Temples in the Naryshkin Baroque style. Moscow Naryshkin Baroque

Naryshkin style

Naryshkin style

Naryshkinskoe or Moscow Baroque is a conventional name for a specific style direction in Russian architecture of the late 17th - early XVIII centuries, initial stage in the development of Russian Baroque architecture. The architectural movement owes its name to the young, Western-European-oriented boyar family of the Naryshkins, on whose Moscow and Moscow estates churches were built with some elements of the Baroque style, which was new to Russia at that time.
Main meaning Naryshkin style is that it was he who became the link between the architecture of old patriarchal Moscow and the new style (Petrine Baroque) of St. Petersburg, built in the Western European spirit. The Golitsyn style, which existed simultaneously with the Naryshkin style and was closer to the Western European baroque (the buildings erected in it are sometimes classified as the Naryshkin style or the generalized concept of “Moscow baroque” is used for them) turned out to be only an episode in the history of Russian baroque and could not play such an important role in history of Russian architecture.

Story

This is a phenomenon in the history of Russian architecture that does not even have a clear name: it is known under the names of Naryshkin baroque, Moscow baroque, Naryshkin style, Russian mannerism - and not a single word in any of these definitions is accepted unquestionably by all art historians. Further, researchers cannot agree on whether it is a style, a direction or a regional trend.

The situation is complicated by the fact that there is no universally accepted definition of style. Nevertheless, most scientists agree that we can talk about style if an integral artistic system is formed. And it, firstly, covers different types art and artistic culture (we are talking here only about Naryshkin architecture, but take my word for it, we can also talk about the Naryshkin style in relation to at least icon painting and decorative and applied arts, and possibly also to literature and music) and forms in them artistic unity.

Secondly, the style has more or less clear chronological boundaries (the Naryshkin style existed from the 1680s to the 1710s in the Moscow region and somewhat longer in the periphery).

Third and probably main criterion style is that style in its development goes through several stages: origin, development, flourishing and decline. Thus, there are early monuments of the Naryshkin style (the Great Cathedral of the Donskoy Monastery, where the first features of the new style appear: the petal shape of the temple, the arrangement of chapters according to the cardinal points, the floor division of the facade, order elements in the decor), monuments that mark the heyday of the style (as everyone knows the Church of the Intercession in Fili, the Novodevichy Convent or the Spasskaya Church in Ubory) and late Naryshkin monuments (for example, the Church of St. John the Warrior on Yakimanka or the Church of the Deposition of the Robe on Donskoy), where the style is already on the decline, the details become flat, the color becomes inexpressive, elements of other styles appear.

Finally, if a given phenomenon is a style, its features can be used in the monuments of art of subsequent eras. Thus, the Naryshkin baroque experienced a kind of revival in the twentieth century (its features can be seen, for example, in the building of the Leninigradskaya hotel, where tiered construction, turrets and torn pediments are used; the decor of the Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station and, of course, the Kazansky railway station) .

Name

There is debate among art historians about what is the correct name for the architectural trend known as the “Naryshkin style.” Moreover, researchers cannot agree on whether it is a style, a direction or a regional trend.

The situation is complicated by the fact that there is no universally accepted definition of style. Nevertheless
Most scientists agree that we can talk about style if an integral artistic system is formed. And it embraces different types of art and forms artistic unity in them.

The situation is complicated by the fact that there is no universally accepted definition of style. Nevertheless, most scientists agree that we can talk about style if an integral artistic system is formed. And it covers different types of art and forms an artistic unity in them (in this work we will talk about Naryshkin architecture, but some researchers argue that “the Naryshkin style can also be spoken of in relation to icon painting and decorative and applied arts, and perhaps to literature and music"1).

Another and probably the main criterion of style is that style goes through several stages in its development: origin, development, flourishing and decline. Thus, there are early monuments of the Naryshkin style (the Great Cathedral of the Donskoy Monastery, where the first features of the new style appear: the petal shape of the temple, the arrangement of chapters according to the cardinal points, the floor division of the facade, order elements in the decor), monuments that mark the heyday of the style (such as the famous church Intercession in Fili, Novodevichy Convent or Spasskaya Church in Ubory) and late Naryshkin monuments (for example, the Church of St. John the Warrior on Yakimanka or the Church of the Deposition of the Robe on Donskoy), where the style is already on the decline, the details become flat, the color becomes inexpressive, elements of other styles appear.

So, after analyzing the main characteristics, we can conclude that Naryshkin Baroque is still a style. However, a certain difficulty arises when comparing this architectural trend with Western European styles, and it is connected with the fact that the stage-by-stage correspondence early revival, the Naryshkin style in terms of form cannot be defined in the categories established on Western European material; it contains features of both Baroque, Renaissance and Mannerism. That is why, traditionally, the term “Naryshkin style” is used.

The next question that rightfully arises when studying this style is: why “Naryshkinsky”? The Naryshkins are an ancient boyar family, known since the mid-15th century. But they were not the only and not the first customers of the style. They begin to build their temples after the victory over the Miloslavskys in order to emphasize their power and the fact that they love new trends (and the first Naryshkin buildings the Miloslavskys are building: Sophia, for example, is starting construction Novodevichy Convent).

