal dependence on Russia by the Khan of the Siberian Khanate Ediger
1555-1557 - War between Russia and Sweden.
1555-1560 - Campaigns of Russian governors to Crimea.
1556 - Capture of Astrakhan and annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. The transition of the entire Volga region to Russian rule. Adoption of the “Code of Service” - regulation of the service of nobles and local salary standards. Disintegration of the Nogai Horde into the Greater, Lesser and Altyul Hordes..
1557 - The oath of allegiance of the ambassadors of the ruler of Kabarda to the Russian Tsar. Recognition of vassal dependence on Russia by Prince Ismail of the Great Nogai Horde. The transition of the western and central Bashkir tribes (subjects of the Nogai Horde) to the Russian Tsar.
1558-1583 - Russian Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea and for the lands of Livonia.
1558 - Capture of Narva and Dorpat by Russian troops.
1559 - Truce with Livonia. D. Ardashev's campaign to Crimea. Transition of Livonia under the protectorate of Poland.
1560 - Victory of the Russian army at Ermes, capture of Fellin castle. The victory of A. Kurbsky was won by the Livonians near Wenden. The fall of the government of the Chosen Rada, A. Adashev fell from grace. Transition of Northern Livonia to Swedish citizenship.
1563 - Capture of Polotsk by Tsar Ivan IV Seizure of power in the Siberian Khanate by Kuchum. Severance of vassal relations with Russia
1564 - Publication of "Apostle" by Ivan Fedorov.
1565 - Introduction of oprichnina by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The beginning of oprichnina persecution 1563-1570 - Northern Seven Years' War of the Danish-Swedish War for dominance in the Baltic Sea. The Peace of Stettin 1570 largely restored the status quo.
1566 - Completion of the construction of the Great Zasechnaya Line (Ryazan-Tula-Kozelsk and Alatyr-Temnikov-Shatsk-Ryazhsk). The city of Orel was founded.
1567 - Union of Russia and Sweden. Construction of the Terki fortress (Tersky town) at the confluence of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. The beginning of Russia's advance into the Caucasus.
1568-1569 - Mass executions in Moscow. Destruction by order of Ivan the Terrible of the last appanage prince Andrei Vladimirovich Staritsky. Conclusion of peace agreements between Turkey and Crimea with Poland and Lithuania. The beginning of the openly hostile policy of the Ottoman Empire towards Russia
1569 - Campaign of the Crimean Tatars and Turks to Astrakhan, unsuccessful siege of Astrakhan Union of Lublin - Formation of a single Polish-Lithuanian state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1570 - Punitive campaigns of Ivan the Terrible against Tver, Novgorod and Pskov. The devastation of the Ryazan land by the Crimean Khan Davlet-Girey. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war. Unsuccessful siege of Revel Formation of the vassal kingdom of Magnus (brother of the King of Denmark) in Livonia.
1571 - Campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey to Moscow. Capture and burning of Moscow. Flight of Ivan the Terrible to Serpukhov, Alexandrov Sloboda, then to Rostov..
1572 - Negotiations between Ivan the Terrible and Devlet-Girey. A new campaign of the Crimean Tatars against Moscow. Victory of governor M.I. Vorotynsky on the Lopasna River. Retreat of Khan Devlet-Girey. Abolition of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible. Execution of oprichnina leaders.
1574 - Founding of the city of Ufa;.
1575-1577 - Campaigns of Russian troops in Northern Livonia and Livonia.
1575-1576 - Nominal reign of Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), Kasimov Khan, proclaimed by Ivan the Terrible "Grand Duke of All Rus'".
1576 - Founding of Samara. Capture of a number of strongholds in Livonia (Pernov (Pärnu), Venden, Paidu, etc.) Election of the Turkish protege Stefan Batory to the Polish throne (1586+).
1577 - Unsuccessful siege of Revel.
1579 - Capture of Polotsk and Velikiye Luki by Stefan Batory.
1580s - First news of Cossack towns on Yaik.
1580 - 2nd campaign of Stefan Batory to Russian lands and his capture of Velikiye Luki. Capture of Korela by the Swedish commander Delagardi. The decision of the church council to prohibit the acquisition of land by churches and monasteries.
1581 - Capture of the Russian fortresses of Narva and Ivangorod by Swedish troops. Cancellation of St. George's Day. The first mention of “reserved” years. The murder of his eldest son Ivan by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.
1581-1582 - Stefan Batory’s siege of Pskov and its defense by I. Shuisky.
1581-1585 - The campaign of the Cossack ataman Ermak to Siberia and the defeat of the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 10 years. Transfer of Livonia and Polotsk into Polish possession. Relocation of part of the Don Cossacks to the Grebni tract in the North. Caucasus Bull of Pope Gregory XIII on calendar reform and introduction Gregorian calendar.
1582-1584 - Mass uprisings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts) against Moscow Introduction of a new calendar style in Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Poland, France, etc.). "Calendar riots" in Riga (1584).
1583 - Plyus truce between Russia and Sweden for 10 years with the cession of Narva, Yama, Koporye, Ivangorod. The end of the Livonian War, which lasted (with interruptions) 25 years.
1584-1598 - Reign of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich 1586 - election of Swedish prince Sigismund III Vasa as king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1632+)
1586-1618 - Annexation of Western Siberia to Russia. Founding of Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Tomsk (1604).
OK. 1598 - death of Khan Kuchum. The power of his son Ali remains in the upper reaches of the Ishim, Irtysh, and Tobol rivers.
1587 - Renewal of relations between Georgia and Russia.
1589 - Founding of the Tsaritsyn fortress at the portage between the Don and Volga. Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia.
1590 - Founding of Saratov.
1590-1593 - Successful war between Russia and Sweden 1592 - King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III Vasa came to power in Sweden. The beginning of Sigismund's struggle with another contender for the throne and relative Charles Vasa (future King Charles IX of Sweden)
1591 - Death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich, uprising of the townspeople.
1592-1593 - Decree on the exemption from duties and taxes of the lands of landowners performing military service and living on their estates (the appearance of “white lands”). Decree banning peasant exit. The final attachment of peasants to the land.
1595 - Treaty of Tyavzin with Sweden. Return to Russia the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Nyenshan. Recognition of Swedish control over Russia's Baltic trade.
1597 - Decree on indentured servants (lifetime of their condition without the possibility of paying off the debt, termination of service with the death of the master). Decree on a five-year period for searching for fugitive peasants (lesson years).
1598 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. The end of the Rurik dynasty. Adoption of the Babinovskaya road as the official government route to Siberia (instead of the old Cherdynskaya road).

