Culture and personality, cultural studies briefly. Definition of the concept of personality in cultural studies

Introduction 3

1. The essence of the concept of “personality” 5

2. Modern understanding personality. Personality as a value 12

3. The problem of personality in different cultures 18

Conclusion 23

References 24

Introduction

The problem of personality has always been the focus of cultural research. This is natural, since culture and personality are inextricably linked with each other. On the one hand, culture shapes one or another type of personality. On the other hand, personality recreates, changes, and discovers new things in culture.

At different stages of human thought, attempts were made to find answers to questions about man’s place in the world, about his origin, purpose, dignity, about the meaning of his existence, about his role in history, his uniqueness and typicality, and to the question of how the past, present and the future are determined by a person’s life, the boundaries of his free choice.

The most important function of culture is the function of socialization - the process of assimilation by a human individual of certain knowledge, norms and values ​​necessary for life as a full member of society. At the same time, this process ensures the preservation of society and established forms of life. In society, as in nature, there is a constant change of generations, people are born and die. But unlike animals, humans do not have innate action programs. He receives these programs from culture, learns to live, think and act in accordance with them.

The development of social experience by an individual begins with early childhood. The patterns of behavior that parents demonstrate are consciously or unconsciously adopted by children, thereby determining their behavior for many years to come. Childhood is the most important period of socialization, during which approximately 70% of the human personality is formed. But socialization does not end in childhood. This is a continuous process that continues throughout life. This is how the social experience accumulated by the people is assimilated, the cultural tradition is preserved and passed on from generation to generation, which ensures the stability of the culture.

At the same time, each person, by force of circumstances, finds himself immersed in a certain cultural environment, from which he absorbs and assimilates a system of knowledge, values, and norms of behavior.

The purpose of this work is to study the content of the concept of “personality”, consider views on personality as the highest value and compare attitudes to the problem of personality in different cultures.

1. The essence of the concept of “personality”

The multidimensionality of the personality phenomenon served as the basis for realizing the interdisciplinary status of the personality problem, which is equally studied by cultural studies, philosophy, social and natural sciences. Individual, personality and individuality are different characteristics of the study of a person, which are defined in different approaches.

Personality, a person as a participant in the historical-evolutionary process, acting as a bearer of social roles and having the ability to choose life path, during which he transforms nature, society and himself. In the social sciences, personality is considered as a special quality of a person acquired by him in the process of joint activity and communication. In humanistic philosophical and psychological concepts, personality is a value for the sake of which the development of society is carried out 1.

Personality is a social characteristic of a particular person as a subject of social relations and conscious activity, freely and responsibly determining his position among others. It is characterized by the stability of motives of behavior and practical actions, interests, inclinations, a certain worldview that guide its activities, relatively independent of current situations. Humanity, trust in people, demandingness towards oneself and others and other positive personality traits arise in favorable conditions with successful completion of the personalization and integration phase. In the process of mastering social experience, new motives and needs of the individual are formed, transformed, and subordinated 2.

Personality – individual person as a subject of social life, communication and activity, as well as one’s own strengths, abilities, needs, interests, aspirations, etc. In the individual, the opposition between the external and internal life of an individual person is removed; in fact, the process of personal existence proceeds as a constant removal of the opposition between the external and the internal in a person’s self-realization. The existence of a human individual as a person is a condition for the reproduction and renewal of social processes. In philosophy we're talking about, in fact, is not about personality, but about personalities. Society is considered as a connection or system of people who affirm and realize their positions, attitudes, and interests. Of course, the personal qualities of people are revealed unevenly; in different eras the ratio of the directly personal and directly collective existence of people differed markedly. However, it is important to emphasize that not only collectivity, but also personality are social forms of human existence, that in extrapersonal existence social qualities (connections, things, institutions, people themselves) cannot be synthesized, manifested, or realized. The socio-philosophical interpretation of personality makes it possible to show how the practical and theoretical formulation of the problem of personality changes in different types of sociality, how the idea of ​​social types is revealed through different forms of connection and isolation of individuals, through different relationships between the directly personal and directly collective existence of people.

In the 20th century there are three personality concepts, Related various forms implementation of social connections and with related theories.

Concept socialization involves the interpretation of personality as a human individual, taking the forms and standards of functioning of the social system. In this case, socialization is a condition for the sustainable existence of society. One way or another, this concept emphasizes the adaptation of the individual to the structures of sociality; this leads to an underestimation of the individual’s impact on social institutions and on one’s own existence.

Concept self-realization(self-actualization, self-determination) of personality emphasizes the subjectivity of the individual person, the social significance of his “internal” resources and, by “contrast,” determines the insufficiency of deindividualized social structures. The promotion of this concept in time (70s of the XX century) coincides with the crisis of structural-functional models of sociality, characteristic of developed countries searching for resources quality life and activities of society 3.

