What are the types of ditties? History of the ditty

Chatushka (chorus, hoot, short) - the most beloved and most widespread type, or genre, of oral folk art.

Origin of the ditty

Some scientists believe that the ditty was born a very long time ago, that songs similar to the ditties were sung and danced to by wandering artists - buffoons - back in the 17th-18th centuries. Others are convinced that the ditty as a special song form did not appear earlier than the middle of the last century. The second point of view seems more convincing.

The ditty began to spread widely when capitalism began to develop in Russia and market relations took shape.

The most important evidence of the late origin of the ditty is its artistic form. Of course, ditties widely use folklore techniques, for example, the same beginnings (“I’m a fighting girl...”, “I walked along the shore...”). As in the song, in the ditty the state of nature also corresponds to human feelings - this technique is called psychological parallelism.

At the same time, the ditty is also close to literature. In ancient songs, exact meter and a certain sequence of rhymes are very rare, but ditties are characterized by them from the very beginning. The four-line ditty form is similar to a literary stanza or couplet. In short, the ditty is not an ancient genre; it appeared as a result of the development of other forms of oral folk art.

The formation of the ditty was helped by similar songs of our Slavic relatives - Ukrainian Kolomyykas, Belarusian horses, Polish Vyrvas, Krakovians. These peoples had such songs earlier.

The first ditties were often stanzas of songs. They had eight or more lines. Then, for a short time, six-line ditties prevailed. But very soon the six-line choruses turned into four-line ones. The result is a convenient song, easy to remember and perform.

In the first half XIX century In Rus', a harmonica appeared, as if specially created so that ditties could be sung to it. Its stable chords led to the uniformity of the ditty playing. Each song has its own motive, and all ditties in a given area are sung the same way. There are very few ditty melodies.

What is this ditty about?

A ditty is a song for young people. Therefore, its main content is relationships between young people. The loved ones are called in the ditty in special words: drolya, shurochka, little white girl, prikhekhenyushka, article, little girl. The ditty does not ignore the parents, and mentions the authorities on occasion.

The ditty reflected the entire Russian history of the last century, but in its own way, from the point of view young man. Revolution, civil war... Reds and whites fight to the death for their ideas. And the village girl, sad in solitude, thinks about her own things, about her short youth and love.

In the years civil war The famous "apple" spread throughout Russia.

The ditty also talks about collectivization, dispossession, and collective farms. One new life like it, others don't. Some people sing about Lenin with delight, others laugh at him. And then Stalin also fell into ditties.

A ditty from the times of the Great Patriotic War talks about enormous hardships, the half-starved life of the people, and hard work.

A ditty these days

IN modern village They sing a lot of old ditties: they have not lost their meaning, just as love and everything connected with it have not lost their meaning. But life changes - ditties change and are remade. It used to be: “Without a torch, without fire, it lit my heart,” today they sing: “Without gasoline, without fire...”.

Unlike a song, a ditty can be easily remade.

Completely new ditties are constantly being created, in which the old is only a melody, only a familiar form and inexhaustible folk humor.

Chastushkas were also created among the intelligentsia. Unfortunately, intellectual ditties, rhymes, and parodies were never collected by anyone. However, they have existed for a long time and accompany all Russian history XX century. But they weren’t collected because they were not harmless songs, but sharp political satire.

Schoolchildren also sing ditties.

There are a lot of comic refrains, cheerful awkwardness, absurdities: “On the birch aspen the mitten blossomed...” - isn’t this where modern school absurdities came from?

Along with ditties, short, youth songs are also often published, but they differ in some way from ditties - in tune, special mood, beginnings.

Another type, related to the ditty, is two-line “suffering” (in Rus' “to suffer” also means to love). They are distributed mainly on the Volga, in Central Russia.

It happens that ditties are sung in response (“to the funeral service”), ditty dialogues are known, and it happens that several refrains are combined in content into ditty chains. For songs that are called “Semyonovna” after the constant heroine, such a convergence of individual stanzas is almost the rule.

Eh, Semyonovna, I like you,

Kiss me, you won't get poisoned.

And the continuation:

Kissed, didn't get poisoned,

I became infected with Senina’s love.

