Biography of Bulgakov personal life. Bulgakov's mythology: what is true and what is not

Creation

Stories and novels

Plays, librettos, film scripts

Stories

Journalism and feuilletons

Film adaptations of works

(May 3 (15), 1891, Kyiv - March 10, 1940, Moscow) - Russian Soviet writer, playwright and theater director. Author of novels, novellas, short stories, feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, film scripts and opera librettos.

Biography

Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in Kiev in the family of professor of the Kiev Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907) and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya) (1869-1922). The family had seven children: Mikhail (1891-1940), Vera (1892-1972), Nadezhda (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Nikolai (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) and Elena ( 1902-1954).

In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. October 31, 1916 - received a diploma confirming “the degree of doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits, laws Russian Empire awarded this degree."

In 1913, M. Bulgakov entered into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).

After the outbreak of World War I, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the front-line zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.

During Civil War, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor into the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, M. Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, together with units of the Red Army, he returned to Kyiv and, during street fighting, went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.

In the same year he managed to work as a doctor of the Red Cross, and then in the White Guard Armed Forces South of Russia. For some time he Cossack troops conducts in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz.

At the end of September 1921, M. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began collaborating as a feuilletonist with metropolitan newspapers (“Gudok”, “Rabochiy”) and magazines (“Gudok”, “Rabochy”) Medical worker", "Russia", "Renaissance"). At the same time he publishes individual works in the newspaper "Nakanune", published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by M. Bulgakov were published in Gudka.

In 1923, M. Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers Union. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his new wife.

Since October 1926 at the Moscow Art Theater with great success there is a play " Days of the Turbins" Its production was allowed for a year, but was later extended several times because I. Stalin liked the play. However, in his speeches, I. Stalin agreed: “The Days of the Turbins” is “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours.” At the same time, intense and extremely harsh criticism of M. Bulgakov’s work takes place in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, over 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were: influential officials and writers like V. Mayakovsky, A. Bezymensky, L. Averbakh, V. Shklovsky, P. Kerzhentsev and many others.

At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play “Zoyka’s Apartment” is held with great success.

In 1928, M. Bulgakov travels with his wife to the Caucasus, visiting Tiflis, Batum, Cape Verde, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. This year the premiere of the play “Crimson Island” is taking place in Moscow. M. Bulgakov conceives the idea of ​​a novel, later called “The Master and Margarita.” The writer also begins work on a play about Moliere (“The Cabal of the Saint”).

In 1929, M. Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.

By 1930, M. Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. The plays “Running”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” have been banned from production; the play “Days of the Turbins” has been removed from the repertoire. In 1930, M. Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. Then he writes a letter to the USSR Government with a request to determine his fate - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to provide him with the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Bulgakov receives a call from I. Stalin, who recommends that the playwright apply to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1930, M. Bulgakov worked as a director at the Central Theater of Working Youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, the play “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol, staged by M. Bulgakov, was staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. The play “The Cabal of the Holy One” was released in 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. After seven performances, the production was banned, and Pravda published a devastating article about this “false, reactionary and worthless” play.

In January 1932, I. Stalin (formally A. Enukidze) again allowed the production of “The Days of the Turbins,” and before the war it was no longer prohibited. True, this permission did not apply to any theater except the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1936, after an article in Pravda, M. Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto of “Minin and Pozharsky” and “Peter I”.

In 1939, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto “Rachel”, as well as on a play about I. Stalin (“Batum”). The play was approved by I. Stalin, but, contrary to the writer’s expectations, it was banned from publication and production. M. Bulgakov's health condition is deteriorating sharply. Doctors diagnose him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Bulgakov continues to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, to relieve pain symptoms. During the same period, the writer begins to dictate to his wife the latest versions of the novel “The Master and Margarita.”

Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at M. Bulgakov’s bedside. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service took place in the building of the Union of Soviet Writers. Before the funeral service, Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removes M. Bulgakov from the face death mask.

M. Bulgakov is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery. At his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed “Golgotha,” which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.

Creation

M. Bulgakov wrote his first story, according to him in my own words, wrote in 1919.

1922-1923 - publication of “Notes on Cuffs”.

In 1924 - publication of the novel “ White Guard", O tragic events struggle for power between various political forces in Ukraine in 1918.

A collection was published in 1925 satirical stories"Diaboliad" In 1925, the story “ Fatal eggs", the story "Steel Throat" (the first in the series "Notes of a Young Doctor"). The writer is working on the story " dog's heart", plays "Days of the Turbins" and "Zoyka's Apartment".

In 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” was staged at the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1927, M. Bulgakov completed the drama “Running”.

From 1926 to 1929, M. Bulgakov’s play “Zoyka’s Apartment” was staged at the Evgeni Vakhtangov Theater-Studio; in 1928-1929, in the Moscow Chamber Theater The Crimson Island (1928) was staged.

In 1932, the production of “Days of the Turbins” was resumed at the Moscow Art Theater.