Within the framework of biological, sociological and psychological approaches, the determination of personality development is understood as the interaction of two factors - environment and heredity. Within the framework of system-activity and historical-evolutionary approaches, a fundamentally different scheme for determining personality development is being developed. In this scheme, the properties of an individual are considered as “impersonal” prerequisites for personality development, which in the process of life’s journey can become a product of this development. The social environment also represents a source of personality development, and not a “factor” that directly determines its behavior. Being a condition for the implementation of human activity, the social environment is social norms, values, roles, ceremonies, tools, systems of signs that an individual encounters. The true foundations and driving force for personal development are joint activities and communication, through which the individual is introduced to culture. In transforming one's actions, relationships with other people and oneself, individuality is realized and the life of society is enriched.

The relationship between the concepts of “individual” (a product of anthropogenesis), “personality” (an individual who has mastered socio-historical experience) and “individuality” (an individual who transforms the world) can be conveyed by the formula: “One is born an individual. They become a person. Individuality is defended" 4 .

Personality is a phenomenon social development, a specific living person with consciousness and self-awareness. Personality structure is a holistic systemic formation, a set of socially significant mental properties, relationships and actions of an individual that have developed in the process of ontogenesis and determine his behavior as the behavior of a conscious subject of activity and communication. Personality is a self-regulating dynamic functional system of continuously interacting properties, relationships and actions that develop in the process of human ontogenesis. The core formation of personality is self-esteem, which is built on the assessment of the individual by other people and his assessment of these others. In a broad, traditional sense, personality is an individual as a subject of social relations and conscious activity. The personality structure includes all the psychological characteristics of a person, and all the morphophysiological characteristics of his body - right down to the characteristics of metabolism. The popularity and persistence of this expanded understanding in literature seems to be due to its similarity to the ordinary meaning of the word. In a narrow sense, it is a systemic quality of an individual determined by involvement in social relations, formed in joint activities and communication 5 .

According to A.N. Leontiev, personality is a qualitatively new formation. It is formed through life in society. Therefore, only a person can be a person, and then only after reaching a certain age. In the course of activity, a person enters into relationships with other people - social relationships, and these relationships become personality-forming. From the side of the person himself, his formation and life as an individual appear primarily as development, transformation, subordination and resubordination of his motives.

Man as a social being acquires new qualities that are absent if he is considered as an isolated, non-social being. And each person from a certain time begins to make a certain contribution to the life of society and individuals. That is why, next to the concepts of personality and personal, the concept of socially significant appears. Although this significant thing may be socially unacceptable: a crime is as much a personal act as a feat. To psychologically concretize the concept of personality, it is necessary to answer at least questions about what the new formation called personality consists of, how personality is formed, and how the growth and functioning of his personality appears from the position of the subject himself.

The criteria for a mature personality are:

1) the presence of hierarchy in motives in a certain sense - as the ability to overcome one’s own immediate motivations for the sake of something else - the ability to behave indirectly. It is assumed that the motives, thanks to which immediate impulses are overcome, are social in origin and meaning (simply indirect behavior may be based on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, and even “spontaneous morality”: the subject may not be aware of what exactly forces him to act in a certain way" but act quite morally);

2) the ability to consciously manage one’s own behavior; this leadership is carried out on the basis of conscious motives, goals and principles (in contrast to the first criterion, here it is precisely the conscious subordination of motives that is assumed - the conscious mediation of behavior, which presupposes the presence of self-awareness as a special authority of the individual). In didactic terms, all properties, relationships and actions of an individual can be conditionally combined into four closely related functional substructures, each of which is a complex formation that plays a specific role in life:

1) regulation system;

2) stimulation system;

3) stabilization system;

4) display system. In the course of human social development, systems of regulation and stimulation constantly interact, and on their basis, increasingly complex mental properties, relationships and actions arise that direct the individual to make decisions. life tasks. The unity of the personality throughout the entire life path is ensured by the memory-continuity of goals, actions, relationships, claims, beliefs, ideals, etc. Western psychology considers the personality as an “entirely mental being.”

In Russian psychology, personality is considered in the unity (but not identity) and sensory essence of its bearer - the individual and the conditions of the social environment. The natural properties and characteristics of the individual appear in the personality as its socially conditioned elements. Personality is the mediating link through which external influence is connected with its effect in the individual’s psyche. The emergence of a personality “of systemic quality is due to the fact that the individual, in joint activities with other individuals, changes the world and through this change transforms himself, becoming a personality. A personality is characterized by:

1) activity - the desire of the subject to go beyond his own limits, expand the scope of activity, act beyond the boundaries of the requirements of the situation and role prescriptions;

2) orientation - a stable dominant system of motives - interests, beliefs, ideals, tastes and other things in which human needs manifest themselves;

3) deep semantic structures (dynamic semantic systems, according to L. S. Vygotsky), which determine her consciousness and behavior; they are relatively resistant to verbal influences and are transformed in the activities of joint groups and collectives (the principle of activity mediation);

4) the degree of awareness of one’s relationship to reality: attitudes, attitudes, dispositions, etc. A developed personality has developed self-awareness, which does not exclude the unconscious mental regulation of certain important aspects of its activity. Subjectively, for an individual, personality appears as his Self, as a system of ideas about himself, constructed by the individual in the processes of activity and communication, which ensures the unity and identity of his personality and reveals itself in self-esteem, in a sense of self-esteem, level of aspirations, etc. The image of the Self represents that how the individual sees himself in the present, in the future, what he would like to be if he could, etc. Correlating the self-image with the real circumstances of the individual’s life allows the individual to change behavior and realize the goals of self-education. An appeal to the self-esteem and self-respect of an individual is an important factor in the directed influence on the individual during upbringing. The personality as a subject of interpersonal relations reveals itself in three representations that form a unity:

1) personality as a relatively stable set of its intra-individual qualities: symptom complexes of mental properties that form its individuality, motives, and personality orientations; personality structure, temperamental characteristics, abilities;

2) personality as the inclusion of an individual in the space of interindividual connections, where relationships and interactions that arise in a group can be interpreted as carriers of the personalities of their participants; This is how, for example, the false alternative is overcome in understanding interpersonal relationships either as group phenomena or as personal phenomena: the personal acts as a group, the group as a personal;

3) personality as the “ideal representation” of an individual in the life activities of other people, including outside their actual interaction; as a result of semantic transformations of the intellectual and affective-need spheres of other individuals, actively implemented by a person. An individual in his development experiences a socially determined need to be a person - to place himself in the life of other people, continuing his existence in them, and discovers the ability to be a person, realized in socially significant activities. The presence and characteristics of the ability to be a person can be identified using the method of reflected subjectivity. Personality development occurs in the conditions of socialization of the individual and his upbringing.

With all the variety of theoretical approaches to the study of personality, it is the multidimensionality of personality that is recognized as its essence. Man appears here in his integrity: 1) as a participant in the historical-evolutionary process, a bearer social roles and programs of sociotypical behavior, the subject of choosing an individual life path, during which he transforms nature, society and himself; 2) as a dialogical and active being, whose essence is generated, transformed and defended in coexistence with other people; 3) as a subject of free, responsible, purposeful behavior, acting in the perception of other people and in one’s own as a value and possessing a relatively autonomous, stable, holistic system of diverse, original and inimitable individual qualities.

a measure of a person’s mastery of material and spiritual values ​​and a measure of his activity aimed at creating various values ​​in individual practice; a set of personal patterns of behavior, methods of activity, products of this activity, ideas and thoughts. Manifests itself in the form of internal spontaneous culture, concentrated in the spiritual world of man; in the form of an information system that ensures the storage, creation and transfer of knowledge; in the form of a functional culture, i.e. behavior of people in society, culture of direct, constantly developing human communication.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Personality culture

this is the quality of personality manifestations caused by conscious or transferred to the mode of automatism, which has become an unconscious submission to the requirements of culture. Since personal characteristics are differentiated depending on the content and type of problem situations to be overcome, which mental mechanisms are primarily involved in overcoming socially significant difficulties, then along with the organization of a specific mechanism according to the criteria of the culture of its use, certain components of the personality culture are identified (culture self-determination of the individual, culture of thinking of the individual, culture of experiencing the individual, etc.). Since personal qualities differ from individual and subjective qualities, personality culture does not imply consideration of situations and manifestations of a person outside of socially significant activities and in a situation of strict compliance with activity standards. Individual self-realization lies outside of culture and cultural analysis, and adequate implementation of the requirements of the norm has a different direction in the cultural formation of human qualities (for example, the culture of volitional manifestations). Thus, the culture of personality and cultural manifestations of personality are analyzed and recorded in situations of socially significant difficulties in activity, requiring a person to use his individual qualities within the framework of a formalized problem in activity. Within the framework of the problem, a boundary is established between what remains normatively significant and what ceases to be normatively significant or what requires a search for a zone of new normative contents. Innovation orientation, where social values are not devalued, but only redefined, is the source of generation personal qualities, and the introduction of cultural design of these qualities leads to the emergence of a personal culture. It is these qualities that predetermine highest manifestations person in life and professional activity.

Personality in different types crops

The most important factor determining the functioning of culture, its carrier is the individual. In her behavior and inner world, those customs, norms and values ​​that are part of the culture work or do not work, undergo various kinds of transformation, and are individualized. A person in culture is often considered as a carrier accepted standards and values ​​dominant in a given society. But this is only a basic characteristic of an individual included in the general regulatory system. The personal principle itself is formed through the mechanisms of choosing one or another type of behavior, values ​​and meanings in this generally accepted system. The individual is responsible for this choice, accepting the costs of risk and the success of achievement.

In Russian culture, the word personality usually means either an individual person, a bearer of social characteristics, or a set of properties inherent in a given person and constituting his individuality.

The properties of an individual are not limited to his social or cultural affiliation. There is also the inner world of the individual, in which objective factors find different refraction. On the one hand, culture shapes this or that type of personality, and on the other, the personality introduces its requirements and interests into norms, needs and behavioral patterns. Without appealing to personal factors, we will not be able to explain the real functioning of the norms and values ​​inherent in a culture and those deviations from norms that are inevitable in real life.

Each culture and each social system shapes a person in its own way, giving him the features of a generally accepted standard or diversity, which is acceptable within a certain culture, the cultural environment of a community.

The degree of individualization varies greatly between different cultural environments, and not all societies have a developed idea of ​​personality.