Gradually, the city ditty began to take shape in imitation of the peasant ditty. A city is not a village, where ditties were constantly heard on the street, at parties. Urban ditties are often retold and sung. They are gradually losing their rustic form: the origins associated with peasant life disappear, constant epithets. We can say that in the city the ditty has simply turned into an epigram, a cheerful, cocky rhyme.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://russia.rin.ru/

Essay

on ancient Russian literature

“The history of ditties.

Chastushka at the stages of Russian and Soviet history»

students of ___ class

Pirogov school

Bogdanovskaya Maria.

HISTORY OF CHASTUSHKA.

CHASTUSHKA AT THE STAGES OF THE RUSSIAN

AND SOVIET HISTORY.

1. DITTY

Chatushka (chorus, hoot, short) is the most beloved and most widespread type, or genre, of oral folk art today. It sounds like village street, at a party, at home feasts and is familiar, it seems, to everyone without exception. It is sung just like that, “under the tongue,” or accompanied by a balalaika, and more often - an accordion. They often dance to it. This is a lyrical song, a verbal and musical miniature, a lively response to current events or life situations, their poetic assessment, sometimes cheerful, sometimes not without slyness (“Why are you, dear, wondering like potatoes in a furrow?”), sometimes sad, but usually in this case not without humor, based on a sense of human dignity and an optimistic outlook for life. And they are designed not just for listeners, but for actively reacting participants, sometimes dancing and clapping their hands, sometimes responding to every ditty, some with an approving remark, some with a loud objection. But most often the ditty is answered with the same ditty:

I ditty for ditty,
I’m knitting like a thread.
You prove it, girlfriend,
If I don't tell you.

Sometimes this exchange of ditties turns into a real competition. One voice states:

On the table
Semolina porridge,
And our love
Deceptive...

Another objected:

On the table
Buckwheat porridge,
And our love
Endless!

Often ditties form cycles (“sings”), constantly changing their composition, while the ditties are grouped around the beginnings (“I’m sitting on a barrel,” “A star fell from the sky,” “A cat is walking along the window,” “The plane is flying,” “Girlfriend”) mine!

2. ORIGIN OF CHASTUSHKA

Some scientists believe that the ditty was born a very long time ago, that songs similar to the ditties were sung and danced to by wandering artists - buffoons - back in the 17th and 18th centuries. Others are convinced that the ditty, as a special song form, appeared no earlier than the middle of the last century. The second point of view seems more convincing.

First of all, literature, including ancient literature, uses or at least mentions all types of oral folk art that exist or existed at the moment. The chronicles contain the names of epic heroes, parables and legends are retold. The legend about the death of Prince Oleg is set out in the “Tale of Bygone Years” and formed the basis of Pushkin’s “Song of prophetic Oleg"; Pushkin retold it in verse folk tales. Nekrasov made extensive use of many genres of folklore. But none of them remembered the ditty. It appears only in works of the 20th century: in Blok’s “The Twelve”, in the poems of Mayakovsky, Yesenin and their contemporaries.

In the famous four-volume explanatory dictionary V.I. Dahl does not have the word “ditty” (in the sense of “short song”). This word was first used by Gleb Uspensky in the essay “New folk songs"(1889).

The ditty didn’t reflect this at all an important event, like the abolition of serfdom in 1861. But there are references to subsequent events, starting from the 70s of the 19th century: the Russian-Turkish, Russian-Japanese wars, the first Russian revolution of 1905.

Chastushkas arose almost simultaneously in different places in Russia, and each locality not only gave the nascent song its own flavor, but often endowed it with a name that determined its character (honk, short, short, galloping, wagtail, gypsy, Semyonovna, gudka, chorus, sobirushka, vertushka, toptushka), then directly indicating the place of her birth: Volga matanechki, Ural taratorki, Saratov suffering, Ryazan ikhokhoshki, Yeletskaya, Siberian Podgornaya, Novgorod bottling. Some of these songs are sung, others are almost shouted out to a dance melody, some are played to an accordion or button accordion, others to a balalaika, others to a horn or tambourine, others do without any musical accompaniment at all.

3. STRUCTURE OF DITTS

Tradition and innovation coexist in a special way in the ditty. On the one hand, there is a strictly defined volume: as a rule, four lines, in suffering - two:

Come on, Milka,suffer together

I'm with the accordion, and you're the dogNot!

and sometimes all six (although this form did not last long - the last two lines were simply discarded):

I have thirty miles,

I don't know where to hide.

I'll go from the mountain to the river -

Everyone is sitting on the shore.

