Famous architects of Italy. Italian architects who worked in Russia 

Italy is a country that has given the world outstanding artists, sculptors,... Cultural heritage Italy is one of the most significant and largest in Europe. Paintings Italian artists, sculptures Italian sculptors, churches and palaces built by Italian architects are unsurpassed examples of art different eras humanity.

In this article we would like to introduce you to the work of the most outstanding contemporary Italian architects. Some of which are still being designed today. Unfortunately, our website does not present the projects of all the architects we would like to talk about, so for some architects we have selected projects that are similar in style.

Renzo Piano. Paul Klee Museum

The Italian architect Renzo Piano, along with the British Norman Foster and Richard Roger, is considered the founder architectural style high tech. Piano made a huge contribution to the development modern architecture, and his works never cease to amaze even the most sophisticated audience. Our review presents the project of the Paul Klee Museum and Exhibition Center in Bern, Switzerland.

The unusually shaped museum building and exhibition center German artist Paul Klee was built in Bern, Switzerland in 2005. According to Renzo Piano's design, the original building is “a kind of landscape sculpture, smooth lines which follows the contours of the tree-covered hills in the background and blends harmoniously into the surrounding landscape.” Due to the fact that Klee's paintings are very sensitive to light, the main part cultural complex was located underground. It is curious that the artist’s museum collection includes 2,600 of his works.

In the style of Aldo Rossi (Alberto Campo Baea. Caja Granada)

Aldo Rossi was one of the most influential architects between 1972 and 1988. He achieved significant success and received international recognition in several related, but still independent fields: architectural theory, painting and graphics, architecture itself, and product design.

The buildings designed by Rossi are not designed for the fact that looking at them you will admire, be touched and indulge in visual pleasure. They're like a Rorschach inkblot test - in these deceptively simple buildings, everyone sees (or remembers) what they want to see. The city, like a person, remembers its past, and architectural monuments are “memories” that give it a certain structure, Rossi argued in his book L’architetturadellacittà, published in 1966.

In their theoretical works Rossi criticizes the attitude towards the urban environment characteristic of architectural and urban planning practice of the 1960s. The architect argues with the idea that a city can be designed and created as a one-time object that exists outside of time. Cities, according to Rossi, tend to evolve over time and accumulate a “collective consciousness.”

Geometric shapes (cube, cylinder, prism, pyramid, parallelepiped), restored to their purity in Russian buildings, are a kind of counteraction to the destruction of history, creating an aura of integrity and authenticity in the midst of the turmoil of the modern city.

Gae Aulenti. Tour Table

Gae Aulenti was one of the most popular female architects in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s of the last century. Her most entertaining and recognizable creation is a glass retro Tour Table, the legs of which replace bicycle wheels. By creating the Tour Table, Gae wanted to highlight the technological boom that reigned in the mid-20th century. The Tour Table has become one of the most later works author and created a real sensation in the world of design.

The stability of the table is provided by four wheels located at an angle to each other. This design is complemented by a glass tabletop, which allows you to admire the original “legs” while drinking tea. Despite the fact that using the table for its intended purpose is a real sacrilege.

The glass Tour Table has rightfully earned a place in the museum contemporary art in New York and gave Mrs. Gae Aulenti the status of one of best designers peace.

In the style of Ettore Sottsass (Frigerio Palo & C.. Libreria Babylon)

Ettore Sottsass) - an outstanding designer, architect, artist, theorist and philosopher project culture. A symbol of the “Italian alternative” in design and the founder of the famous Memphis association.

The 80s were marked by “Memphis” - his style became the most influential in world design. They played with texture, colors, shapes, combining freedom creative self-expression and design realism. The mixing of themes and indirect citation of past styles used by the Memphis designers contributed to the creation of a post-modern design style.

The duality of Ettore Sottsass became the main source of myths about him. A combination of rebellion and professionalism, a passion for mysticism and hyper-functionality of projects. By the end of the 60s, he became something of a Teacher and Prophet for the rebellious designer youth.