Sociocultural factors of individual behavior are revealed when considering the roles that are accepted for each subculture of a given community. In a role description, any social group appears in the form of certain positions: class (entrepreneur or employee), professional (worker, farmer, military man, scientist), family (husband, wife, children). But each person can combine several roles, varying them depending on the cycle of activity, situation or personal inclination (diligent or lazy student).

Thus, the individual appears as a fragmented and partial personality, as a bearer of different roles belonging to different spheres and types of culture.

In cultural terms, the problem of mastering and combining roles reveals a lot in social life, shapes character and identity social groups, nations and individuals. It turns out to be extremely important in communication between representatives of different groups, for social mobility, changing the position of groups and individuals. In more developed cultures, it is the emergence of individuality that contributes to the increased differentiation of life and its enrichment. However, the attitude towards it differs radically depending on the cultural and historical type.

The formation of personality in the history of culture requires two prerequisites. Firstly, we need some internal value orientation, an attitude towards the self-worth of the “I”, its inner world, which does not coincide with the requirements of the outside world, and sometimes even opposes them. This separation was recorded in culture in various ways. More from ancient culture The concept of fate as the inevitable property of every person, over which he ultimately has no control, passes into the European one. In Christianity, the concept of the soul, as the essential and individual property of a person, which combines a certain divine principle and personal choice that determines the state and final prospects of individual life, acquires special significance. But certain analogues of fate and soul can be found in every developed culture and only a detailed comparison of cultures shows the degree of similarity and difference between them.

Secondly, this is internal separation and independence, but the ability to resist the generally accepted must be restrained by rules of behavior and role prescriptions, so as not to undermine the integrity of the socio-cultural environment. Therefore, such internal independence can be expressed in personal secrecy, doublethink and hypocrisy. In the history of society, for a long time there was a struggle between generally accepted principles of morality and manifestations of personal initiative. The phenomenon of acting is increasingly manifesting itself as the right of an individual to be accountable only to himself. Only gradually was tolerance, or even indifference, established towards the inner side of a person’s life, provided, however, that he did not clearly violate the legal code.

The European cultural tradition affirms man as an autonomous subject of activity, emphasizing, first of all, his unity, integrity, and identity of the “I” in all its manifestations. On the contrary, in Eastern cultures, role functions largely overlap with the individual’s self-awareness. A person is aware of himself and is perceived by others depending on the environment or sphere in which he operates at a given period of time. Here, a person is seen primarily as the focus of particular obligations and responsibilities arising from his membership in a family, community, clan, religious community and state.

In the classical Chinese tradition, the highest virtue was considered to be the subordination of a person to legalized norms and the suppression of his “I”. Confucian principles asserted the need to limit emotions, strict control of the mind over feelings, and the ability to express one’s experiences in a strictly defined, accepted form.

The relationship of the individual to society in the classical Indian tradition was different. In philosophical systems, the human “I” turned out to be conditioned not by any specific reasons, but by the reality of the superpersonal spirit, in relation to which the bodily and empirical “I” is a temporary and transitory phenomenon. In addition, belief in karma, as a series of transmigration of souls, makes the existence of each individual conditional and deprives him of independent value. The individual achieves self-realization through the denial of his empirical nature by breaking all specific connections with other people, society, the world and his actions.

In European culture, the personal principle has received the status of unconditionality, non-subordination to other regulatory principles (sacred principles, holiness of enduring values, Holy Scripture, universally binding ideology). The stability of the inner world does not depend on any external authorities, since within himself the individual finds those unconditional principles that help him to withstand in any circumstances and give them meaning, relying on his own judgment, guided by a sense of responsibility in his activities and actions. A synonym for this understanding of personality is individualism as an attitude towards the self-significance of a unique human life and the highest value of the interests of an individual. In this case, the opposition “individualism–collectivism” arises and priority is given to the first principle, although limited by internal moral principles and legal norms.

When talking about individualism, the main emphasis is on the individual’s self-worth, on his freedom and autonomy, on his right and his real opportunity to determine his own interests and directions of his activities, on his responsibility for his destiny and the well-being of his family, on the individual’s ability to actively exercise independence , initiative, entrepreneurship.

The emergence and formalization of such an orientation, its transformation into a mass-recognized one that actively influences the fate of society, is associated with a complex and multidimensional set of social processes. Thus, the formation of individualism cannot be understood without connection with the process of development of individual entrepreneurship, market relations and the forms of competition corresponding to these relations.

However, the emphasis on individualism, the opposition between personality and society, the so-called “sovereignty of the individual” contradict the well-known axiom: personality cannot be formed outside of society.

For Russian cultural tradition characterized by the search for a harmonious combination of personal and public interests, including the principle of conciliarity. The experience of our country shows that oblivion of social norms ultimately leads to the destruction of the individual. At the same time, the same experience shows that the one-sided emphasis on collectivism, which is understood as the total dominance of the view, where the individual is only an element in social organization leads to the establishment of authoritarianism and bureaucracy. This results in disorganization and uncontrollability of society, collective irresponsibility.

Modernity requires an alternative to this - a dialectical combination of collective, effective, rational and democratically organized action with the presence on a mass scale of individuals with autonomy, independence, initiative, who can freely determine and express their interests and influence the process of social decision-making.

Personality culture according to A.S.Zubra.

