One of the leading places. The most famous Armenian tanker

Among the famous military leaders Armenian origin the name of Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan rightfully occupies one of the leading places. In the Soviet Union, Amazasp Babajanyan managed to build a brilliant military career, rising to the rank of Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces. Amazasp Babajanyan took part in the Great Patriotic War from July 1941, during the war years he was awarded numerous orders and medals, including the Gold Star medal and the honorary title Hero Soviet Union. Marshal Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan passed away 40 years ago on November 1, 1977.

Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan was born on February 5 (February 18, new style) 1906 in the village of Chardakhly, Elizavetpol province, today it is the territory of the Shamkir region of Azerbaijan. His parents were ordinary peasants. At the same time, the family of the future marshal was an average unit of society in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, the family was large, there were 8 children at once, all of them required care and attention. In order to feed big family Amazasp's father was almost never at home, as he was forced to constantly work while his mother was busy with the housework and looked after the younger children. At the same time, the children in the Babajanyan family began to work early. Amazasp Babajanyan, after finishing 5 years of high school, began working on his father’s farm and then as a farm laborer.

It is worth noting that the early start labor activity and only primary or secondary incomplete education is found in the biographies of many military and simply famous people of that era. For most ordinary people, especially non-urban residents, studying did not come first at that time. It was much more priority to feed myself, my family and children. At the same time, Amazasp Babajanyan not only worked on the land, in 1923-1924 he worked on the construction of highways in the territory of today’s Shamkir region.

In 1924, the future Marshal of the Soviet Union joined the Komsomol, becoming the first secretary of the rural Komsomol cell. In those years, the Komsomol gave people more opportunities for their development and self-realization, and was one of the steps in new social elevators. Contemporaries noted that Babajanyan was an active Komsomol member who literally gushes with various ideas and proposals. It can be said that young man with active life position noticed and in September 1925 he was drafted into the ranks of the Red Army not by ordinary, but by Komsomol conscription. By assignment, he was sent to study at the Armenian Infantry School, which at that time was located in Yerevan, and it was here that his brilliant officer career began. In September 1926, after this school was disbanded, he was transferred to the Transcaucasian Military Infantry School, which was located in Tbilisi.

After graduating from the infantry school, Amazasp Babajanyan was sent to serve in the 7th Caucasian Rifle Regiment (Caucasian Red Banner Army), where he served as a platoon commander, party bureau secretary of a separate battalion, and company commander. As part of the regiment, he took part in battles against gangs and participants in anti-Soviet protests, and was wounded in one of the battles. Later, his colleagues recalled that Amazasp was a very active and proactive person who did not like to sit still and was constantly busy with some kind of business. At the same time, he especially emphasized the fact that he always treated his subordinates and juniors with respect.

In March 1934, Hamazasp Babajanyan was transferred to the 3rd Machine Gun Regiment, which was stationed in Baku at that time. In the regiment he served as commander of machine gun companies and battalions, as well as assistant chief of staff of the regiment. In October 1937, he was appointed head of the 1st department of the air defense point of the Transcaucasian Military District in Baku. In August 1938, he became the chief of staff of the 3rd machine gun regiment, and in October of the same year he was transferred to the Leningrad Military District to the position of assistant commander of the 2nd machine gun regiment. As part of the units of the Leningrad Military District, Babajanyan took part in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940. During one of the battles, which took place on February 18, 1940, the future marshal was wounded for the second time in his life; this wound was not his last.

Since July 1941, Babajanyan took part in the Great Patriotic War, this month his 19th Army arrived in Western Front, where a very difficult situation developed. In August, he became commander of the 395th Infantry Regiment as part of the 127th Infantry Division. He took an active part in the Smolensk defensive battle and the Elninsk offensive operation. Already on September 18, 1941, the 127th Rifle Division became the 2nd Guards Division, and the regiment commanded by Amazasp Babajanyan became the 1st Guards Rifle Regiment.

At the end of September 1941, the guardsmen were included in the operational group of A. N. Ermakov, which was transferred to the eastern Glukhov area, where it fought heavy defensive battles against superior forces enemy. On October 3, the division was transferred to Kursk; in November, units of the division fought fierce defensive battles in the area of ​​​​the city of Tim. In December 1941, the 2nd Guards Rifle Division took part in the counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Moscow, after which it was transferred to the Southwestern Front, and then, as part of the 3rd Guards Rifle Corps, became part of the Southern Front. In March 1942, units of the division took part in the Soviet offensive against Taganrog.

Together with his brigade, Colonel Hamazasp Babajanyan took part in the Battle of Kursk, for participation in which the brigade was nominated for the Order of the Red Banner. In October 1943, it received the honorary name of the Guards, becoming the 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade. Subsequently, soldiers of this unit took part in the Zhitomir-Berdichev, Korsun-Shevchenkovsk, Proskurov-Chernovtsy and Lviv-Sandomierz offensive operations Soviet troops, in which they gained glory for themselves and their commander.

