What is a traditional agrarian society? Traditional society and its features

English society, traditional; German Gesellschaft, traditionelle. Pre-industrial societies, structures of the agrarian type, characterized by the predominance of subsistence farming, class hierarchy, stability of structure and the method of socio-cult. regulation of all life based on tradition. See AGRICULTURAL COMPANY.

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Traditional society

pre-industrial society, primitive society) is a concept that focuses in its content a set of ideas about the pre-industrial stage of human development, characteristic of traditional sociology and cultural studies. Unified theory T.O. does not exist. Ideas about T.O. are based, rather, on its understanding as a sociocultural model that is asymmetrical to modern society, rather than on generalization real facts life of peoples not engaged in industrial production. Characteristic of the economy T.O. the dominance of subsistence farming is considered. In this case, commodity relations are either absent altogether or are focused on meeting the needs of a small layer of the social elite. The basic principle of the organization social relations is a rigid hierarchical stratification of society, usually manifested in the division into endogamous castes. At the same time, the main form of organization of social relations for the vast majority of the population is a relatively closed, isolated community. The latter circumstance dictates the dominance of collectivist social ideas, focused on strict adherence to traditional norms of behavior and excluding individual freedom, as well as an understanding of its value. Together with caste division, this feature almost completely excludes the possibility of social mobility. Political power is monopolized within a separate group (caste, clan, family) and exists primarily in authoritarian forms. Characteristic feature THAT. either the complete absence of writing or its existence as a privilege is considered separate groups(officials, priests). At the same time, writing quite often develops in a language other than spoken language the vast majority of the population (Latin in medieval Europe, Arabic- in the Middle East, Chinese writing - in Far East). Therefore, intergenerational transmission of culture is carried out verbally, folklore form, and the main institution of socialization is the family and community. The consequence of this was extreme variability in the culture of the same ethnic group, manifested in local and dialect differences. Unlike traditional sociology, modern socio-cultural Anthropology does not operate with the concept of T.O. From her perspective, this concept does not reflect real story pre-industrial stage of human development, but characterizes only it final stage. Thus, sociocultural differences between peoples at the stage of development of the “appropriating” economy (hunting and gathering) and those who went through the stage of the “Neolithic revolution” can be no less or even more significant than between “pre-industrial” and “industrial” societies . It is characteristic that in the modern theory of the nation (E. Gelner, B. Anderson, K. Deutsch) to characterize the pre-industrial stage of development, terminology that is more adequate than the concept of “TO” is used - “agrarian”, “agrarian-literate” society”, etc.

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1) The concept of traditional society/ Traditional society– the foundation of the formation of modern civilization.

2) Characteristic signs traditional societies:

a) the agricultural nature of the economy;

b) fusion of power and property;

c) the patriarchal nature of society and the state;

d) the predominance of collectivist forms public consciousness;

e) low rates of social change and social mobility.

3) Main types of traditional societies:

a) societies of the ancient medieval East;

b) ancient societies Greece and Rome;

c) medieval feudal society in Western Europe;

d) Old Russian and medieval Russian society.

4) Specifics social stratification traditional societies:

a) caste or class system;

b) predominance of prescribed statuses;

c) the church and the army as the most important social elevators;

G) limited opportunities individuals to change their status.

5) Preservation of elements of traditional societies in the modern era.

8. Information society and its features.

1) The concept of the information society / Information society is the modern stage of human history.

2) Prerequisites for the birth of the information society:

a) scientific and technological revolution;

b) formation of a new scientific picture of the world;

c) microprocessor revolution.

3) Characteristic features of the information society:

a) priority development of the sphere high technology and service industries;

b) development electronic means mass communications;

c) application artificial intelligence in all spheres of social and human life;

d) recognition of the priority of human rights and freedoms.

e) changes in the social structure of society.

4) Controversial character information civilization:

a) displacement of a person from a number of spheres;

b) increasing human dependence on a personal computer;

c) involving a person in the world of virtual contacts and communication;

d) deepening the separation of man from the natural environment.

5) The need to preserve humanity, humanistic culture in the information society.

9.The problem of international terrorism as a global problem of our time.

1) Threats and challenges of modern humanity.

2) International terrorism as a threat to the world community.

3) Causes of international terrorism:

b) aggressive implementation of values and norms Western society into the non-Western world, oppression of non-Western cultures and values;

c) political dominance Western countries in the global world.

4) Features of terrorism on modern stage:

a) supranational character;

b) use of modern network technologies and resources;

c) the presence of significant financial, intellectual, and human resources;

d) the use of religious and sociocultural program settings.