Time of Troubles

1598-1605 - Reign of Tsar Boris Godunov.
1598 - Active construction of cities in Siberia begins.
1601-1603 - Famine in Russia. Partial restoration of St. George's Day and limited output of peasants.
1604 - Construction of the Tomsk fortress by a detachment from Surgut at the request of the prince of the Tomsk Tatars. The appearance of the impostor False Dmitry in Poland, his campaign at the head of the Cossacks and mercenaries against Moscow.
1605 - Reign of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich Godunov (1605x).
1605-1606 - Reign of the impostor False Dmitry I
Preparation of a new Code allowing peasant exit.
1606 - Conspiracy of the boyars led by Prince V.I. Shuisky. Overthrow and murder of False Dmitry I. Proclamation of V.I. Shuisky as king.
1606-1610 - Reign of Tsar Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky.
1606-1607 - Rebellion of I.I. Bolotnikov and Lyapunov under the motto “Tsar Dmitry!”
1606 - Appearance of the impostor False Dmitry II.
1607 - Decrees on “voluntary slaves”, on a 15-year period for searching for runaway peasants and on sanctions for the reception and retention of runaway peasants. Cancellation of the reforms of Godunov and False Dmitry I.
1608 - Victory of False Dmitry II over government troops led by D.I. Shuisky near Bolkhov.
Creation of the Tushino camp near Moscow..
1608-1610 - Unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish and Lithuanian troops.
1609 - Appeal for help (February) against False Dmitry II to the Swedish king Charles IX at the cost of territorial concessions. Advance of Swedish troops to Novgorod. Entry of the Polish king Sigismund III into the Russian state (September). The beginning of the Polish intervention in Russia. Naming Metropolitan Philaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov) patriarch in the Tushino camp. Confusion in the Tushino camp. Flight of False Dmitry II.
1609-1611 - Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.
1610 - Battle of Klushin (June 24) between Russian and Polish troops. Liquidation of the Tushino camp. A new attempt by False Dmitry II to organize a campaign against Moscow. Death of False Dmitry II. Removal of Vasily Shuisky from the throne. The entry of the Poles into Moscow.
1610-1613 - Interregnum (“Seven Boyars”).
1611 - Defeat of Lyapunov's militia. The fall of Smolensk after a two-year siege. Captivity of Patriarch Filaret, V.I. Shuisky and others.
1611-1617 - Swedish intervention in Russia;.
1612 - Gathering of a new militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. Liberation of Moscow, defeat of Polish troops. Death of the former Tsar Vasily Shuisky in captivity in Poland.
1613 - Convening of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne.
1613-1645 - Reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1615-1616 - Liquidation of the Cossack movement of Ataman Balovnya.
1617 - Peace of Stolbovo with Sweden. The return of Novgorod lands to Russia, the loss of access to the Baltic - the cities of Korela (Kexholm), Koporye, Oreshek, Yam, Ivangorod went to Sweden.
1618 - Deulin truce with Poland. Transfer of Smolensk lands (including Smolensk), except for Vyazma, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands with 29 cities to Poland. Refusal of the prince of Poland Vladislav from claims to the Russian throne. Election of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov) as Patriarch.
1619-1633 - Patriarchate and reign of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov).
1620-1624 - Beginning of Russian penetration into Eastern Siberia. Hiking to the Lena River and up the Lena to the land of the Buryats.
1621 - Establishment of the Siberian diocese.
1632 - Organization of troops of a “foreign system” in the Russian army. Founding of the first ironworks in Tula by A. Vinius. The war between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk. Foundation of the Yakut fort (in its present location since 1643) 1630-1634 - Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when the Swedish army, having invaded Germany (under the command of Gustav II Adolf), won victories at Breitenfeld (1631), Lützen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634).
1633-1638 - Campaign of the Cossacks I. Perfilyev and I. Rebrov from the lower reaches of the Lena to the Yana and Indigirka rivers 1635-1648 - Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when with the entry of France into the war the clear superiority of the anti-Habsburg coalition was determined. As a result, the Habsburg plans collapsed, and political hegemony passed to France. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
1636 - Foundation of the Tambov fortress.
1637 - Capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov at the mouth of the Don by the Don Cossacks.
1638 - Hetman Ya. Ostranin, who rebelled against the Poles, moved with his army to Russian territory. The formation of suburban Ukraine began (regions of Kharkov, Kursk, etc. between the Don and Dnieper)
1638-1639 - Campaign of the Cossacks P. Ivanov from Yakutsk to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka.
1639-1640 - Campaign of the Cossacks I. Moskvitin from Yakutsk to the Lamsky (Sea of ​​Okhotsk, access to the Pacific Ocean. Completion of the latitudinal crossing of Siberia, begun by Ermak.
1639 - Founding of the first glass factory in Russia.
1641 - Successful defense of the Azov fortress by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don (“Azov Seat”).
1642 - Termination of the defense of the Azov fortress. The decision of the Zemsky Sobor to return Azov to Turkey. Registration of the noble military class.
1643 - Liquidation of the Koda Khanty principality on the right bank of the Ob. The sea voyage of the Cossacks, led by M. Starodukhin and D. Zdyryan, from Indigirka to Kolyma. The exit of Russian servicemen and industrial people to Baikal (K. Ivanov’s campaign) The discovery of Sakhalin by the Dutch navigator M. de Vries, who mistook Sakhalin Island for part of Hokkaido Island..
1643-1646 - V. Poyarkov’s campaign from Yakutsk to Aldan, Zeya, Amur to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1645-1676 - Reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1646 - Replacement of direct taxes with a tax on salt. Cancellation of the salt tax and return to direct taxes due to mass unrest. Census of the draft and partly non-tax population.
1648-1654 - Construction of the Simbirsk abatis line (Simbirsk-Karsun-Saransk-Tambov). Construction of the Simbirsk fortress (1648).
1648 - S. Dezhnev’s voyage from the mouth of the Kolyma River to the mouth of the Anadyr River through the strait separating Eurasia from America. "Salt riot" in Moscow. Uprisings of citizens in Kursk, Yelets, Tomsk, Ustyug, etc. Concessions to the nobles: convening of the Zemsky Sobor to adopt a new Code, abolition of collection of arrears. The beginning of the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky against the Poles in Ukraine..
1649 - Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich. The final formalization of serfdom (the introduction of an indefinite search for fugitives), the liquidation of “white settlements” (feudal estates in cities exempt from taxes and duties). Legalization of the search for denunciation of intent against the Tsar or his insult (“The Sovereign’s Word and Deed”) Deprivation of the British trade privileges at the request of the Russian merchants..
1649-1652 - E. Khabarov’s campaigns on the Amur and Daurian land. The first clashes between the Russians and the Manchus. Creation of territorial regiments in Slobodskaya Ukraine (Ostrogozhsky, Akhtyrsky, Sumsky, Kharkovsky).
1651 - Beginning of church reform by Patriarch Nikon. Foundation of the German Settlement in Moscow.
1651-1660 - M. Stadukhin’s hike along the Anadyr-Okhotsk-Yakutsk route. Establishing a connection between the northern and southern routes to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1652-1656 - Construction of the Zakamskaya abatis line (Bely Yar - Menzelinsk).
1652-1667 - Clashes between secular and ecclesiastical authorities.
1653 - The decision of the Zemsky Sobor to accept the citizenship of Ukraine and the start of the war with Poland. Adoption of a trade charter regulating trade (a single trade duty, a ban on collecting travel duties in the possessions of secular and spiritual feudal lords, limiting peasant trade to trade from carts, increasing duties for foreign merchants).
1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war for Ukraine.
1654 - Approval of Nikon's reforms by the church council. The emergence of the Old Believers led by Archpriest Avvakum, the beginning of a schism in the church. Approval by the Pereyaslav Rada of the Zaporozhye Treaty of the Zaporozhye Treaty (01/8/1654) on the transition of Ukraine (Poltava, Kiev, Chernihiv, Podolia, Volyn) to Russia with the preservation of broad autonomy (inviolability of the rights of the Cossacks, election of a hetman, independent foreign policy, non-jurisdiction of Moscow, payment of tribute without interference Moscow collectors). Capture of Polotsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk by Russian troops
1655 - Capture of Minsk, Vilna, Grodno by Russian troops, access to Brest. Swedish invasion of Poland. Beginning of the first Northern War
1656 - Capture of Nyenskans and Dorpat. Siege of Riga. Armistice with Poland and declaration of war on Sweden.
1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war for access to the Baltic Sea.
1657 - Death of B. Khmelnitsky. Election of I. Vyhovsky as hetman of Ukraine.
1658 - Nikon open conflict with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Beginning of the issuance of copper money (payment of salaries in copper money and collection of taxes in silver). Termination of negotiations with Poland, resumption of the Russian-Polish war. Invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine Gadyach Treaty between Hetman of Ukraine Vyhovsky and Poland on the annexation of Ukraine as an autonomous “Russian principality” to Poland.
1659 - Defeat of Russian troops at Konotop from Hetman of Ukraine I. Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars. Refusal of the Pereyaslav Rada to approve the Gadyach Treaty. Removal of Hetman I. Vygovsky and election of Hetman of Ukraine Yu. Khmelnytsky. Approval by the Rada of a new agreement with Russia. The defeat of Russian troops in Belarus, the betrayal of Hetman Yu. Khmelnitsky. The split of the Ukrainian Cossacks into supporters of Moscow and supporters of Poland.
1661 - Treaty of Kardis between Russia and Sweden. Russia's renunciation of the conquests of 1656, return to the conditions of the Stolbovo Peace of 1617 1660-1664 - Austro-Turkish War, division of the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary.
1662 - "Copper riot" in Moscow.
1663 - Founding of Penza. The split of Ukraine into the hetmanates of Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine
1665 - Reforms of A. Ordin-Nashchekin in Pskov: establishment of merchant companies, introduction of elements of self-government. Strengthening Moscow's position in Ukraine.
1665-1677 - hetmanship of P. Doroshenko in Right Bank Ukraine.
1666 - Nikon was deprived of the rank of patriarch and the condemnation of the Old Believers by a church council. Construction of a new Albazinsky fort on the Amur by the rebel Ilim Cossacks (accepted as Russian citizenship in 1672)..
1667 - Construction of ships for the Caspian flotilla. New trading charter. Archpriest Avvakum's exile to the Pustozersky prison for "heresies" (criticism) of the country's rulers. A. Ordin-Nashchekin at the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz (1667-1671). Conclusion of the Andrusovo truce with Poland by A. Ordin-Nashchekin. Implementation of the division of Ukraine between Poland and Russia (transition of Left Bank Ukraine under Russian rule).
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising of schismatic monks (“Solovetsky sitting”).
1669 - Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko comes under Turkish rule.
1670-1671 - Uprising of peasants and Cossacks led by Don Ataman S. Razin.
1672 - First self-immolation of schismatics (in Nizhny Novgorod). The first professional theater in Russia. Decree on the distribution of “wild fields” to servicemen and clergy in the “Ukrainian” regions. Russian-Polish agreement on assistance to Poland in the war with Turkey 1672-1676 - the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire for Right Bank Ukraine..
1673 - Campaign of Russian troops and Don Cossacks to Azov.
1673-1675 - Campaigns of Russian troops against Hetman P. Doroshenko (campaigns against Chigirin), defeat by Turkish and Crimean Tatar troops.
1675-1678 - Russian embassy mission to Beijing. The Qin government's refusal to consider Russia as an equal partner.
1676-1682 - Reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov.
1676-1681 - Russian-Turkish war for Right Bank Ukraine.
1676 - Russian troops occupy the capital of Right Bank Ukraine, Chigirin. Zhuravsky peace of Poland and Turkey: Türkiye receives Podolia, P. Doroshenko is recognized as a vassal of Turkey
1677 - Victory of Russian troops over the Turks near Chigirin.
1678 - Russian-Polish treaty extending the truce with Poland for 13 years. Agreement of the parties on the preparation of "eternal peace". Capture of Chigirin by the Turks
1679-1681 - Tax reform. Transition to household taxation instead of taxation.
1681-1683 - Seit uprising in Bashkiria due to forced Christianization. Suppression of the uprising with the help of Kalmyks.
1681 - Abolition of the Kasimov kingdom. Bakhchisarai peace treaty between Russia and Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Establishment of the Russian-Turkish border along the Dnieper. Recognition of Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv by Russia.
1682-1689 - Simultaneous reign of the princess-ruler Sofia Alekseevna and the kings Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1682-1689 - Armed conflict between Russia and China on the Amur.
1682 - Abolition of localism. The beginning of the Streltsy riot in Moscow. Establishment of the government of Princess Sophia. Suppression of the Streltsy revolt. Execution of Avvakum and his supporters in Pustozersk.
1683-1684 - Construction of the Syzran abatis line (Syzran-Penza).
1686 - “Eternal Peace” between Russia and Poland. Russia's accession to the anti-Turkish coalition of Poland, the Holy Empire and Venice (Holy League) with Russia's obligation to make a campaign against the Crimean Khanate.
1686-1700 - War between Russia and Turkey. Crimean campaigns of V. Golitsin.
1687 - Founding of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1689 - Construction of the Verkhneudinsk fortress (modern Ulan-Ude) at the confluence of the Uda and Selenga rivers. Nerchinsk Treaty between Russia and China. Establishment of the border along the Argun - Stanovoy Range - Uda River to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Overthrow of the government of Princess Sofia Alekseevna.
1689-1696 - Simultaneous reign of Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1695 - Establishment of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz. The first Azov campaign of Peter I. Organization of "companies" to finance the construction of the fleet, the creation of a shipyard on the Voronezh River.
1695-1696 - Uprisings of the local and Cossack population in Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikalia.
1696 - Death of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich.