The first one was completed in 1934 full version the novel "The Master and Margarita", including 37 chapters.

Works of Mikhail Bulgakov

Stories and novels

• The Adventures of Chichikov (satirical story, 1922)
• White Guard (novel, 1922-1924)
• Diaboliada (story, 1923)
• Notes on cuffs (story, 1923)
• Crimson Island. Roman Comrade Jules Verne. Translated from French into Aesopian by Mikhail A. Bulgakov (novel, published in Berlin in 1924)
• Fatal eggs (story, 1924)
• Heart of a Dog (story, 1925, published in the USSR in 1987)
• Great Chancellor. Prince of Darkness (part of the draft version of the novel “The Master and Margarita”, 1928-1929)
• The Engineer's Hoof (novel, 1928-1929)
• To a secret friend (unfinished story, 1929, published in the USSR in 1987)
• The Master and Margarita (novel, 1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966)
• The Life of Monsieur de Molière (novel, 1933)
• Theatrical novel (Notes of a Dead Man) (unfinished novel, 1936-1937, published in the USSR in 1965)

Plays, librettos, film scripts

• Zoyka's Apartment (play, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1926, released in mass circulation in 1982)
• Days of the Turbins (play based on the novel “The White Guard”, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1925, released in mass circulation in 1955)
• Running (play, 1926-1928)
• Crimson Island (play, 1927, published in the USSR in 1968)
• Cabal of the Holy One (play, 1929, (staged in the USSR in 1936), in 1931 the censor was allowed to be staged with a number of cuts called “Molière”, but even in this form the production was postponed)
• Adam and Eve (play, 1931)
• Crazy Jourdain (play, 1932, published in the USSR in 1965)
• Bliss (the dream of engineer Rhine) (play, 1934, published in the USSR in 1966)
• The Inspector General (film script, 1934)
• Last days(Alexander Pushkin) (play, 1935 (published in the USSR in 1955)
• An Extraordinary Incident, or The Inspector General (play based on the comedy by Nikolai Gogol, 1935)
• Ivan Vasilievich (play, 1936)
• Minin and Pozharsky (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1980)
• The Black Sea (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Rachel (opera libretto based on the story “Mademoiselle Fifi” by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Batum (play about the youth of J.V. Stalin, original title“Shepherd”, 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Don Quixote (opera libretto based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, 1939)

Stories

• No. 13. — House of Elpit-Rabkommun (short story, 1922)
• Arithmetic (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• On the night of the 3rd (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• At the Zimin Theater (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• How he went crazy (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Kaenpe and Kape (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• The Red Crown (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Raid. IN magic lantern(story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Extraordinary Adventures Doctors (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• November 7th day (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Beware of fakes! (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Birds in the Attic (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Workers' Garden City (story from the collection "Notes and Miniatures", 1922)
• Soviet Inquisition (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Chinese history. 6 paintings instead of a story (story, 1923)
• Memories... (story dedicated to the death of Lenin, 1924)
• Khan's Fire (short story, 1924)
• Towel with a Rooster (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Baptism by turning (a story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Steel Throat (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Blizzard (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Egyptian Darkness (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• The Missing Eye (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Star Rash (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Bohemia (short story, 1925)
• Holiday with syphilis ( humorous story, 1925)
• The Story of Diamonds (short story, 1926)
• I Killed (short story, 1926)
• Morphine (short story, 1926)
• Treatise on Housing (story from the collection “Treatise on Housing”, 1926)
• Psalm (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)
• Four portraits (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)
• Moonshine Lake (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)

Journalism and feuilletons

Journalism and feuilletons

Film adaptations of works

• Pilate and others (The Master and Margarita) (Germany, TV film, 1972, 90 min.) - dir. Andrzej Wajda
• The Master and Margarita (Yugoslavia - Italy, Feature Film, 1972, 95 min.) - dir. Alexander Petrovich
• The Master and Margarita (Poland, television series, 1989, 4 episodes ~370 min.) - dir. Maciek Wojtyszko
• Incident in Judea (The Master and Margarita) (UK, TV film, 1991) - dir. Paul Briers
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, feature film, 1994, 240 min./125 min.) - dir. Yuri Kara
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, TV play, 1996, 142 min.) - dir. Sergey Desnitsky
• The Master and Margarita (Hungary, short film, 2005, 26 min.) - dir. Iboya Fekete
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, television series, 2005, 10 episodes, ~500 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
• The Master and Margarita, part one, chapter 1 (Israel, animated film, 2010, 33 min.) - dir. Terenty Oslyabya
• Heart of a Dog (Russia, feature film, 1988, 131 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
• Cuore di cane (Heart of a Dog) (Italy, feature film, 1975) - dir. Alberto Lattuada
• Running (based on the works: Running, White Guard, Black Sea) (USSR, feature film, 1970, 196 min.) - dir. Alexander Alov, Vladimir Naumov
• Days of the Turbins (USSR, feature film, 1976, 223 min.) - dir. Vladimir Basov
• Ivan Vasilyevich changes his profession (Ivan Vasilyevich) (USSR, feature film, 1973, 87 min.) - dir. Leonid Gaidai
• Fatal Eggs (Russia, feature film, 1995, 117 min.) - dir. Sergey Lomkin
• Morphine (based on the works: Notes of a Young Doctor, Morphine) (Russia, feature film, 2008, 112 min.) - dir. Alexey Balabanov
• Notes of a Young Doctor (based on the works: Notes of a Young Doctor) (Russia, feature film, 1991, 65 min.) - dir. Mikhail Yakzhen
• Case history (based on the works: “The Red Crown”) (Russia, feature film, 1990, 40 min.) - dir. Alexey Prazdnikov