Maybe then it would be more correct to call the style Moscow Baroque? But, firstly, the Moscow baroque is Anninsky, Elizabethan, partly Peter the Great baroque, and the Naryshkin style is a fundamentally different phenomenon. Secondly, the Naryshkin monuments are not only Moscow, they are also the Assumption Cathedral in Ryazan and the Solotchinsky Monastery in its vicinity, the Sretenskaya Gate Church of the Svensky Monastery in Bryansk, and a number of monuments in the Smolensk region.

The name “Naryshskinsky” was finally assigned to the style after close study in the 1920s. Church of the Intercession, built in the late 17th century. Naryshkin Filyakh.

The origin of the style

As you know, architecture is a reflection social processes in appearance buildings. In the middle of the 17th century, Moscow Rus' as a whole was recovering after the Time of Troubles.

Well-being and cheerfulness are reflected in architecture and household items: ornaments appear depicting paradise; houses are beginning to be decorated with purely decorative details that do not serve an engineering function; there is a fashion for bright clothes; houses also began to be painted brightly.

Cities grow, they change architectural appearance. A desire for regularity appears; the increase in urban area encourages the construction of taller bell towers and other vertical silhouettes. The growth of parishes makes it necessary to build more spacious churches, and the requirements for the quality of lighting are increasing. The interiors of churches are losing their isolation and detachment from the world.

People's horizons are expanding, secularism and the principles of rationalism are increasingly penetrating religious architecture, combined with festive decorativeness.

Another feature of this time was the fashion for everything related to travel (in architecture this manifested itself as the image of tropical plants on the facades; volutes brought from ships; the figure of eight corresponds to the shape of a lighthouse; the spire is a reminder of the mast; round windows are associated with portholes; shells are also symbols of travel ). Thanks to their travels, Russian stone craftsmen get acquainted with Western architecture and begin to penetrate into the essence of the order system (this does not mean that they travel themselves; they, for example, get the opportunity to get acquainted with the architectural manuals they brought).

At the same time, interest in exact sciences: astronomy, astrology, alchemy. Travel leads to the development of geography, cartography, mathematics, physics, etc. The love of the stars led to the emergence of vertical lines.

Another prerequisite is the development of construction technology, improving the quality of wall masonry, which made it possible to increase the size of the premises, make the walls thinner, the partitions narrower, the windows larger and of various shapes. Brick became a common material, cheaper than stone and allowing the construction of more diverse structures.

A new phenomenon appeared in Russian art and culture at this time - their secularization, expressed in the spread of secular scientific knowledge, a departure from religious canons, in particular in architecture.

In architecture, secularization was expressed primarily in the gradual departure from medieval simplicity and severity, in the desire for external picturesqueness and elegance. Increasingly, merchants and township communities became the customers for the construction of churches, which played an important role in the nature of the buildings being erected. A number of secularly decorated churches were erected, which, however, did not find support in the circles of church hierarchs, who resisted the secularization of church architecture and the penetration of secularism into it. Patriarch Nikon in the 1650s banned the construction of tented churches, replacing them with the traditional five-domed structure, which contributed to the emergence of tiered churches.

However, the influence secular culture Russian architecture continued to intensify, and some Western European elements also penetrated into it fragmentarily. After Russia concluded the Eternal Peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1686, this phenomenon acquired greater proportions: established contacts contributed to the large-scale penetration of Polish culture into the country. This phenomenon was not homogeneous, since at that time the eastern outskirts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were inhabited by culturally similar, Orthodox Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples, and part of the culture, including purely national elements, was borrowed from them. Connection Features various styles and cultures, as well as a certain “rethinking” of them by Russian masters, determined the specific nature of the new emerging architectural movement - the Naryshkin style.

Peculiarities

Neither in the earlier Old Russian nor in Western European architecture There are no close parallels to this style. It organically merged the features of Moscow architecture, which, first of all, was alien to the overload of lush volumetric stucco molding and sculpture of the Western Baroque. On the contrary, there was a desire for openwork lightness of buildings. Such monuments are characterized by oval or polygonal, that is, polygonal, windows.

So, the Naryshkin baroque is characterized by centricity, tieredness, symmetry, balance of masses, known separately earlier and developed here in whole system, supplemented with order details. His typical buildings are churches in estates near Moscow, tiered, on a basement, with galleries.

Naryshkino baroque is, as a rule, a contrast of two tones: a red-brick background and a white-stone pattern, but it is impossible to say with certainty what color they originally had: for example, the first colorful layer of the Church of the Resurrection in Kadashi turned out to be yellow-blue.

The Naryshkin style is also characterized by the use of polychrome tiles and gilded wooden carvings in interiors that follow the traditions of “Russian patterns” and “grass ornaments”.

Instead of the clarity and conciseness of pre-Petrine architecture, the estate churches of the Naryshkin Baroque demonstrate the complexity of the plan and increased decorativeness. This is revealed in the baroque solemnity of painted, high-relief wood carvings and gilded boxes, iconostases, and pulpits. For example, in the Church of the Intercession in Ubory, a grandiose seven-tiered iconostasis was created - a unique baroque creation. But, unfortunately, over the years Soviet power the masterpiece died.