Russian empire

1689 - 1725 - Reign of Peter I.
1695 - 1696 - Azov campaigns.
1699 - Reform of city government.
1700 - Russian-Turkish truce agreement.
1700 - 1721 - Great Northern War.
1700, November 19 - Battle of Narva.
1703 - Founding of St. Petersburg.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705 - 1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1708 - Provincial reform of Peter I.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate. Prut campaign of Peter I.
1711 - 1765 - Years of life of M.V. Lomonosov.
1716 - Military regulations of Peter I.
1718 - Establishment of the college. Beginning of the capitation census.
1721 - Establishment of the Chief Magistrate of the Synod. Decree on possessional peasants.
1721 - Peter I accepted the title of ALL-RUSSIAN EMPEROR. RUSSIA BECAME AN EMPIRE.
1722 - "Table of Ranks".
1722 -1723 - Russian - Iranian war.
1727 - 1730 - Reign of Peter II.
1730 - 1740 - Reign of Anna Ioannovna.
1730 - Repeal of the 1714 law on unified inheritance. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Younger Horde in Kazakhstan.
1735 - 1739 - Russian - Turkish War.
1735 - 1740 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1741 - 1761 - Reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1742 - Discovery of the northern tip of Asia by Chelyuskin.
1750 - Opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl (F.G. Volkov).
1754 - Abolition of internal customs.
1755 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1757 - 1761 - Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War.
1757 - Establishment of the Academy of Arts.
1760 - 1764 - Mass unrest among assigned peasants in the Urals.
1761 - 1762 - Reign of Peter III.
1762 - Manifesto "on the freedom of the nobility."
1762 - 1796 - Reign of Catherine II.
1763 - 1765 - Invention of I.I. Polzunov's steam engine.
1764 - Secularization of church lands.
1765 - Decree allowing landowners to exile peasants to hard labor. Establishment of the Free Economic Society.
1767 - Decree prohibiting peasants from complaining about landowners.
1767 - 1768 - "Commission on the Code".
1768 - 1769 - "Koliivschina".
1768 - 1774 - Russian - Turkish War.
1771 - "Plague riot" in Moscow.
1772 - First partition of Poland.
1773 - 1775 - Peasant War led by E.I. Pugacheva.
1775 - Provincial reform. Manifesto on freedom of organization of industrial enterprises.
1783 - Annexation of Crimea. Treaty of Georgievsk on the Russian protectorate over Eastern Georgia.
1783 - 1797 - Uprising of Sym Datov in Kazakhstan.
1785 - Charter granted to the nobility and cities.
1787 - 1791 - Russian - Turkish war.
1788 -1790 - Russian-Swedish war.
1790 - Publication of “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A.N. Radishchev.
1793 - Second partition of Poland.
1794 - Uprising in Poland led by T. Kosciuszko.
1795 - Third partition of Poland.
1796 - 1801 - Reign of Paul I.
1798 - 1800 - Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakova.
1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov.
1801 - 1825 - Reign of Alexander I.
1803 - Decree "on free cultivators."
1804 - 1813 - War with Iran.
1805 - Creation of an alliance between Russia and England and Austria against France.
1806 - 1812 - War with Turkey.
1806 - 1807 - Creation of an alliance with England and Prussia against France.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1808 - War with Sweden. Accession of Finland.
1810 - Creation of the State Council.
1812 - Annexation of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June - Invasion of Napoleonic army into Russia. The beginning of the Patriotic War. August 26 - Battle of Borodino. September 2 - leaving Moscow. December - Expulsion of Napoleonic army from Russia.
1813 - Annexation of Dagestan and part of Northern Azerbaijan to Russia.
1813 - 1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1815 - Congress in Vienna. The Duchy of Warsaw is part of Russia.
1816 - Creation of the first secret organization of the Decembrists, the Union of Salvation.
1819 - Uprising of military settlers in the city of Chuguev.
1819 - 1821 - Around the world expedition to Antarctica F.F. Bellingshausen.
1820 - Unrest of soldiers in the tsarist army. Creation of a "prosperity union".
1821 - 1822 - Creation of the "Southern Secret Society" and the "Northern Secret Society".
1825 - 1855 - Reign of Nicholas I.
1825, December 14 - Decembrist uprising on Senate Square.
1828 - Annexation of Eastern Armenia and all of Northern Azerbaijan to Russia.
1830 - Military uprising in Sevastopol.
1831 - Uprising in Staraya Russa.
1843 - 1851 - Construction of the railway between Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1849 - Help the Russian army in suppressing the Hungarian uprising in Austria.
1853 - Herzen created the “Free Russian Printing House” in London.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War.
1854, September - 1855, August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855 - 1881 - Reign of Alexander II.
1856 - Treaty of Paris.
1858 - The Aigun Treaty on the border with China was concluded.
1859 - 1861 - Revolutionary situation in Russia.
1860 - Beijing Treaty on the border with China. Foundation of Vladivostok.
1861, February 19 - Manifesto on the liberation of peasants from serfdom.
1863 - 1864 - Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.
1864 - The entire Caucasus became part of Russia. Zemstvo and judicial reforms.
1868 - The Khanate of Kokand and the Emirate of Bukhara recognize political dependence on Russia.
1870 - Reform of city government.
1873 - The Khan of Khiva recognized political dependence on Russia.
1874 - Introduction of universal conscription.
1876 ​​- Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate. Creation of a secret revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom".
1877 - 1878 - Russian - Turkish War.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.
1879 - Split of "Land and Freedom". Creation of the "Black Redistribution".
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II.
1881 - 1894 - Reign of Alexander III.
1891 - 1893 - Conclusion of the Franco-Russian alliance.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1894 - 1917 - Reign of Nicholas II.
1900 - 1903 - Economic crisis.
1904 - Murder of Plehve.
1904 - 1905 - Russian - Japanese War.
1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905 - 1907 - The first Russian revolution.
1906, April 27 - July 8 - First State Duma.
1906 - 1911 - Stolypin's agrarian reform.
1907, February 20 - June 2 - Second State Duma.
1907, November 1 - 1912, June 9 - Third State Duma.
1907 - Creation of the Entente.
1911, September 1 - Murder of Stolypin.
1913 - Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
1914 - 1918 - First World War.
1917, February 18 - Strike at the Putilov plant. March 1 - creation of the Provisional Government. March 2 - Nicholas II abdicates the throne. June - July - crisis of power. August - Kornilov rebellion. September 1 - Russia is declared a republic. October - Bolshevik seizure of power.
1917, March 2 - Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, March 3 - Abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich.
1917, March 2 - Establishment of the Provisional Government.

Russian Republic and RSFSR

1918, July 17 - murder of the deposed Emperor and the royal family.
1917, July 3 - July Bolshevik uprisings.
1917, July 24 - Announcement of the composition of the second coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, August 12 - Convening of the State Conference.
1917, September 1 - Russia is declared a republic.
1917, September 20 - Formation of the Pre-Parliament.
1917, September 25 - Announcement of the composition of the third coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 25 - Appeal by V.I. Lenin on the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee.
1917, October 26 - Arrest of members of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 26 - Decrees on peace and land.
1917, December 7 - Establishment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission.
1918, January 5 - Opening of the Constituent Assembly.
1918 - 1922 - Civil War.
1918, March 3 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
1918, May - Uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps.
1919, November - Defeat of A.V. Kolchak.
1920, April - Transfer of power in the Volunteer Army from A.I. Denikin to P.N. Wrangel.
1920, November - Defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel.

1921, March 18 - Signing of the Peace of Riga with Poland.
1921 - X Party Congress, resolution “On Party Unity.”
1921 - Beginning of the NEP.
1922, December 29 - Union Treaty.
1922 - “Philosophical Steamship”
1924, January 21 - Death of V.I. Lenin
1924, January 31 - Constitution of the USSR.
1925 - XVI Party Congress
1925 - Adoption of the resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) regarding the party’s policy in the field of culture
1929 - The year of the “great turning point”, the beginning of collectivization and industrialization
1932-1933 - Famine
1933 - Recognition of the USSR by the USA
1934 - First Congress of Writers
1934 - XVII Party Congress (“Congress of Winners”)
1934 - Inclusion of the USSR in the League of Nations
1936 - Constitution of the USSR
1938 - Clash with Japan at Lake Khasan
1939, May - Clash with Japan at the Khalkhin Gol River
1939, August 23 - Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
1939, September 1 - Beginning of World War II
1939, September 17 - Soviet invasion of Poland
1939, September 28 - Signing of the Treaty with Germany “On Friendship and Borders”
1939, November 30 - Beginning of the war with Finland
December 14, 1939 - Expulsion of the USSR from the League of Nations
March 12, 1940 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Finland
1941, April 13 - Signing of a non-aggression pact with Japan
1941, June 22 - Invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany and its allies
1941, June 23 - The Headquarters of the High Command was formed
1941, June 28 - Capture by German troops Minsk
1941, June 30 - Establishment of the State Defense Committee (GKO)
1941, August 5-October 16 - Defense of Odessa
1941, September 8 - Beginning of the siege of Leningrad
1941, September 29-October 1 - Moscow Conference
1941, September 30 - Start of implementation of the Typhoon plan
1941, December 5 - Beginning of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops in the Battle of Moscow

1941, December 5-6 - Defense of Sevastopol
1942, January 1 - Accession of the USSR to the Declaration of the United Nations
1942, May - Defeat of the Soviet army during the Kharkov operation
1942, July 17 - Beginning Battle of Stalingrad
1942, November 19-20 - Operation Uranus begins
1943, January 10 - Operation Ring begins
1943, January 18 - End of the siege of Leningrad
1943, July 5 - Beginning of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops in the battle of Kursk Bulge
1943, July 12 - Beginning of the Battle of Kursk
1943, November 6 - Liberation of Kyiv
1943, November 28-December 1 - Tehran Conference
1944, June 23-24 - Beginning of the Iasi-Kishinev operation
1944, August 20 - Operation Bagration begins
1945, January 12-14 - Beginning of the Vistula-Oder operation
1945, February 4-11 - Yalta Conference
1945, April 16-18 - Beginning of the Berlin operation
1945, April 18 - Surrender of the Berlin garrison
1945, May 8 - Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of Germany
1945, July 17 - August 2 - Potsdam Conference
1945, August 8 - Announcement of soldiers of the USSR to Japan
1945, September 2 - Japanese surrender.
1946 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””
1949 - Testing of USSR atomic weapons. Leningrad affair". Testing of Soviet nuclear weapons. Education of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. 1949 Formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1950-1953 - Korean War
1952 - XIX Party Congress
1952-1953 - “the doctors’ case”
1953 - Test of hydrogen weapons of the USSR
1953, March 5 - Death of I.V. Stalin
1955 - Formation of the Warsaw Pact organization
1956 - XX Party Congress, debunking the personality cult of J.V. Stalin
1957 - Completion of construction of the nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin"
1957 - The USSR launches the first satellite into space
1957 - Establishment of Economic Councils
1961, April 12 - Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space
1961 - XXII Party Congress
1961 - Kosygin reforms
1962 - Unrest in Novocherkassk
1964 - Removal of N. S. Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
1965 - Construction of the Berlin Wall
1968 - Introduction of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia
1969 - Military clash between the USSR and China
1974 - Construction of BAM begins
1972 - A.I. Brodsky expelled from the USSR
1974 - A.I. Solzhenitsyn expelled from the USSR
1975 - Helsinki Agreement
1977 - New Constitution
1979 - Entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
1980-1981 - Political crisis in Poland.
1982-1984 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Yu.V. Andropova
1984-1985 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee K.U. Chernenko
1985-1991 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev
1988 - XIX Party Conference
1988 - Beginning of the armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan
1989 - Election of the Congress of People's Deputies
1989 - Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
1990 - Election of M. S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR
1991, August 19-22 - Creation of the State Emergency Committee. Coup attempt
1991, August 24 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns from the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (August 29, the Russian parliament prohibits the activities of the Communist Party and seizes party property).
1991, December 8 - Belovezhskaya Agreement, abolition of the USSR, creation of the CIS.
1991, December 25 - M.S. Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR.

