Savely what is his happiness. Savely the hero of Holy Russia - essay

In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov is looking for an answer to a question that has long troubled humanity. The work presents the happiness of the priest, landowner, and local people.

But most often Nekrasov reflects on the happiness of the people and dreams that sooner or later the people will perk up and gather strength to actively fight against the existing system for their freedom and a decent life.

The images of peasants presented in the poem confirm the writer’s hopes and meet his aspirations. And one of the main figures of the poem, standing out for its extraordinary physical strength and spiritual power, is Savely, the Holy Russian hero:

It’s a sin to remain silent about grandfather,

He was also lucky...

This is what Matryona Timofeevna says about Savely.

We learn about Savelia from the chapter “Peasant Woman,” which says that this man grew up in a remote region near the Korezh River. The name itself - Korezhsky region - attracted the writer as a symbol of hardy labor and possessing enormous power heroic people prominent representative which Savely is. The word “korezhit” means “to bend”, “to break”, “to work”, and therefore Korezhina is a land of persistent and hardworking people.

Savely’s appearance personifies the mighty forest element: “With a huge gray mane, uncut for twenty years, with a huge beard, my grandfather looked like a bear...”

Nekrasov shows the complex path along which Savely’s rebellious sentiments grew: from silent patience to open resistance. Prison and Siberian hard labor did not break Savely and did not destroy his self-esteem. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says about himself. He went through all the trials that befell him, but was able to preserve himself. Saveliy treats his resigned fellow villagers with contempt and calls for mass action for final reprisal against the oppressors, but his thoughts are not without contradictions. It is no coincidence that he is compared with Svyatogor, the strongest, but also the most motionless hero epic epic. At the same time, the image of Savely is very contradictory. On the one hand, he called for struggle, on the other, for patience:

Be patient, multi-branched one!

Be patient, long-suffering one!

We can't find the truth!

Saveliy advises Matryona Timofeevna. These words sound despair, hopelessness, and disbelief in the possibility of changing the bitter fate of the peasant. In the image of Matryona Timofeevna, Nekrasov embodied the best character traits of Russian peasant women. Matryona's highly moral qualities are harmoniously combined with her external beauty.

With her restrained and strict beauty, filled with self-esteem, Matryona represents the type of stately Slavic woman revealed by Nekrasov in the poem “Frost, Red Nose.” The story of her life confirms that Matryona’s character was formed in the conditions of latrine fishing, when most of The male population went to the cities. Not only did the whole weight fall on the woman’s shoulders peasant labor, but also a huge measure of responsibility for the fate of the family, for raising children.

From the chapter “Before Marriage” we learn about Matryona’s youth, and from the chapter “Song” - about the difficult fate of the heroine after marriage. Matryona's songs are popular, so her personal fate reflects the typical fate of a peasant woman, ceasing to be her own. Short joys were replaced by frequent and severe misfortunes that could break even strong man. But Matryona persevered and found the spiritual and physical strength to fight for her happiness. Her beloved first-born Demushka dies, she saves her second son Fedotushka from terrible punishment at the cost of severe trials, she had to put in a lot of effort to achieve the release of her husband - and we see that no obstacles stop her, she is ready to fight for her happiness on her own to the last . The image of Matryona Timofeevna was created in such a way that she seemed to have been through all the vicissitudes that a Russian woman could experience. The voice of Matryona Timofeevna is the voice of the entire Russian people, all Russian women who had the same difficult fate.

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Dead Souls

literary works

Author's attitude

Russian literature 2nd half of the 19th century century Genuine literature of genuine, not fictitious Rus'. (Based on the work of N. A. Nekrasov) National literature absorbs moral and philosophical values accumulated by generations of people. Literature...

Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, and Matryona Timofeevna, the embodiment of the author’s dream about the spiritual powers of the people based on Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”

Kilin Nikolay Evgenievich,

Russian language teacher and

secondary literature

School 120 in Barnaul

The fate of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, the people's protector

(from the experience of studying N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”)

Rich material to talk about moral values represents fate people's defender Savely, whom Matryona Timofeevna calls “lucky,” not without irony.

Discussion of the image is possible on the following questions:

1. What is the hero's initial idea of happiness?

2. Is it necessary or not to pay rent?

3. Vogel's murder - a feat or a crime?

4. “Where have you gone, strength? What use have you been for?”