His duality is a source of creative freedom; numerous intertwined threads of relationships stretch between the polar signs of an industrial design professional and a leader of an alternative design culture. Ettore Sottsass has dedicated his life and work to dismantling the past as an artist, architect, industrial designer, glassmaker, publisher, theorist and ceramist.

Maximiliano Fuksas (Doriana Fuksas). Reconstruction of the building of the former Military Union in Rome

Maximiliano Fuksas is a famous Italian architect of our time. It is difficult to attribute his work to any specific style. Fuksas borrows a little from different directions, creating spectacular and. At the same time, the architect always takes into account culture and history of the country, for which it works. Actively uses energy-saving technologies. One of his famous statements boils down to the impossibility of allowing egocentrism in architecture, since the architect, first of all, works for society. Fuksas has received many international awards and is a lecturer at prestigious universities around the world.

Loves a three-dimensional frame with triangular cells, but often and easily abandons it. Fuksas became famous thanks to plastic. A very original application was found for this material in the architect’s projects. His work is also distinguished by its expressive, memorable appearance. IN in this case The realized one is presented to your attention.

In the style of Michele de Lucchi (Haag Architects. ECE residence)

Michele de Lucca was the youngest in the legendary Memphis design group (which we mentioned earlier) and, in order to keep up with the venerable Ettore Sottsass and Andrea Branzi, acquired the manners characteristic of venerable age, and never parted with them. Even his provocative beard is not a sign of rebellion, but an urgent necessity.

What does an ideal city look like according to de Lucca? “My annual course on urban space is an excellent answer to this question, but for you I will try to explain it briefly. The secret is in the formula “plus five, minus five,” meters, of course. I would remove all service things underground - communications, transport interchanges, parking lots, etc. - and leave only the most important, necessary and beautiful things above. A city, like a person, has only one chance to make a first impression, so it is necessary to focus all attention on the design of facades, portals, and passages.”

• In the 15th century, Italian architects made a significant contribution to the creation appearance of the Kremlin, having built most of the buildings there.
• Most outstanding works of that period - the Kremlin towers, the bell tower of Ivan the Great, the Faceted Chamber, the Assumption Cathedral, the Archangel Cathedral.
• INXVIIIcentury Italian architects created an old one Gostiny Dvor, Grand Theatre with Theater Square, Triumphal Gate, Alexander Garden.
• IN State Museum fine arts them. Pushkin exhibited sculptures of the XIII-XVI centuries and about 200 works of Italian painting.
• Italian restaurants and shops occupy a significant niche in the market of modern Moscow.

Russian-Italian relations have centuries-old history. The first documented visit of Russian ambassadors to the Duke of Milan Francesco Sforza took place in 1461. His history is marked by numerous exchanges of visits and messages. The Italians played the most prominent role in Moscow in the 15th century, when, at the invitation of Grand Duke Ivan III, Italian architects actually created the image of the Kremlin, which is now well known throughout the world.

Great Italian builders of the Kremlin

The second wave of Italian architects, XVIII-XIX centuries

The repeated “invasion” of architects from the Apennines to Moscow occurred in the 18th century. Italian architects were invited to design both capitals, the new one, St. Petersburg, and the old one, Moscow. Giovani Maria Fontana, Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli, Francesco Camporesi, Giacomo Quarenghi, Giuseppe Bovе, who changed his name to Russian Osip, worked in the city.

Giacomo Quarenghi (Giacomo Quarenghi), 1744-1818, - also known Russian architect Italian origin, native of Bergamo. Even before becoming famous in St. Petersburg, he worked in Moscow. Here, according to his design, buildings were built, 1790-1830 (Ilyinka St., 4) near the Kremlin and the Hospice House (hospital-shelter for the poor and crippled) on Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, building 1.