Russian Federation

1992 - Beginning of market reforms in the Russian Federation.
1993, September 21 - “Decree on phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation.” The beginning of the political crisis.
1993, October 2-3 - clashes in Moscow between supporters of the parliamentary opposition and the police.
1993, October 4 - military units seized the White House, arrested A.V. Rutsky and R.I. Khasbulatova.
1993, December 12 - Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Elections to the first State Duma of the Russian Federation for a transition period (2 years).
1994, December 11 - Entry of Russian troops into Chechen Republic to restore “constitutional order”.
1995 - Elections to the State Duma for 4 years.
1996 - Elections to the position of President of the Russian Federation. B.N. Yeltsin gains 54% of the vote and becomes President of the Russian Federation.
1996 - Signing of a temporary agreement on the suspension of hostilities.
1997 - completion of the withdrawal of federal troops from Chechnya.
1998, August 17 - economic crisis in Russia, default.
1999, August - Chechen militants invaded the mountainous regions of Dagestan. Beginning of the Second Chechen Campaign.
1999, December 31 - B.N. Yeltsin announced his early resignation as President of the Russian Federation and the appointment of V.V. Putin as acting president of Russia.
2000, March - election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, August - the death of the nuclear submarine Kursk. 117 crew members of the Kursk nuclear submarine were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage, the captain was posthumously awarded the Hero's Star.
2000, April 14 - The State Duma decided to ratify the Russian-American START-2 treaty. This agreement involves further reductions in the strategic offensive weapons of both countries.
2000, May 7 - Official entry of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, May 17 - Approval of M.M. Kasyanov Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.
2000, August 8 - Terrorist act in Moscow - explosion in underground passage Pushkinskaya metro station. 13 people were killed, a hundred were injured.
2004, August 21-22 - There was an invasion of Grozny by a detachment of militants numbering more than 200 people. For three hours they held the city center and killed more than 100 people.
2004, August 24 - Two passenger planes taking off from Moscow Domodedovo Airport to Sochi and Volgograd were simultaneously blown up in the skies over the Tula and Rostov regions. 90 people died.
2005, May 9 - Parade on Red Square on May 9, 2005 in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory Day.
2005, August - Scandal with the beating of the children of Russian diplomats in Poland and the “retaliatory” beating of Poles in Moscow.
2005, November 1 - A successful test launch of the Topol-M missile with a new warhead was carried out from the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.
2006, January 1 - Municipal reform in Russia.
2006, March 12 - First Unified Voting Day (changes in the electoral legislation of the Russian Federation).
2006, July 10 - Chechen terrorist “number 1” Shamil Basayev was killed.
2006, October 10, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden folk artist Russia Alexandra Rukavishnikov.
2006, October 13 - Russian Vladimir Kramnik was declared the absolute world chess champion after winning a match over Bulgarian Veselin Topalov.
2007, January 1 - Krasnoyarsk region, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous Okrugs merged into a single subject of the Russian Federation - the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
2007, February 10 - President of Russia V.V. Putin said the so-called "Munich speech".
2007, May 17 - In the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II and the First Hierarch of the ROCOR, Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York Laurus, signed the “Act of Canonical Communion,” a document that put an end to the division between the Russian Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate.
2007, July 1 - Kamchatka Region and Koryak Autonomous Okrug merged into Kamchatka Territory.
2007, August 13 - Nevsky Express train accident.
2007, September 12 - The government of Mikhail Fradkov resigned.
2007, September 14 - Viktor Zubkov was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Russia.
2007, October 17 - The Russian national football team led by Guus Hiddink defeated the English national team with a score of 2:1.
2007, December 2 - Elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation.
2007, December 10 - Dmitry Medvedev was nominated as a candidate for President of the Russian Federation from United Russia.
2008, March 2 - The elections of the third president of the Russian Federation were held. Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev won.
2008, May 7 - Inauguration of the third President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev.
2008, August 8 - In the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict, active fighting: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 11 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 26 - Russian President D. A. Medvedev signed a decree recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
2008, September 14 - A Boeing 737 passenger plane crashed in Perm.
2008, December 5 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II died. Temporarily, the place of the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church is occupied by the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad.
2009, January 1 - The Unified State Exam became mandatory throughout Russia.
2009, January 25-27 - Extraordinary Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church elected a new Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. It was Kirill.
2009, February 1 - Enthronement of the newly elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Kirill.
2009, July 6-7 - Visit of US President Barack Obama to Russia.

Periodization of Russian history

Periodization of Russian history

Periodization of Russian history

Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus'

Political fragmentation of Rus' XII-XIII centuries.

10. Consequences of fragmentation

11. The yoke system in Rus'

12. Historical assessments of the yoke

13. Formation of the Moscow State XIV - early XVI

14. Folding of the Moscow State

15. Ivan IV (Grozny)

16. Reforms of Ivan the Terrible

17. Ivan the Terrible

18. Foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible

19. Time of Troubles (1598-1612)

20. Time of Troubles

21. Time of Troubles

22. Time of Troubles

23. Time of Troubles

24. Time of Troubles

25. Cathedral Code of 1649

26. Reforms of Peter I

27. Economic reforms

28. Economic reforms

29. Class politics

30. Provincial reform

31. Church reform

32. The significance of Peter's reforms

33. Palace coups

34. Enlightened absolutism of Catherine II

35. Enlightened absolutism of Catherine II

36. Enlightened absolutism of Catherine II

37. Socio-economic policy of Catherine

38. Class politics

39. Foreign policy of Catherine II

40. Foreign policy of Catherine II

41. Foreign policy of Catherine II

42. Policy of Alexander I

43. Policy of Alexander I

44. Policy of Alexander I

45. Patriotic War of 1812

46. ​​Patriotic War 1812

47. Foreign campaign of the Russian army 1813-1814

48.

49. Politics of Nicholas I

50. Theory of official nationality

51. Industrial revolution in Russia

52. Features of the industrial revolution in Russia

The periodization of Russian history contains such time periods of the country's development that differ from each other in political, economic, social, cultural and other fundamental criteria.

Initial periodization. Dozens of periodizations of Russian history are known. Let's take for example those proposed by the patriarchs of Russian history: N.M. Karamzin (main work “History of the Russian State”), S.M. Soloviev (main work “History of Russia since ancient times”), V.O. Klyuchevsky (main work “Course of Russian History”).

N.M. Karamzin identifies three periods in the history of Russia (Table 1):

Table 1

As we can see, N.M. based his periodization. Karamzin laid down the concept: “The history of the people belongs to the king.”

CM. Soloviev identified four periods in Russian history (Table 2):

table 2

Periodization S.M. Solovyov reflects, first of all, the history of the state.

IN. Klyuchevsky also identified four periods in the history of Russia (Table 3):

Table 3

The basis for the periodization of the historical development of Russia V.O. Klyuchevsky put more emphasis on economic development, focusing considerable attention on the factor of colonization.

Meanwhile, we believe that the periodization of N.M. Karamzina, S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky were acceptable for their time (the level of scientific development of historiography and source studies), today it is enough to know them, and not to use them as the basis for teaching a university history course - too much time has passed since then.

The time of obvious active searches for the periodization of history began late XIX and XX centuries At the same time, the greatest controversy has always been caused by the first period of development of the Russian state.

In textbooks pre-revolutionary (D.I. Ilovaisky and others) and post-revolutionary (M.V. Nechkina and A.V. Fadeev, B.A. Rybakov, etc.), including modern times (late 90s. XX century - A.N. Sakharov and V.I. Buganov, Sh.M. Munchaev and V.M. Ustinov, etc.), it is easy to notice that, for example, the concepts of Kievan Rus and Novgorod are used either sporadically or not used at all. It must be assumed that the textbooks reflect different concepts of the origin of Rus'. There are many of them, but in modern conditions the most common are the Norman, Kiev and theories of the heterogeneous origin of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples (at the same time, we do not accept the “theories” of Fomenko, Koder, Kondyba and Zolin with their “exotic” concepts of the history of Rus', far from scientific justification and openly Russophobic-falsified). Textbooks most often discuss the Norman, or “Kievan” version of the origin of Rus'.

According to the “Kyiv” concept, Kyiv and only Kyiv is the beginning of Russian statehood. At the same time, Novgorod is not assigned any role; Vladimir and Moscow are considered a continuation of the development of Kievan Rus.

The Norman theory to a certain extent confirms the Novgorod beginning of Rus', but at the same time it seems to infringe on the pride of the Russians: after all, according to the chronicle, the Varangians began to reign in the Novgorod land - the brothers Rurik (in Novgorod), Sineus (in Beloozero) and Truvor (in Izborsk). 1

And if these lands are considered the fundamental basis of the Russian state, then such an assumption seems to strengthen the Norman theory. Based on this, apparently, the emphasis was placed on “Kievan Rus” as the only beginning of the Russian state.

I would like to give some thoughts regarding the Norman roots of Russian statehood. Of the three princes mentioned in the chronicle (PVL), only Rurik was proven to be a real person. As for Sineus and Truvor, their appearance on the historical stage, according to A.M. Kuznetsova, nothing more than a “curiosity of historiography.” Academician B.A. Rybakov in his work “Early Centuries of Russian History” writes: “Historians have long paid attention to the anecdotal nature of Rurik’s “brothers”..., “brothers” turned out to be a Russian translation of Swedish words. It is said about Rurik that he came “with his family” (“Sineuse” - “his relatives” - Sineus) and his faithful squad (“Truwar” - “faithful squad” - Truvor) ... In other words, the chronicle included a retelling of some Scandinavian legend about the activities of Rurik (the author of the chronicle, a Novgorodian, who did not know Swedish well, mistook the mention in the oral care (presentation - I.P.) of the king’s traditional entourage for the names of his brothers). The reliability of the legend as a whole... is not great.” 2