I wanted to fall into the water -

They screamed at the top of their lungs!

the presence of a whole set of established beginnings and choruses, stability of images and turns, rhyming of even lines (sometimes paired rhyming); on the other hand, there is novelty: every talented ditty has a surprise, a secret. In one case, the first line of the opening is omitted, and only the accordion sounds. In another, on the contrary, “extra” words and lines suddenly appear - they are spoken during a musical pause, “above” the motive. In the third, like an unexpected gift, additional consonances appear either inside the line (usually the first: “If only the shawls did not interfere”), then between the lines, up to their almost complete sound coincidence:

Embroidered a towel
Duck and cockerel.
Wipe yourself, my dear,
Morning and evening.

Being a phenomenon of folklore, the ditty used both oral poetic and literary traditions. The ditty took some techniques from the lyrical plangent song (for example, parallelism) and images-symbols (birch tree, fog, etc.), a frequent song has a cheerful mood and some elements of verse and poetics (dance rhythm, direct appeals to those present - to an accordion player, to a friend), a proverb has aphorism, “colloquiality”, a direct connection with everyday practice, as well as an unexpected, often inaccurate rhyme, sometimes decades ahead of the practice of professional poets: white - ran, lured - across the river, holiday - teases, rubber - gaped, argued - how soon... The ditty was borrowed from literature stanza, cross-rhyme, desire for individualization of characters and specificity of situations.

Chastushka knows a parody of itself - these are incompetents and shapeshifters (sometimes these names are mixed). Clumsiness, along with the meaning, discards rhyme:

I'm from a high fence
I'll fall straight into the water.
Well, who cares?
Where will the splashes go?

The absence of rhyme is a disappointed expectation of the listener, one of the surprises that the truly inexhaustible ditty is generous with. Changelings, also often losing rhyme, are built on the principle of a fable: there they sing “about silver galoshes, about rubber watches,” there they are going to dig potatoes with a saw, etc.

In a number of places, the traditions of Russian ditties interacted with the experience of composing short and topical songs of neighboring peoples. And now there are ditties in use in which Russian lines and expressions are intertwined, for example, with Bashkir ones.

4. DITTY - SONG OF YOUTH

The ditty began to spread widely when capitalism began to develop in Russia and market relations took shape. Much now depended on the person himself, on his will and abilities. Can be compared old song and a ditty: in the song - submission to fate (“They don’t tell Masha to go outside, they don’t tell Masha to love a young man...”), in the ditty - the desire to argue.

The new Genre also reflected the breakdown patriarchal relations in all areas human life, And literary influence on oral folk art, and the interaction of urban and rural cultures. Ditty is interested in everything: personal relationships and news public life, global events and local news. Most ditties are about love, but the boundary between a personal, everyday ditty and a public, social ditty is very arbitrary. The relationships of lovers in a ditty are almost always painted in the color of the era, time, day. When the first volume of “The History of Russian Literature,” dedicated to “folk literature,” was published in 1908, perhaps for the first time a place for a new genre was found in a solid academic work. The idea that the ditty contains “pure modern images”, was supported by an example:

I don’t want to sit with a torch -
Give me a kerosene lamp.
I don't want to sit alone -
Give the sweetheart here.

(A kerosene lamp at that time was the last word rural civilization.)

A ditty is a song for young people. Therefore, its main content is the relationship between young people: love, separation, meetings, betrayal, ridicule of girls over boys, boys over girls. In the ditty, loved ones are called with special words: drolya, shurochka, little white, prikhekhenyushka, article, zaletka. The ditty does not ignore the parents; on occasion, it remembers the authorities: the Duma (old), the tsar, and in Soviet times - the foreman, the chairman of the collective farm, the leaders of the Communist Party. And they joked about their poverty, and they didn’t let the rich people off the hook.

5. A PIECE IN HISTORY.

The ditty reflects the entire Russian history of the last century,
but in his own way, from the point of view of a young man. Revolution, civil war... Reds and Whites - the same Russian people - fight to the death for their ideas, for the Soviets or against the Soviets. And the village girl, yearning alone, thinks about her own things, about her short youth and love:

Red and white, put down your guns,

Make peace with the war

Release our darlings

Go home uninjured!

During the years of the Civil War, the famous “Yablochko”, which in its origin is associated with Ukrainian folklore, spread throughout Russia. The Reds sang:

Eh, apple, where are you going?