The architect made a great contribution to the appearance of Moscow Osip Bova (Guiseppe Bova), 1784-1834 . He was born in St. Petersburg, in the family of an artist from Naples. Took Active participation as an architect in the restoration of Moscow after the fire of 1812 (the war with Napoleon). In particular, according to his project, the Kremlin in Moscow was restored, theatre square With , Triumphal Gate, exact copy which is located near, the facades were decorated (1817) and laid out Alexander Garden at the walls of the Kremlin.

Architect Domenico Gilardi, 1785-1845, from the Italian canton of Ticino in Switzerland, also became famous in Russia for his participation in the restoration of post-fire Moscow. The buildings of Moscow University (Mokhovaya, 9) and the Catherine Institute were built according to his design noble maidens(Now Central house Russian army, Suvorovskaya Square, 2, building 1), Slobodsky Palace (now the “old” building of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street, 5), the Lunins’ house, which is now occupied by the Museum of Oriental Art ( Nikitsky Blvd., no. 12a), the Usachev-Naydenov estate (Zemlyanoy Val, no. 53), the Studenets estate on Presnya (Mantulinskaya st., no. 5).

Italian painting and sculpture in Moscow

The most famous and richest museum in Moscow European sculpture and painting is . Original paintings by great Italians are exhibited here: “The Annunciation” by Botticelli, “The Lady at the Toilet” by Pippi, and many others. The museum has an Italian courtyard - a hall of sculpture from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (XIII-XVI centuries). with their own architectural forms it replicates the courtyard of the Palazzo Bargello in Florence and is filled with casts (in true scale!) With famous works sculptures of that time. Here are kept copies of the statues “David” by Michelagelo, which adorns the piazza in Florence, “Condottiere Gattemelata” by Donatello and “Condottiere Colleoni” by Verrocchio, which can be seen in the piazzas of Padua and Venice. A separate hall of the museum is dedicated to the sculpture of Ancient Italy and Ancient Rome(VIII century BC - V century AD) and several halls - XV-XVII centuries.

Today, about 200 paintings by Italian artists are exhibited in the museum’s halls; chronologically they cover the entire period of development of Italian painting. The most numerous and high-quality This section of Italian painting of the 17th-18th centuries. Here you can see works by Guido Reni and Bernardo Strozzi, Massimo Stanzione and Andrea Vaccaro, Sebastiano Mazzoni and Luca Ferrari, Jacopo Vignali and Bartolomeo Ligozzi, Antonio Petrini and Francesco Trevisani, Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini and Francesco Fontebasso, Giuseppe Nogari and Stefano Torelli, Michele Marieschi and Carlo Magini.

The highlight of the Italian section paintings XIX-XX centuries - “Napoleon on the Throne” by Andrei Appiani, the leading representative of neoclassicism of the Apennine Peninsula. Among the paintings of the 15th-16th centuries, it is worth highlighting the works of Bronzino, Boltraffio, Paris Bordone, Lorenzo Lotto, Titian and Giulio Romano.

The section of early Italian painting is small, but the Sienese school is particularly diverse in it. The masterpieces of the collection are “The Crucifixion” by the Familia di Bonaventura (Duccio’s assistant) and “Mary Magdalene” and “St. Augustine” created by Simone Martini.

The history of the so-called “Victory Gate” dates back to 1814. During this time, the architectural monument was rebuilt several times and moved from place to place, and today it can be found on Victory Square. Despite permanent shift dislocation, the arch traditionally faces the entrance to Moscow. The Goddess of Victory looks down on the cars entering the capital from above. By the way, this mythological character outraged the Moscow Metropolitan in 1834, and he even refused to consecrate the building. What the arch now is is the fruit of the labors of Osip Bove, sculptors Ivan Vitali and Ivan Timofeev. The main architect of this facility was Beauvais. His father, Neapolitan artist Vincenzo Bove, moved with his wife to Russia two years before the birth of their son. And although Osip Ivanovich was born in St. Petersburg, he adopted the basics of craftsmanship from his father, which is why the Arc de Triomphe is replete with Italian motifs. Each part of this structure has long become an independent monument, and the names of the authors of the project can be found on a memorial plaque under the arch arches.