Theater productions based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov

Museums

• State Museum M. A. Bulgakov in Moscow, “Bad Apartment.”
• Cultural Center « Bulgakov House» (Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya, no. 10)
• Turbin House, Literary and Memorial Museum named after. M. Bulgakov in Kyiv: Andreevsky Spusk, 13.
• One Street Museum (Museum of Andreevsky Descent) - part of the exhibition is dedicated to the life of Mikhail Bulgakov and his work.

Memory

120th anniversary

• On May 15, 2011, the 120th anniversary of the birth of M. Bulgakov was celebrated in Kyiv.
• On May 15 at 22:40 the feature film “Theatrical Romance” was shown on the “Culture” TV channel.
• In Moscow, three new exhibitions have been prepared in the apartment museum on Bolshaya Sadovaya:
• "New Arrivals";
• “In the desk drawer”;
• “Eight dreams. Run".
• In the park of the Bulgakov estate in Bucha, Kyiv region, the birthday of M. Bulgakov was celebrated. They unveiled a monument to the writer, laid out a garden and held an international theater festival.
• May 18, 2011 at major league The Cheerful and Resourceful Club played the 3rd quarter final of the season, the theme of which was “Bulgakov and his work.”

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. Born May 3 (May 15), 1891 in Kyiv, Russian Empire - died March 10, 1940 in Moscow. Russian and Soviet writer, playwright, theater director and actor.

Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in the family of an associate professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy at 28 Vozdvizhenskaya Street in Kyiv.

Father - Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907), Russian theologian and church historian.

Mother - Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (nee Pokrovskaya; 1869-1922).

Sister - Vera Afanasyevna Bulgakova (1892-1972), married to Davydov.

Sister - Nadezhda Afanasyevna Bulgakova (1893-1971), married Zemskaya.

Sister - Varvara Afanasyevna Bulgakova (1895-1956), prototype of the character Elena Turbina-Talberg in the novel “The White Guard”.

Brother - Nikolai Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1898-1966), Russian scientist, biologist, bacteriologist, Ph.D.

Brother - Ivan Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1900-1969), balalaika musician, in exile since 1921, first in Varna, then in Paris.

Sister - Elena Afanasyevna Bulgakova (1902-1954), prototype of the “blue eyes” in V. Kataev’s story “My Diamond Crown”.

Uncle - Nikolai Ivanovich Bulgakov, taught at the Tiflis Theological Seminary.

Niece - Elena Andreevna Zemskaya (1926-2012), famous Russian linguist, researcher of Russian colloquial speech.

In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the First Kyiv Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. The choice of becoming a doctor was explained by the fact that both mother’s brothers, Nikolai and Mikhail Pokrovsky, were doctors, one in Moscow, the other in Warsaw, both earned good money. Mikhail, a therapist, was Patriarch Tikhon’s doctor, Nikolai, a gynecologist, had an excellent practice in Moscow. Bulgakov studied at the university for 7 years - having been exempted for health reasons (kidney failure), he submitted a report to serve as a doctor in the navy and, after the refusal of the medical commission, asked to be sent as a Red Cross volunteer to the hospital.

On October 31, 1916, he received a diploma confirming “the degree of doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits assigned to this degree by the laws of the Russian Empire.”

In 1913, M. Bulgakov married Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982). Financial difficulties began on the wedding day. This can be seen in Tatyana Nikolaevna’s memoirs: “Of course, I didn’t have any veil, nor a wedding dress - I had to do with all the money that my father sent. Mom came to the wedding and was horrified. I had a pleated linen skirt, my mother bought a blouse. We were married by Fr. Alexander. ...For some reason they laughed terribly at the altar. We rode home in a carriage. There were few guests. I remember there were a lot of flowers, most of all daffodils...” Tatyana's father sent 50 rubles a month, a decent amount at that time. But the money quickly disappeared: M. A. Bulgakov did not like to save and was a man of impulse. If he wanted to take a taxi with his last money, he decided to take this step without hesitation. “Mother scolded me for my frivolity. We come to her for dinner, she sees - neither my rings nor my chain. “Well, that means everything is in the pawnshop!”

After the outbreak of World War I, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the front-line zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.

Since 1917, M. A. Bulgakov began to use morphine, first in order to alleviate allergic reactions to the anti-diphtheria drug, which he took out of fear of diphtheria after the operation. Then the morphine intake became regular.