Once you get to Vechek, you won’t turn back.

(Vecheka - VChK.)

Whites responded to the same motive:

The steamer is coming

Past the pier

Let's feed the fish

Communists.

There was also a sailor dance called “Apple”.

The ditty also talks about collectivization, dispossession, and collective farms. Some people like the new life, others don’t. Some people sing about Lenin with delight, others laugh at him.

And then Stalin also fell into ditties:

Stalin rides on a cow

The cow has one horn.

Where are you going, Comrade Stalin?

"Dispossess the people."

When it finally became clear that the collective farm almost never leads to a prosperous life, they sang the truth:

Starts to get rich:

The windows are covered with a rag,

So that the crow doesn't fly in.

A ditty from the time of the Great Patriotic War talks about enormous hardships, the half-starved life of the people, and hard work:

My darling is at war
Manages the company
And I don't go for walks either,
I work on a bull.

And of course, ditties about a dear one who is fighting somewhere far away were heard throughout the country:

Is it really a stupid bullet?
Will he kill the little berry?
Bullet to the left, bullet to the right,
Bullet, make a turn!

6.DITS AND INTELLIGENTSIA

Chastushkas were also created among the intelligentsia. Unfortunately, intellectual ditties, rhymes, and parodies were never collected by anyone. However, they have existed for a long time and accompany the entire Russian history of the 20th century. But they weren’t collected because these are not harmless songs, but sharp political satire.

Soon after the revolution, the famous Cheka was created - the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (the future NKVD, and even later - the KGB). This commission terrified people. But they still did not remain silent:

Eh, once, more once,
Sang would, Yes What- That,
On Pea, 2,
Drive reluctance.

(On Gorokhovaya, 2, the Petrograd Cheka became obsessed.)

On January 17, the hungry year of 1920, Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky wrote down
his diary ditty, which his nine-year-old son told him:

No of bread, No flour,
Not give Bolsheviks.
No of bread, There is not oils,
Electricity went out.

Many mischievous, provocative ditties and couplets were composed during the years of Stalin’s terror:

"The years go by

General secretaries are being replaced,”

The intellectual said

At the cutting site.

Born in the village of Gori

For me, for you and for everyone

At the shoemaker Vaso

Three times son of a bitch Soso.

(Vaso and Soso are Georgian diminutives from Vissarion and Joseph.)

Oh my cucumbers,

Tomatoes:

Stalin killed Kirov

In the corridor.

Yugoslav President Tito in last years Stalin’s life in the USSR was called nothing more than a “bloody dog” (Tito, even though he was a communist, did not want to crawl on his belly in front of Stalin!). But then Stalin died, and relations with Yugoslavia began to improve. People of the older generation cannot help but remember:

Expensive comrade Tito,
You Now our Friend And Brother!
How said us myself Nikita,
You neither V how Not guilty.

And when perestroika began, they started talking about self-financing and... did nothing. The shops are empty.

Perestroika - mother dear,
Cost accounting - father native.
How parents such,
Better will orphan!

The communist leadership failed and the Communist Party was dissolved. And ditties about the party began to fall:

Past our district committee
I without jokes Not I'm walking:
That them sickle V window sunu,
That them hammer I'll show you.

Some intellectual poems and couplets are close in form to a real ditty (“I don’t walk past my mother-in-law’s house without jokes...” and “Past our district committee...”), some are completely far from it. But there is no doubt that these are all individual compositions. Everything here: rhythm, rhyme, and verbal fabric comes from literature. Perhaps the authors of these couplets are known to someone. However, unlike usual literary work the text still strives for anonymity and is distributed orally like the texts of jokes.

IN last decades urban nameless creativity penetrates into the countryside. But the ditty, which was rural in origin, on the contrary, came to the city.

6. “FAKE” DITS

At the beginning of the 20th century, and especially during the years of Soviet power, counterfeits of folk ditties, composed to order by poets or members of various choirs, often appeared on stage, in films, in books and even in textbooks. You don’t hear such amateur ditties on the street; people don’t pick them up.

What is life like for women before?

Married people suffer forever;

And now my three daughters

They study at institutes.

“I’ve been married forever” - like the first line, you just can’t sing it. A ditty song for youth. And here is the heroine - elderly woman(she has three adult daughters!). This is not a ditty - neither in form nor in content. But the author praised Soviet power! One person praised me. But one could say that this is, supposedly, the opinion of the people themselves. After all, such poems were published without a surname, along with real ditties.