5) The main areas of activity of international terrorists:

a) organizing psychological attacks using media technologies;

b) preparation and conduct of terrorist acts;

c) organizing attacks on the Internet against large financial centers and banks.

6) Ways and means of the world community’s fight against terrorists.

7) The role of the Russian Federation in countering the terrorist threat.

10.Socio-demographic problems of our time.

1) Socio-demographic problems as part global problems modernity. / The essence of socio-demographic problems of modern humanity.

2) Causes of socio-demographic problems:

a) the gap in the levels of economic and social development between countries and regions of the world;

b) changing the way of life of people with the entry into the information age;

c) the influence of world wars and the activities of totalitarian regimes in the 20th century.

3) Main manifestations of global problems:

a) uncontrolled growth in the birth rate in developing countries, the inability to provide a decent standard of living for people;

b) aging of a number of European nations, declining birth rates;

V) high level mortality due to insufficient development of the health care system and low level life.

4) Ways to overcome socio-demographic problems:

a) strengthening the family, traditional family foundations;

b) improving the standard of living of the population in developing countries;

c) pursuing a holistic migration policy, taking into account the interests of countries with different demographic problems;

d) improvement and development of the healthcare and social security system..

5) Specifics of socio-demographic problems in the Russian Federation.

11.The process of globalization and its contradictions.

1) The concept of globalization. / Globalization is the process of forming a single humanity.

2) Manifestations of globalization in various fields life modern society:

a) economic globalization (formation of a single world market, single supranational financial centers (World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization));

b) political globalization (formation of supranational centers for making political decisions (UN, G8, European Union), formation common standards democratic institutions);

c) social globalization (expanding the circle of communication, forming online social communities, bringing countries and peoples closer together);

d) globalization in the spiritual sphere (spread popular culture, common cultural standards).

3) The main positive consequences of globalization:

a) acceleration economic development, dissemination of economic innovations;

b) improving living standards and consumption standards in the world;

c) dissemination of universal ideas about humanism and democracy;

d) bringing people closer together different countries through network communication.

4) Contradiction and ambiguity of globalization processes:

a) a threat to a number of sectors of national economies;

b) Westernization, the imposition of the values and traditions of the Western world on non-Western countries;

c) a threat to the preservation of the series national languages and cultures;

d) distribution of low-quality samples and products of mass culture.

5) Participation of the Russian Federation in the processes of globalization.

Electoral systems

1. The concept of electoral systems (What is politic system?)

2. Components of electoral systems

a) suffrage

b) electoral process

3. Principles of democracy voting rights

a) equality

b) universality

d) freedom of elections

4. Types electoral system:

a) majority

b) proportional

c) mixed

1. Concept of taxes

2.Types of taxes

b) indirect

3.Tax functions

4.Types of taxes

a) federal

b) regional

c) local

5.Taxpayers

Economics and its role in society

1. The concept of economics

a) economics as a science

b) economics as a household

2.Types of economic systems. a) traditional b) command-administrator c) market 2. Economic problems

3.Macro and microeconomics

4.Economic activity

5.Economy meters activities

6. The role of economics in the life of society

The economic growth

1.The concept of economic growth

2.Measurement of economic growth

3.Economic factors growth

c) capital

4.Ways to achieve economic growth

a) intense

b) extensive

5.New quality economical. Growth

1. Definition of money.

2. Money requirements.

a) rare in nature

b) wear resistance

c) money should be shared

3.Functions of money in society.

a) medium of exchange, measure of value

b) means of payment

c) a means of savings

4.Modern types of money.

5. Communication processes. with money.

Economy and state.

1.Composition economical. state policy

a) financial

b) investment, scientific and technical.

c) foreign economic, agricultural

d) banking, social

2.Economic functions of the state

a) stabilization of the economy

b) protection of property rights

c) redistribution of income

d) regulation money circulation

3. General economic goals of the state

4.Mechanisms of state regulation. economics

5. Qualitatively new functional state. in post-industrial total

Inflation

1.Definition

2.Types of inflation

a) creeping

b) galloping

c) hyperinflation

3.Causes of inflation

4.The influence of inflation on the economy.

5.Anticrisis policy of the state.

Law in the system of social norms.