In December 1917, M. A. Bulgakov came to Moscow for the first time. He stayed with his uncle, the famous Moscow gynecologist N. M. Pokrovsky, who became the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from the story “The Heart of a Dog.”

In the spring of 1918, M. A. Bulgakov returned to Kyiv, where he began private practice as a venereologist - at this time he stopped using morphine.

During the Civil War, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor into the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Then, judging by his memoirs, he was mobilized into the white Armed Forces of the South of Russia and was appointed military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment. In the same year, he managed to work as a doctor for the Red Cross, and then again in the white Armed Forces of the South of Russia. As part of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment he was in the North Caucasus. Published in newspapers (article “Future Prospects”). During the retreat of the Volunteer Army at the beginning of 1920, he was sick with typhus and therefore was forced not to leave the country. After recovery, in Vladikavkaz, his first dramatic experiments appeared - cousin he wrote on February 1, 1921: “I am 4 years late with what I should have started doing long ago - writing.”

At the end of September 1921, M. A. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began collaborating as a feuilletonist with metropolitan newspapers (Gudok, Rabochiy) and magazines (Medical Worker, Rossiya, Vozrozhdenie, Red Journal for everyone"). At the same time, he published some of his works in the newspaper Nakanune, published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, the newspaper “Gudok” published more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by M. Bulgakov.

In 1923, Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers Union. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, who became his wife in 1925.

Since October 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” was performed at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Its production was allowed only for a year, but was later extended several times. The play attracted the attention of I. Stalin himself, who watched it more than 14 times. In his speeches, I. Stalin said that “Days of the Turbins” was “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours” and when the play was banned, Stalin ordered its return (in January 1932) and before the war it was no longer banned. However, this permission did not apply to any theater except the Moscow Art Theater. Stalin noted that the impression from the “Days of the Turbins” was ultimately positive for the communists (letter to V. Bill-Belotserkovsky, published by Stalin himself in 1949).

At the same time, intense and extremely harsh criticism of M. A. Bulgakov’s work takes place in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, over 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were influential writers and literary officials (Mayakovsky, Bezymensky, Averbakh, Shklovsky, Kerzhentsev and others).

At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play based on M. A. Bulgakov’s play “Zoyka’s Apartment” was a great success.

In 1928, M.A. Bulgakov traveled with his wife to the Caucasus, where they visited Tiflis, Batum, Cape Verde, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. This year the premiere of the play “Crimson Island” took place in Moscow. M. A. Bulgakov came up with the idea of ​​a novel, later called “The Master and Margarita.” The writer also began work on a play about Moliere (“The Cabal of the Holy One”).

In 1929, Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.

By 1930, Bulgakov's works were no longer published, and his plays were removed from the theater repertoire. The plays “Running”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” were banned from production; the play “Days of the Turbins” was removed from the repertoire. In 1930, Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. At the same time, he wrote a letter to the USSR Government, dated March 28, 1930, with a request to determine his fate - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to provide him with the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. On April 18, 1930, Bulgakov received a call, who recommended that the playwright apply to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1930 he worked as a director at the Central Theater of Working Youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, the play “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol, staged by Bulgakov, was staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. In 1934, Bulgakov was twice denied permission to travel abroad, and in June he was admitted to the Union Soviet writers. In 1935, Bulgakov performed on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater as an actor - in the role of the Judge in the play " Pickwick Club"According to Dickens. The experience of working at the Moscow Art Theater was reflected in Bulgakov’s work “Notes of a Dead Man” (“Theatrical Novel”), for which many theater employees became the material for the characters.

The play “The Cabal of the Holy One” (“Molière”) was released in February 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. Although E. S. Bulgakova noted that the premiere, on February 16, took place with a huge success, after seven performances the production was banned, and Pravda published a devastating article about this “false, reactionary and worthless” play. After the article in Pravda, Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto of “Minin and Pozharsky” and “Peter I”. He was friends with Isaac Dunaevsky.

In 1939, M. A. Bulgakov worked on the libretto “Rachel”, as well as on a play about I. Stalin (“Batum”). The play was already being prepared for production, and Bulgakov with his wife and colleagues went to Georgia to work on the play, when a telegram arrived about the cancellation of the play: Stalin considered it inappropriate to stage a play about himself.

From that moment (according to the memoirs of E. S. Bulgakova, V. Vilenkin and others), M. Bulgakov’s health began to deteriorate sharply, he began to lose his sight. Doctors diagnosed Bulgakov with hypertensive nephrosclerosis enru - hereditary disease kidney Bulgakov continued to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, to relieve pain symptoms.

During the same period, the writer began to dictate to his wife the latest version of the novel “The Master and Margarita.”

Before the war in two Soviet theaters There were performances based on M. A. Bulgakov’s play “Don Quixote”.

Since February 1940, friends and relatives were constantly on duty at M. Bulgakov’s bedside. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service took place in the building of the Union of Soviet Writers.