Menshikov Tower (Church of the Archangel Gabriel)

The Church of the Archangel Gabriel appeared in Moscow in early XVIII century and was not like other temples. The five-story building was decorated with a gilded spire with the figure of the Archangel, and the bell tower was significantly higher than all the others in the city. A whole group worked on the creation of the church Italian masters led by Domenico Trezzini, who became the founder of the European school in Russian architecture. Just like the Arc de Triomphe, the Menshikov Tower was rebuilt several times, but here the reason for the reconstruction was the elements and partly mysticism. In 1723, during a service, a local priest suddenly fell dead, and lightning struck the spire, and the entire upper tier of the temple caught fire. The chimes and fifty bells fell on the people who were trying to save the church. Only the icon of the Archangel Gabriel was removed from the building, which disappeared without a trace a few years later. The tower was restored only towards the end of the 18th century, and the church again became a place of pilgrimage for Muscovites.

IN late XIX century Catholic churches Moscow could no longer accommodate the numerous parishioners, and with common efforts over the course of 12 years, a cathedral was built on Malaya Gruzinskaya, which until today remains the largest in Russia. When developing the project, the architect Tomasz Bogdanovich-Dworzecki was inspired by the images of Milan Cathedral and St. Peter's Church in Westminster. During its existence, the cathedral was closed several times; it housed a hostel and offices of various organizations. The last of them was evicted in 1996, and three years later the building was solemnly consecrated and returned to its status as a cathedral.

 st. Malaya Gruzinskaya, 27/13

The historical building of Moscow University is clearly visible from Manezhnaya Square. The eight-column portico and low dome over the main hall are the work of Matvey Kazakov, who worked on the project until the end of the 18th century. However, 30 years after the opening of the university, the French entered Moscow, and a fire broke out. The restoration of the building was undertaken by the famous Moscow architect Domenico Gilardi. He reconstructed the mansion, preserving the original structure, but made minor changes: a Doric portico appeared on the front façade, and lion masks decorated the space above the windows. IN Soviet time The Order of Lenin was installed on the pediment, and during the war the building was badly damaged by bombing, but was restored again.

 st. Mokhovaya, 11

Grand Theatre
One of the greatest and most significant in the world

The Bolshoi Theater dates back to 1776. During its existence, it survived three fires and one bombing. So, in 1805, the theater building burned down, and a Russian architect with Italian roots, Carl Rossi, took up a new project. In 1816, the Moscow leadership announced a competition for the construction of a new building while preserving the historical walls. Many Russian and foreign architects offered their options, but they were not suitable either because they were expensive or because they did not correspond to the surrounding buildings. As a result, perestroika was entrusted to Osip Bova, already familiar to us. He retained the basics of the composition, but reduced the height of the building and made significant changes to the decoration. The historical elements of the original theater building are somehow present in the modern Bolshoi. Today this centuries-old giant stands on a par with the famous theater venues in Italy and England, and for Russian artists performing on its stage is considered a kind of sign of quality. The Bolshoi showed for the first time " Swan Lake" This production so impressed the famous Dutch florist David Lefeber that he developed two new varieties of tulips: one named after the soloist “Galina Ulanova”, and the second was named “Bolshoi Theater”. For several decades now, these flowers have been decorating the flower beds on Theater Square.

The work of the Italian architect Giacomo Quarenghi in Moscow has been decorating the capital since 1803. The idea of ​​​​building a hospice house came to Count Sheremetev after the death of his wife. At first, Elizvoy Nazarov worked on the project, but Quarenghi, who was involved in the work, made significant changes to the project. Thanks to him, a semicircular rotunda with columns and sculptures of evangelists appeared, and the house church acquired bas-reliefs. The construction was so large-scale that Sheremetev did not live to see its completion. On the building you can find images of the count himself (the face of one of the cherubs was painted from him) and his wife (an angel with a tambourine in blue clothes). Now the Sklifosovsky Research Institute is located here and it is planned to open a museum of the Palace of Mercy.