7. PIECE NOW

In the modern village, many ancient ditties are sung: they have not lost their meaning for the singers, just as love and everything connected with it have not lost their meaning. But life changes - ditties change and are remade. It used to be: “Without a torch, without fire, it lit my heart,” today they sing: “Without gasoline, without fire...”. Unlike a song, a ditty can be easily remade. Someone sang:

Oh, oh, God forbid,
Falling in love with a soldier:
Kapok's mustache is like needles
Leaps in to kiss.

And someone, looking at the factory guy who arrived, immediately adds:

Oh, oh, God forbid,
Get to know the workers:
Hands in tar, myself in the boil,
Leaps in to kiss.

However, completely new ditties are constantly being created, in which the old is only a melody, only a familiar form and inexhaustible folk humor:

Like our guys
Three-piece head:
Carburetor, fan
And a gearbox.

At my little one's house
There was a conference:
I chose a bride for him
All the intelligentsia!

Schoolchildren also sing ditties:

They say I'm a student
A student is not a disgrace!
The student is loved more deeply

Here's to a fun conversation.

There are a lot of comic refrains, cheerful awkwardness, absurdities: “On the birch aspen the mitten blossomed...” - isn’t this where modern school absurdities came from?

Together with ditties, short songs, also youth songs, are often published, but they differ in some way from ditties - in tune,
special construction, beginnings.

Both in previous years and in our days, when real Russian dance flares up, the most skilled dancers, performing impossible dances, also cheerfully shout out “I play myself, I dance myself, I wear boots with holes!” Or “Glory to Christ that I’m growing beautifully!”

Having arisen not without the influence of written poetry, the ditty, in turn, influenced literature. A. A. Blok, V. V. Mayakovsky, S. A. Yesenin introduced it into great poetry, A. T. Tvardovsky, M. V. Isakovsky, V. S. Vysotsky, B. Sh. Okudzhava and a lot others.

Bibliography:

Children's encyclopedia Avanta+ (volume 9, part one) “Russian literature: from epics and chronicles to the classics of the 19th century”

Dictionary of a young literary scholar

Municipal treasury educational institution average comprehensive school No. 2 Project “The history of the appearance of ditties in Rus'” Prepared by: Mukhametgalieva Alina Olga Malyutina - 6th grade Leader: teacher of Russian language and literature Lyudmila Mikhailovna Kravchenko

The goal of the project: to develop creative initiative in students, develop the ability to set and solve problems, the ability to think independently, obtain and apply knowledge, teach children to work independently with information, and find sources from which they can gain knowledge. To instill in students significant human values, tolerance, a sense of responsibility, to develop research Creative skills students. Project objectives: to cultivate in children a love for Russian literature, for oral folk art, respect for the traditions of their people, to teach children to know the origin and appearance of ditties in Rus'.

Chatushka (chorus, hoot, short) is the most popular type, or genre, of oral folk art today. It is impossible to say who came up with the first ditty, because they say that the ditties were composed by the Russian people. It is interesting that the parent of the ditty is the Russian folk lyrical song, and the same age as the ditty is the harmonica, accordion. The question arises: When did the ditty appear? Some scientists believe that the ditty was born a very long time ago, that songs similar to the ditties were sung and danced to them by wandering buffoon actors - back in the 17th and 18th centuries. Others are convinced that the ditty as a special song form did not appear earlier than the middle of the last century. The formation of ditties was helped by similar songs of our Slavic relatives - Ukrainian Kolomyykas, Belarusian racehorses, Polish Vyrvas, Krakowiaks. .

These peoples had such songs earlier. The first ditties were often stanzas of songs. They had eight or more lines. Then, for a short time, six-line ditties prevailed. But very soon the six-line choruses turned into four-line ones, and the result was a convenient, easy-to-remember song. The ditty combines the verses of a lyrical song with the aphorism of proverbs and sayings.

Initially, ditties arose among men. The guys gathered in a tight circle and bawled at them. There is no interpretation of the word “ditty” in V.I. Dahl’s Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. In the old days, the ditty was called differently: matanya, chorus, joke, taratorka, pereberushka, skomoroshina, passing. There are also ditties that arose from an exclamation and they are called “ikhokhoshka.” Here is an example: And here is a ditty-khokhotushka “If only, if only mushrooms grew on the nose, they would cook themselves. Yes, and they rolled into your mouth! I'm walking, walking, carrying a samovar in my hands. Hey, tea, tea, tea, welcome, mother!