At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, Naryshkin baroque found many admirers. Centric, or tripartite, churches are built in Moscow, near Kolomna, in Nizhny Novgorod, near Serpukhov, near Ryazan. Pediments and platbands are framed with volutes - architectural details in the form of curls; spiral columns are placed on brackets or console brackets extended from the wall. Decorative motifs are striking in their variety: “torn pediments”, shells and cartouches (decorations in the form of a shield or half-unfolded scroll), mascarons and gems, balustrades with vases... Baroque creates new and unexpected compositions from these ornamental oddities. Realistically rendered grape vines, flowers and fruits are woven into luxurious garlands and bouquets, as if saturated with vital juices. Another favorite ornament is the most complex interlacing of intricately torn cartouches with comb-like rollers along the edges of the curls and convex pearl grains arranged in rows.

The style is mannered, theatrical: columns that do not support anything (often they have a bolster at the entasis level - that is, the place where the thickening of the column falls, on which the main load falls - and if they were carrying something, it would be along this bolster that they would break ), gables that do not cover anything, brackets that do not hold anything, fake windows, etc. Thus, in the Church of the Intercession in Fili, the brick walls are smoothly plastered and brickwork is painted on top of the plaster.

“R.B. Vipper notes that the style is also characterized by a duality of scale: one grandiose, monumental, the other miniature, patterned, detailed”2.

Naryshkinsky Temple in general outline retained the shape of the old townsman's temple, and a decor devoid of any constructive meaning was superimposed on it. All these columns, pediments, brackets, etc. and so on. You can brush it off the wall like chalk from a blackboard, and the structure of the building will not suffer at all. What are they for then? And they carry, limit, cover, etc. and so on. visually.

So, summing up all of the above, it is necessary to once again note the main features of the Naryshkin style. His buildings are characterized by symmetry of composition, logical mass ratios and the placement of lush white stone decoration, in which a freely interpreted order, borrowed from Western European architecture, serves as a means of visually connecting the multi-component volume of the building. This growth of the rational principle was clearly reflected in the trend of transition from medieval orderless to consistently ordered architecture.

Significant Architects

The heyday of the Naryshkin, or Moscow, baroque occurred in the 1690s and the very beginning of the 18th century. These same years - best time creativity of Yakov Bukhvostov, a serf peasant from the Moscow region, a nugget architect. The creator of a new style in Russian architecture had extensive knowledge of a practical architect, was a capable organizer and at the same time had a whimsical imagination. Full of innovative ideas, the serf master carries out orders from noble nobles and associates of Peter within the Moscow and Ryazan estates. Archival documents indicate that the outstanding architect not only headed the construction team, but also delved into all the details during construction. It is significant that Bukhvostov’s buildings contain elements of a deliberately introduced Western European order (the corresponding terminology is also used in contract documentation), however, his use of order elements differs from that accepted in European tradition: the main load-bearing element, as in Old Russian architectural tradition, the walls remain, almost disappeared from view among the numerous decorative elements.

Another master, Ivan Zarudny, was born on the territory modern Ukraine, which was then part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1701, he was in the royal service in Moscow, where he created a number of buildings, which were characterized by the processing of the Naryshkin style in the spirit of the traditions of European architecture of that time. In 1701-07. By order of Alexander Menshikov, Zarudny built his most famous creation - the Church of the Archangel Gabriel (Menshikov Tower) near Chistye Prudy. The building was crowned with a high spire ending with a copper figure of the Archangel Gabriel, but in 1723, as a result of a lightning strike, the church burned down, and after restoration it lost its upper tier and spire.

Also working in the Naryshkin Baroque style were Pyotr Potapov (Church of the Assumption Holy Mother of God on Pokrovka), Mikhail Choglokov (Sukharevskaya Tower), Osip Startsev.

Monuments of the “Naryshkin” style

First of all, you should consider the most famous monument Naryshkin style - Church of the Intercession in Fili.

The Church of the Intercession in Fili, located in the west of Moscow, was built in the very early 1690s in country estate boyar Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin. Filevsky Church, which combines the lower (warm) Church of the Intercession and the upper (cold) Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands, is recognized masterpiece Naryshkin style. The artistic merits of the monument, as well as the unique preservation of the original interiors of the upper Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands, in the iconostasis of which there are icons of Karp Zolotarev and Kirill Ulanov, make it outstanding work Russian art of early Peter the Great.

The first wooden Church of the Intercession in Fili with the chapel of the Conception of St. Anne, according to documentary evidence, was built in 1619. Filevsky lands at that time were owned by Prince F.I. Mstislavsky. The dedication of the temple to the Feast of the Intercession is associated with important event Time of Troubles. On October 1 (old style), 1618, the troops of the Polish prince Vladislav and Hetman Sagaidachny launched an assault on the walls of the White City of Moscow, which was repulsed by Russian troops. This event put an end to the turmoil and ruin of the Moscow state. Muscovites saw the victory over the army of Prince Vladislav as a sign of the special patronage of the Mother of God. In memory of this event, several Intercession churches were erected, including in Rubtsov, Izmailovo and Medvedkovo. The Filevsky temple also falls into this row.

In 1689, the village of Fili was granted to boyar Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, the maternal uncle of Tsar Peter I. Having bought neighboring Kuntsevo to Fili, new owner began intensively organizing his possessions. He built boyar mansions topped with a clock tower, laid out an extensive park with ponds and a garden, created various services, and a stable yard. On the site of the old wooden church, Lev Kirillovich erects the majestic Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary - a classic monument of the Naryshkin baroque.