5. What are the origins heroic strength Savelia and Demushki?

6. To what truth is the path of the people's intercessor, the path out of the crisis?

7. What are the reasons for the contradictions in Savely’s behavior in the last days before his death?

Savely’s initial idea of happiness is associated with “gracious” times, when the Korezh people were isolated from the world by impassable swamps and forests, did not bear labor duties and did not pay quitrent.

No landowners

No German managers

We didn't know then.

We did not rule the corvee,

We didn't pay rent...

Whether or not it is necessary to pay rent is not an idle question, but a state one. N.V. Gogol in " Dead souls” indicates that landowners paid taxes to the state treasury for the peasants. Chichikov persuades Korobochka: “That’s why it’s a loss to you because they’re dead: you pay for them, and now I’ll save you from the hassle and payment... and not only will I save you, but on top of that I’ll give you fifteen rubles.” Making a deal with Plyushkin, Chichikov “expressed his readiness to accept the obligation to pay taxes for all the peasants who died...” The astonished Plyushkin clarifies: “How... do you undertake to pay taxes for them every year? and will you give the money to me or to the treasury?”

A.S. Pushkin simply expressed his attitude towards corvee as a labor service and the quitrent tax that replaces it in “Eugene Onegin”:

In his wilderness the desert sage,

He is the yoke of the ancient corvée

I replaced it with easy quitrent;

And the slave blessed fate.

If N.P. Kirsanov in I.S. Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons” has problems in relations with peasants, the peasants do not pay quitrent, then the landowner Odintsova successfully resolves all issues, including economic ones, by transferring her estate to quitrent . As you can see, both landowners and their serfs are tax dependent on the state: the peasants pay quitrent to the master, and he pays capitation taxes for them to the treasury. The state cannot exist without taxes and tax evasion cannot be an example to follow.

However, Savely and other Korezh residents strive to be independent of the state:

We did not rule the corvee,

We didn't pay rent

And so, when it comes to reason,

We'll send you once every three years.

Moreover, what the estate sends “when it decides” does not reach the landowner.

Let's go home dejected...

Two stocky old men

They laugh... Ay, ridges!

Hundred-ruble notes

Home under the shadows

They carry untouched ones!

How stubborn we are: we are beggars -

So that’s what they fought off!

What is not visible is that the measures taken by Shalashnikov are making the Korezhe residents unhappy, downtrodden and impoverished:

Shalashnikov tore excellently,

And not so great

I received income...

How will Shalashnikov accept the tribute?

Let's leave - and behind the outpost

Let's split the profits.

“What money is left!

You’re a fool, Shalashnikov!”

And made fun of the master

Corega in turn!

N. Nekrasov created many wonderful peasant images in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Among them stands out a hundred-year-old man, who has endured many hardships in his lifetime. But, despite his age, he still retained strength and fortitude. “The hero of the Holy Russian” - this is the definition given to grandfather Savely in the work.

“Who lives well in Rus'”: a summary of chapters 3,4 of part 3

The wandering men, who decided to definitely find the answer to the question posed in the title of the poem, learned about this hero from a young woman, Matryona Timofeevna. “He was also a lucky man,” she notes while talking about her life.

Matryona met grandfather Savely when he was about a hundred years old. He lived separately from his son’s family, in his own room, and was the only one who treated his grandson’s young wife kindly and caringly. The hero always loved the forest, where even in his old age he loved to pick mushrooms and berries, and set snares for birds. This is the first characteristic of Savely.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a poem about the life of peasants before and after the landmark year of 1861. The old man’s life story, which he told his daughter-in-law, introduces us to the times when men were considered more resilient and decisive, and bondage was not felt so strongly: “Once every three years we give something to the landowner and that’s enough,” said the hero. And although many difficulties befell him: serf life, long hard labor, and settlement - however, the main test lay ahead of Savely. In his old age, he neglected to look after his great-grandson, who was killed by pigs. After this he left home, and soon settled in a monastery, where he last days in this world I prayed for sins: my own and others.

What is so attractive about the image of Savely in the work “Who Lives Well in Rus'”?