Regarding the beginning of Russian statehood, we will make the following assumption. Many detachments (teams) of the Varangians (Normans, Scandinavians) rushed (for various reasons, in our opinion, the main one was material and economic) to the West, South and East for plunder, seizure of lands, with the aim of settling on them, etc. One of these detachments, led by the military leader Rurik, who was looking for land for plunder, ended up in the Novgorod land, and for a short time captured Novgorod, becoming its ruler (according to another version, the Ilmen Slavs called him to reign together with the “brothers” Sineus and Truvor in Novgorod; the fact of inviting the Varangians to reign in the Russian land has not been established). Meanwhile, the Varangians were soon expelled from Novgorod. N.M. Karamzin writes: “The Slavic boyars (led by the elder, Prince Gostomysl - I.P.), dissatisfied with the power of the conquerors, which destroyed their own..., armed (the Novgorodians - I.P.) against the Normans, and drove them out...". 3 Consequently, in Novgorod there was a princely power headed by Prince Gostomysl (the first half of the 9th century). Moreover, in the “Life of St. Stephen of Sourozh,” who was for a long time an archbishop in the Byzantine colony in Crimea in the city of Sourozh (present-day Sudak) and died in 787, talks about the Novgorod prince Bravlin: “The warlike and strong prince of Russian Novgorod... Bravlin... with a large army he devastated the places from Korsun to Kerch, approached Surozh with great force... broke the iron gates, entered the city...". 4 And thus, “Life...” testifies that Novgorod already existed in the 8th century. and Bravlin reigned in it. Since the reign of Bravlin (second half of the 8th century) and Gostomysl (first half of the 9th century) already presupposes statehood, we consider the second half of the 8th century to be the beginning of Rus' as a state formation. (Novgorod), and not the end of the 9th century. (connected with the “calling” of the Varangians to reign in Kyiv.) It can be assumed that on this basis A.T. Stepanishchev considers Novgorod the first capital of the Old Russian state and therefore the “Norman theory” of the origin of the Russian state is untenable from his point of view. Taking into account the arguments of A.T. Stepanishchev about Novgorod - the first capital of the Old Russian state - the periodization of the last two centuries of the first millennium and the first three centuries of the second millennium could have the following specific form, coinciding with the time of the transfer of the capital of the Russian lands: Novgorod period - until 882 G.; Kyiv period - until 1157; Vladimir-Suzdal period - until 1326 ; Moscow period - after 1326 5

To a certain extent, one could agree with the reasoning of A.T. Stepanishchev. But still, I would like to clarify the situation regarding the “first capital” and the beginning of Russian statehood. According to the research of academician B.A. Rybakov “... who in Kyiv began first than the principality...”, he refers to the 6th century. (during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-565), which is also dated by Byzantine coins). In all likelihood, it was at this time that several forest-steppe Slavic tribes merged into one large union. The union of the Middle Dnieper Slavic tribes was called Rus (primacy in the new union, one might think, originally belonged to the Rus, but Polyansky Kyiv became the capital). At the turn of the VIII-IX centuries. The Dnieper Union is growing into a super-union, uniting several unions of Slavic tribes. Such an association was already a real state or was becoming one. This is yet another evidence of the inconsistency of the “Norman theory” of the origin of the Russian state.

In our opinion, Novgorod statehood took shape already at the beginning of the 8th century, in the form of an early feudal republic, administratively divided into pyatinas, headed by elected governing bodies - posadnik, tysyatsky and veche - which carried out direct democracy (rule of people) and survived until the end of the 15th century. - early 16th centuries Kiev statehood began to take shape in the 9th century, in the form of an early feudal monarchy, administratively and territorially divided into volosts and appanages, with the Grand Duke and a feudal assembly of nobility at the head. It can be assumed that two centers with different types (republic and monarchy) of Russian statehood were formed. The interaction of these two centers, as well as international interaction with other states (Novgorod with the Hanseatic League, Scandinavian countries, etc.; Kyiv with Byzantium, Western European countries, etc.) formed the Old Russian state (the specifics of Novgorod statehood remained until the 15th and even the 18th centuries). 6

After 1917, the Norman theory became unacceptable for Soviet historiography and source research for political, ideological and patriotic reasons. Therefore, along with the Norman theory, Novgorod was also pushed aside as part of it. At the same time, the concept of “Kievan Rus” was not particularly advertised, and the development of the theory and heterogeneity of the origin of Russia and Ukraine was hampered.

Another relevant point in developing a periodization of Russian history is the abolition of serfdom as a main milestone in the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Many authors argue that the Manifesto of February 19, 1861 gave practically nothing to Russia and the situation of the peasants worsened even more, etc., although they mark this act as a turning point in the movement towards capitalism. There are also supporters of another concept, who propose that the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907 be considered the beginning of the development of capitalism in Russia. and the subsequent Stolypin agrarian reform. Moreover, parliamentarism as a sign of bourgeoisism arose precisely in these years. There is something to think about here, since Stolypin’s agrarian reform also gave Russia little, it even caused protests from the peasantry, which even led to clashes with the police.

Along with the uncertainty of certain provisions of the periodization of Russian history until October 1917, there are difficulties in assessing the time from 1917 to 1991, etc. Based on an analysis of the concepts of many modern historians, we can propose the use of the following periodization in a university course on the history of Russia (Table 4):

Table 4

It should be noted that this periodization of Russian history is not indisputable, but it absorbs the diversity of points of view of different authors and specialists. In educational work, one should also consider the re-odization given in the textbooks that students use.

« Who can live well in Rus'? "(N. Nekrasov, production: "Who can live well in Rus'?")

« Rus', where are you going? ? (N.V. Gogol, production “Dead Souls”)

- « Who is guilty? "(A.I. Herzen, production: “Who is to blame?”)

- « What to do? "(I. G. Chernyshevsky, production "What to do")

« Who to be? » (V.V. Mayakovsky, production “Who to be?”)

Periodization of Russian history

Traditionally, Russian history is counted from 862, when the Varangians from Scandinavia came to Rus' and became princes of the Russian lands. Russian civilization is relatively young.

The history of Russia can be divided into 5 cycles:

9th-13th centuries

The period of prosperity was reached under Yaroslav the Wise in the 12th century, when Kievan Rus became one of the leaders of medieval society. The cycle ended as a result of the feudal fragmentation of the state and Tatar-Mongol invasion.

14th century – beginning of the 17th century.

The center of the country was moved to Moscow, and a Moscow State. The cycle reached its peak under Ivan III and ended in national catastrophe during the Time of Troubles.

Early 17th century - early 20th century

The third cycle began with the accession of the Romanov dynasty and reached its peak during the reign of Peter I and Catherine II. Russian empire became one of the world powers. However, then conservative tendencies prevailed, and there was a delay in the transition to an industrial society (almost a century compared to Europe). The completion of this cycle is a series of national catastrophes: defeat in the war with Japan, in the First World War, the collapse of the Russian Empire and civil war.

20 20 century – 1991

The Russian Bolsheviks, with difficulty and using violent methods, reassembled most of the disintegrated empire under the rule of a single center. Local civilization is being revived again, but for the first time not under the flag of Orthodoxy, but of socialism. Soviet Union became a superpower. This cycle ended with economic and geopolitical weakening, internal national problems and then the collapse of the USSR.

Many people think that in the 20th century. The natural course of Russian history was interrupted by a catastrophe. Tens of millions of people died at the hands of their fellow citizens and with their consent. There was a sharp degradation of morals and culture. This situation is sometimes compared to the death of classical ancient culture.

Since 1991

Having abandoned socialist ideology and overcome the economic crisis of the 90s, Russian Federation looking for a way to a better future.

(According to the book by Kononenko, B.I.: Culture. Civilization. Russia.)

Features of Russian history

Several times in the thousand-year history of Russia, radical socio-political and economic transformations took place (the era of the reign of Peter I, socialism, reforms of the 90s of the 20th century).
Several times the country reached a dead end (Time of Troubles, socialism). The population often experienced disasters. Wars and famines recurred.

However, against the tragic background of Russian history, a high culture arose, stages of upsurges in spirituality were observed, and global successes in science were achieved.

East-West

Russian history alternates between eastern and western phases. Russians see their country as largely Asian, which needs to be civilized along the European path.
Western historians see in Russia more of a type of Eastern society (people rule, not the law; power is concentrated in the hands of one person; there is no understanding of the individual as an absolute value).
However Russian civilization In general, it can be considered hybrid: it includes elements of Europeanism and Asianism.

Eastern Slavs and Kievan Rus

East Slavs

In the 6th-8th centuries. during the final stage Great Migration various tribes of the Eastern Slavs (for example, Vyatichi, Drevlyans, Krivichi, etc.) settled over a vast area from the Middle Dnieper in the south to Lake Ladoga in the north, from the Western Bug in the west to the Volga in the east.
Although the conditions for the effective development of agriculture in these areas were unsuitable due to the harsh climate (the fertile southern steppe regions were occupied by nomadic tribes - Cumans, Pechenegs, Turks, Khazars, etc.), the Eastern Slavs were mainly engaged in agriculture, as well as hunting and fishing and cattle breeding. They traded honey, wax, and furs.
At the head of the East Slavic communities were the prince and his squads. Their residences were fortified settlements - cities.

The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism - they revered natural gods (Perun - main god, god of thunder and lightning, Radegast - god of the sun).

Rus' and Kievan Rus

The north-south waterway passed along the Dnieper and Volkhov rivers. trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks". This route was chosen by the Varangians, a northern tribe of Scandinavians (Vikings) for trade with Byzantium. Large cities arose on it - Novgorod And Kyiv.

In 862, the Varangians created the earliest union of East Slavic lands in Novgorod - Rus, later called Kievan Rus.
The Varangians left traces in the Russian language - for example, the name Vladimir = Waldemar, Olga = Helga. The word “Rus” possibly comes from the Finnish “Ruotsi”, which, according to one hypothesis, was the name of the tribes of the Eastern Slavs.

The first ruler of Rus' was the Varangian prince (Hrörekr, Roderick) who came to Novgorod. The founder of the first dynasty of Russian rulers - the Rurikovichs. Under Rurik's heir, prince Oleg, Kyiv was annexed to his lands, which became the capital of the principality.

In 988 under the prince Vladimir Orthodox Christianity, borrowed from Byzantium, was adopted. A sculpture of the pagan god Perun in Kyiv was thrown into the Dnieper River.
After baptism, it penetrates into Rus' Slavic writing, created in the 9th century. Cyril and Methodius.

Kievan Rus developed intensive trade and cultural ties with Byzantium. Byzantine civilization left many traces in Russian society.

Kievan Rus reaches its peak in the half of the 11th century. at Yaroslav the Wise. At this time, it was part of the advanced European states, and its rich diplomatic and trade ties with Europe were strengthened. Yaroslav's sons married European princesses, his daughters married European kings.
Under Yaroslav, the first set of laws of Ancient Rus' was adopted - Russian Truth .
In 1125, with the end of the reign Vladimir Monomakh, Kievan Rus broke up into separate principalities.

The first written monument testifying to early history Russia, - chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years , created by monks in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

At the initial stage of the development of Rus', the geographical location at the crossroads of Eurasian trade and migration routes played an important role. The history of that time is an almost continuous struggle between sedentary (mostly Slavic) and nomadic (mostly Asian) peoples. Kievan Rus blocked the way to the west for hordes of nomads. A myth arises about Russia as the “shield of Europe.”

Period of feudal fragmentation

After the collapse of Kievan Rus, a system of separate, virtually independent principalities was formed. They developed around the large cities of Kievan Rus. The most significant: Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Smolensk, Chernigov, Later Tverskoye.

Novgorod land

Novgorod was the most developed, largest shopping center. He had his own money, laws, army, government system (“boyar republic”). The most valuable architectural monuments arose here.
The famous prince was from Novgorod Alexander Nevskiy, who twice defended the land from enemies - from the Swedes (battle on the Neva River, 1240) and the Teutonic knights (Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipsi, 1242).