Before the funeral service, Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removed the death mask from M. Bulgakov’s face.

M. Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. At his grave, at the request of his widow E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed “Golgotha,” which previously lay on the grave.

Bulgakov treated him with respect. Once, at the name day of the wife of the playwright Trenev, his neighbor in the writer’s house, Bulgakov and Pasternak found themselves at the same table. Pasternak read his translations of poems from Georgian with a special aspiration. After the first toast to the hostess, Pasternak announced: “I want to drink to Bulgakov!” In response to the objection of the birthday girl-hostess: “No, no! Now we’ll drink to Vikenty Vikentyevich, and then to Bulgakov!” - Pasternak exclaimed: “No, I want for Bulgakov!” Veresaev, of course, is very big man, but he is a legitimate phenomenon. And Bulgakov is illegal!”

After the writer’s death, she wrote the poem “In Memory of M. A. Bulgakov” (March 1940).

Michael Bulgakov. Romance with a secret

Personal life of Mikhail Bulgakov:

First wife - Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa (1892-1982), first wife, the main prototype of the character Anna Kirillovna in the story “Morphine”. They were married in the period 1913-1924.

Tatyana Lappa - the first wife of Mikhail Bulgakov

Second wife - Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1895-1987). They were married in 1925-1931.

Lyubov Belozerskaya - the second wife of Mikhail Bulgakov

Third wife - Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya (1893-1970). They got married in 1932. She was the main prototype of the character Margarita in the novel The Master and Margarita. After the death of the writer, she is the custodian of his literary heritage.

Stories and novels by Mikhail Bulgakov:

“The Adventures of Chichikov” (poem in 10 paragraphs with a prologue and epilogue, October 5, 1922)
"The White Guard" (novel, 1922-1924)
“Diaboliada” (story, 1923)
“Notes on Cuffs” (story, 1923)
"The Crimson Island" (story, published in Berlin in 1924)
“Fatal Eggs” (story, 1924)
“Heart of a Dog” (story, 1925, published in the USSR in 1987)
"Great Chancellor. Prince of Darkness" (part of the draft version of the novel "The Master and Margarita", 1928-1929)
"The Engineer's Hoof" (novel, 1928-1929)
“To a Secret Friend” (unfinished story, 1929, published in the USSR in 1987)
“The Master and Margarita” (novel, 1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966-1967, second version in 1973, final version in 1990)
“The Life of Monsieur de Molière” (novel, 1933, published in the USSR in 1962)
“Theatrical Novel” (“Notes of a Dead Man”) (unfinished novel (1936-1937), published in the USSR in 1965).

Plays, librettos, film scripts by Mikhail Bulgakov:

“Zoyka’s Apartment” (play, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1926, released in mass circulation in 1982)
“Days of the Turbins” (play based on the novel “The White Guard”, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1925, released in mass circulation in 1955)
"Running" (play, 1926-1928)
“Crimson Island” (play, 1927, published in the USSR in 1968)
“The Cabal of the Holy One” (play, 1929, (staged in the USSR in 1936), in 1931 the censor was allowed to be staged with a number of cuts called “Molière”, but even in this form the production was postponed)
“Dead Souls” (dramatization of the novel, 1930)
"Adam and Eve" (play, 1931)
“Crazy Jourdain” (play, 1932, published in the USSR in 1965)
“Bliss (the dream of engineer Rhine)” (play, 1934, published in the USSR in 1966)
“The Inspector General” (film script, 1934)
“Alexander Pushkin” (play, 1935 (published in the USSR in 1955)
“An Extraordinary Incident, or The Inspector General” (play based on the comedy by Nikolai Gogol, 1935)
“Ivan Vasilyevich” (play, 1936)
“Minin and Pozharsky” (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1980)
“The Black Sea” (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1988)
“Rachel” (libretto of the opera based on the story “Mademoiselle Fifi” by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
“Batum” (a play about the youth of I.V. Stalin, original title “Shepherd”, 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
“Don Quixote” (libretto of the opera based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, 1939).

May 15 marks the 120th anniversary of the birth of the famous Russian writer and playwright Mikhail Bulgakov.

Russian writer, playwright Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born on May 15 (old style - May 3), 1891 in Kyiv, in the family of Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov, associate professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy.

In August 1901, after graduating from the preparatory class, Mikhail Bulgakov entered the First Kyiv Men's (Alexandrovskaya) Gymnasium, from which he graduated in May 1909. In August of the same year, he was enrolled in the medical faculty of Kiev University.

In July 1914, when the first World War, Bulgakov helped organize an infirmary for the wounded at the Treasury Chamber in Saratov and worked there as a doctor.

In May 1915, with the permission of the university rector, Bulgakov began working at the Kiev military hospital in Pechersk.

In 1916, he graduated from the university and worked as a doctor in front-line hospitals in the cities of Kamenets-Podolsk and Chernovits, and later as a doctor at the Nikolsk Zemstvo Hospital in the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province.