The 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade of Colonel Babajanyan's guard especially distinguished itself during the Proskurov-Chernovtsy offensive operation. The fighters of the brigade, together with other formations of the 1st Ukrainian Front, managed to break through the German defenses and from March 22 to 24, 1944, liberated a number of cities of Right Bank Ukraine from the enemy: Trembovl, Kopychintsy, Chertkov and Zalishchyky. One of the first front formations to cross the Dniester was the 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade, whose fighters were able to hold a bridgehead that was important for the further offensive. Later, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief V.I. Stalin, Colonel Babajanyan’s brigade was given the honorary name “Zaleshchitskaya”, and gratitude was declared to the troops who took part in the liberation of the cities of Chertkov and Zalishchiky from the Nazis. In their honor, on March 24, 1944, a salute was given in Moscow with 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.

Modern panorama towns of Zalishchiki

For skillful leadership of the combat operations of the entrusted mechanized brigade, personal courage in battles and the successful crossing of the Dniester, by decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of April 26, 1944, Guard Colonel Hamazasp Babajanyan was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal number 2077.

The officer's successes were rewarded by the fact that on August 25, 1944, he was appointed commander of the 11th Guards Tank Corps. Commanding the corps, Babajanyan took part in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin offensive operations. And again, his tankers were able to distinguish themselves in battles and cover themselves with the glory of victors. For the liberation of the cities of Tomaszow, Lodz, Kutno, Leczyca and Gostyn the corps was presented with the Order of the Red Banner, and for the capture of the cities of Tczew, Wejherowo and Puck awarded the order Suvorov II degree. Babajanyan’s tankers also distinguished themselves in the battles for Berlin; for their participation in the successful assault on the capital of the Third Reich, the corps was given the honorary name “Berlin”. The corps commander was not spared the awards either. For excellent leadership of the troops during the storming of Berlin, personal courage, dedication and heroism, Babajanyan was nominated for the second title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but his award was replaced by the Order of Suvorov, 1st degree.

It is worth noting that Hamazasp Babajanyan was a real combat commander who did not hide behind the backs of his subordinates and actively participated in the battles. During the Great Patriotic War, he was seriously wounded twice. The first time was during the Battle of Kursk, the second time was during the fighting on the Sandamir bridgehead. He was wounded in the throat by a fragment of an exploding shell, and his trachea was damaged. Despite his injury, he refused hospitalization and continued to lead the battle. At the same time, it was difficult for him to speak, and he gave commands in a whisper, and then began to write them down on paper.

Further important milestones his careers were: appointment to the post of commander of the Odessa Military District in June 1959; head of the Military Academy of Armored Forces named after Marshal of the Soviet Union R. Ya. Malinovsky in September 1967; and finally, the pinnacle of his career - the position of chief of tank forces Soviet army and member of the Military Council Ground Forces in May 1969. On April 29, 1975, Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan became the Chief Marshal of the armored forces; during the entire existence of the title “Chief Marshal” in the Soviet Union, only 4 artillerymen, 7 pilots and only 2 tank crews received it.

Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan passed away in Moscow in the hospital named after P.V. Mandryka, this happened on November 1, 1977. He died at the age of 72. The Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces was buried with due honors in Moscow on Novodevichy Cemetery.

Monument to the Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces Hamazasp Babajanyan in Yerevan

Based on materials from open sources

The secret of how and why Japan has taken one of the leading places in the world economy lies in the huge investments in modern technologies, in the incredible hard work of the Japanese and in several other factors. I was wondering why private companies invest a significant portion of their income in research and development? The fact is that the Japanese understand one thing simple thing– people will buy the best (including modern in all respects) products, created using high-tech equipment. Plus, there is also the “competitiveness factor”. According to him, buyers will prefer a product that fully satisfies their needs. And a lot of research helps companies find out what product is needed in this moment to their consumers. You will be surprised, but Japanese manufacturers broke the world record by investing 800% of the same figure 25 years ago in research and new technologies.

Taxes, private business and resources.

Interestingly, the development of private business is another important reason why Japan has taken one of the leading places in the world economy. The state (represented by smart and pragmatic officials) understands that developed person, capable of doing business, will be much more interested in the prosperity of his own business, compared to “working for an uncle.” Even if you have to pay large taxes. Still, 28-37% of current business taxes on a profit of $1 million is acceptable. Compared to 10% of $20 thousand “per owner.”

Surprisingly, Japan very successfully uses available resources: water, land, human. Moreover, they do not have enough land! It is all occupied by agriculture. With this approach, almost any country (if desired) could achieve similar success.

Alien technologies.

The Japanese embodied the saying “a smart person learns from other people’s mistakes” in at its best. Why? They actively use other people's inventions and technologies. But simply "copying" would be too easy for them. The Japanese take the "core" of an idea and then refine it until it produces a great result. We can say that they never tire of developing in this regard.

One of the leading places among diseases caused by viruses of the family Herpesviridae, is occupied by cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI), an increase in the prevalence of which is currently observed in all countries of the world. Over the past decade, the list of diseases, one of the causes of which is also cytomegalovirus (CMV), has expanded significantly. The concept of CMV infection covers the problems of intrauterine infection, seronegative mononucleosis, hepatitis, gastrointestinal diseases, post-transfusion syndrome, organ and tissue transplantation, oncogenesis, HIV infection, since CMV infection is defined by WHO experts as an AIDS indicator disease. The most successful definition of this disease seems to be the following: “Cytomegalovirus infection is a widespread viral disease mainly in young children, characterized by a wide variety of clinical manifestations and a standard two-component morphological picture, including peculiar, owl-eye-like cytomegalocytic cells and lymphohistiocytic infiltrates.”