Next to the Stalinist high-rise buildings and the lobby of the Barrikadnaya station there is a bright yellow building, where the Apraksins’ summer estate was once located. In 1811, they planned to give it to the widows of soldiers who died on the battlefields, but these plans failed to come true. Started Patriotic War dictated its terms, and a hospital for the wounded was located here. And when the French came to Moscow, they burned the building almost to the ground - only the walls remained. Ivan Gilardi began its restoration in 1813, and in 1818 his son Domenico joined him. He significantly enlarged his father’s building and added another floor. Also, a church was restored here, which became so popular that on holidays it could only be visited by invitation. Over time, the parish was closed, and today in widow's house The Institute for Advanced Medical Studies is located.

 st. Barrikadnaya, 2/1

Another fruit of the joint work of the duet “Domenico Gilardi - Afanasy Grigoriev”. Having barely finished with the Institute of Noble Maidens, they set to work on the building for the management of charitable institutions Russian Empire. Main house, two symmetrical wings, pylons with figures of lions and a fence with two front gates - this is how the Board of Trustees looked until the second half of the 1840s, until the buildings were combined and the architecture of the facades was changed. By the way, this building survived only one reconstruction, and not a major one. At one time he put his hand to it famous sculptor Ivan Vitali: he added an image of children playing on the front wall behind the colonnade of the portico. The premises of the central part of the building are blocked off stone vaults to protect documents and savings. It is interesting that the Board of Trustees is one of the few buildings of that time that was not affected by the fire.

 st. Solyanka, 14a

In Peter's Russia, giving generous gifts was commonplace. One of the proofs of this is the Lefortovo Palace, which Peter I gave to his comrade-in-arms Franz Lefort. And although the construction of the palace was carried out by the Russian architect Dmitry Aksamitov, in Lefortovosky’s project he tried to get away from the pre-Petrine forms of Russian architecture and use the traditions of Italian architecture. The area of ​​the reception hall here exceeded 300 square meters, and it could accommodate one and a half thousand guests at the same time. Elegant wardrobes, green leather upholstery on the walls, huge beds and other exquisite interior elements made the residence the most beautiful in Moscow. However, an addiction to luxury, drunkenness and debauchery did not allow Lefort to enjoy life in life for a long time. luxurious mansion: a few years later he died of alcoholism, and Peter I donated the building to Alexander Menshikov. However, Peter’s associate did not want to completely leave the walls of the eclectic palace with high roofs. They say that his spirit still lives here and haunts modern inhabitants.

 st. 2nd Baumanskaya, 3

The building where the Institute of World Literature is now located boasts a three-century history. Initially, it was believed that its author was Osip Bove, and only in 1975 it was discovered that the true creator of the main house of Prince Gagarin was the Italian Domenico Gilardi. The prince acquired this property and began construction at the beginning of the 19th century. Instead of the usual colonnade, the facade of the building is decorated with three arched niches at the level of the second floor, ornamental high-relief inserts with eagles and laurel wreaths depicted on them. Interior decoration The palace also amazes with its luxury: Big hall for dancing, a number of open living rooms and other rooms are decorated with columns with rich stucco. However, these days the building has become somewhat “Russianized”: since 1937, the Institute of World Literature has been located here, and in front central entrance erected a monument to Gorky.

 street corner Petrovka and Strastnogo Blvd., 15/29

In 1777, an advertisement appeared in Moskovskie Izvestia for the sale of greenhouse trees and flowers, and with them household utensils and property. It was the count's son Alexey Saltykov who sold his father's estate. For 25 thousand rubles, the estate became the property of the state. A home for the disabled was located here, and in 1803 - the Institute of Noble Maidens. The new purpose required completion and re-equipment, which was undertaken by Ivan Gilardi. According to his design, the territory was fenced with stones, a high outbuilding was erected, and extensions were added to the main building. Gilardi the son continued the reconstruction. He brought volume to the flat facades of the houses, and later, in collaboration with Afanasy Grigoriev, he added new wings to the building, completing the appearance of the monumental ensemble.