In the summer of 1917, after a tracheotomy was performed on a sick child, fearing infection, Bulgakov was forced to vaccinate himself against diphtheria. He began to experience severe itching, which Mikhail Afanasyevich suppressed with morphine, as a result of which drug use became a habit.

In the fall of 1917, Bulgakov was transferred to the Vyazemsk city zemstvo hospital as head of the infectious diseases and venereal department. In the autumn of the same year he began work on the cycle autobiographical stories about medical practice at Nikolskaya Hospital.

In the spring of 1918, Bulgakov got rid of drug addiction and opened a private practice as a venereologist.

At the end of the summer of 1919, Bulgakov wrote “Sketches of a Zemstvo Doctor” (an early edition of the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”) and the stories “Illness” and “The First Color.”

At the beginning of February 1919, Mikhail Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor into the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and on the night of February 3, during the retreat of Ukrainian troops from Kiev, he successfully deserted. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, together with units of the Red Army, he returned to Kiev and, during street fighting, went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (according to another version, he was captured by them) and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.

In the fall of 1919, Bulgakov worked in a military hospital in Vladikavkaz, and at the end of December he left his service in the hospital and stopped practicing medicine altogether. From that moment on, he began to engage in literature professionally - he worked as a journalist in local newspapers (Kavkazskaya Gazeta, Kavkaz). Bulgakov's first publication took place on November 26, 1919 in the newspaper "Grozny" (the feuilleton "Future Prospects" was published with the initials M.B.).

He worked as the head of the literary department (Lito), later the theater department (Teo) of the arts subdepartment of the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee.

In May 1921, the Mountain People's National Theater opened in Vladikavkaz art institute, where Bulgakov was invited to the position of dean of the theater department. However, he decides to leave Vladikavkaz, and at the end of May 1921, Bulgakov and his wife left via Tiflis for Batumi. Having sent his wife through Odessa and Kyiv to Moscow, the writer tried to sail to Constantinople and from there to France. But he was unsuccessful, and at the end of September 1921 he came to Moscow. This is how his Moscow life began.

In Moscow, he served as secretary of the Glavpolitprosvet under the People's Commissariat for Education.

At the end of 1921, Bulgakov worked as the head of the chronicle in the weekly newspaper Trade and Industrial Bulletin.

At the beginning of 1922, he served as head of the publishing department of the Military Editorial Council of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Air Force Academy. N. E. Zhukovsky.

At the end of February, Bulgakov got a job as a reporter for the Rabochiy newspaper, and at the beginning of April as a letter processor for the Gudok newspaper, and later as a full-time feuilletonist.

In 1923, Bulgakov joined the trade union of educators (section of press workers) as a letter processor for the Gudok newspaper, and then joined the All-Russian Writers' Union.

Mikhail Bulgakov collaborated with the Moscow edition of the Berlin newspaper "Nakanune", publishing essays about the life of Moscow, with the newspapers "Gudok", "Rabochiy", the magazine "Medical Worker" (published "Notes of a Young Doctor"), "Russia", "Renaissance" "(published "Notes on Cuffs" and the novel "The White Guard").

In 1925, his first collection of satirical stories, Diaboliad, was published, which caused controversy in the press. In 1926, Bulgakov’s play “Days of the Turbins” was staged at the Moscow Art Theater; in 1926-1929. at the Theater-Studio Evg. Vakhtangov staged his play “Zoyka’s Apartment” in 1928-1929. "The Crimson Island" was rehearsed at the Moscow Chamber Theater.

Literary criticism of the late 1920s. negatively assessed Bulgakov's work. By 1930, his works were not published; the plays were removed from the theater repertoire.

In 1930, Mikhail Bulgakov worked at the Central Theater of Working Youth (TRAM). In 1930-1936. - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director, on whose stage in 1932 he staged " Dead Souls"Nikolai Gogol. Since 1936 he worked at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator.

Among the works of Mikhail Bulgakov are plays, novels, novellas, short stories, feuilletons, essays: “Sketches of a Zemstvo Doctor” (1919, an early edition of the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”), a humoresque play in one act “Self-Defense” (1920), comedies “ Crimson Island" (1924), "Zoyka's Apartment" (1926), a collection of satirical stories "Diaboliad" (1925), satirical fantasy stories "Fatal Eggs" (1925, published in 1987) and "Heart of a Dog" (1925, published in 1987 ), "Notes of a Young Doctor" (1925-1926), the novel "The White Guard" (1925-1927), the plays "Days of the Turbins" (1925-1927), "Running" (1926-1928), philosophical novel"The Master and Margarita" (1929-1940, published in 1966-1967), historical drama "The Cabal of the Holy" ("Molière", 1930-1936), biographical story "The Life of Monsieur de Molière" (1932-1933, published in 1962) , historical drama "The Last Days" ("Pushkin", 1934-1935), an ironic paraphrase of the history of the Moscow Art Theater of the 1920s. - "Theatrical novel" ("Notes of a Dead Man", 1936-1937, published in 1965, unfinished).