Etiology

CMV was first described in 1881 by the German pathologist M. Ribbert, who discovered cytomegalic cells (CMC) in kidney tissue in congenital syphilis. E. Goodpasture and F. Talbot in 1921 proposed the name “infantile cytomegaly,” which is still used today. CMV was isolated from cell culture by M. Smith in 1956.

The diameter of CMV virions is 120-150 nm. The virion is covered with a glycoproteinolipid envelope. The CMV virus has the shape of an ixahedron, the protein shell of which (capsid) consists of 162 symmetrically arranged capsomers. The CMV genome is represented by double-stranded DNA. CMV is thermolabile, inactivated at a temperature of +56°C, its optimal pH is 7.2-8.0. Currently, three strains of CMV have been isolated: Davis, AD 169, Kerr.

Epidemiology

The only reservoir of CMV in nature is humans. The virus is released from an infected body in urine, saliva and tear fluid. CMV transmission factors can be maternal blood, cervical and vaginal secretions, breast milk and sperm. The prevalence of CMV infection depends on the socio-economic and hygienic living conditions of people. Screening studies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have revealed antibodies to CMV in 33% of children under 2 years of age and in 50% of adults in countries with a high standard of living. In developing countries, 69% of children and 100% of adults have specific antibodies.

The main source of infection in children are mothers who are carriers of CMV. Intrauterine infection of the fetus can occur at any stage of antenatal development. Transplacental hematogenous infection of the fetus is facilitated by reactivation of CMV infection in pregnant women and insufficient barrier function of the placenta. The risk of infection penetrating the placental barrier increases with prolonged viremia and the chronic nature of the infection. In cervical secretions, CMV is detected in the first trimester of pregnancy in 2% of women, in the second - in 7%, in the third - in 12%. The fetus can aspirate amniotic fluid infected with CMV; damage to the external integument of the fetus can also serve as an entry point for CMV. 5% of newborns are infected intranatally. Infection of the fetus in the early stages of intrauterine development poses the greatest danger and is often accompanied by spontaneous abortion or disorders of organ and histogenesis. In those infected with CMV, cytomegaly syndrome, transient jaundice, and hepatosplenomegaly are observed later after birth. Subsequently, from 10 to 30% of such children suffer from brain damage, expressed in microcephaly with ventricular calcification, atrophy of the auditory nerve and mental retardation.

Infants can become infected through breastfeeding milk. However, with mother's milk, the child receives secretory IgA, which does not penetrate the placenta and is not produced in the child in the first months of postnatal life. Secretory IgA increases the newborn's resistance to viral and bacterial infections, so children infected through breast milk suffer only from the latent form of CMV.

If there is close contact between mother and child, saliva can become a factor in transmitting the virus to the child. There is evidence that half of children under 3 years of age attending kindergartens are infected with CMV from their peers and then infect their mothers.

The source of CMV for adults and children can be the urine of a patient or a virus carrier.

A common route of infection is sexual, since the virus is contained in sperm in high concentrations for a long time.

There is also an airborne route of infection. In patients with a severe form of acute respiratory viral infection, which is often caused by CMV, cytomegalovirus is detected in nasopharyngeal swabs.

Blood transfusions, infusion therapy, organ and tissue transplantation are also dangerous, since biological drugs or tissue from CMV-infected donors are often introduced into the recipient's body. There is a lot of information in the literature about infection of recipients after these manipulations. The use of immunosuppressants and cytostatics in patients after organ transplantation not only promotes the reactivation of previously acquired latent infection, but also increases their susceptibility to primary CMV infection.

The presence of antigenically different strains of CMV explains the possibility of reinfection with the development of the manifest form of the disease at any age.

Pathogenesis

CMV has a pronounced tropism for the tissues of the salivary glands. In the latent form of the virus, the virus is detected only in the epithelium of the salivary tubes, which is why sometimes CMV is rightly called the “kissing disease.”

CMV causes significant dysregulation of the immune response, which is based on damage to the interleukin system. As a rule, the ability of infected immunocompetent cells to synthesize interleukins is suppressed due to excessive production of prostaglandins, and the responses of target cells to IL-1 and IL-2 are also changed. Virus-induced immunosuppression develops with a sharp inhibition of natural killer cell function.

Once CMV enters the blood, it reproduces in leukocytes and the mononuclear phagocyte system or persists in lymphoid organs. CMV virions are adsorbed on cell membranes, penetrate the cytoplasm and induce cytomegalic cell metamorphosis. Viral RNA is detected in T-helper and T-suppressor cells even in long-term periods of convalescence.

Pathanatomy

A characteristic pathomorphological sign of CMV is giant cells detected in tissues, saliva, sputum, urine sediment and cerebrospinal fluid. The cells have intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions and contain a multiplying virus. Changes in the nucleus of the cell give it a resemblance to an owl's eye. Giant cells are localized primarily in the epithelium of the excretory ducts of the salivary glands, in the epithelium of the distal parts of the nephron in the kidneys, in the epithelium of the bile ducts in the liver, and in the epithelium of the ependyma of the ventricles of the brain.