Hero's appearance

According to Matryona, the old man looked tall and strong even at a hundred years old, so that he looked more like a huge bear. With a large gray mane that had not been cut for a long time. Bent over, but still striking with his greatness - in his youth, according to his stories, he single-handedly opposed a bear and raised her on a spear. Now, of course, the power was not the same: the hero often asked the question: “Where did the former strength go?” Nevertheless, it seemed to Matryona that if grandfather straightened up to his full height, he would certainly punch a hole in the light with his head. This description complements Savely’s characterization.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” tells the story of the hero’s early years, including the story of how he ended up in hard labor.

Free life

During his grandfather’s youth, his native Korezh places were remote and impassable. The forests and swamps that spread around were well known to the local peasants, but they struck fear into strangers, including the master. Nekrasov introduces the combination “Korezhsky” region into the poem for a reason - this is essentially where Savely’s characterization begins - “Who lives well in Rus'.” It in itself already symbolizes incredible physical strength and endurance.

So, the landowner Shalashnikov did not visit the peasants at all, and the police came once a year to collect tribute. The serfs equated themselves with the free: they paid little and lived in abundance, like merchants. At first they also gave rent of honey, fish, animal skins. Over time, when the time for payment approached, they dressed up as beggars. And although Shalashnikov flogged them so much that the “skin” was hardened for a century, the peasants who stood for the estate turned out to be adamant. “No matter how you try, you can’t shake out your whole soul,” Savely thought so too. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” shows that the hero’s character was tempered and strengthened in conditions when he and his comrades felt their freedom. And therefore, until the end of my life, it was impossible to change either this conviction or my proud disposition. At the age of one hundred, Savely also advocated the right to be independent, including from relatives.

In his story, the grandfather drew attention to one more point - the Russian man did not always tolerate bullying. He remembered the time when the people wanted and could stand up for themselves.

Protest against arbitrariness

After the death of Shalashnikov, the peasants hoped that freedom would now come. But the heirs sent a German manager. At first he pretended to be quiet and calm, and did not demand quitrent. And he himself, by cunning, forced the peasants to dry up the swamp and cut a clearing. When they came to their senses, it was too late: out of stupidity they paved the way to themselves. This is where their life as a merchant ended, Savely notes in his story.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a work in which the best are presented. In the case of the German, the author shows the unity of the people that he has always dreamed of. It turned out that it was not easy to break the men who were accustomed to a free life. For eighteen years they somehow endured the authority of the manager, but their patience had reached its limit. One day Christian Khristyanich forced them to dig a hole, and by the end of the day he was indignant that nothing had been done. In tired people - they worked tirelessly - the anger that had accumulated over the years boiled up, and suddenly a decision came. Savely lightly pushed the German towards the pit with his shoulder. Nine of his comrades standing nearby immediately understood everything - and a few minutes later the hated Vogel was buried alive in that very pit. Of course, such an act was punished, but in everyone’s soul there remained satisfaction from the fact that they did not submit. It is no coincidence that the old man, to the word “convict” addressed to him by his son, answered every time: “Marked, but not a slave.” And this is one of the main qualities of the hero, which he was always proud of.

Hard labor

Twenty years of hard labor and the same number of settlements - such was the sentence for the rebels. But he could not change the attitude towards life of the people to whom Savely belonged. The image of the hero from the work “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was tempered even more in new trials. Flogging in prison, and then in Siberia after unsuccessful escapes, in comparison with Shalashnikov’s punishments, seemed to him just a worthless daub. Hard work was also nothing new. Savely even managed to save money, with which, upon returning to his native place, he built a house. The desire for independence and freedom remained the same. This is probably why the old man singled out only his grandson’s wife, Matryona, from the entire family. She was just like him: rebellious, purposeful, ready to fight for her own happiness.

Relationships with household members

This is another important component of the story about the hero - in the end it is from small parts folds into small chapter characteristics of Savely.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a poem about the “lucky ones.” But can we include a person who felt lonely in his family among them? Matryona noted that grandfather did not like to communicate with his relatives and therefore settled in the upper room. The reasons were simple: Savely, pure in soul and kind by nature, could not accept the anger and envy that reigned in the family. The old man's son did not possess any of the qualities characteristic of his father. There was no kindness, no sincerity, no desire for work in him. But there was indifference to everything, a tendency towards idleness and drinking. His wife and daughter, who remained an old wench, differed little from him. In order to somehow teach his relatives a lesson, Savely sometimes began to joke. For example, he tossed a tin “coin” made from a button to his son. As a result, the latter returned from the tavern beaten. And the hero just chuckled.