From the burnt mill on the wasteland - to the very large manor within the boundaries of Moscow. The estate of the princes Golitsyn went this way in about a hundred years. Today this museum of estate culture is the only one in the capital that has preserved all the historical buildings. Here you will see cattle and horse yards, a church, a ministerial complex, a master's courtyard and much more. At one time, the estate was visited by representatives of the Romanov family, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ulyanov-Lenin and other famous personalities. Today you can take a tour here or organize children's party. By the way, in the local park there are sculptures by Pyotr Klodt, the famous author of the horses on the St. Petersburg Anichkov Bridge.

Even within the noisy Garden Ring you can find a corner with quiet alleys and a romantic piece of Italy. The Usachev-Naydenov estate is considered last job Domenico Gilardi in Moscow. The architect, being a follower of Luigi Cagnola and Antonio Antolini, created his own style based on the traditions of the Italian Empire style. In the Russian capital, Gilardi also built the Gagarin estate on Povarskaya, the Studenets estate on Presnya, the equestrian yard and the Music Pavilion in the Kuzminki estate and much more. Estate " High mountains» Gilardi built the Usachev brothers for tea traders, and its last owners were the Naydenov family. The mansion still has antique cast iron vases, lions on the ramp and sculptural image Cupid. In Soviet times, the building was chosen by healthcare workers and filmmakers: “Pokrovsky Gate” and “Star of Captivating Happiness” were filmed here, and there was also a tuberculosis clinic and medical centers. Today there is a scientific and practical center for sports medicine here.

 st. Zemlyanoy Val, 53

Gostiny Dvor

One of the first shopping centers in Moscow dates back six centuries, and the number of retail shops located in it could be the envy of many modern mass trade establishments. In the 15th century, Gostiny Dvor accommodated up to 760 tenants at a time, who bought a plot of land on the trading floor and built a shop with their own hands. No one monitored the quality of construction, and over time, dips, drops and cracks began to appear in the building, threatening the building with destruction. They started talking about the reconstruction of Gostiny Dvor in late XVIII century and entrusted it to Giacomo Quarenghi. And although the architect’s original project has undergone changes (the peculiarities of the premises and the negligence of Russian builders prevented the plan from being adhered to), Gostiny Dvor is considered one of the best creations of the famous Italian.

Shop "Eliseevsky"

One of the most famous grocery stores in Moscow is located in house No. 14 on Tverskaya Street. The building, built according to the design of Matvey Kazakov, absorbed all the perfection and harmony Italian classicism. However, diners and gastronomes were not attracted architectural features, and outlandish food products, rare drinks and royal interiors. Merchant Eliseev purchased this mansion in 1898, and three years later reconstruction was completed here. In the luxurious “palace on Tverskaya” there were three trading floors: with fruit (this was the largest department of “Eliseevsky”), with confectionery, grocery and gastronomic goods, as well as crystal products. This is where they set up own production. The mansion belonged to Eliseev until 1917. You can still buy food here at “museum” prices. The main landmark conceived by the merchant (food for wealthy consumers) turned out to be beyond the control of centuries and reconstructions.

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On July 19, 1485, the Taynitskaya Tower, the oldest tower of the Moscow Kremlin, was founded in Moscow by the Italian architect Anton Fryazin. We remember 7 Italian architects and builders of Russia.

Anton Fryazin

Architect and diplomat Antonio Gilardi, nicknamed Anton Fryazin by the Muscovites, was one of the first Italians to arrive in Rus'. He came to Muscovy in 1469 as part of the retinue of Yuri Trachaniot, the ambassador of Cardinal Vissarion, with a proposal for the marriage of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and Sophia Paleologus.