In response to exposure to CMV, lymphohistiocytic infiltrates appear in the surrounding interstitial tissue, sometimes having the character of nodules. In the generalized form, damage to the lungs, kidneys and intestines is more common, and less often to the liver and other organs. Along with giant cells and lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, a picture of interstitial pneumonia is found in the lungs, interstitial nephritis in the kidneys, ulcerative enterocolitis in the intestines, and cholestatic hepatitis in the liver.

Congenital generalized CMV infection is also characterized by hemorrhagic rashes on the skin and mucous membranes, hemorrhages in the internal organs and brain, significant anemia, and the development of foci of myelo-erythroblastosis in the liver, spleen and kidneys. Eye damage is also noted - uveitis, clouding of the lens and subatrophy of the iris.

Classification of CMVI (A.P. Kazantsev, N.I. Popova, 1980):

• congenital CMV - acute form, chronic form;
• acquired CMV - latent form, acute mononucleosis-like form, generalized form.

Clinic for CMV infection in children

Acute form of congenital CMV. The clinical picture of the acute form of CMV infection is characterized by the most severe course with pronounced signs of toxicosis, enlarged liver and spleen, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic syndrome, changes in the blood count and damage to the central nervous system. This form of the disease is often called fetal cytomegalovirus syndrome. Children are born premature, with low body weight, reflexes are depressed, and sometimes there are disorders of sucking and swallowing. In 60% of cases, jaundice occurs, possible causes of which may be CMV hepatitis or increased hemolysis of red blood cells. Jaundice resembles physiological jaundice, but the intensity of the disease gradually increases, and it persists for 1-2 months. In 90% of children, the liver is enlarged and protrudes 3-5 cm below the edge of the costal arch. The spleen is enlarged in 42% of cases, it is dense and painless. In the blood of 70% of children there is thrombocytopenia, increased bilirubin content, as well as an increase in the activity of transaminases - up to 150 IU / l and alkaline phosphatase - up to 28 IU.

The acute form of CMV occurs under the guise of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Gastrointestinal lesions are also common; dyspeptic syndrome and progressive dystrophy predominate.

In the acute form of congenital CMV, the death of children occurs in the first weeks or months of life, most often from associated bacterial infections.

Chronic form of congenital CMV. Children who have had an acute form of the disease experience an undulating course of the chronic form of CMV infection. Congenital malformations of the central nervous system often form, in particular microcephaly - in 40% of cases. Chronic hepatitis may develop, in rare cases turning into cirrhosis. Changes in the lungs in 25% of children are characterized by the development of pneumosclerosis and fibrosis.

Differential diagnosis of congenital CMV infection is carried out with rubella, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, as well as hemolytic disease of newborns, congenital syphilis and sepsis.

Latent form of acquired CMV infection. The latent form does not manifest itself clinically and is detected only during a virological examination.

Acute mononucleosis-like form of acquired CMV infection. The acute form, in clinical manifestations in older children, resembles infectious mononucleosis and often occurs after blood transfusions. The disease is characterized by an acute onset with a rise in temperature and the appearance of symptoms of intoxication. Lymphadenopathy, pain on palpation of the parotid region, symptoms of acute respiratory infections, and hepatomegaly are recorded. Characterized by leukocytosis, an increase in the number of neutrophilic granulocytes and atypical mononuclear cells. It is recommended to perform the Paul-Bunnel and Hoff-Bauer reactions, which are positive in the case of infectious mononucleosis and negative in the case of cytomegalovirus mononucleosis-like syndrome.

Generalized form of acquired CMV infection. The generalized form is characterized by lymphadenopathy, intoxication, and increased body temperature. The earliest symptoms of respiratory damage are detected: a dry, painful cough, mixed shortness of breath. Auscultation reveals dry and moist rales in the lungs. Developing pneumonia is characterized by a protracted course, which determines the severity of the underlying disease. Due to the layering of bacterial and fungal infections, it can be difficult to distinguish the symptoms of generalized CMV infection.

CMV often occurs in association with other diseases of viral or bacterial etiology. The combination of CMV and ARVI is especially common, in which cytomegalovirus is isolated in 30% of sick children. This type of flu occurs in a more severe form and promotes the activation of CMV infection by suppressing immune reactions.

CMV clinic in adults

CMV infection in adults occurs in latent (localized) and generalized forms. The latent form usually does not manifest itself with clear clinical symptoms. Sometimes mild flu-like illnesses and vague low-grade fever are observed. Diagnosis of this form of CMV is based on the results of laboratory tests.

The generalized form of acquired CMV infection in adults is rarely observed. As a rule, its clinical signs are detected against the background of some other disease that sharply reduces immunity: after severe surgical operations, against the background of leukemia or neoplasms. In these cases, the use of various immunosuppressants in the treatment of patients is of pathogenetic importance. Generalized CMV in adults is manifested by sluggish pneumonia or a peculiar acute infectious disease characterized by fever, enlarged and painful liver, an increase in the number of mononuclear cells in the blood (mononucleosis caused by CMV), and damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Lymphadenopathy and tonsillitis are absent.