Tradition connects its construction with the events of the Streletsky revolt of 1682, during which Ivan and Afanasy Naryshkin died at the hands of the Streltsy. Their younger brother Lev Kirillovich, hidden by Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna in the passages to female half, prayed before the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands and made a vow, upon deliverance from death, to erect a temple with this dedication. Seven years later, having received the Filevo lands, Lev Kirillovich fulfills his promise and lays the foundation for a new stone temple.

Exact construction dates stone temple unknown. All documents were lost in a big fire that occurred in Fili in 1712. Obviously, work began the next year after Lev Kirillovich received his estate. "A number of evidence has been preserved about the decoration of the interior of the upper church in 1693-1694. Thus, it can be assumed that the main work was carried out in 1690-1693. The construction of a stone church on the territory of the estate at the end of the 17th century was an important event for the owner. The church immediately "They became the main dominant feature, the face of the estate. The Naryshkin style was the best suited for such buildings, emphasizing the special significance of the house temple"3. Representativeness, elegance, solemnity Naryshkin churches were called upon to express noble birth, the nobility of the feudal lord, to emphasize his wealth.

Both Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and the young Tsar Peter gave money for the construction of the Filevo church. According to legend, Peter visited Fili several times and even often sang in the choir of the Intercession Church. It refers to ancient type a 17th-century temple “like the bells,” that is, it combines a bell tower and a church.

The Church of the Intercession in Fili was built according to the principles of formation typical of Russian architecture of the 17th century, representing a tiered five-domed temple, in which the strictly demarcated volumes of the bell tower and the church are located on the same vertical axis, the so-called octagon on a quadrangle. The quadrangle, surrounded by semicircles of apses, is actually the Church of the Intercession itself, and located higher, on the next tier, the octagon is the church in the name of the Savior Not Made by Hands, covered with an eight-tray vault. On it rises a tier of bells, made in the shape of an octagonal drum and topped with an openwork gilded faceted onion dome, while the remaining four domes complete the apses of the church. At the base of the church there are walkways, surrounding the church are spacious open galleries. The measured rhythm of the gallery arches with widely and picturesquely spread staircases emphasizes the effect of the upward movement of architectural masses. Currently, the walls of the temple are painted in pink color, emphasizing snow-white decorative elements the buildings.

It remains a mystery what color the church originally had. Perhaps it was painted with an asp to imitate marble, like the Trinity Church in Trinity Lykovo, erected in the same years younger brother Filevsky owner Martemyan Kirillovich Naryshkin. This monument has much in common with the Church of the Intercession in Fili, in particular the open nine-sided staircases. The earliest painting of the Filevo church in blue, discovered during restoration, dates back to the middle of the 18th century. Over the next century, the church was painted yellow and red.

Over the three centuries of its existence, the Filevsky temple was repeatedly renovated. "An important archival find was the measurement drawings of the church late XVIII century with the signature “Syman under the supervision of Archite Kazakov.” They were rebuilt and received ramps on both sides with parapets from the lower platform. The drawings were probably made between 1775 and 1782 for some restoration work, led by M.F. Kazakov. In the upper church, window sills made of artificial marble, often found in the master’s buildings, are still preserved."4 During the Patriotic War of 1812, the Filevo church was destroyed by the French. The Great War caused enormous damage to the church. Patriotic War 1941-1945, all the chapters and crosses, as well as the upper drum (the third eight-piece), were lost. The original appearance of the temple was recreated as a result of restoration work, which continued intermittently from 1955 to 1980. Restorers E.V. played a major role in saving the monument. Mikhailovsky and I.V. Ilyenko.

The red brick and white stone of the facades, the ingenious design system of a tiered building directed upward, openwork crosses above the shining domes - all this gives the church a fabulous lightness and intricacy of a “tower” with a tower-like stepped silhouette. This masterpiece, in fact, embodies all the features characteristic of the Naryshkin baroque. And the symmetrical composition of the buildings, and the rich carved pediments that complete individual volumes, and large door and window openings, and open main staircases, and finally, the grace and picturesqueness of the white stone decoration on a red background.

One of early monuments Naryshkin style - Novodevichy Convent.

The architectural ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent, which began to take shape in the first half of the 16th century, was largely completed by the end of the 17th century. It has survived to this day almost unchanged. The ensemble is distinguished by its integrity and authenticity: it has not undergone reconstruction or reconstructive intervention, there are no recreated objects here, only restoration and conservation work is being carried out.

His Church of the Transfiguration (1686) resembles a three-story palace raised above a three-span arch. The similarity is emphasized by the lush platbands around the false windows painted on the cypress masonry of the blank eastern wall. White shells separate the tower-shaped body of the Church of the Transfiguration from the multi-tiered decorative domes. Domes with a neck (another feature of the Naryshkin style) are shaped like exotic fruits, of which many were brought to Russia at that time.

The refectory (1685-1687) was built by Sophia as a room for shared meals and as a reception hall. It is covered with a mirror vault, like the Cross Chamber of the Kremlin, and exceeds it in size. The white stone cornice is unusually ornate, from which white consoles seem to hang, alternating with intricate window frames.

The Assumption Church (1686) is one with the refectory and is made of brick, with details made of white stone. Particularly interesting are the windows with fancy and powerful platbands.

The bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent (1689-1690) is a brilliant example of Naryshkin baroque. The slender multi-tiered pillar of the belfry is very harmonious. The bell tower consists of six octagons of different heights and diameters. The lower tier originally housed the temple of Joasaph. In the second, the Church of St. John the Evangelist is built, into which a wide white stone staircase leads from the wall. The third tier is intended for the “big ringing” bells, and the largest of them, weighing 550 pounds, is Sophia’s contribution. The scalloped arch is reminiscent of Arabic architecture. The fourth tier, decorated with white stone circles, was intended for a tower clock. One of the circles marks the site of the lost dial. In the 17th century, clocks were generally placed wherever possible (then a concept of time, minutes, close to the modern one, appeared; the awareness of the state as a clockwork mechanism). The fifth tier is for “small ringing” bells. The architecture of the fifth and sixth tiers and the exquisite onion dome differ from the architecture lower tiers, the author of which is presumably Osip Startsev. The reduction of octagons upward, the alternation of blind volumes with through ones, and the emphasized stability of the base give the bell tower expressiveness and compositional completeness. The 72-meter vertical unit united all the monastery buildings into one. When approaching from the eastern side, it appears in the middle of the wall between the two towers of the fence, strengthening the main compositional axis of the monastery.

It is interesting that the Church of the Archangel Michael in Troparevo (circa 1693) is similar to the churches of the Novodevichy Convent - this is an original attempt to apply the techniques and forms of the Naryshkin style to an ordinary rural church to give it solemnity.

It is noteworthy that the Novodevichy Convent is the only example of an ensemble embodiment of the Naryshkin style.

In 2004, the Novodevichy Convent complex was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, including as “an outstanding example of the so-called “Moscow Baroque”” (criterion I), and also as “ outstanding example an exceptionally well-preserved monastery complex, displaying in detail the “Moscow Baroque”, architectural style end of the 17th century." (criterion IV)5.

The difficult fate of the creation of the Church of the Savior in the village of Ubory did not affect its rare beauty, born of inspiration. Once upon a time there were solid pine forests(hence the name of the village - “At the Bor”), the Uborka River flowed into the Moscow River, and along old road From Moscow to Zvenigorod, the Muscovite kings went on pilgrimage to the Savvin Monastery.

In the 17th century, these lands were owned by the Sheremetev boyars. On behalf of P.V. Sheremetev, Bukhvostov took up the construction of a stone temple in his estate, but soon switched to the construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Ryazan. An angry boyar imprisoned the master for the unfinished church in Ubory. The clerks of the Order of Stone Works sentenced the architect to “beat him mercilessly with a whip,” and then “to finish the stone work for him.” However, as if sensing his imminent death and fearing for the fate of the building, Sheremetev submitted a petition to the Tsar asking him to cancel the punishment.

The completed church in Ubory (it was built in 1694-1697) became one of the masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture. Like the church in Fili, it has a stepped pyramidal structure: three octagons rise up in tiers on a quadruple cube. On all sides the cube was obscured by semicircles of the altar and vestibules, which previously ended with domes. Bells were hung in the middle through eight. The building was surrounded by an open gallery-promenade, decorated with white stone vases and panels with lush floral patterns.

The plan of this rare monument is a four-petal flower with gently curving edges and a square core. The bizarre carved ligature of the Church of the Savior is unusually plastic. Thin semi-columns, separated from the walls, are entirely covered with large, slightly concave leaves with drops of dew, others are entwined with flower garlands and end with acanthus leaves of Corinthian capitals. Where did Bukhvostov get his baroque motifs from? They could have been borrowed from engravings, from book ornaments of treatises on architecture that were already being translated, imported by Belarusian carvers. The temple is so ornate that it resembles an exquisite piece of jewelry.

From the time of its construction, it amazed everyone who came with its festivity, instilling a feeling of joy and harmony. Raised to the top of a gentle hill, surrounded by a circle of slender birches and pines, the monument reigned over the area. “I remember how we once approached Ubory in 1889,” Count S. D. Sheremetev wrote in his memoirs. “It was the eve of Peter’s Day, the evening was warm and quiet. From a distance we could hear a drawn-out gospel message... We entered this church ", crowded with worshipers. Slender peasant singing was heard under the high arches of the temple. The deacon, an ancient old man, clearly and expressively read out petitions. The majestic iconostasis struck me with the severity and completeness of the decoration. The lamp burned brightly near the local icon of the Savior. The breath of Old Russia was upon us."6

You should also pay attention to a non-Moscow example of the style in question. The Assumption Cathedral in Ryazan is an example of a Naryshkin temple of an atypical form.

It was built by Bukhvostov in 1693-1699. When creating it, the architect relied on the model of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This is the most big monument Naryshkin Baroque and one of the most majestic buildings of its time, at the same time very clear and harmonious in composition. It came to us rebuilt: the white stone parapet disappeared, the shape of the roof was changed. It is based on the diagram of a five-domed cathedral. The temple stands on a basement with an open walkway and one the main staircase. For the first time in Russian architecture, it is divided into tiers using rows of windows. The walls are divided vertically into three parts, which corresponds to round internal supports placed at the same distance. The composition is also symmetrical, the sizes of the window openings are the same.