Cyrillic

Achievements

In the 1580s, he was engaged in the construction of the Moscow Kremlin: he has two towers of the Moscow Kremlin - Tainitskaya and Vodozvodnaya.

Ridolfo Aristotle Fioravanti

The arrival of the Italian architect in Moscow is evidenced by the First Sofia Chronicle, which states that he arrived “on the Great Day” (Easter), and not alone, but “that Aristotle took with him his son’s name Andrei, and the little boy’s name is Petrushey.” .

Aristotle Fioravanti's work in Moscow began with the dismantling of the ruins of the Assumption Cathedral by Myshkin and Krivtsov. Clearing the site for the new cathedral took only a week - in 7 days, what had taken three years to build was completely removed. The demolition of the remains of the walls was carried out using a “ram” - an oak log bound with iron, which was suspended from a “pyramid” of three beams and, swinging, hit the wall. When this was not enough, wooden stakes were driven into the lower part of the remaining fragments of the walls and set on fire.

Cyrillic

The dismantling of the walls would have been completed earlier if the workers had time to remove the stone from the yard faster. However, the architect was in no hurry to start construction. Fioravanti understood that he could not help but take into account the customs and tastes of the Russian people, and should not artificially transfer here the forms familiar to him western architecture. Therefore, having finished laying the foundation, Aristotle went to travel around the country to get acquainted with ancient Russian architecture.

Achievements

Built the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. As chief of artillery, he took part in Ivan III's campaigns against Novgorod, Kazan and Tver. He cast bells and minted coins.

Pietro Antonio Solari

First official main architector Moscow. Came from Milan in 1490. Probably, Ivan III offered Solari an impressive contract amount, since the architect refused very tempting projects in Italy. He lived in Moscow for only 3 years and died in 1493.

Cyrillic

Achievements

He built several towers of the Moscow Kremlin (Borovitskaya, Konstantino-Eleninskaya, Senate, etc.). Together with Ruffo he completed the construction of the Chamber of Facets.

Domenico Andrea Trezzini

From 1703 he worked in Russia, becoming the first architect of St. Petersburg. Trezzini laid the foundations of the European school in Russian architecture.

Cyrillic

Achievements

Kronstadt and the Alexander Nevsky Lavra were founded according to Trezzini’s designs, and reconstruction began Peter and Paul Fortress in stone, part of the regular layout of Vasilyevsky Island was completed, etc.

Antonio Rinaldi

In 1751, the architect was invited to Russia, to the Hetman of Little Russia K. G. Razumovsky. The contract was signed for seven years, its terms included the training of Russian masters by the Italian. Then, in 1754, Antonio Rinaldi became the architect of the “small court”, that is, he became part of the inner circle of the future Emperor Peter III.

Cyrillic

Achievements

Construction of the Great Gatchina Palace.

Giacomo Antonio Domenico Quarenghi

In 1780 he came to St. Petersburg at the invitation of Catherine II as “architect of Her Majesty’s court.” The Russian writer Philip Vigel recalled the architect: “Old Guarenghi often walked, and everyone knew him, for he was remarkable for the huge bluish onion that nature glued to his face instead of a nose.”

From the history of Rus', we know that the most beautiful architectural structures, which to this day are landmarks, were built famous architects Foreigners. I propose to remember the Italian architects who immortalized their memory in the most beautiful buildings.

On July 19, 1485, the Taynitskaya Tower, the oldest tower of the Moscow Kremlin, was founded in Moscow by the Italian architect Anton Fryazin. We remember 7 Italian architects and builders of Russia.

1. Anton Fryazin

Architect and diplomat Antonio Gilardi, nicknamed Anton Fryazin by the Muscovites, was one of the first Italians to arrive in Rus'. He came to Muscovy in 1469 as part of the retinue of Yuri Trachaniot, the ambassador of Cardinal Vissarion, with a proposal for the marriage of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and Sophia Paleologus.