Diagnosing the disease is difficult. In women, latent CMV infection can be suspected with repeated miscarriages and stillbirths. The diagnosis is based on data from cytological and virological studies.

Liver pathology occupies a special place in CMV disease. Cytomegalovirus hepatitis, which develops in response to the introduction of CMV, is characterized by degeneration of the epithelium of the biliary tract and hepatocytes, stellate endothelial cells and vascular endothelium. They form cytomegalic cells, surrounded by inflammatory mononuclear infiltrates. The combination of these changes leads to intrahepatic cholestasis. Cytomegalic cells desquamate and fill the lumens of the bile ducts, causing the mechanical component of jaundice. At the same time, degenerated CMV hepatocytes are destructively altered, up to necrosis, which causes the development of cytolysis syndrome. It should be noted that in CMV hepatitis, which has a prolonged, subacute or chronic course, the leading role belongs to cholestasis syndrome.

In the diagnosis of CMV hepatitis, the results of a puncture biopsy of the liver are of great importance (detection in the puncture of giant, 25-40 μm in diameter, cytomegalic cells in the form of an owl's eye with a huge nucleus and a narrow border of cytoplasm), as well as cytological (detection of cytomegalic cells in the urine sediment) and serological (detection of IgM antibodies to CMV) methods. Differential diagnosis of CMV hepatitis is carried out with other viral hepatitis: B, Epstein-Barr, herpetic hepatitis.

With CMV, the salivary glands are usually affected. Mononuclear infiltrates are found in them. Sialadenitis is chronic. Simultaneously with damage to the salivary glands, degeneration of the epithelium of the stomach and intestines is observed with the development of erosions and ulcers and lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the thickness of the intestinal wall.

Damage to the lymph nodes is characteristic of CMV infection. At the same time, all the typical signs of this infection remain. It is the pathology of the lymphatic system that aggravates the organ and systemic manifestations of CMV infection.

Damage to the respiratory system with CMV infection is characterized by the development of interstitial pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. In this case, the epithelium of the alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles and surrounding lymph nodes undergoes specific changes. Infiltrates of mononuclear cells, macrophages and plasma cells are formed in the peribronchial tissue. CMV pneumonia often occurs with a staphylococcal layer, accompanied by purulent bronchiolitis and abscess formation. The presence of CMV is confirmed by the detection of cytomegalic cells. Often CMV pneumonia is combined with pneumocystis with an extremely severe course of the disease.

Kidney damage with CMV infection is also common. In this case, the cells of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, the epithelium of the glomerular capsules, as well as the ureters and bladder undergo specific (“giant cell”) changes. This explains the detection of cytomegalic cells in urine sediment.

Damage to the central nervous system in adults is rare and occurs in the form of subacute encephalitis.

Eye lesions with CMV infection are characterized by the development of chorioretinitis. Chorioretinitis is very often combined with CMV encephalitis.

Laboratory diagnostics

Currently, there are several reliable methods for determining CMV.

• Traditional isolation of the virus on a culture of embryonic fibroblasts and a culture of human diploid cells in which CMV exhibits its cytopathic effect. The method is the most reliable and sensitive (determination time is 2-3 weeks).
• An accelerated method of culturing the virus for 6 hours using monoclonal antibodies to indicate early antigens.
• The method of cytoscopy of sediments of urine and saliva, as well as light and electron microscopy of histological preparations, in particular liver biopsy, allows identifying giant CMV cells in the form of an owl's eye, with a narrow border of cytoplasm and a large nucleus.

Various methods are used to detect antibodies to CMV.

• Complement fixation reaction (CFR). The most common way to study specific humoral immunity in CMV infection. The method is not sensitive enough, since only total antibodies are detected. RSC with a titer of 1:4 is negative, 1:8 is weakly positive, 1:16 is positive, 1:32 is strongly positive.
• Immunofluorescence analysis. Determines an increase in the titer of Ig antibodies of classes M and G to CMV. This method is more sensitive compared to RSC.
• Enzyme immunosorbent (peroxidase) analysis.
• Solid-phase radioimmunoassay. It also allows you to determine Ig classes M and G.
• Immunoblotting. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, he evaluates antibodies to CMV of various classes. This is the most modern method of specific diagnosis; it can be used to determine the entire spectrum of antibodies to CMV.

Treatment

There is no reliable antiviral therapy for CMV infection yet. In particular, this is due to the fact that CMV uses the metabolic apparatus of the host cell for its own reproduction. Treatment tactics for patients should take into account the possibility of primary, latent stages and recurrent diseases. For congenital CMV infection, complex pathogenetic treatment is carried out, depending on the severity of certain clinical manifestations. For jaundice and liver damage, follow general principles therapy for viral hepatitis. For pneumonia, which is often of a mixed viral-bacterial nature, antibiotics are prescribed as usual. A number of drugs with varying activity against CMV have been proposed in our country and abroad. These are ribavirin (Virazol, Rebetol), acyclovir (Lovir, Ciclovir, Zovirax, Herperax), interferon (Viferon, Interal, Infagel), etc. The principle of their action is that they prevent the inclusion of nucleotides in synthesized viral DNA.

Two purine nucleosides, cytarabine and vidarabine, are also effective inhibitors of viral DNA replication. They completely inhibit viral DNA polymerase and are also included in cellular and viral DNA. Because these drugs are nonspecific, they have some cytotoxicity.