Personality culture is a defining concept in the development criteria and indicators the formation of a person of culture - a highly cultured person of his time.

Detailed analysis personality culture spent A.S. Bison. The scientist believes that the formation personality culture historically becomes an urgent goal of social development. From this point of view, in his opinion, the personality must be considered not as an object, but as a subject of formation. This approach to thinking personality culture, the author claims, makes it possible to see the active essence of the personality, its individual activity. " Personality organizes its life activities, regulates its course, chooses and carries out the chosen direction - the formation of its culture. Subsystems, components and qualities personality culture perform the functions of organization, regulation, provision integrity formation of culture, the individual becomes the subject of this process as he improves.

Formation personality culture, in this case, appears not only as a movement of the individual forward, but also as a movement upward, to higher, more perfect values ​​of culture, to human physical, mental, spiritual, social perfection. He emphasizes that this raises the need for analysis personality culture as a system, as a theoretical model, taking into account it integrity. Personality culture there is a holistic interaction of it components.

Let's see how A.S.Zubr but reveals personality culture and its main values. The main values ​​of an individual, in his opinion, are spiritual value and individual-personal values. Values ​​are understood as “specifically social definitions objects of the surrounding world, revealing its positive or negative significance for humans and society. In relation to the subject (person) values serve as objects of his interests, and for his consciousness they serve as everyday reference points in objective and social reality, designations of his various practical relationships to surrounding objects and phenomena.

Individual personal values ​​include knowledge, ideas, ideas, processes, objects that are especially close to an individual person. In total, individual personal values ​​form subsystems, components, qualities, everyday truths, stable moral standards. According to their richness, quality and diversity, according to the author, it is determined cultural level person.

In the general system personality culture of A.S.Zubr identifies its subsystems: culture of activity, culture of consciousness, culture of the body, psychological culture, spiritual culture, social culture, visual culture. Characterizing each of the subsystems, the author identifies Components general personality culture, which are reflected in the scheme he developed

Scheme 1.

When building a general system personality culture The author takes as a basis the subsystem of activity, which he understands as a fundamental characteristic of a person’s existence, believes that personality culture it is necessary to comprehend, first of all, through activity characteristics. Personality culture is what ensures the implementation of the activity itself, its immanent (internally inherent in any phenomenon) mechanism, the method of its implementation. Wherein culture- is not so much a product of previous human activity, it is woven into this activity itself.

Particularly important, in our opinion, is the author’s judgment about the humanistic essence of culture, which lies in the fact that activity should be aimed at the benefit of man. Personality culture, presented as humanistic value, is a world of objectively developed human abilities, objectified activity, passed through consciousness. That's why culture of consciousness, as a subsystem, is the most important link in personality structure.

By consciousness, the author understands the ability to ideally reflect reality, transform the objective content of an object into the subjective content of the spiritual life of an individual, as well as specific socio-psychological mechanisms and forms of such reflection on different levels. Personality culture. Culture of consciousness is to correctly navigate the world, to cognize, transform and affirm oneself in it. The stimulus for a person’s awareness of reality is the conditioned needs and interests of the individual. Consciousness is the true center of spiritual life, the regulatory principle that governs human activity. It has a tendency towards self-improvement and manifests itself primarily as culture of personality self-awareness, thanks to which an understanding of the surrounding reality is realized. Culture of identity– this is meaningful knowledge, a conscious reflection of reality, connection with a purposeful change in oneself and the world, the ability to foresee the course of events and participate in creation cultural values.

Personality culture is formed in the process of interaction between activity and consciousness. Effective conscious activity largely depends on good health and physical development, personality culture, That's why A.S.Zubra allocates the subsystem " Body culture».

Manifestations body culture– cleanliness, neatness, health, posture, smartness together form a harmonious external image. However, according to the author, these are also signs of internal organization, composure, and discipline. A person must be ready for independence, self-government and self-regulation of his health, psyche, self-organization and the development of skills and abilities to learn and improve himself.

The author singles out as the highest body culture indicator physical perfection is good health and well-being, the absence of deviations from the norm in the functioning of individual organs and systems, correct posture, well-developed muscles, the presence of such physical qualities like strength, endurance, agility.

A necessary condition for success in various types activity is psychological culture. Only a person capable of adequately assessing his thoughts, feelings, and actions can be a full-fledged partner in culture. The basis psychological culture constitute sensitivity as increased sensitivity of the individual to perception and understanding spiritual world other people; empathy, manifested in the ability to have emotional empathy with other people; reflection as a process of self-knowledge by the subject of his own psyche, his internal mental spiritual state, the ability to imagine himself in place in the place of another person. People differ not only in what they think and what they think about, but also in how they show their emotions. The more diverse a person’s emotional experience, the subtler and deeper his experiences, the more rich and flexible his emotional culture. General indicator psychological culture of the individual The scientist considers the ability to understand people and communicate skillfully with them.

Psychological culture It is an integral part spiritual culture. By A.S.Zubre,spiritual culture includes components of psychological culture at a higher level and has its own specific components reflected in the diagram.

The most important feature personality culture, uniting all subsystems in unified system is integrity. This indicator reflects a special quality, essential level personality culture, allows you to combine activity and self-awareness, all subsystems where the intellectual component is leading and determines the internal structure and content personality culture.