Mongol-Tatar yoke

At the beginning of the 13th century. a large army of new nomads led by Genghis Khan approached the southeastern borders of Rus'.
In 1237, a union of Mongol tribes was founded in the lower reaches of the Volga River. Golden Horde. From here the Mongols invaded Russian lands, took Ryazan, Vladimir, Moscow, and ravaged Kyiv. From Rus', Mongol troops began a campaign in Central Europe.
For 240 years, the Russian lands were practically a protectorate of the Mongol Empire and paid it an annual tribute.
In 1380, the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Tatars in Battle of Kulikovo Field and marked the beginning of liberation.

Consequences of the invasion

Many cities were destroyed, crafts were forgotten, and construction was stopped. The invasion caused a deep decline in culture and a long lag between Russia and Western Europe.

An uninvited guest is worse than a Tatar. (Russian folk proverb)

Moscow State

The Moscow princes took advantage of Moscow's advantageous position in the center of the Russian principalities and, with the help of the Golden Horde, eliminated their rivals (princes of the cities of Vladimir, Ryazan and Tver). Moscow began to claim the role of a center in the process of “gathering Russian lands.”
In the middle of the 15th century. The Horde split into the Crimean, Astrakhan, Kazan and Siberian khanates.

Ivan III

In 1462, Ivan III, “Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus',” ascended the throne. The era of his reign is associated with the centralization of the country and tranquility in its eastern borders. Ivan III annexed the appanage principalities: he suppressed separatism in Novgorod, conquered Yaroslavl, Tver, Pskov, Ryazan. During the reign of the heirs of Ivan III, the borders of the Moscow state continued to expand.

Ideological platform of the Moscow state

• ancient origin of the power of rulers from the Rurik dynasty
• the power of the sovereign is from God himself, the ruler is a fighter for the true faith
• Moscow – “the third Rome” (Moscow is the spiritual center of world Christianity)

After overcoming the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, a huge rise of culture. Stone Kremlin cathedrals grew, and valuable monuments of painting (icons and frescoes by Andrei Rublev) and literature (chronicles, hagiography) arose.

Under Ivan III the first central authorities(“orders” and institutions that decide matters of state affairs - for example, the Ambassadorial Prikaz, the predecessor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
Was written Code of Law , a new set of laws.
A merchant class was formed (for example, the famous old Stroganov family), crafts and construction developed. However, in the economic field, the life of people (the population numbered about 6.5 million) in the Moscow state developed unevenly - booms were replaced by stagnation, there were frequent crop failures and plague epidemics.

Ivan IV the Terrible

In 1533, three-year-old Ivan IV (later nicknamed the Terrible) ascended the Moscow throne. Throughout his childhood and youth, when he could not actually rule, there was a struggle between boyar factions at court.
In 1547, 16-year-old Ivan, as the first Russian Grand Duke, was officially crowned king.

Personality of Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV grew up in an atmosphere of conspiracies and murders, without a mother, which greatly influenced his psyche. After his beloved wife died, he lost the last signs of humanity. The king, in a fit of anger, even killed his son.

Public Administration Reforms

The young tsar and his boyar assistants carried out a number of reforms.
Created the first Russian parliament - Zemsky Sobor. A system of orders from central bodies governing different areas states.
The population paid cash and in-kind taxes.

Trade development

In Ivan the Terrible's Russia, industry and trade relations with other countries, mainly Persia and England, developed. English and Dutch merchants and entrepreneurs often arrived in Russia at that time.

Foreign policy and wars

A semi-regular army emerges, and the Tsar fights the enemies of Russia with military means. He manages to conquer the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates (their lands turn into almost deserted spaces); later the Siberian Khanate was also defeated. Lands along the entire Volga River were annexed to Russia, and the occupied territories were colonized. For the first time, Russia turned into a multinational state (non-Slavic and non-Orthodox peoples lived in the newly annexed territories).

At the end of the 50s. 16th century started Livonian Wars (Livonia - today's Latvia and Estonia), which actually ended in the defeat of Russia.

Repression

The monarch's individual power gradually strengthened and his suspicion deepened; the policy of repression affected all segments of the population.
The king divided the state in two: into the so-called. "oprichnina", to which those he trusted were included (the territory of the “oprichnina” occupied a third of the country). Here the boyars, who became the executors of the policy of tsarist terror, ruled in their own way, not constraining themselves by any laws. It was forbidden to talk about the “oprichnina” in the presence of foreigners. The rest of Russia was called "Zemshchina".
Many thousands of people died during the terror. The most terrible evil was the defeat and depopulation of Novgorod.

Consequences of the reign of Ivan IV

Moscow Rus', led by the first Tsar, expanded significantly, turned into a multinational state and began to be called Russia. A strictly centralized monarchy was created.

Time of Troubles

(vague = strange, unclear; turmoil - excitement, rebellion)
The Time of Troubles or Troubles is the name of a stage in the history of Russia when dynasties changed in difficult and unclear conditions.
After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584, his mentally retarded son became the heir to the throne. Feodor I, who entrusted the conduct of state affairs to his brother-in-law, the guardsman Boris Godunov. Second son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitriy, died unexpectedly at the age of eight; Godunov was unofficially accused of his murder. After the death of Tsar Feodor, the Zemsky Sobor elected Godunov as tsar. The Rurik dynasty came to an end.

Reign of Boris Godunov

The reign of Boris Godunov was plagued by failures - terrible crop failures and famines, epidemics, invasions, uprisings, in which the people saw signs of God's wrath.
At the end of the 16th century. measures were taken to establish serfdom in Russia.

Impostors

In an atmosphere of general discontent and chaos, impostors appear who act as the heirs of Ivan IV.
In Poland (at that time the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), one young man declared himself the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry. Boris Godunov was killed as a result of a conspiracy, and after the capture of Moscow by the Poles in 1605, an impostor was elevated to the throne in Russia. He entered the history of Russia under the name False Dmitry I. The Russians learned that this was not the real Russian Tsar, as various legends say, for example, by the fact that he did not sleep after dinner, as was customary in Russia, and did not go to the bathhouse. The conspirators soon got rid of the new king.

Then the royal throne passed from hand to hand, and for some time it was again at the disposal of the Poles.
Only in 1613, with the help of the popular patriotic movement (led by Novgorodians Minin and Pozharsky), the Russian throne was liberated from the power of foreigners. The Zemsky Sobor elected to reign Mikhail Romanov. The reign of the Romanov royal dynasty begins.

Board of Mikhail Romanov

The first decades of Romanov power were associated with the tightening of serfdom. The culmination of the peasant resistance was uprising of the Don Cossack Stepan Razin (1667–1671).
Cossacks are former serfs who ran away from their owners, free people living on the outskirts of Russian territory.

Topic: Stages of studying and periodization of Russian history

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Test theoretical question

Stages of studying and periodization of Russian history.

Stages of studying Russian history. Chronicle period. Nestor. The origins of historical science. V.N. Tatishchev. Norman theory and its criticism M.V. Lomonosov. The heyday of history in the 19th century. N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky. Soviet historical science and its outstanding names. Periodization of Russian history.

Stages of studying Russian history.

Historiography is divided into several periods. The first of them is pre-scientific. In this period, it is worth studying medieval philosophy, human perception of time, traditions, and the functions of history. Note that during this period, which lasted until the beginning of the 18th century, the main forms of historical narration were formed, such as chronicles - keeping records by year. It was this source that became the main one; it was this source that was studied by the historiography of Russian history. When studying chronicles, it is necessary to pay attention to the principles by which they were written, the forms and style in which the works were written. The principle of chronography is especially important, which allows you to compare events, attribute them to certain dates, and connect them in the concept of “earlier” - “later”. The second source during this period that historiographers studied was the lives of saints. It is important to note here that the lives of saints have stronger subjective shades than chronicles - they turn into a kind of legends and stories. Another form of expression of historical consciousness that scientists are interested in is folklore. It is from it that you can learn about people’s ideas about their heroes and enemies.

The second period of historiography of Russian history begins in the eighteenth century and lasts until the beginning of the twentieth century. This time had a qualitative impact on the development of history as a science and the study of the source base. This should include such changes as the secularization of science and the development of secular rather than church education. For the first time, translation sources imported from Europe are beginning to be processed, historical research as such, they stand out independently, and at the same time, auxiliary disciplines are formed that help to study history. A qualitatively new stage in this period was the beginning of the publication of primary sources, which largely changed the attitude towards the history of their country, and primarily for the Russian intelligentsia. It is she, the intelligentsia, who initiates historical expeditions and research. The third stage is the development of historiography in the second third of the nineteenth century. Here, problems such as relations between the Russian state and Western countries are studied, and the first concepts of the development of national history arise.

The fourth stage is the second half of the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth century. At this time, they are formed methodological basis historiography. The historiography of Russian history is influenced by positivism, materialism, and neo-Kantianism. The range of research is expanding, with particular attention paid to socio-economic problems in history. At the fourth stage, the question arises about the professional training of historical personnel.

The fifth stage is the Soviet historiography of national history, which is based on the class approach to the development of society, which, in turn, was reflected in the scientific approach.

Chronicle period.

The most remarkable phenomenon ancient Russian literature there were chronicles. The first weather records date back to the 9th century, they were extracted from later sources of the 16th century. They are very brief: notes in one or two lines.

As a national phenomenon, chronicle writing appeared in the 11th century. People became chroniclers different ages, and not only monks. A very significant contribution to the restoration of the history of chronicle writing was made by such researchers as A.A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920) and A.N. Nasonov (1898 - 1965). The first major historical work was the Code, completed in 997. Its compilers described the events of the 9th-10th centuries and ancient legends. It even includes court epic poetry praising Olga, Svyatoslav and especially Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during whose reign this Code was created.

One of the figures of European scale must include the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor, who by 1113 completed his work “The Tale of Bygone Years” and compiled an extensive historical introduction to it. Nestor knew Russian, Bulgarian and Greek literature very well, being a very educated man. He used in his work the earlier Codes of 997, 1073 and 1093, and the events of the turn of the 11th-12th centuries. covered as an eyewitness. This chronicle provided the most complete picture of early Russian history and was copied for 500 years. It must be borne in mind that the ancient Russian chronicles covered not only the history of Rus', but also the history of other peoples.

Secular people were also involved in chronicle writing. For example, Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. It was as part of the chronicle that such wonderful works of his as “Instruction to Children” (c. 1099; later supplemented, preserved in the list of 1377) have reached us. In particular, in the “Instructions” Vladimir Monomakh pursues the idea of ​​​​the need to repel external enemies. There were 83 “paths” - campaigns in which he participated.

In the 12th century. the chronicles become very detailed, and since they are written by contemporaries, the class and political sympathies of the chroniclers are very clearly expressed in them. The social order of their patrons can be traced. Among the most prominent chroniclers who wrote after Nestor, one can single out the Kiev resident Peter Borislavich. The most mysterious author in the XII-XIII centuries. was Daniil Sharpener. It is believed that he owned two works - “The Word” and “Prayer”.