The most remarkable thing about the cathedral is its decor. Thin paired columns divide the planes of the facades into equal parts and set the tone for the white stone pattern. The only theme of the carving is leaves, flowers, grapes, but not a single detail is repeated. Graceful window frames stand out against the background of a red brick wall; they decrease upward and gradually disappear into the mass of the wall. In the first tier, the completions of the platbands appear as a continuous patterned spot, in the second they acquire the character of a wide ornamental frame, in the third they turn into a small decorative completion.

Despite the massiveness of the main volume, the architect gave the temple a vertical orientation and introduced elements of secular palace architecture into its appearance.

The construction of this temple began under Theodore and Sophia, dates back to 1696, the altar was rebuilt in early XIX century.

In plan it is an octagon on a quadrangle, completed by a chapter on two blind octagons. The four is a symbol of power, the eight is a reminder of the lighthouse (the temple is a beacon for the believer, who must know where to go to pray). The rounded corners of the quadrangle are processed with bunches of semi-columns. On the octagon, the semi-columns are decorated with capitals in the form of white stone balls with small crosses. The broken pediment at the bottom emphasizes the power of the building, while at the top it becomes lighter. The windows are framed by pilasters, which give dynamics and upward direction. The attic above the cornice is decorated with tiles. Tiles with seraphs (possibly the work of Stepan Polubes) imitate marble.

The theatricality and mannerism of the style are clearly evident here: a cornice (even two) that does not cover anything, brackets that do not hold anything, columns that end in an unclear place, etc. The decor is distinguished by fine, refined modeling of details. In the 17th century, acquaintance with China began, and Chinese motifs can be seen in the roof, reminiscent of the shape of a pagoda.

Russian culture of the 17th century

INTRODUCTION

The 17th century, being a period of rapid development of ancient Russian culture, was at the same time the century of its completion. While maintaining the main features of the traditional way of life, Russian society begins to transform in a direction that will subsequently find its highest expression in the reforms of Peter the Great. Russia stood on the threshold of a new time. Two trends are clearly visible in culture: the penetration of Western European influences and the progressive process of secularization, that is, liberation from the domination of the church.

The penetration of ideas and forms of European culture, ideological disputes that led to a schism, church art, which lost its craving for depth and comprehension of the essence, are very characteristic of the new century. An uncontrollable desire for descriptiveness and decorativeness appears.

Artistic creativity is turning from a sacred activity into a craft.

Church reform was a departure not only from medieval culture, but also from domestic, traditional culture: the country did not abandon its original type of culture, but more carefully took into account Western trends. All this caused relevance of this abstract.

Purpose The work is a study of Russian culture of the 17th century.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to consider a number of tasks: firstly: consider the architecture, patterned style, “Naryshkin baroque”; secondly, “Stroganov” and “Godunov” painting, the school of icon painting of that period; thirdly, musical aesthetics, literature, printing and theater; and finally, sculpture and decorative arts of the time.

Chapter I. Architecture. Patterned style. Naryshkinskoe Baroque

In development architecture XVII V. Three stages can be distinguished. At the beginning of the century, the general character of the architecture was still little different from the architecture of the late 16th century.

In churches throughout the 17th century. the same evolution took place from complex and asymmetrical compositions to clear and balanced ones, from the picturesque brick “pattern” of the facades to clearly placed order decoration on them. For the first half of the 17th century. typical pillarless churches with a closed vault are “patterned” churches with a refectory, chapels and a bell tower. They have five chapters, cupolas over the chapels, tents over the porches and bell tower, tiers of kokoshniks and cornices, platbands, and milled belts inspired by residential architecture. With their fractional decoration, picturesque silhouette and complexity of volume, these churches resemble multi-timbered rich mansions, reflecting the penetration of secular principles into church architecture and losing the monumental clarity of the composition. Pilyavsky V.I. History of Russian architecture.

A characteristic feature of the second stage, covering the middle of the century, is the emphasized decorativeness, elegance and multi-colored architectural decoration. Patriarch Nikon forbade the construction of popular buildings in the 16th century. hipped temples as non-canonical, different from Greek models. By special orders, the architects were obliged to return to the traditional cross-dome design. However, architects easily circumvented the ban. A new opportunity has been found to use a favorite architectural element- the bell towers were crowned with tents. As a result, buildings of remarkable beauty with intricate, asymmetrical, “fairy-tale” architecture appeared. These are, for example, Trinity Church in Nikitniki (1634) and Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Putinki (1652) Nikolsky N.M. Nikon's reforms and the origin of the schism // Three centuries. Essays on Russian culture of the 17th century.

The third stage begins in the 90s. XVII century Significant changes are taking place in Russian architecture. Appears a new style - « Naryshkin baroque ", which received its name because the main customers for buildings made in this style were relatives of the Tsar’s second wife, mother of Peter I, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. A characteristic feature of this style was the use in decoration of elements reminiscent of the forms of the Western European Baroque style. However, baroque in literally words architecture of the 90s. XVII century cannot be named - the influence of European architecture was limited to the external design of buildings, without affecting the structure itself. Besides Western traditions Russian wooden architecture also made itself felt in the “Naryshkin baroque”. Tits A.A. Russian stone residential architecture of the 17th century.