The action of Zovirax is more specific. Zovirax is low-toxic and easily penetrates virus-infected cells. It is more effective in the treatment of CMV infection than cytarabine and vidarabine.

With the acquired latent form of CMV in pregnant women, the main task is to prevent the generalization of infection and intrauterine infection of the fetus. For this purpose, desensitizing and restorative therapy is carried out, vitamins are prescribed (adaptovit, aquadetrim, alvitil, alphaVIT, benfogamma, biovital, vikasol, vitabalance 2000, vitrum prenatal, gendevit, geriavit, gerimax, dodex, doppelhertz vitamin E, complivit, macrovit, nicodin, revivona, tocopher-200, triovit, cebion, evitol, enduracin). Normal human immunoglobulin containing specific antibodies against CMV is used as a specific agent. The drug is administered intramuscularly in 6-12 ml doses at intervals of 2-3 weeks in the first trimester of pregnancy. Levamisole (Decaris, Levamisole) is prescribed 50 mg twice a day after meals for 3 months. If there is no effect, switch to T-activin 100 mcg subcutaneously 2 times a week. The number of stillbirths with this treatment tactic is reduced by 5 times.

Patients with a transplanted heart have had positive experience in treating CMV infection with ganciclovir at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 2-3 weeks. In addition, ganciclovir (cemevene) is effective in 70-90% of HIV patients treated for CMV retinitis and colitis. The initial dose of the drug was 5 mg/kg 2 times a day intravenously for 2-3 weeks, the maintenance dose was 5 mg/kg/day intravenously. Neutropenia, a major toxic effect, can be reduced by the use of colony-stimulating factors. In bone marrow recipients, the use of ganciclovir and CMV immune globulin resulted in a positive result in 50-70% of patients with CMV pneumonitis.

For varieties of CMV resistant to ganciclovir, foscarnet (foscarnet sodium, gefin) is effective (in the treatment of patients with CMV retinitis due to HIV infection). The initial dose of foscarnet is 60 mg/kg every 8 hours for 2-3 weeks, then it is administered infusionally at a dose of 90-120 mg/kg every day. In patients after bone marrow transplantation, foscarnet is used at an average daily dose of 100 mg/kg for 3 weeks. In 70% of patients, recovery from CMV infection was observed, the temperature normalized, and laboratory parameters improved.

Currently, new promising chemotherapy drugs against CMV are being developed and tested.

With congenital CMV with damage to the central nervous system, the prognosis is unfavorable, while with acquired generalized CMV it is determined by the underlying disease. With the latent form of acquired CMV, the prognosis is favorable.

Prevention

It is necessary to exclude contact between pregnant women and children with congenital CMV infection. If a woman gives birth to a child with congenital CMV, the next pregnancy may be recommended no earlier than after 2 years (the period of virus persistence for localized acquired CMV).

Currently, an active search for vaccines against CMV is underway. Live vaccines have already been created in the USA and Great Britain, which are currently undergoing clinical trials.

It is important to remember that CMV infection requires doctors to be knowledgeable in a variety of areas of medicine and creative search for the effective use of proven methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Early detection of CMV infection helps to increase the effectiveness of care for this category of patients, as well as timely recognition of cases of HIV infection and AIDS. n

Literature

V. V. Skvortsov,Candidate of Medical Sciences
R. G. Myazin
D. N. Emelyanov, Candidate of Medical Sciences
Volgograd State medical University, Volgograd

Technology has revolutionized the world as rationalization in solving complex problems has rapidly broken down the barriers between developed and developing cities. Today we will talk about the most technologically advanced cities in the world based on the Pricewaterhouse Coopers Cities of Opportunity 6 Report ranking.

25. Jakarta

Indonesia's capital of 10 million is the most populous city in Southeast Asia. This city is as big as the whole of Singapore. Thanks to the cross-pollination of several cultures, including Arab, Indian, Malay, Javanese, Chinese and Dutch, Jakarta is a true high-tech oasis in Asia.

24. Johannesburg

The financial hub of sub-Saharan Africa, Johannesburg is now powered by technology. The "City Planning Committee" has placed a major emphasis on the development of high-tech industries, especially in the field of information and communication technologies. Johannesburg police have even installed CCTV cameras on every street corner in the city center to reduce crime.

23. Mumbai

From the list of the most technologically advanced cities in the world, the only Indian city, Bangalore (often called the “Silicon Valley of India”) has supplanted Mumbai. This city specializes in information technology and health technology.

22. Shanghai

In the most populous city in China, Shanghai in Lately Technologies are rapidly developing. Even several special industrial zones were created that attracted such large corporations, like ExxonMobil and Tesla Motors.

Today, Buenos Aires is considered the best technology center in South America. Argentina's capital is also one of the best examples of a city that uses technology to benefit its citizens. For example, the maintenance of almost 1,500 km of drainage pipes was fully automated.

20. Beijing

Economy Beijing has largely become an industrial city in recent decades. Its economy is currently 77% services (mainly finance, retail, and information Technology). In the northwest of the city lies China's "Silicon Valley" of Zhongguancun, home to a number of startups and branches of tech giants such as Lenovo, Google and Microsoft's new China research headquarters.