Later, Savely’s loneliness will be brightened up by Matryona and Demushka. After the death of the child, the old man admits that next to his grandson his hardened heart and soul thawed, and he again felt full of energy and hopes.

The story of Demushka

The death of the boy became a real tragedy for the old man, although the origins of what happened must be sought in the very way of Russian life of that time. The mother-in-law forbade Matryona to take her son with her into the field, who allegedly interfered with her work, and hundred-year-old Savely began to look after the child.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” - the characterization of its heroes does not always turn out to be cheerful - this is a poem about difficult trials that not everyone can cope with. Here in in this case The hero, who had seen a lot in his life, suddenly truly felt like a criminal. He was never able to forgive himself for falling asleep and not looking after the children. Savely did not leave his closet for a week, and then went into the forest, where he always felt freer and more confident. In the fall, he settled in a monastery to repent and pray. He asked God that the heart of the suffering mother would take pity and that she would forgive him, the foolish one. And the old man’s soul also ached for the entire Russian peasantry, suffering, with a difficult fate - he will tell about this when he meets Matryona several years after the tragedy.

Thoughts about the people

The characterization of Savely from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” will be incomplete without mentioning the hero’s attitude towards the Russian peasantry. He calls the people suffering and at the same time courageous, capable of enduring any trial in this life. The arms and legs are forever chained, as if they have passed down the back, and in the chest - “Elijah the prophet... thunders... in a chariot of fire.” This is how the hero describes the man. Then he adds: a true hero. And he concludes his speech with the words that even after death human suffering does not end - in this, unfortunately, one can hear the motives of the humility of the elder novice. For in the next world the same “hellish torment” awaits the unfortunate, says Saveliy.

“Who lives well in Rus'”: characteristics of the “hero of Svyatogorsk” (conclusions)

To summarize, it can be noted that the appearance of the hero embodies best qualities Russian person. The story itself reminds of him folk tale or an epic. Strong, proud, independent, he rises above the other heroes of the poem and, in fact, becomes the first rebel to defend the interests of the people. However, the comparison of the hero with Svyatogor is not accidental. It was this hero who was considered in Rus' to be both the strongest and the most inactive. In my thoughts about future fate Saveliy comes to a less than satisfying conclusion: “God knows.” Consequently, this image from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is very contradictory and does not answer the question of the wanderers. And therefore the story about the search for happiness does not end until the men meet the young and active Grisha.

In 1866, the prologue of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was published. The great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was one of the first to understand that the long-awaited abolition of serfdom did not improve the life of the peasants at all. The fact is that the peasants had to pay off the landowner, but they did not have the money for this. Therefore, Nikolai Alekseevich decides in his work not only to highlight the difficult, humiliated situation common people, but also show ways to solve the problem as he sees them.

One of the heroes of the poem is Savely, the Holy Russian hero.

He looks like an old man with a large untrimmed beard, looking like a bear. He was about a hundred years old. His fellow countrymen called him “branded, convict.” And he responded: “Branded, but not a slave!” The fact is that in their youth, as Savely recalls, they had a free life:

We did not rule the corvee,

We didn't pay rent

And so, when it comes to reason,

We'll send you once every three years.

But everything changed a few years later, when a German manager sent by the landowner Shalashnikov changed the order by cunning. As a result, the peasants fell into bondage, enduring backbreaking labor, corvée, quitrent, and even physical punishment. Savely says about this:

The German has a death grip:

Until he lets you go around the world,

Without leaving he sucks!

But it’s not for nothing that the Russian peasant in the person of grandfather Savely is called a hero:

That's why we endured

Yes, our axes

They lay there for the time being!

As a result, when an opportunity arose, the men, led by Savely, buried the German Vogel alive in a construction pit.

For this, my grandfather was exiled to Siberia for hard labor. But he did not resign himself. Once he even ran away, but was caught and mercilessly beaten. Although Savely is already used to spanking. The main thing for him was not to break down morally, but to remain true to his convictions. Saveliy’s convictions consisted in the desire for a free life. It is no coincidence that his favorite word is “addai,” which was also loved by the seven wandering men, as well as the saying: “Unbearable is an abyss, endured is an abyss.”