“Hagiographic” literature is very interesting, since in it, in addition to describing the life of canonized persons, it gave a true picture of life in monasteries. For example, cases of bribery for obtaining one or another church rank or place, etc. were described. Here we can highlight the Kiev-Pechersk Patericon, which is a collection of stories about the monks of this monastery.

The world-famous work of ancient Russian literature was “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” the date of writing of which dates back to 1185. This poem was imitated by contemporaries, it was quoted by the Pskovites already at the beginning of the 14th century, and after the victory on the Kulikovo Field (1380) in imitation of “The Tale. ..” was written “Zadonshchina”. “The Word...” was created in connection with the campaign of the Seversk prince Igor against the Polovtsian khan Konchak. Igor, overwhelmed by ambitious plans, did not unite with the Grand Duke Vsevolod the Big Nest and was defeated. The idea of ​​unification on the eve of the Tatar-Mongol invasion runs through the entire work. And again, as in the epics, here we are talking about defense, and not about aggression and expansion.

From the second half of the 14th century. Moscow chronicles are becoming increasingly important. In 1392 and 1408 Moscow chronicles are created, which are of an all-Russian nature. And in the middle of the 15th century. “Chronograph” appears, representing, in fact, the first experience of writing world history by our ancestors, and in “Chronograph” an attempt was made to show the place and role of Ancient Rus' in the world historical process.

Chronicle writing as a leading genre of historical literature existed in Russia until the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. It could not help but be influenced by certain aspects of European social thought. In Russian chronicles of the 15th - 17th centuries. Attention to the human personality and the motives of people’s activities has increased; historical works appear that are not related to the form of presentation by year. There are attempts to go beyond literary etiquette.

Nestor

The Monk Nestor the Chronicler was born in the 50s of the 11th century in Kyiv. As a young man he came to the Monk Theodosius and became a novice. The Monk Nestor was tonsured by the successor of the Monk Theodosius, Abbot Stefan. Under him, he was ordained a hierodeacon. His high spiritual life is evidenced by the fact that he, along with other reverend fathers, participated in the exorcism of the demon from Nikita the recluse (later the Novgorod saint), who was seduced into Jewish wisdom.

The monk deeply valued true knowledge, combined with humility and repentance. “There is great benefit from the teachings of books,” he said, “books punish and teach us the path to repentance, for from book words we gain wisdom and abstinence. These are rivers that water the universe, from which wisdom comes. Books have innumerable depth, we console ourselves with them in "Sorrows are the bridle of self-control. If you diligently search for wisdom in the books, you will gain great benefit for your soul. For he who reads books converses with God or holy men."

In the monastery, the Monk Nestor bore the obedience of a chronicler. In the 80s, he wrote “Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed passion-bearers Boris and Gleb” in connection with the transfer of their holy relics to Vyshgorod in 1072 (May 2). In the 80s, the Monk Nestor compiled the life of the Monk Theodosius of Pechersk, and in 1091, on the eve of the patronal feast of the Pechersk monastery, Abbot John instructed him to dig up the holy relics of the Monk Theodosius from the ground for transfer to the temple (the discovery was commemorated on August 14).

The main feat of the life of the Monk Nestor was the compilation of the “Tale of Bygone Years” by 1112-1113.

“This is the story of bygone years, where the Russian land came from, who began the reign in Kyiv, and where the Russian land came from” - this is how the Monk Nestor defined the purpose of his work from the first lines. An unusually wide range of sources (previous Russian chronicles and legends, monastic records, Byzantine chronicles of John Malala and George Amartol, various historical collections, stories of the elder boyar Jan Vyshatich, traders, warriors, travelers), interpreted from a single, strictly ecclesiastical point of view, allowed the Monk Nestor to write the history of Rus' as an integral part of world history, the history of the salvation of the human race.

The patriotic monk sets out the history of the Russian Church in the main moments of its historical formation. He talks about the first mention of the Russian people in church sources - in 866, under the holy Patriarch Photius of Constantinople; tells about the creation of the Slavic charter by Saints Cyril and Methodius, Equal-to-the-Apostles, and the Baptism of Saint Olga, Equal-to-the-Apostles in Constantinople.

The chronicle of St. Nestor has preserved for us a story about the first Orthodox church in Kyiv (under 945), about the confessional feat of the holy Varangian martyrs (under 983), about the “test of faith” by Saint Vladimir, Equal-to-the-Apostles (986) and the Baptism of Rus' (988). We owe information about the first metropolitans of the Russian Church, about the emergence of the Pechersk monastery, about its founders and devotees to the first Russian church historian. The time of St. Nestor was not easy for the Russian land and the Russian Church. Rus' was tormented by princely civil strife, the steppe nomadic Cumans ravaged cities and villages with predatory raids, drove Russian people into slavery, burned temples and monasteries.

The Monk Nestor died around 1114, bequeathing to the Pechersk monks-chroniclers the continuation of his great work. His successors in the chronicles were Abbot Sylvester, who gave modern look“The Tale of Bygone Years”, Abbot Moses Vydubitsky, who extended it until 1200, and finally, Abbot Lavrenty, who in 1377 wrote the oldest copy that has reached us, preserving the “Tale” of St. Nestor (“Laurentian Chronicle”).

The Monk Nestor was buried in the Near Caves of the Monk Anthony of Pechersk. The Church also honors his memory together with the Council of Fathers, who rest in the Near Caves, on September 28 and on the 2nd Week of Great Lent, when the Council of all Kiev-Pechersk Fathers is celebrated.

The origins of historical science.

History as a science began to emerge in Russia, as well as in Europe, in the 18th century. But in Russia it found its feet in more difficult conditions: for a very long time, in comparison with Europe, the country did not have secular higher educational institutions that would train scientific personnel. In Europe, the first secular university appeared in the 12th century, and in Russia the Academy of Sciences opened only in 1725, the first university (Moscow) in 1755. The first Russian researchers had to face the virtual absence of a source base, which is the foundation of historical science . When Peter 1 issued a decree on the need to write the history of Russia and ordered the Synod to collect manuscripts from dioceses, only 40 of them were submitted, and only 8 of them were of a historical nature.

The first attempt to write a systematic review did not belong to academics, or even to a historian by training. Its author was V.N. Tatishchev (1686-1750), who was a civil servant and a widely educated person. This was the first systematic work on Russian history. In addition, Tatishchev created instructions for collecting geographical and archaeological information about Russia, adopted by the Academy of Sciences. At the same time, assessing Tatishchev’s contribution to the formation of historical science, we note that he failed to comprehend the collected material and connect it with a conceptual idea. His history of Russia was a collection of chronicle data. The lack of literary treatment and heavy language made Tatishchev’s work difficult to perceive even by his contemporaries.

Tatishchev V.N.

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686-1750) was not a professional historian. He did not receive a historical education, because such a thing did not yet exist in Russia. As V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote, “he became a professor of history for himself.” Tatishchev was born into the family of a Pskov landowner. Among his relatives was Tsarina Praskovya, the wife of Ivan V. He graduated from the Engineering and Artillery School in Moscow. “The chick of Petrov’s nest,” he was a participant in the Great Northern War and carried out a variety of assignments for the emperor. He visited Germany and Sweden on his assignments, twice (1720-1722 and 1734-1737) managed state-owned factories in the Urals, founded Yekaterinburg there, actively participated in the palace struggle during the accession of Anna Ioannovna in 1730, was the Astrakhan governor (1741 -1745 ).

Tatishchev in 1719 received the task of Peter I to compile a geographical description of Russia. Since then, he began collecting materials on Russian history. He compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary - "Russian Lexicon", brought to the letter "k". Tatishchev also wrote the first scientific generalizing work on the history of our country - “Russian History from the Most Ancient Times.” He began writing it in the 20s of the 18th century. The presentation was brought up to 1577. Tatishchev took the position of a rationalistic explanation of history. He was the first to attempt to identify, from a scientific point of view, the patterns of the Russian historical process. “The main thing in science is for a person to know himself,” wrote Tatishchev. He believed that knowledge and enlightenment determine the course of history.

Tatishchev was the first to propose a periodization of Russian history from the point of view of the development of the state: 1) “perfect autocracy” (862-1132); 2) “aristocracy, but disorderly” (1132-1462); 3) “restoration of autocracy” (from 1462).

Tatishchev's ideal was an absolute monarchy. He tried to explain the causes of events through activities outstanding people. Tatishchev’s work in many ways still resembles a chronicle; the material in it is arranged in accordance with the reigns of the princes. Tatishchev’s attempts to be critical of sources still retain value, many of which, subsequently lost, were preserved only in the historian’s presentation. The debate about their authenticity continues today.

Norman theory and its criticism by M.V. Lomonosov

Norman theory (Normanism) is a direction in historiography that develops the concept that the people-tribe of Rus' comes from Scandinavia during the period of expansion of the Vikings, who were called Normans in Western Europe.

Supporters of Normanism include the Normans (Varangians) Scandinavian origin) to the founders of the first states of the Eastern Slavs: Novgorod and then Kievan Rus. In fact, this is a follow-up to the historiographical concept of the Tale of Bygone Years (early 12th century), supplemented by the identification of the chronicle Varangians as Scandinavian-Normans. The main controversy flared up around the ethnicity of the Varangians, at times reinforced by political ideologization.

The Norman theory became widely known in Russia in the 1st half of the 18th century thanks to the activities of German historians in Russian Academy scientists Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738), later Gerard Friedrich Miller, Strube de Pyrmont and August Ludwig Schlözer.

M.V. Lomonosov actively opposed the Norman theory, seeing in it a thesis about the backwardness of the Slavs and their unpreparedness to form a state, proposing a different, non-Scandinavian identification of the Varangians. Lomonosov, in particular, argued that Rurik was from the Polabian Slavs, who had dynastic ties with the princes of the Ilmen Slovenes (this was the reason for his invitation to reign). One of the first Russian historians of the mid-18th century, V.N. Tatishchev, having studied the “Varangian question”, did not come to a definite conclusion regarding the ethnicity of the Varangians called to Rus', but made an attempt to unite opposing views. In his opinion, based on the “Joachim Chronicle,” the Varangian Rurik was descended from a Norman prince ruling in Finland and the daughter of the Slavic elder Gostomysl.

The flourishing of history in the 19th century N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) is rightfully recognized as the largest Russian noble historian. The son of a landowner in the Simbirsk province, Karamzin studied at home, then at a private boarding school in Moscow, and attended lectures at Moscow University. After traveling around Europe, he published the “Moscow Journal” (1791-1792), “Bulletin of Europe” (1802-1809), where he acted as a sentimentalist writer.