1.Definition of social norms and law

2. Signs of law

a) generally binding norms

b) formally defined

c) established by the state

d) protected by state coercive forces

e) systematic norms

3.Structure of law, branches of law

a) constitutional law

b) administrative

c) criminal

d) civil

d) labor

e) family

4.Sources of law

5.Legal institutions

Legal liability

1.Types of offenses

a) misconduct (disciplinary, civil, administrative);

b) crimes;

2. The concept of legal responsibility.

3. Types of legal liability

a) criminal

b) administrative

c) civil law

d) disciplinary

e) constitutional

3. Grounds and conditions of the offensive

4. Release from liability

5.Features of legal responsibility for minors

Social role

1. The concept of “Social role”

2. Role set

a) main roles

b) situational roles

3. Structure social role

4. Types of role conflicts

a) inter-role

b) personal role

c) intra-role

Traditional, industrial and post-industrial. Traditional society is the first in time historical development form of organization of human relations. This social structure is at the first stage of development and is characterized by a number of the following features.

First of all, a traditional society is a society whose life is based on agricultural (subsistence) farming using extensive technologies and primitive crafts. Typical for the period Ancient world and the Middle Ages. It is believed that almost any society that existed in the period from primitive community before the start is traditional.

The tools used during this period were manual. Their improvement and modernization occurred at a very slow, almost imperceptible pace of natural forced evolution. The economic system was based on the use of subsistence farming, mining, construction, and trade.

Social system Society of this type is class-corporate, it is stable and motionless for centuries. There are several classes that do not change for a long time, maintaining a static and unchanged character of life. Many traditional societies commodity relations are not characteristic at all or are so poorly developed that they are focused only on meeting the needs of a small layer of the social elite.

A traditional society has the following characteristics. It is characterized by the complete dominance of religion in Human life is considered the implementation of divine providence. The most important quality a person is collectivism, a sense of belonging to his class, a close connection with the land where he was born. Individualism is not yet characteristic of people. At this time, spiritual life was more significant for a person compared to material life.

The rules of life in a team, coexistence with neighbors, and attitude towards authority were determined by traditions. A person acquired status at birth. was interpreted exclusively from the point of view of religion, therefore the attitude towards power was ensured by an explanation of the divine purpose of the government to fulfill its role in society. enjoyed undisputed authority and played a primary role in the life of society. Such a society is not characterized by mobility.

Examples of traditional societies today are the ways of life of most countries of North and North-East Africa (Ethiopia, Algeria), South-East Asia(Vietnam).

In Russia society of this type lasted until the mid-19th century. Despite this, by the beginning of the century it was one of the largest and most influential countries in the world and had the status of a great power.

The main spiritual values that a traditional society has are traditions and the culture of their ancestors. Cultural life was focused primarily on the past: respect for ancestors, admiration for cultural monuments and works of previous eras. The culture is characterized by homogeneity, orientation towards its own traditions and rather categorical rejection alternative cultures other peoples.

Many researchers believe that traditional society is characterized by a culture of no choice. The worldview dominant in society and stable traditions provide a person with ready-made clear and spiritual guidelines. That's why the world is understandable to humans and does not raise unnecessary questions.

Instructions

The life activity of a traditional society is based on subsistence (agriculture) farming with the use of extensive technologies, as well as primitive crafts. This social structure is typical for the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is believed that any that existed during the period from the primitive community until the beginning of the industrial revolution belongs to the traditional species.

During this period, hand tools were used. Their improvement and modernization occurred at an extremely slow, almost imperceptible pace of natural evolution. The economic system was based on the application natural resources, it was dominated by mining, trade, and construction. People led a mostly sedentary lifestyle.

The social system of traditional society is estate-corporate. It is characterized by stability, preserved for centuries. There are several different classes that do not change over time, maintaining an unchanged and static nature of life. In many traditional societies, commodity relations are either not characteristic at all, or are so poorly developed that they are focused only on meeting the needs of small representatives of the social elite.

Traditional society has following signs. It is characterized by the total dominance of religion in the spiritual sphere. Human life is considered the implementation of God's providence. The most important quality of a member of such a society is the spirit of collectivism, a sense of belonging to his family and class, as well as a close connection with the land where he was born. Individualism was not typical for people during this period. Spiritual life was more significant for them than material wealth.

The rules of coexistence with neighbors, life in, and attitude towards were determined by established traditions. A person has already acquired his status. Social structure was interpreted only from the point of view of religion, and therefore the role of government in society was explained to the people as a divine purpose. The head of state enjoyed unquestioned authority and played vital role in the life of society.