19. Moscow

Since the collapse of the USSR, Moscow has succeeded in creating copies of Western companies such as Yandex and VKontakte, and the Russian equivalents of Google and Facebook. These days, the city is becoming a leader in new and less common types of technology, such as nanotechnology.

18. Dubai

Dubai is the de facto Middle East technology hub and is also home to global companies such as Hewlett-Packard, Oracle and IBM. The city is investing heavily in technology, even building solar-powered “smart palm trees” that distribute Wi-Fi and are used to charge phones.

17. Milan

The economic center of Italy, Milan is mainly known for its fashion and banking industries. But Milan is not only glamor and money. Numerous high-tech exhibitions are held here. The city is also a leader in biotechnology.

16. Madrid

Although Barcelona is the main industrial center Spain, in Madrid, high-tech production and Hi-tech. Combination of highly educated work force and the headquarters of many Spanish multinational corporations has made Madrid one of the leading technology hubs in Europe.

15. Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur is every programmer's dream city. It is ranked 9th in the world in software development and multimedia design. The city also has blazing-fast Wi-Fi and has become a favorite haven for freelance programmers.

14. Sydney

Most Big city throughout Oceania is known for its biotech and high-tech manufacturing, which accounts for 11% of the city's total output. Sydney also ranks 5th worldwide for internet access in education.

13. Toronto

While Canada is already known for its tech industry, Toronto leads the pack as one of the top tech cities in North America, ranking fifth behind Washington, Seattle, Silicon Valley and Boston. Globally, the city ranks eighth in terms of digital technology.

12. Berlin

For decades (if not centuries), Berlin has been a major center for medical technology, partly due to Germany's creation of the oldest universal healthcare system in the world. Berlin is particularly focused on clean technology.

11. Paris

Paris is a world leader in technical progress not for the first decade. Initial innovations such as the use of glass in architecture and gas lighting throughout the city brought the city fame a century ago. The modern achievements of Paris are high-tech manufacturing industries, primarily the optical and aerospace industries.

10. Tokyo

Tokyo is widely recognized as one of the most technologically advanced cities in the world - and not just because of its bullet trains. The city hosts numerous technology executive meetings and is one of the world's leading software development cities.

9. Chicago

Chicago has been running a program for years to teach students at city universities the skills needed to succeed in the high-tech field. In October 2015, the city received a federal grant to equip every classroom with high-speed broadband and Wi-Fi.

8. Singapore

Singapore has long wanted to become the eco-friendly capital of the world. In addition, the city is home to the research centers of many global companies such as Microsoft and Google. Among other things, Singapore provides its citizens with free high-speed Internet access.

7. Los Angeles

The City of Angels is second in the United States in terms of digital economy and third in environmental development. In terms of technological development, it is growing almost 30% faster than Silicon Valley.

6. San Francisco

The Bay Area is a huge tech district in the city that is home to companies such as Apple, eBay and Tesla Motors. This area grew up during the dot-com boom of the 1990s, when thousands of startups were launched in the city. Despite the proximity of Silicon Valley, many companies have moved from it to San Francisco.

5. New York

Most people associate New York with banking and Broadway rather than high technology. However, the local “Silicon Valley” is one of the most developed in the world; more than $7.3 billion of venture capital investments are pouring into high-tech here. The city is currently undergoing a global modernization of fiber-optic telecommunications.

With some of the fastest internet speeds in Asia, Hong Kong is one of the easiest places in the world to open a business. The government regularly funds innovation, investing more than $1.8 billion in science and technology development.

3. Stockholm

The fastest growing technology hub in Europe, Stockholm is the start-up capital of Europe. While most of While the rest of Europe has been in financial decline since 2008, Sweden has seen growth steadily accelerate, thanks in large part to its stable economy and highly educated workforce.

2. London

The English capital ranks first in the world for multimedia design and technological innovation. London's Silicon Roundabout is the third largest start-up platform in the world. This area attracts the world's largest technology companies, many of which create innovation centers and research laboratories in the Central/East London cluster.

1. Seoul

Seoul is the economic center of South Korea, producing 21% of the national GDP while occupying less than 1% of the country's land area. Home to tech giants such as Samsung and LG, Seoul has begun to gradually transform into a "smart city" (a similar initiative was previously launched in Dubai). To start, the city is distributing free used smart devices to low-income families, with the goal of connecting everyone to the city's high-speed wireless networks.

The city also has smart CCTV cameras installed throughout the city that can detect illegal entry and high-tech street lights that broadcast audio and distribute wireless Internet access.

One more especially for our readers most interesting rating- GO=https://site/blogs/060216/34920/] 15 countries with the highest life expectancy in the world.

Natalia Onipko
Among the most interesting and mysterious phenomena nature, children's talent occupies one of the leading places.

Additional education provides every child with the opportunity free choice of educational field, profile of programs, time for their development, inclusion in various types of activities, taking into account their individual inclinations. Personal-activity character educational process allows you to solve one of the main problems additional education – identification, development and support gifted children.

Gifted a child is a child who stands out with bright, obvious, sometimes outstanding achievements (or has internal prerequisites for such achievements) in one form or another."