Intellectual culture manifests itself in the ability to think, cognitive abilities, the ability to solve mental problems of a high level of cognitive difficulty, find a way out in new situations, and the creative nature of mental activity. High intellectual culture, according to the author, includes the presence of a large vocabulary, reading from high level understanding, correct formulation and solution of problems, the ability to think before taking an action, showing interest in the world around us, the needs of other people and oneself. Intelligence, according to the author, is a composite, leading, defining component spiritual culture of the individual. “It is not the intellect that thinks, but the person as an integral personality,” he concludes.

The author highlights in quality levels development intellectual personality culture three levels: reason, intelligence, wisdom. Reason (common sense) is the lowest level of logical understanding of reality. Reason is the highest level of logical understanding, operating with broad generalizations and focusing on the most complete and deep knowledge of the truth, achieving maximum approximation of the subjective to the objective, as well as the unity of theoretical and practical thinking. Wisdom is a personal characteristic of perfect knowledge, presupposing the ability to apply this knowledge in life, perceive reality as it is, understand it and build one’s behavior and activities in accordance with this. This is also a reasonable way of life.

Culture of feelings includes aesthetic, moral, intellectual feelings. Aesthetic feelings- these are manifestations of a person’s value relationship to the world, express the ideal and understanding of the beautiful and sublime, base and ugly, comic and tragic. These are feelings of admiration; feeling heroic; inspiration; feeling of pleasure, disgust, etc. Aesthetic feelings activate behavior and activity personalities, help to understand the high purpose of mental work, encourage you to be careful, monitor your appearance, be smart, collected, punctual and determined aesthetic culture of the individual.

Moral feelings are one of the main ways to regulate consciousness, behavior, activity in all spheres of life, and human actions in society. They define moral culture of the individual. Moral culture of the individual- this is the unity of moral feelings and intellect, the moral consciousness of the individual. They are a form of expression of a moral attitude towards the world, people, and work. Moral feelings are interconnected with the elements intellectual culture, are inseparable from the rational-theoretical side of consciousness. Rational elements (ideas about good, proper, fair, etc.) appear in the form of principles, ideals, categories, norms, etc. The author identifies patriotism, humanism, collectivism, and hard work as the most important moral principles. A.S.Zubra identifies forms of manifestation moral culture personalities, which can be understood as its indicators: moral intensity, moral maturity, moral reliability. Moral Tension is a constant readiness on the basis of knowledge, feelings, will, beliefs, duty and conscience for morally conscious practical action and behavior. Moral maturity is the ability to use knowledge, distinguish between good and evil, the ability of an individual to independently regulate and direct their desires, interests, motives, behavior in accordance with universal, national cultural values, control, restrain oneself. Moral Reliability is the connection and interaction of moral intensity and maturity - the possession of moral responsibility with a positive orientation, which forms stable behavior and activity based on conscience.

Intellectual feelings are curiosity, a sense of something new, satisfaction from what has been learned, the joy of discovery, bewilderment, doubt. They stimulate the intellect, thinking, and encourage knowledge. Collectively, feelings promote change. level and quality behavior, activities and personality culture generally.

Intellectual culture and culture of feelings manifest themselves not only in a cognitive, emotional form, but also in a volitional form - in impulses that are stimulants of action, deed, behavior, activity. Volitional culture as a component of a subsystem psychological and spiritual culture of the individual represents a synthesis of emotions and reason. It manifests itself in the possession and ability to manage oneself, in overcoming difficulties, the ability and ability to choose goals, make the right decisions and carry them out, bring the work started to completion, the ability for self-regulation, conscious mobilizing effort and managing one’s behavior.

Synthesizing component spiritual culture of the individual, the prism through which a person reflects and evaluates reality in all the diversity of its forms and connections is a worldview. Worldview culture- core personality culture- All components of the personality culture structure- intellect, feelings and will - depend on the worldview and determine it. An individual worldview is the privilege of the individual as a social, thinking and feeling being. Worldview of the individual is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine behavior, understanding of the world, a person’s place in it and, at the same time, life positions, behavior program, actions. Includes intellectual and emotional, volitional culture. They are interconnected and form beliefs that represent a fusion of deep knowledge, feelings, and will. Beliefs are true knowledge conscious and accepted by the individual, “colored” by emotions, feelings, bound by will, containing an evaluative attitude towards oneself, the surrounding reality, social environment, turned into a position that determines behavior and activity. Beliefs are the core element ideological personality culture, expresses her maturity, attitude towards herself, her country, her people, towards the fulfillment of her duties, this is the motivating force that governs activity and behavior. Levels of worldview culture of an individual: 1.everyday-practical level worldviews - views, ideas based on common sense and everyday experience. The everyday worldview is spontaneous in nature, does not differ in thoughtfulness, consistency, validity, gives in to problems that require serious knowledge, cultures of thought and feeling, orientation towards high human values. 2. The theoretical level assumes a special critical analysis and understanding of reality, theoretical validity of both the content and the method of achieving generalized knowledge about reality, principles and ideals that determine the goals, means and nature of people’s behavior and activities. The stronger the beliefs, the stronger the worldview of people, the higher personality culture.