Traditional society is demographically characterized by high, high mortality and a fairly low life expectancy. Examples of this type today are the way of life of many countries in North-East and North Africa (Algeria, Ethiopia), and Southeast Asia (in particular, Vietnam). In Russia, a society of this type existed before mid-19th century. Despite this, by the beginning of the new century it was one of the most influential and largest countries in the world and had the status of a great power.

The main spiritual values that are distinguished are the culture of our ancestors. Cultural life was predominantly focused on the past: respect for one’s ancestors, admiration for the works and monuments of previous eras. Culture is characterized by homogeneity (homogeneity), its own traditions and a fairly categorical rejection of the cultures of other peoples.

According to many researchers, traditional society is characterized by a lack of choice in spiritual and cultural terms. The worldview and stable traditions that dominate in such a society provide a person with a ready-made and clear system of spiritual guidelines and values. And therefore the world seems understandable to a person, not raising unnecessary questions.

The way of life in it is characterized by a rigid class hierarchy, the existence of stable social communities(especially in Eastern countries), in a special way regulation life society based on traditions and customs. This organization society strives to preserve the socio-cultural foundations of life unchanged. Traditional society- agricultural society.

A traditional society is usually characterized by:
-traditional economy
-predominance of the agrarian way of life;
-structure stability;
-class organization;
-low mobility;
-high mortality rate;
-high birth rate;
-low life expectancy.

A traditional person perceives the world and the established order of life as something inextricably integral, holistic, sacred and not subject to change. A person’s place in society and his status are determined by tradition (usually by birthright).

In a traditional society, collectivist attitudes predominate, individualism is not welcomed (since freedom of individual action can lead to a violation of the established order, time-tested). In general, traditional societies are characterized by the primacy of collective interests over private ones, including the primacy of the interests of existing hierarchical structures (state, clan, etc.). What is valued is not so much individual capacity as the place in the hierarchy (official, class, clan, etc.) that a person occupies.

In a traditional society, as a rule, relations of redistribution rather than market exchange predominate, but elements market economy are strictly regulated. This is due to the fact that free markets increase social mobility and change social structure societies (in particular, they destroy class); the redistribution system can be regulated by tradition, but market prices cannot; forced redistribution prevents “unauthorized” enrichment/impoverishment of both individuals and classes. The pursuit of economic gain in traditional society is often morally condemned and opposed to selfless help.

In a traditional society, most people live their whole lives in a local community (for example, a village), connections with the `big society` quite weak. At the same time, family ties, on the contrary, are very strong.
The worldview (ideology) of a traditional society is determined by tradition and authority.

Transformation of traditional society
Traditional society is extremely stable. As the famous demographer and sociologist Anatoly Vishnevsky writes, “everything in it is interconnected and it is very difficult to remove or change any one element.”

In ancient times, changes in traditional society occurred extremely slowly - over generations, almost imperceptibly for individual person. Periods of accelerated development took place in traditional societies ( shining example- changes in the territory of Eurasia in the 1st millennium BC. BC), but even during such periods changes were carried out slowly by modern standards, and upon their completion society returned again to a relatively static state with a predominance cyclic dynamics.

At the same time, since ancient times there have been societies that cannot be called completely traditional. The departure from traditional society was associated, as a rule, with the development of trade. This category includes Greek city-states, medieval self-governing trading cities, England and Holland of the 16th-17th centuries. Stands apart Ancient Rome(before the 3rd century AD) with its civil society.

The rapid and irreversible transformation of traditional society began to occur only in the 18th century as a result of the industrial revolution. By now this process took over almost the entire world.

Rapid changes and departure from traditions can be experienced by a traditional person as a collapse of guidelines and values, loss of the meaning of life, etc. Since adaptation to new conditions and a change in the nature of activity are not included in the strategy of a traditional person, the transformation of society often leads to the marginalization of part of the population.

The most painful transformation of traditional society occurs in cases where the dismantled traditions have a religious justification. At the same time, resistance to change can take the form of religious fundamentalism.

During the period of transformation of a traditional society, authoritarianism may increase in it (either in order to preserve traditions, or in order to overcome resistance to change).

The transformation of traditional society ends with the demographic transition. The generation that grew up in small families has a psychology that differs from the psychology of a traditional person.

Opinions about the need (and extent) of transformation of traditional society differ significantly. For example, the philosopher A. Dugin considers it necessary to abandon the principles of modern society and return to the “golden age” of traditionalism. Sociologist and demographer A. Vishnevsky argues that traditional society “has no chance,” although it “fiercely resists.” According to the calculations of Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Professor A. Nazaretyan, in order to completely abandon development and return society into a static state, the human population must be reduced several hundred times.