The most striking example of the “Naryshkin baroque” is Church of the Intercession in Fili (1693), in which the traditional Russian wooden architecture form of a tiered church is combined with Western European style decor. From the 17th century Beautiful wooden temples have survived to this day. Widely known architectural complex Kizhi . Pilyavsky V.I. History of Russian architecture.

In addition to temple construction, secular buildings are being built. Tents are being built over the towers of the Moscow Kremlin. In the 30s a stone stone was built on the territory of the Kremlin Terem Palace (architects Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larion Ushakov), and at the end of the 60s - a country royal residence - wooden palace in the village of Kolomenskoye (not preserved until today), which, according to contemporaries, with its elegance resembled “a toy just taken out of a box.” The wealthy part of society followed the king. Stone stones have survived to this day. Chambers of Averky Kirillov in Moscow (1657).

Naryshkinskoe Baroque Naryshkino Baroque

(Moscow Baroque), the conventional name for the style of Russian architecture. 17 – beginning 18th century The most characteristic buildings of this style were erected in the Moscow and Moscow region estates of the Naryshkin boyars (the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin in Fili, 1690-93; the Trinity Church in Troitsky-Lykovo, 1698-1704, and the Church of the Savior in the village of Ubory, 1694-97; both - architect Ya G. Bukhvostov). The Naryshkin Baroque combined the traditions of ancient Russian white stone patterns and new trends borrowed from Western European architecture. Buildings of this style are characterized by elegance, decorativeness, social cheerfulness, and a major color scheme - a contrasting combination of red walls and white carved details. In the buildings of the Naryshkin Baroque, elements of the order began to be widely used (decorative gables, semi-columns, pilasters, arches), as well as decorations in the form of shells and volute. The tiered, pyramidal composition of the buildings (one or more decreasing octagonal volumes, octagons, rise above the lower quadrangle cube) expresses the feeling of their smooth ascent upward. Spacious walkway galleries with wide staircases connect the buildings with the surrounding space. In the Naryshkin Baroque style, the Church of the Resurrection in Kadashi (1687–1713, architect S. Turchaninov), the Church of St. Boris and Gleb in Zyuzino (1688–1704), Sukharev Tower (1692-95, architect M.I. Choglokov), newly decorated in the end. 17th century chambers of the Troyekurovs and Averky Kirillov.

(Source: “Art. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Edited by Prof. Gorkin A.P.; M.: Rosman; 2007.)

See what “Naryshkin baroque” is in other dictionaries:

- (Naryshkin style, Moscow Baroque), conventional (after the name of the Naryshkins (see NARYSHKINS)) name of the style direction in Russian architecture of the late. 17 start 18th centuries: secularly elegant multi-tiered churches with an abundance of lush decorative decorations,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Russian Baroque Golitsyn Baroque Naryshkin style Peter's Baroque Anninsky Baroque Elizabethan Baroque Catherine's Baroque Sibi ... Wikipedia

Cm … Moscow (encyclopedia)

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Naryshkinskoe Baroque- (Naryshkin style, Moscow Baroque), conventional (after the Naryshkins' surname) name of the style direction in Russian architecture. 17 start 18th centuries: secularly decorated multi-tiered churches (in Fili and Troitsky Lykov in Moscow) and secular buildings with... ... Architectural Dictionary

"Naryshkin Baroque"- NARYSHKIN BAROQUE See Moscow Baroque... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Naryshkin baroque - … orthographic dictionary Russian language

- (Italian barocco, lit. bizarre, strange), one of the dominant styles in European architecture and art of the late XVI mid-18th century centuries Baroque established itself in an era of intense formation of nations and nation states(mainly... ... Art encyclopedia

Naryshkin Baroque is the fruit of the borrowing of Western style in architecture, which began in our country on the eve of Peter the Great's reforms. Basically, this style existed in the Moscow region from the 1680s to the 1710s and a little longer on the periphery of Russia. It owes its name to the boyar family of the Naryshkins, on the territories of whose estates in Fili, Kuntsevo, Sviblovo, Troitse-Lykovo, etc., today you can find examples they ordered in this style. They are recognizable by their traditional old Russian design and at the same time elegant flowers and abundant, often white stone.

Development of the Naryshkin Baroque style

There is some irony of history in the fact that the first who began to order baroque churches in Rus' were the Miloslavsky boyars (thus, Sofia began to build the Novodevichy Convent), whom the Naryshkins defeated in their rivalry for power. Strengthening their position, they launched “enlightened” construction, showing their power, wealth, and also openness to new trends. Thus, the most noticeable version of the Moscow Baroque began to be named after them (along with the less original Golitsyn Baroque and rare traces of Peter the Great’s Baroque outside the imperial capital ).

The historical meaning of the Naryshkin baroque was the penetration of the Western spirit and, however, the masterpieces that resulted along this path surprisingly revealed deeply Russian aesthetics. Actually, today art historians prefer to use the name “Naryshkin style”, because Baroque in its early Russian version acquired a special form. If Peter I demanded the complete adoption of a new artistic language, then the creators of the Naryshkin style more carefully transplanted western architecture on native soil. According to Igor Grabar, foreigners perceived the Naryshkin style as an original Russian architectural phenomenon.