Chastushka - short Russian folk song, usually of humorous content, usually transmitted orally. Thus, the ditty is an element of folklore. Oral creativity receives special development in areas prohibited by censorship. In the pre-Soviet era, such topics included religion. The text of a ditty is usually a quatrain written in trochee, in which the 2nd and 4th lines rhyme (sometimes all lines cross-rhyme). Characteristic feature The language of ditties is its expressiveness and richness linguistic means, often going beyond literary language. The ditty is often performed to the accompaniment of an accordion or balalaika. Originated in the last thirds of the XIX centuries as an element of rural folklore, but greatest development received after the establishment of Soviet power.

During the Civil War, the famous “bull’s-eye” spread throughout Russia. The ditties also talk about collectivization, dispossession, and collective farms. Some people like the new life, others don’t. Some sing about Lenin, some about Stalin. A ditty from the time of the Great Patriotic War talks about enormous hardships, the half-starved life of the people, and hard work. I don’t need to tell anything about the war, I’ll go there myself. To bandage the wounds... shepherdess in war time She supported the people in the rear, mostly women, and helped bring victory closer. Ingenuous, often naive refrains expressed love for the Motherland, helped to survive hardships and losses, and represented authentic sample fortitude.

The chastushka supported the people in wartime and in the rear, mainly women, helped bring victory closer. Ingenuous, often naive refrains expressed love for the Motherland, helped to survive hardships and losses, and were a true example of fortitude.

Nowadays there are many ditties that reflect modern life, they are also sung in schools during holidays, evenings, and music lessons.

The ditty still exists today. In the modern village, many ancient ditties are sung: they have not lost their meaning, just as love and everything connected with it have not lost their meaning. But life changes, so ditties change and are remade.

Unlike a song, a ditty can be easily remade. Completely new ditties are constantly being created, in which the old is only a melody, only a familiar form and inexhaustible folk humor. Chastushkas were also created among the intelligentsia. Unfortunately, intellectual ditties, rhymes, and parodies were never collected by anyone. However, they have existed for a long time and accompany the entire Russian history of the 20th century. But they weren’t collected because they were not harmless songs, but sharp political satire.

School ditties *** YOU ARE ALWAYS BEAUTIFUL: “PITAILS”, BRAIDS. WE HAPPEN TO PULL FOR THEM JUST OUT OF HABIT! *** AS CHANGE COMES, WE LOVE TO PLAY WITH YOU: WE RUN AWAY THAT THERE ARE POWERS SO THAT THEY CAN CATCH UP WITH US!

Thank you for your attention, see you again!

This is a ditty a genre of Russian folklore that took shape in the last quarter of the 19th century. simultaneously in different parts Russia: in the center, middle and lower Volga region, in the northern, eastern and southern provinces. These are short rhyming lyrical songs that were created and performed as a lively response to various life phenomena, expressing a clear positive or negative assessment. Many ditties contain jokes or irony. Since the beginning of the 20th century. ditties began to penetrate the Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mordovians, Chuvash, and Tatars. Collections of ditties began to appear only in the 20th century: Florensky P.A. Collection of ditties Kostroma province Nerekhta district. Kostroma, 1909; Simakov V.I. A collection of village ditties. Yaroslavl, 1913. The earliest ditties had six lines. The main type - 4 line - was formed in the second half of the 19th century, it was performed with and without dance. The actual dance chastushkas, performed only to a dance (for example, to a square dance), are also 4-line. In addition, there are 2 lowercase ditties: “suffering” and “Semyonovna”. Ditties are usually called poetry small form, however, it is never sung alone (“I lower ditty upon ditty, like on a thread...”). During performance, cycles are improvised - ditty songs, which can include a different number of stanzas (up to 100). The chastushkas have varied, but repeating, stable tunes - both drawn-out and fast. It is typical to perform many texts in one tune. In living life, the ditty is characterized by recitativeness. Each region had a special verbal text and tune, a special manner of performance and dancing, which gave rise to different designations for ditties: “Saratov”, “Tambov”, “Voronezh”, “Ryazanochka”, “Eletskaya”. They were called “choruses”, “hoots”, “badges”, “korotushki”, “collections”, etc. The term “ditty”, also popular, was introduced into scientific use in 1889, when the first essay about this new the phenomenon of the song culture of the people (Uspensky G. New folk songs (From village notes). Chastooshkas are of rural origin and existence. Their offshoot, transformation became ditties performed in the urban “lower classes” and among workers. Their high popularity and productivity remain in modern folklore .