Mikhail Bulgakov was married three times. Bulgakov married his first wife, Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa, in 1915. At the beginning of January 1924, Bulgakov met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya, who soon became his second wife. He divorced her in 1932 and married Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, whom he met in 1929.

In 1939, Bulgakov's health condition deteriorated sharply. Doctors diagnosed him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis.

Three weeks before his death, blind and tormented by terrible pain, he stopped editing his novel The Master and Margarita.

On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Bulgakov died. He is buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. At the request of his wife Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova, a stone was installed on his grave, which previously lay on the grave of Nikolai Gogol, nicknamed “Calvary”.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

Mikhail Bulgakov is a Russian writer and playwright, the author of many works that today are considered classics of Russian literature. It is enough to name such novels as “The Master and Margarita”, “The White Guard” and the stories “Diaboliad”, “Heart of a Dog”, “Notes on the Cuffs”. Many of Bulgakov's books and plays have been filmed.

Childhood and youth

Mikhail was born in Kyiv in the family of professor-theologian Afanasy Ivanovich and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna, who was raising seven children. Misha was the oldest child and, whenever possible, helped his parents manage the household. Of the other Bulgakov children, Nikolai, who became a biologist, Ivan, who became famous in emigration as a balalaika musician, and Varvara, who turned out to be the prototype of Elena Turbina in the novel “The White Guard,” became famous.

After graduating from high school, Mikhail Bulgakov entered the university at the Faculty of Medicine. His choice turned out to be connected solely with mercantile desires - both uncles of the future writer were doctors and earned very good money. For a boy who grew up in a large family, this nuance was fundamental.

During the First World War, Mikhail Afanasyevich served in the front-line zone as a doctor, after which he practiced medicine in Vyazma, and later in Kyiv, as a venereologist. In the early 20s he moved to Moscow and began literary activity, first as a feuilletonist, later as a playwright and theater director Moscow Art Theater and Central Theater working youth.

Books

The first published book by Mikhail Bulgakov was the story “The Adventures of Chichikov,” written in a satirical manner. It was followed by the partially autobiographical Notes on Cuffs, social drama"Diaboliad" and the writer's first major work - the novel "The White Guard". Surprisingly, Bulgakov’s first novel was criticized from all sides: local censorship called it anti-communist, and the foreign press described it as too loyal just in time for Soviet power.

About the beginning of your medical activities Mikhail Afanasyevich told in the collection of stories “Notes of a Young Doctor,” which is still read with great interest today. The story “Morphine” especially stands out. One of the most important famous books author - “Heart of a Dog”, although in reality it is a subtle satire on Bulgakov’s contemporary reality. At the same time it was written fantastic story"Fatal Eggs"

By 1930, Mikhail Afanasyevich’s works were no longer published. For example, “The Heart of a Dog” was first published only in 1987, “The Life of Monsieur de Moliere” and “Theatrical Novel” - in 1965. And the most powerful and incredibly large-scale novel, “The Master and Margarita,” which Bulgakov wrote from 1929 until his death, first saw the light only in the late 60s, and then only in an abbreviated form.

In March 1930, the writer, who had lost his footing, sent a letter to the government in which he asked to decide his fate - either to be allowed to emigrate, or to be given the opportunity to work. As a result, he received a personal call and was told that he would be allowed to stage plays. But the publication of Bulgakov’s books never resumed during his lifetime.

Theater

Back in 1925, Mikhail Bulgakov’s plays were staged on the stage of Moscow theaters with great success - “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Days of the Turbins” based on the novel “The White Guard”, “Running”, “Crimson Island”. A year later, the ministry wanted to ban the production of “Days of the Turbins” as an “anti-Soviet thing,” but it was decided not to do this, since Stalin really liked the performance, who visited it 14 times.

Soon, Bulgakov's plays were removed from the repertoire of all theaters in the country, and only in 1930, after the personal intervention of the Leader, Mikhail Afanasyevich was reinstated as a playwright and director.

He staged Gogol's "Dead Souls" and Dickens's "The Pickwick Club", but his original plays "", "Bliss", "Ivan Vasilyevich" and others were never published during the playwright's lifetime.

The only exception was the play “The Cabal of the Holy One,” staged based on Bulgakov’s play “” in 1936 after a five-year series of refusals. The premiere was a huge success, but the troupe managed to give only 7 performances, after which the play was banned. After this, Mikhail Afanasyevich quits the theater and subsequently earns a living as a translator.

Personal life

The first wife of the great writer was Tatyana Lappa. Their wedding was more than poor - the bride did not even have a veil, and they then lived very modestly. By the way, it was Tatyana who became the prototype for Anna Kirillovna from the story “Morphine”.

In 1925, Bulgakov met Lyubov Belozerskaya, who came from an old family of princes. She was fond of literature and fully understood Mikhail Afanasyevich as a creator. The writer immediately divorces Lappa and marries Belozerskaya.