Since the life of such children passes not only at a school desk or in additional education institutions, working with gifted children directly affects their parents. It is they who support the child in his endeavors from an early age and shape him giftedness.

Parents should accept children as they are, and not consider them as carriers of talents, and strive to develop personal quality: confidence, which is based on the consciousness of self-worth, understanding the strengths and weaknesses in oneself, intellectual curiosity and willingness to take research risks, respect for kindness, the habit of relying on own strength….

Education begins in family: all generations educate each other, so the clan and family must preserve traditions and collectively work on the development of a talented child.

As the great Russian teacher V. writes. Sukhomlinsky: “Roots are laid in a family, from which branches, flowers, and fruits then grow.”

Usually identified by parents as signs of mental giftedness high speech development, memorizing a large number of poems and fairy tales, in themselves about such giftedness cannot testify. A large amount of knowledge is also often based on a child's good memory, and good memory, although characteristic of many mentally gifted children, however, is not decisive in their development.

A distinction should be made between imparting skills and assistance in developing abilities. I often come across the fact that some parents, having taught them to read and write, believe that they are contributing to the development of the child. In fact, it's just about imparting skills.

Most often in children it manifests itself giftedness in the field of mathematics, visual arts, music, etc. In activities related to giftedness, children remember much better, can be attentive longer, focused, remain functional longer, and absorb the material more easily.

Often parents create around gifted child"halo effect", expecting high results from him in literally everything. However, it is quite possible that the child's abilities are high only in certain areas.

Planning joint activities of parents and teachers of group associations early development preschoolers is underway in four directions:

Psychological support for the family of a capable child;

Information environment for parents;

joint Practical activities capable child and his parents;

Support and encouragement of parents at the institution level.

The system deserves attention childish-parental relationships, in which the following are fulfilled conditions:

Recognition of the unconditional value of the child;

Creating an environment for its unconditional acceptance, that is, situations in which there is no external assessment;

Providing the child with freedom of expression;

Development and implementation of creative creativity through manifestation the child's individuality;

Supporting the child’s mental efforts, a friendly attitude towards his cognitive energy.

Basic form joint work are parent meetings.

Especially for parents of students of MBU DO "Station for young naturalists" in early childhood development associations preschool age a cycle of parenting has been developed meetings: “My child is the eighth wonder of the world”, "We create miracles together» .

Among the activities to work with parents, significant take up space not only consultations on problems of development, training and education gifted children, but also round tables, "family living room" next character:

Concept giftedness. Kinds giftedness.

Psychological aspects giftedness.

Social adaptation gifted child.

One of the brightest manifestations of talent in preschool age - a wealth of imagination. Gifted children As a rule, more often than others, they come up with something, compose something. To develop creativity and creative thinking children together Master classes are held with parents. Most unusual and unforgettable "Collage of Desires" on which, using colorful compositions, all cherished dreams were expressed on a sheet of paper.

The experience of modern education shows that there are differences between children. Children with more developed intelligence than their peers, with creativity, with the ability to classify, generalize, and find relationships. They are constantly looking for an answer to questions that interest them, inquisitive, independent, active. Teachers of early development group associations invite such children to participate in All-Russian Olympiads and quizzes, where children take prizes.

During classes according to the programs "Educational games" And « The world» in working with gifted children use interactive games with educational and educational tasks different levels difficulties.

The child and his parents can select the necessary tasks in different areas at the following websites:

Mersibo

Let's play

Miracle Yudo portal, etc.

Be honest. All children are very sensitive to lies, and gifted This applies to children to a greater extent.

Assess the child's developmental level.

Avoid long explanations or conversations.

Try to catch changes in the child in time. They can be expressed in unusual questions or behavior and are a sign giftedness.

Respect your child's individuality. Don't try to project your own onto him. Interests and hobbies.

Develop in your children the following quality:

confidence based on one’s own sense of self-worth;

understanding the strengths and weaknesses in oneself and in others;

intellectual curiosity and willingness to take research risks;

respect for kindness, honesty, friendliness, empathy, patience, spiritual courage;

the habit of relying on one’s own strengths and the willingness to take responsibility for one’s actions;

ability to help find mutual language and joy in communicating with people of all ages.

The association of early development groups for preschool children provides support and encouragement to children and parents in the form of letters of thanks and letters.

World experience shows that often faith in a child’s capabilities, coupled with the skill of teachers and parents, can work miracles. In life, it often turns out that what is important is not even what you give to a person nature, but what he was able to do with the gift that he has.

Used Books:

"Psychology giftedness: from theory to practice"/ed. D. V. Ushakova - M; 2000

"Additional education", No. 10, 2001; No. 11, 2001 G.

Publications on the topic:

What is giftedness To clarify the essence of the concept of “giftedness,” let us briefly look at the history of its research. For a long time the idea of ​​the divine prevailed.

“Butterfly” (for children 6-7 months old) Equipment: colored paper and thread Purpose of the game: to develop speech breathing and thinking in the child Description of the game.

Are games as children's activities and games as educational forms the same thing? Consultation for educators 1. Game as a children's activity and game as an educational form - are they the same thing? A game is a type of activity in situations aimed at...

Goal and tasks. Teach children to distinguish between living and inanimate nature. Clarify children's ideas about the properties of water and air and their role in life.