Social culture of the individual based on physical, psychological, spiritual, their components, acts as a generic sign of personality and the central axis around which the essential forces of the personality are consolidated. Social culture is an interconnected set of social components, based on two simultaneously operating principles. 1 principle is that more common, more complex components social culture of the individual subordinate subsystems ( body culture, psychological, spiritual culture) and them Components. Principle 2 is that the interaction of components within social personality culture and all other subsystems allows for the relative independence of each system and each component personality culture, and at the same time they are dependent on each other. Components subsystems of social personality culture. Personal status is the position of the individual in society (political, legal, moral, economic). S.l. in the system of interpersonal relations determines its rights and responsibilities and characterizes its prestige, authority, and largely determines behavior and activity. The high position of the student in the system of relations in the educational team, the respect of comrades, the recognition of the student as a worker in the field of knowledge form such qualities as self-respect, self-confidence, self-esteem, which leads to more responsible behavior, to one’s work, to mental activity. In the process of learning, the student changes his status, thereby expanding the range of personal components, qualities. Closely related to status personalities subsystem of social-functional roles. Roles are ways of individual behavior in accordance with norms and rules, carried out depending on status, position in the team, society. The fulfillment of social roles forms, conditions and directs the manifestation of many personal qualities and properties. Status and social roles are formed and manifested in value orientations.

Value orientations reflect the direction of a person’s activity, the preferences that he gives to certain aspects of activity. Value orientations are formed and can change throughout life, in the process of assimilation of social experience. They manifest themselves in goals, ideals, beliefs, worldview of the individual.

An even more complex component in social culture personalities are the motives. Motives are the reasons that determine the direction of a person’s activity. The activity of an individual is stimulated by several motives that are related to each other. various relationships. A specific action may be based on a struggle of motives; motives may strengthen or weaken each other; among them, a main, leading motive may stand out, subordinating others. The prevailing motives will determine which subsystems and components personality culture will form easier and faster, some more difficult and slower. Thus, understanding personality culture as a system consisting of subsystems and components, qualities, properties, we see that the formation personality culture is carried out as a result of a complex interaction of external and internal factors and manifests itself in visual culture of personality.

Visual personality culture is a way of expressing inner spiritual culture in its external manifestations. Internal and external personality culture are closely interconnected and mutually determine each other. Visual culture includes emotional culture of communication– personal impact on other people in the process of everyday behavior and activities. Everything mentioned is the essence spiritual culture. No matter what level of the career ladder a person is at, cultural norms require him to constantly recognize the dignity of each individual. Visual culture of the individual are largely determined by: appearance, speech culture, communication culture, mental work culture. External appearance - smartness - is a sign of internal organization, composure, discipline. Of course, the external form is only a derivative of the internal spiritual culture. If a person is spiritually poor, then no memorized manners or external polish will cover up his worthlessness. When assessing personality culture it is important to proceed from the unity and relationship of form and content. Appearance and ability to maintain manners should be beautiful and at the same time distinguished by simplicity and naturalness. ability to wear clothes - clear example internal personality culture.

A culture of speech– beauty of the word, indicators: lexical richness, grammatical culture, expressiveness, meaningfulness, expressiveness, sincerity, flexibility of intonation.

Intonation, gestures, facial expressions, eyes. Speech is a clear indicator of good manners, intelligence, the most important element personality culture.

Communication culture– the process of interrelation and interaction of social subjects (groups, individuals), that is, it is the exchange of information, experience, as well as the results of activities, which is a condition for development personality culture, society. In communication, a person receives not only knowledge, forms methods of mental activity, but also through imitation and borrowing, empathy, he assimilates emotions, feelings, forms of behavior and activity. Communication does not exist outside of consciousness and actions, actions, behavior of people, therefore it represents a unique moment of transition from consciousness to activity, from intention to actions. In this regard, communication has two sides: objective (realization of intentions, interests, needs) and subjective (motives, feelings of aspiration), which together constitute a single whole. Indicators: respect for other people, politeness, sensitivity, tolerance, attentiveness, goodwill, self-demandingness, willingness to help, provide a service, modesty, tact.

Knowledge culture. Specific human activity, consciousness, focus, hard work, creativity. Diligence, accuracy, conscientiousness, diligence.

Thus, various modifications can be distinguished that express the level of maturity personality culture. Based on the degree of expression of the subsystems, components, especially psychological, spiritual, social, intellectual, moral, aesthetic culture , it is right to highlight the following main modifications personality culture: undeveloped personality culture; prevailing personality culture; mature personality culture. The basis for this allocation are quantitative and qualitative prerequisites: a) a certain volume of subsystems, components and qualities of personality; b) the degree of their assimilation (how firmly they have become the property of a particular person); c) the orientation of the individual towards certain types of activity (for a student - towards mental activity); d) certain level social activity; e) efficiency, effectiveness of the individual’s activities.