So, Russian masters did not borrow the entire integrity of the Baroque style. In its mature examples, Baroque is an active formation of space, modeling of dynamic volumes, lines with the energy of collision, contradictions, a combination of sublime images of the Renaissance - with earthly weight, horizontal divisions, heaviness and abundant decoration. Borrowing the forms of late, Baroque, Mannerism, using new forms of facade decoration from it: with vases, and - nevertheless, did not violate the usual clear division of space and the established canons of Russian formation. In fact, they did not have such an opportunity - Patriarch Nikon issued a special decree to unify the shape of churches (the so-called “consecrated five-domed structure”), establishing the canons of construction. Therefore, it was the varied variation of decor that became the main thing in the Naryshkin style, although the role of this wealth for the design of buildings remained symbolic and symbolic. Functionally, superfluous superstructures, false pediments, and excessive splendor of decorations indicated the European taste of the customer and served as an expression of cultural interests, but could not express the actual transition to the architecture of the New Age.

In the Naryshkin style and became a transitional link from the pan-European architecture of “secularization”.

The significance of the Naryshkin style for architecture

The Naryshkin style is transitional not only because it reflects the partial borrowing of a new language, but because it was scrapped historical eras, stirring different worldviews. This is the reason that less is known about the masters who created it than about the customers. The name stuck with the latter, and most of the masters remained medieval anonymous, heads of the corresponding artels. It was possible to restore only a few names of architects of that period, including Yakov Bukhvostov, Sergei Turchaninov, Pyotr Potapov. It is known, however, that many of the ordinary builders of this style came from the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, after the imprisonment eternal peace with which in 1686 the appeal to the West and its culture unfolded freely. Researchers see a relationship between the Naryshkin baroque and the Ukrainian and Polish examples and find in it the roots of Belarusian folk decorative culture.

Most of the Naryshkin monuments familiar to us are red with white stone decoration, but it is impossible to judge with confidence their original color (for example, it turned out that in the Church of the Resurrection in Kadashi (see illustration) the first layer of paint was yellow-blue), also using Little Russian tiles type. Another aspect of the Naryshkin style, in addition to external decor, is the centric composition in temple architecture. Around this period, brick came into wider circulation, providing new construction opportunities. The festive decorativeness, joyful and “worldly” character of temple architecture in comparison with the traditionally strict Russian architecture is also a striking feature of the style.

Examples of Naryshkin Baroque

The main examples of Naryshkin baroque are concentrated in Moscow. This is, first of all, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Fili (1690-1694): a tiered five-domed church, in which the volumes are strictly demarcated and located on the same vertical axis, the so-called on. In Novodevichy, listed in the register architectural monuments UNESCO, excellent examples of Moscow Baroque have been preserved: this is the currently operating Assumption Church (1685-1687) and the Gate Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary (1683-1688). Another building from the heyday of the style is the mentioned Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Kadashi (1687), the name of the architect of which history has preserved is Sergei Turchaninov. Already at the end of the style, during its transition to the more “pure Western” Peter the Great baroque, Ivan Zarudny built another famous Moscow building - the Menshikov Tower (1705-1707). Soon Peter banned stone construction outside St. Petersburg, and the appearance new capital already in to a lesser extent reflected the ancient Russian tradition, leaving the Naryshkin baroque to create a nostalgic image of old-fashioned provincial Moscow. This type of architecture received a second life already in the 20th century, inspiring Art Nouveau architects to adopt a pseudo-Russian style.

Website materials used: http://ru.wikipedia.org/, http://www.temples.ru/n_style.php http://www.projectclassica.ru/school/12_2004/school2004_12_01a.htm, http:// commons.wikimedia.org/

conditional by the name of the customers, a direction in Russian architecture of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. Secular, elegant, multi-tiered buildings, the decoration of which is characterized by a combination of red and white flowers, use in decoration as decorative decorations for shells, columns, capitals and other elements of the order. The most famous buildings: the Church of the Intercession in Fili, the refectory, the bell tower, the gate churches and crown decorations on the towers of the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow, churches and palaces in Sergiev Posad, Zvenigorod, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.

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NARYSHKIN BAROQUE

Moscow Baroque), the conventional name for the style of Russian architecture. 17 – beginning 18th century The most characteristic buildings of this style were erected in the Moscow and Moscow region estates of the Naryshkin boyars (the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin in Fili, 1690–93; the Trinity Church in Troitsky-Lykovo, 1698–1704, and the Church of the Savior in the village of Ubory, 1694–97; both - architect Ya G. Bukhvostov). The Naryshkin Baroque combined the traditions of ancient Russian white stone patterns and new trends borrowed from Western European architecture. Buildings of this style are characterized by elegance, decorativeness, social cheerfulness, and a major color scheme - a contrasting combination of red walls and white carved details. In the buildings of the Naryshkin Baroque, elements of the order began to be widely used (decorative pediments, half-columns, pilasters, arches), as well as decorations in the form of shells and volutes. The tiered, pyramidal composition of the buildings (one or several decreasing octagonal volumes, octagons, rise above the lower quadrangle cube) expresses the feeling of their smooth ascent upward. Spacious walkway galleries with wide staircases connect the buildings with the surrounding space. In the Naryshkin Baroque style, the Church of the Resurrection in Kadashi (1687–1713, architect S. Turchaninov), the Church of St. Boris and Gleb in Zyuzino (1688–1704), Sukharev Tower (1692–95, architect M.I. Choglokov), newly decorated in the end. 17th century chambers of the Troyekurovs and Averky Kirillov.