With the image of Savelya, Nekrasov wants to show that the powerful force hidden in the Russian people is sleeping for the time being. One has only to awaken her, direct her to the true path, and then the people themselves will win happiness for themselves.

Updated: 2018-01-18

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SAVELIY, THE BOGATYR OF SVYATORUSSK The project was prepared by: Barinova Ekaterina Malyuzhenko Ekaterina Galkina Valeria Grigoryan Karine Sabirova Alina

1. How old is the hero? What is it like appearance? “I couldn’t: he was already a hundred years old, according to fairy tales.” “With a huge gray mane, uncut for twenty years, with a huge beard, Grandfather looked like a bear, especially as he came out of the forest, bent over. Grandfather’s back is arched” “He came in: well, will he straighten up? The bear will punch a hole in the light with his head!” Artist V. Serov

2. What is the hero's story? What troubles and hardships befell him? “In ancient times” “Oh, share Holy Russian Bogatyr homespun! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - the torments of hell await in the other world." “We were only worried about the Bears. . . Yes, we dealt with bears easily.”

3. How the hero talks about life, what he accepts and what he denies peasant way of life? “According to the time of Shalashnikov “Dead. . . lost. . . "I thought up a new thing, An order comes to us: “Show up!...” “To not tolerate it is an abyss! To endure it is an abyss...” “Give it up! Give it up!” “The heir invented a remedy: He sent a German to us” “I was a convict” “Weak people surrendered, And the strong stood well for their patrimony”

4. What moral qualities does the author give to the hero? How do you feel about him? The author endows Savely with such moral qualities as kindness, love for his homeland and people. Savely is also characterized by intelligence, patience, perseverance, and self-esteem. Savely freedom-loving, proud man. He is the embodiment of strength and courage. “Branded, but not a slave” Nekrasov creates an image that combines contradictory features: heroic patience “for the time being”, social activity, ability to rebel.

5. What is the hero’s idea of happiness, of the paths that lead to it? One of the conditions for people's happiness in Savely's understanding is freedom. "People serf rank- Real dogs sometimes: The heavier the punishment, The dearer the gentlemen are to them. “Savely sees him in protest against social injustice, in thinking about the fate of the peasant, in love for his native working people. “Where did your strength go? What were you useful for? She left under rods and sticks for little things!”

Saveliy did not understand the current people, who immediately gave up and did not even try to fight. “here were proud people, and now give me a slap on the wrist - the police officer, the landowner, They are dragging the last penny. "Nekrasov himself is deeply convinced that happiness is possible only in society free people. “Limits have not yet been set for the Russian people. There is a wide path before them. “Savely dies with words about the hopelessness of the peasant’s fate. And yet this image leaves the impression of strength, indomitable will, longing for freedom. Savely’s wise prophecy remains in my memory: “To not endure is an abyss, To endure is an abyss.”

6. Why didn’t the wanderers recognize the hero as happy? “Oh, the share of the Holy Russian Homespun Bogatyr! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - the torments of hell await in the dim life.”

7. Is it possible to notice the meaning in speaking surname hero? Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure over himself. Artist A. Lebedev

8. What is the semantic role of folklore elements in the chapter about the hero? Nekrasov considered his work “a modern epic peasant life". In it, Nekrasov asked the question: did the abolition of serfdom bring happiness to the peasantry? Nekrasov strives to give a vivid and emotionally effective image of peasant life, to evoke sympathy for the peasantry, to awaken the desire to fight for peasant happiness. This is why the author uses large quantities folklore elements, such as folk songs, vernacular, fairy tale images, riddles, signs, sayings, proverbs, epics. This is a poem about the “people” and for the “people”, a poem in which the author acts as a defender of the “people’s” (peasant) interests.

In Savely’s words about the peasant’s heroism, one can undoubtedly hear an echo of the epic about Svyatogor and earthly cravings: “Do you think, Matryonushka, the Man is not a hero? And his life is not a military one, And death is not written for him in battle - but a hero!” “In the meantime, he raised a terrible craving, but he sank into the ground up to his chest With the effort! There are no tears running down his face - blood is flowing!”