The origins of the ditty

The origins of ditties are closely related to oral creativity old village: short satirical and dance songs were created by buffoons (they are recorded in songbooks of the 19th century); short choruses were sung at weddings and in calendar ceremonies. The sexual orientation of the “mischievous ditties” continued the tradition of erotic allegories of fairy tales, riddles, and conspiracies associated with the magic of fertility. Nowadays there are various types of them. Along with this, ditties are colored by the influence of book poetry: rhyme is required for them, mainly incomplete cross (abcb), as well as full cross (abab) and paired (aabb); Tonic verse is basically close to syllabic-tonic.

Ditties show attention to all vital issues, however, in the vast majority of cases they were written by young people, so their characters are a girl and a guy, and the most popular topic-Love. Most of ditties, regardless of the nature of the melody, have an elegiac content. The hero of the ditty is sometimes depicted as being separated from his native place (recruit, soldier, farm laborer working “among the people”). In the 20th century their content expanded, they began to reflect historical and social processes. Ditties on socio-political topics often take on a satirical nature. Numerous falsifications were not included in oral existence: posters, foot-hymnical imitations and amateur “propaganda” on the topic of the day published for propaganda purposes. Ditties are associated with many folklore genres: proverbs and sayings, dance and round dance songs.

Chatushka as a lyrical genre

The formation of ditties like lyrical genre the traditional song lyrics helped. They used ready-made symbols. Constant epithets came from songs into ditties, incl. expressive. Ditties use comparisons, metaphors, metonymies, personifications, and hyperboles. According to composition, ditties are divided into 1 and 2 parts: the first have a through development of the theme, the second the stanza clearly breaks up into two parts with a sharp pause in the middle. The construction of the second private ditty was influenced by the song technique of psychological parallelism: “Will the green garden really wither on the mountain: Will our love really not return back?” It is not uncommon to have two private ditties in which the parts are contrasted in meaning. There is a tendency towards formal parallelism - when, when comparing parts, there is no need to establish a symbolic or logical connection between them. Ditties called big interest among democratic writers of the second half of the 19th century. (N.V. Uspensky, I.A. Levitov, F.M. Reshetnikov), who reproduced them in their works. In the 20th century ditties were creatively used by A.A. Blok, S.A. Yesenin, V.V. Mayakovsky, A.T. Tvardovsky and others. The process of creation and existence of ditties is revealed in the story by S.P. Antonov “Poddubensky ditties. From the notes of a land surveyor" (1950).

Ditties - short rhyming lyrical songs,which were created and performed as a living response to variousfigurative life phenomena, expressing positiveor their negative assessment. Many ditties contain jokes or irony. The earliest ditties had six lines . The main type of ditty is four-line- formed in the second half of the 19th century, it is performed with and without dancing. The dance ditties themselves are also four-line, which are performed only to dance (for example, to a square dance). In addition, there are two-line ditties: "straDenmark" and "Semyonovna" (the latter appeared in the 1920s).

The ditties have varied, but repeating, foundations.lively tunes, both long and fast. It is typical to perform many texts in one tune. In live existence, ditties are sometimes characterized by recitativeness (close to melodious recitation). They combine words, chanting, instrumental accompaniment (balalaika, harmonica), movements (gestures, facial expressions, dance). All these components allow for improvisation, which occupies a significant place in the ditty.

Chastushka is one of the few genres of traditional Russian folklore, the texts of which are not specifically learned by heart or learned beforehand, but in many cases are composed on the go. A ditty is almost always improvisation.

Chastushki are usually called poetry of small form, but the hourthe carcass is never sung alone (I’m stringing down ditty after ditty, like on a thread...). During performance, cycles are improvised - ditty songs, which can include a different number of stanzas (sometimes up to 100). Researchers have noted that in the process of performing ditties, the ditties are combined, and a ditty is sung according to some characteristic, substantive or formal. A similar principle was previously used in artel labor songs like clubs: the songs were composed of stanzas unrelated to the plot with a common chorus.