In 1801, he received one official order from Alexander - to write the history of Russia and the position of historiographer. The remarkable writer “took his hair as a historian” for the rest of his life. Once in public service, Karamzin gained access to state archives, repositories of chronicles and other sources on Russian history. Based on the works of his predecessors (V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov, M.M. Shcherbatov, etc.), N.M. Karamzin created the 12-volume “History of the Russian State.” The presentation in it was brought up to 1612.

“The appearance of the “History of the Russian State”...,” wrote A.S. Pushkin, “caused a lot of noise and made a strong impression... Secular people rushed to read the history of their fatherland. Ancient Russia, it seemed, was found by Karamzin, like America by Columbus "They didn't talk about anything else for a while."

"The History of the Russian State" was written for a wide range of readers. Karamzin assessed the actions and deeds of real historical figures from the standpoint of common sense, explaining them by the psychology and character of each character.

As a rule, the material in Karamzin’s work is arranged according to reigns and reigns. The periodization of Russian history was new. According to Karamzin, it was divided into the Most Ancient (from Rurik to Ivan III), the characteristic feature of which was the system of appanages. The Middle (from Ivan 111 to Peter I) with autocracy and the New (from Peter I to Alexander I), when civil customs changed dramatically.

This periodization is largely explained by the concept of the historian. the main idea, permeating labor, is a necessity for Russia of a wise autocracy. “Russia was founded by victories and unity of command, perished from discord, but was saved by a wise autocracy,” Karamzin wrote in another of his works, “Note on Ancient and New Russia.” It should be noted that Karamzin did not consider every autocracy to be a good thing for Russia. The people, in his opinion, had the right to rebel against princes and kings who violated the principles of wise autocratic power. Karamzin condemned the tyranny of Ivan the Terrible, the activities of Anna Ioannovna, and Paul I.

"The History of the Russian State" became a reference book on Russian history for many years. Karamzin's work was written at the level of world historical knowledge of that era.

S.M. Soloviev

Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov (1820-1879) is rightfully recognized as the most outstanding Russian historian of the 19th century. He developed as a researcher in the era when the issue of abolishing serfdom was being decided. At the same time, a polemic began between Westerners and Slavophiles about the paths of development of Russia.

According to his convictions and views, S.M. Soloviev belonged to the Westerners. He was born in Moscow into the family of a priest. His whole life was connected with Moscow University, where he went from student to rector. Academician S.M. Soloviev was also the director of the Armory Chamber, chaired the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University, and was a history teacher of the future Emperor Alexander III.

According to his convictions, S.M. Soloviev was a moderate liberal. As a scientist, he developed under the influence of Hegelian dialectics and the idea of ​​the “organic,” i.e. the objective and natural nature of the development of the historical process. He believed that the historian must “understand... the gradual course of history, the continuity of phenomena, the natural, legitimate emergence of some phenomena from others, subsequent from previous ones.”

The main work of S.M. Solovyov’s entire life is “History of Russia since ancient times” in 29 volumes.

Based on the ideas of Hegelian dialectics, S.M. Solovyov saw the reasons for the movement of Russian history in the interaction of three objectively existing factors. As such, he put forward “the nature of the country,” “the nature of the tribe,” and “the course of external events.” Adhering to the comparative historical method, S.M. Solovyov saw the uniqueness of the history of Russia and Western Europe, but not their opposition. In his opinion, nature was a mother for the West, and a stepmother for Russia. In the east of Europe there are no natural boundaries in the form of mountain ranges and sea coasts, there is a small population, there is a constant threat of nomadic invasions, and the climate is sharply continental. On the territory of Eastern Europe, a centuries-old struggle between “forest” and “steppe” took place; there was a process of development (colonization) of new territories, a transition from tribal to state principles.

According to S.M. Solovsva, in the history of Russia the state played a huge role - “the highest embodiment of the people.” Objectively operating geographical and ethnic factors led to the emergence of a major power in Eastern Europe. “The huge plain predetermined the formation of this state,” Soloviev wrote. The course of external events was thus dictated by real objective tasks.

S.M. Solovs considered Peter’s reforms to be the most important milestone in the history of Russia. It was with Peter I that he began a new Russian history. The scientist showed the organic connection, vital necessity, regularity and continuity of Peter's transformations with the previous course of the country's development.

S.M. Soloviev, from the perspective of his time, created an expressive, integral and most complete picture of the history of Russia. To this day, “History of Russia from Ancient Times” retains its significance as a generally recognized encyclopedia of Russian history.

V.O.Klyuchevsky

Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (1841-1911) came from the family of a priest in the Penza province.

His whole life, like the life of S.M. Solovyov, was connected with Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1865. Klyuchevsky became Solovyov’s successor at the department of Russian history. His brilliant lectures, full of wit and vivid in form and imagery, gained him enormous popularity.

By his convictions, Klyuchevsky was a moderate liberal. He did not accept revolutionary views and put science in first place, “which endures forever and never falls.”

Along with his lectures, V.O. Klyuchevsky’s fame and glory were brought to him by his historical works, including the result of his research and lecture activities - “The Course of Russian History,” which was extremely popular during the author’s lifetime and has not lost its significance today. The presentation in it is brought to the peasant and zemstvo reforms of the 1860s.

In his philosophical views, V.O. Klyuchsvsky stood on the position of positivism. Positivism (from the Latin positivus - “positive”) sought to identify the entire set of specific knowledge, facts, internal and external factors, the combination of which determines the course of the historical process.

Klyuchevsky believed that world history develops within the framework of the “general laws of the structure of human society.” At the same time, each country, each “local history” is characterized by characteristics determined by a combination of geographical, ethnic, economic, social, and political factors. Moreover, for each period of history, a combination of factors gives rise to a certain amount of ideas. The change of these ideas and worldviews is the driving force of history. The starting point of the history of each country is the natural-geographical factor. V.O. Klyuchsvsky believed that the development (colonization) of the territory played a decisive role in the history of Russia.

V. O. Klyuchevsky created a new general concept of Russian history, dividing it into periods, each of which represented a certain stage in the life of the country. VIII - XIII centuries. V.O. Klyuchevsky characterized Rus' as Dnieper, city, trade. XIII - first half of the XV centuries. - as Upper Volga Rus', appanage-princely, free-agricultural. Second half of the 15th - beginning of the 17th centuries. - this is Great Rus', Moscow, Tsarist-boyar, military-agricultural Russia. The time after the Time of Troubles and before the great reforms V.O. Klyuchsvsky called the “new period of Russian history,” the all-Russian, imperial-noble period of serfdom, agriculture and factory farming.

V.O. Klyuchevsky and his colleagues gave a bright and multifaceted picture of Russian history. Subsequently, they will be reproached for not understanding the patterns of Russian development. And the last stage in the development of pre-revolutionary historiography (late 19th - early 20th centuries) will be called the era of crisis of bourgeois science, which failed to see in the history of the country the patterns of its socialist transformation.

Soviet historical science and its outstanding names.

Soviet historiography

Soviet historical science, in the difficult conditions for the development of historiography in post-revolutionary Russia, generally successfully fulfilled its social functions. New historical materials were identified and collected, attempts were made to read the past anew, and discussions were held. New archives, museums, and research centers were created. Social and economic issues and movements of the masses were especially successfully studied.

However, the dominance of only one concept in the theoretical sphere significantly constrained the creativity of scientists. It was easier for those who dealt with the more ancient stages of the country's development. As for Soviet history, the assessments decreed from above could not help but triumph. Historical materialism became the only philosophy of history.

The materialist understanding of history is based on the doctrine of socio-economic formations. Driving force history recognized the class struggle.

Society in its development goes through a consistent, natural change of certain stages and phases that develop on the basis of a certain level of economic development. K. Marx and F. Engls called these stages socio-economic formations. A socio-economic formation is a historically defined type of society, representing a special stage in its development (primitive communal system, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist). The economic basis of each formation is determined by the dominant method of production of material goods. However, there are no absolutely pure formations. In each of them, along with the dominant mode of production relations, remnants of old ones are preserved and the beginnings of new production relations arise. They are usually called structures. For example, under the dominance of feudal production relations, primitive communal and slave-owning relations (structures) are preserved and at a certain stage the capitalist structure of the economy emerges. Socio-economic formations make it possible to trace the progressive development of humanity from stage to stage as a whole.

Periodization of Russian history.

1. Old Russian state (IX-XIII centuries)

2. Appanage Rus' (XII-XVI centuries)

Novgorod Republic (1136—1478)

Principality of Vladimir (1157—1389)

Principality of Lithuania and Russia (1236-1795)

Principality of Moscow (1263—1547)

3. Russian kingdom (1547-1721)

4. Russian Empire (1721-1917)

5. Russian Republic (1917)

6. RSFSR (1917-1922)

7. USSR (1922-1991)

8. Russian Federation (since 1991)

Control test tasks

1. Match the names of Russian historians with their main works:

1. V.N. Tatishchev A. Russian History

2. M.V. Lomonosov B. Ancient Russian history

3. N.M. Karamzin V. History of the Russian State

4. S.M. Soloviev G. History of Russia since ancient times

1. The primacy in the collection and critical analysis of historical sources in Russia belongs to historians:

1. V.N. Tatishchev.
2. G.F. Miller.
3. M.V. Lomonosov.
4. N.M. Karamzin.

3. Match the historians with the era in which they lived:

1. V.N. Tatishchev A. The era of revolutionary upheavals

2. S.M. Soloviev B. The Age of Peter the Great

3. M.V. Lomonosov V. The era of “palace coups”

4. M.N. Pokrovsky G. The era of bourgeois reforms

Control analytical task

Comment main idea text belonging to G. V. Plekhanov:

“When people begin to reflect on their own social system, you can say with confidence that this system has outlived its time and is preparing to give way to a new order, the true nature of which will again become clear to people only after it has played its historical role. Minerva’s owl will fly out again only at night.”

The main idea of ​​the text is that all the advantages and disadvantages social order society will learn only when it is replaced by another system and that there is no point in looking for ideal legislation or a social system that will be applicable at all times and for all peoples. Everything has an expiration date. Everything changes and is good in its place at its time.

Literature

1. Vernadsky V.I. Works on the history of science in Russia. M.: Nauka, 1988. 464 p.

2. Vladimirova O.V. Story: complete guide/ O.V. Vladimirova.- M.:AST:Astrel;Vladimir:VKT,2012.-318

3. Ziborov V.K. Russian chronicles of the 11th—18th centuries. - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University, 2002.

4. Kireeva R.A. The study of Russian historiography in pre-revolutionary Russia from the middle. XIX century until 1917. M., 1983

5. Merkulov V.I. Where do the Varangian guests come from? - M., 2005. - P. 33-40. — 119 p.

6. Tikhomirov M. N. Russian chronicle. - M.: Nauka, 1979.

7. Yukht A.I. State activities of V.N. Tatishchev in the 20s and early 30s of the 18th century / Responsible. ed. doc. ist. Sciences A. A. Preobrazhensky.. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - 368 p.