Achievements


In the 1580s, he was engaged in the construction of the Moscow Kremlin: he has two towers of the Moscow Kremlin - Tainitskaya and Vodozvodnaya.

2. Ridolfo Aristotle Fioravanti

Assumption Cathedral

The arrival of the Italian architect in Moscow is evidenced by the First Sofia Chronicle, which states that he arrived “on the Great Day” (Easter), and not alone, but “that Aristotle took with him his son’s name Andrei, and the little boy’s name is Petrushey.” .

Aristotle Fioravanti's work in Moscow began with the dismantling of the ruins of the Assumption Cathedral by Myshkin and Krivtsov. Clearing the site for the new cathedral took only a week—in 7 days, what had taken three years to build was completely removed. The demolition of the remains of the walls was carried out using a “ram” - an oak log bound with iron, which was suspended from a “pyramid” of three beams and, swinging, hit the wall. When this was not enough, wooden stakes were driven into the lower part of the remaining fragments of the walls and set on fire. The dismantling of the walls would have been completed earlier if the workers had time to remove the stone from the yard faster. However, the architect was in no hurry to start construction. Fioravanti understood that he could not ignore the customs and tastes of the Russian people, and should not artificially transfer here the forms of Western architecture familiar to him. Therefore, having finished laying the foundation, Aristotle went to travel around the country to get acquainted with ancient Russian architecture.


Achievements

Built the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. As chief of artillery, he took part in Ivan III's campaigns against Novgorod, Kazan and Tver. He cast bells and minted coins.

3. Pietro Antonio Solari

The first official chief architect of Moscow. Came from Milan in 1490. Probably, Ivan III offered Solari an impressive contract amount, since the architect refused very tempting projects in Italy. He lived in Moscow for only 3 years and died in 1493.

Achievements

He built several towers of the Moscow Kremlin (Borovitskaya, Konstantino-Eleninskaya, Senate, etc.). Together with Ruffo he completed the construction of the Chamber of Facets.

4. Domenico Andrea Trezzini

From 1703 he worked in Russia, becoming the first architect of St. Petersburg. Trezzini laid the foundations of the European school in Russian architecture.

Achievements


According to Trezzini's designs, Kronstadt and the Alexander Nevsky Lavra were founded, the reconstruction of the Peter and Paul Fortress in stone began, part of the regular planning of Vasilyevsky Island was completed, etc.

5. Antonio Rinaldi

In 1751, the architect was invited to Russia, to the Hetman of Little Russia K. G. Razumovsky. The contract was signed for seven years, its terms included the training of Russian masters by the Italian. Then, in 1754, Antonio Rinaldi became the architect of the “small court”, that is, he became part of the inner circle of the future Emperor Peter III.

Achievements

Construction of the Great Gatchina Palace

6. Giacomo Antonio Domenico Quarenghi

In 1780 he came to St. Petersburg at the invitation of Catherine II as “architect of Her Majesty’s court.” The Russian writer Philip Vigel recalled the architect: “Old Guarenghi often walked, and everyone knew him, for he was remarkable for the huge bluish onion that nature glued to his face instead of a nose.”


Achievements

Construction of the English Palace in Peterhof, the building of the Hermitage Theater, the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo.

7. Karl Ivanovich Rossi

A native of Naples went to seek his fortune in Russia in 1795, joining the Admiralty College of Architecture in St. Petersburg.

The main area of ​​activity of Russia was the creation of urban architectural ensembles. Largely thanks to him, St. Petersburg acquired a new face, becoming the center of a gigantic empire, proud of its victories over Napoleon.


Achievements

Rossi embodied his mastery in the ensembles of the Mikhailovsky Palace, Palace Square with the grandiose General Staff building and triumphal arch, Senate Square with the buildings of the Senate and Synod, Alexandrinskaya Square with buildings Alexandrinsky Theater etc.