Sings can have a compositional frame: a ditty, which is a signal for the beginning of singing, and a ditty, which serves as a signal for the end. Often these are singers’ addresses to the accordion player. For example:

Play, accordion player.

Play, don't break down!

For someone it is not necessary -

Try your best for us!(At first).

Oh, Thank you, harmonica player.

Great game!

I still wish you

Milka is cute!(At the end) 1.

Sings built on dialogue - a roll call between two singers - are united by content. A common type of chants are ditties that have a common beginning (chant): Eh, apple..., The plane was flying..., Nogo girls, get married... and etc. Special way cyclizations have ditties "Semyonovna": it resembles a chain composition of folk lyrical songs. For example:

The samovar with the pipe began to boil,

And I start singing “Semyonovna”.

Chastooshkas were of rural origin and existence. An offshoot and transformation of these village songs became ditties performed on the outskirts of the city, in the urban “lower classes”, among workers. Ditties retain their high popularity and productivity in modern folklore.

When did ditties appear?

Chastushki finally took shape in the last quarter of the 19th century. simultaneously in different parts of Russia: in the center, middle and lower Volga region, in the northern, eastern and southern provinces. Scientists suggest that the ditty originally arose among peasant girls, and they were performed at girls’ gatherings, between round dances, at holidays, during folk festivities.

Each region had a special character of the texts of ditties andchant, a special manner of performance (in chorus or alone), as well as dancing, which gave rise to different designations for ditties: “Saratov”, “Tambov”, “Voronezh”, “Ryazanochka”, “Eletskaya”. Among the people stood out ditties - connoisseurs of ditties, their performers and creators who master the main repertoire of their area. Since the beginning of the 20th century. Russian ditties began to penetrate to neighboring peoples: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mordovians, Chuvash, Tatars and others. In places of the Russian-Mordovian borderland, drawn-out two-line ditties began to be called in Mordovian - matani(translated as “songs”).

In different places, ditties were called differently:songs, to soft songs, choruses, hoots, jokes, shorties, sobirush k, sbirushki and so on. Term ditty, also folk, was introduced into scientific use in 1889, when the first essay about this new phenomenon of folk song culture appeared in the periodical press. Its author is the democratic writer G.I. Uspensky 2.

Unlike G.I. Uspensky, who showed a keen interest in the ditty, many found in it the “decline of true creativity” of the people. This is what F.I. wrote. Chaliapin: “The people who suffered in the dark depths of life sang painful and despairingly cheerful songs. What happened to them that they lost all hope for the best and got stuck in the gap between hope and despair on this damned damn bridge? Isn’t it a factory anymore? Is it the shiny rubber galoshes, the woolen scarf that suddenly wraps around the neck on a bright summer day when the birds sing so well, the corset worn over dresses by rural fashionistas, or the damned German harmonica that with such love is held under the arm of a man of some workshop on a day of rest? I cannot explain this. I only know that this ditty is not a song, but a magpie, and not even natural, but painted obscenely by a mischievous person. And how well they sang! They sang in field, they sang in the haylofts, on rivers, by streams, in forests and behind splinters. The Russian people were obsessed with song, and a great song intoxication fermented within them..." 3.

The chastushka is an indicator of the increased connection between the village and the city; it reflected a change in the mental structure of the village, especially of village youth. The accelerated pace of life, the constant influx of new impressions, the frequent change of experiences - all this made the short moving song relevant.

Ditties - main genre peasant lyrics in late traditional folklore. Its origins are closely connected with the oral literature of the old Russian village. Short satirical and dance songs were created by buffoons (in the Kursk and Tambov regions ditties were called buffoonmi or buffoonish songs).

It is obvious that part of the buffoon repertoire was adopted by the so-called poor people- ditties in which the main artistic role is played by comic absurdity. For example:

Listen up, girls,

I will sing awkwardly:

The pig is laid on the oak tree,

A bear is steaming in a sauna.

In the songbooks of the 18th century. dance songs similar in size to ditties have been recorded. Sometimes ditties were performed to the tunes of famous dance songs "Kamarinskaya" And "Bahmarket." Short choruses were sung at weddings and in calendar rituals, but ditties lack the utilitarian orientation characteristic of ritual folklore; they are a purely lyrical genre. On the other hand, ditties are colored by the influencesongs of literary origin and book poetry. For themrhyme is required predominantly incomplete crossover (abcb), as well as complete crossover (abab) and paired (aabb).