The main indicators of underdevelopment personality culture are 1)limited volume of components and qualities; 2) awareness of one’s personality as a physical, psychological, spiritual, social entity at the level of ordinary consciousness; 3) primitive, chaotic nature of thinking, lack of clear value orientations , the content of which is mainly dominated by weakly conscious, sometimes at the level of instinct, emotions (indignation, fear, anger, despair, aggressiveness, hatred, ugly, base); 4) dominance of subjective views over objective content personality culture, in particular, a person - a gray facelessness - becomes an intellectual passive consumer.

Mainly existing personality culture. Formation personality culture– is a conscious, purposeful, systematic, holistic contradictory process of the emergence, functioning, development and improvement of all components of personality culture, formed at different people differently in different conditions. But this is a noticeable transition from an undeveloped culture to a mature one. personality culture.

Mature personality culture- this is the highest stage in personality development, which is distinguished by the most durable development of all components everyone structure components personality culture, the maximum degree of social activity. Maturity personality culture- this is a constant readiness, based on convictions, for morally conscious social action, the ability to use knowledge, recognize and distinguish between good and evil, the ability to make decisions, the ability to be independent and act accordingly.

In cultural studies, the concept of culture is used, which reveals the essence human existence as the realization of creativity and freedom. It is culture that distinguishes man from all other creatures.

The concept of culture denotes the universal attitude of man to the world, through which man creates the world and himself. Each culture is a unique Universe, created by a person’s specific attitude to the world and to himself. Studying various cultures, we study not just books, cathedrals or archaeological finds, - we discover other human worlds, in which people lived and felt differently than we do. Every culture is a way of human creative self-realization. The concept of culture goes back to ancient times. Initially, a person who knew how to cultivate the land was considered cultured. From cultivating the soil, man rises to cultivating his mind. Further, culture goes back to cult (worship of God). IN further development culture is associated with the occult (secret, unknowable).

Culture is education, as the ancient paideia (Plato) said. Each era has developed the concept of culture.

1. The more primitive the culture, the more its subjects are similar to each other and the greater the level of coercion in a given culture.

2. The more cultural diversity, the more temperamental and cultured its subject is.

Every culture has its great people: Raphael, Pushkin, Tchaikovsky, Sakharov, etc.

The complexity of the concept of culture reflects the significance of culture for humans. This is a universal concept through which particular concepts (history, man, etc.) are revealed.

Culture is man, and man is the limit of everything.

Culture makes a person a person, treats him as a person, elevates him. Culture helps a person find a way out of accumulated energy and emotions.

This is expressed in art, music, poetry, etc.

Thanks to culture, a person gets to know himself, solves questions for himself:

Who am I? what am I for? and etc.

Each person creates himself, reflects himself in creativity

Culture is an integral property of a person. However, ideas about who should be considered a cultured person may differ. The ancient Romans called cultured someone who knows how to choose worthy travel companions among people, things and thoughts - both in the past and in the present. The German philosopher Hegel believed that a cultured person is able to do everything that others do.

History shows that everything prominent figures were highly cultured people. Many of them were universal personalities: their knowledge was encyclopedic, and everything they did was distinguished by exceptional skill and perfection. Today it is very difficult and, apparently, impossible to become a universal person, since the volume of knowledge is too vast. At the same time, the possibilities of being a cultured person have increased enormously. The main characteristics of such a person remain the same: knowledge, knowledge, volume, and depth of which must be significant, and skills marked by high qualifications and skill. To this we must add moral and aesthetic education, compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and the creation of one’s own “imaginary museum” in which best works of all world art.

The problem of individual culture is one of the most pressing in cultural studies, as it is associated with the study of the processes of human assimilation of cultural realities. A person, mastering cultural norms, becomes familiar with global values, cultivates in himself certain moral criteria and stereotypes that influence not only the development of his character, but also the feelings and sensations of other people.

Individuality- this is a person’s awareness of his selfhood, uniqueness, originality, which ultimately leads to responsibility for himself and his actions. Therefore, the meaning of human individuality lies in the ethical understanding of one’s place in this world, one’s purpose.

Here it is necessary to introduce such concepts as individualization, socialization and inculturation, which, although they are quite closely related to each other, since their object is the person’s personality, still have their own specific features, affecting either the external aspect of a person’s existence associated with his life in society, or the features of his internal, individual world.

Socialization- this is the “inclusion” of a person in the context of social life, his assimilation of the basic constructs of social roles, and mastery of language. Socialization is also associated with the introduction of a person into a particular age and professional group, the assimilation of those principles of thinking and behavior patterns that are characteristic of it.

Inculturation- mastery of an additional set of cultural realities. This is the knowledge the acquisition of which is not mandatory, but, nevertheless, expands the boundaries of individual humanitarian culture, introducing a person to culture in a broader aspect, and provides potential for development.

Personalization- development of those abilities that are inherent in a person by nature. The need to realize one’s individual qualities is different for each person and is determined by his social status, upbringing, habits, etc. Individualization is the property not only of the individual, but is also inevitably projected outward, forming a high level of culture of relationships between people. This culture becomes possible when, when communicating, a person strives to discern in another person his individuality and uniqueness.

The assimilation of culture is carried out through learning. Culture is created, culture is taught. Since it is not acquired biologically, each generation reproduces it and passes it on to the next generation. Culture shapes the personalities of members of society, thereby largely regulating their behavior.