And in 1932 he meets Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, née Nuremberg. A man leaves his second wife and leads his third down the aisle. By the way, it was Elena who was depicted in his most famous novel in the image of Margarita. Bulgakov lived with his third wife until the end of his life, and it was she who made titanic efforts to ensure that the works of her loved one were subsequently published. Mikhail had no children with any of his wives.

There is a funny arithmetic-mystical situation with Bulgakov’s spouses. Each of them had three official marriages, like himself. Moreover, for the first wife Tatyana, Mikhail was the first husband, for the second Lyubov - the second, and for the third Elena, respectively, the third. So Bulgakov’s mysticism is present not only in books, but also in life.

Death

In 1939, the writer worked on the play “Batum” about Joseph Stalin, in the hope that such a work would definitely not be banned. The play was already being prepared for production when the order came to stop rehearsals. After this, Bulgakov’s health began to deteriorate sharply - he began to lose his vision, and congenital kidney disease also made itself felt.

Mikhail Afanasyevich returned to using morphine to relieve pain symptoms. Since the winter of 1940, the playwright stopped getting out of bed, and on March 10, the great writer passed away. Mikhail Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, and on his grave, at the insistence of his wife, a stone was placed that had previously been installed on the grave.

Bibliography

• 1922 - “The Adventures of Chichikov”
• 1923 - “Notes of a Young Doctor”
• 1923 - “Diaboliad”
• 1923 - “Notes on Cuffs”
• 1924 - “White Guard”
• 1924 - “Fatal Eggs”
• 1925 - “Heart of a Dog”
• 1925 - “Zoyka’s Apartment”
• 1928 - “Running”
• 1929 - “To a Secret Friend”
• 1929 - “Cabal of the Saint”
• 1929-1940 - “The Master and Margarita”
• 1933 - “The Life of Monsieur de Molière”
• 1936 - “Ivan Vasilyevich”
• 1937 - “Theatrical Romance”

Born into the family of a teacher at the Kyiv Theological Academy, Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov, and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna. He was the eldest child in the family and had six more brothers and sisters.

In 1901-1909 he studied at the First Kyiv Gymnasium, after graduating from which he entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. He studied there for seven years and applied to serve as a doctor in the naval department, but was refused due to health reasons.

In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, he worked as a doctor in front-line hospitals in Kamenets-Podolsk and Chernivtsi, in the Kiev military hospital. In 1915 he married Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa. On October 31, 1916, he received a diploma “as a doctor with honors.”

In 1917, he first used morphine to relieve the symptoms of diphtheria vaccination and became addicted to it. In the same year he visited Moscow and in 1918 returned to Kyiv, where he began private practice as a venereologist, having stopped using morphine.

In 1919, during the Civil War, Mikhail Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor, first into the Ukrainian army people's republic, then to the Red Army, then to the Armed Forces of Southern Russia, then transferred to the Red Cross. At this time he began working as a correspondent. On November 26, 1919, the feuilleton “Future Prospects” was first published in the newspaper “Grozny” with the signature of M.B. He fell ill with typhus in 1920 and remained in Vladikavkaz, without retreating to Georgia with the Volunteer Army.

In 1921, Mikhail Bulgakov moved to Moscow and entered the service of the Glavpolitprosvet under the People's Commissariat for Education, headed by N.K. Krupskaya, wife of V.I. Lenin. In 1921, after the disbandment of the department, he collaborated with the newspapers “Gudok”, “Worker” and the magazines “Red Journal for Everyone”, “Medical Worker”, “Russia” under the pseudonym Mikhail Bull and M.B., wrote and published in 1922 -1923 years “Notes on Cuffs”, participates in literary circles “ Green lamp", "Nikitinsky subbotniks".

In 1924 he divorced his wife and in 1925 married Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya. This year the story “Heart of a Dog”, the plays “Zoyka’s Apartment” and “Days of the Turbins” were written and published satirical stories“Diaboliad”, story “Fatal Eggs”.

In 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” was staged with great success at the Moscow Art Theater, permitted on the personal orders of I. Stalin, who visited it 14 times. At the theater. E. Vakhtangov premiered the play “Zoyka’s Apartment” with great success, which ran from 1926 to 1929. M. Bulgakov moves to Leningrad, there he meets with Anna Akhmatova and Yevgeny Zamyatin and is summoned several times for interrogation by the OGPU about his literary creativity. The Soviet press intensively criticizes the work of Mikhail Bulgakov - over 10 years, 298 abusive reviews and positive ones appeared.

In 1927, the play “Running” was written.

In 1929, Mikhail Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third wife in 1932.

In 1929, the works of M. Bulgakov ceased to be published, the plays were banned from production. Then on March 28, 1930, he wrote a letter to the Soviet government asking either for the right to emigrate or for the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater in Moscow. On April 18, 1930, I. Stalin called Bulgakov and recommended that he apply to the Moscow Art Theater with a request for enrollment.

1930-1936 Mikhail Bulgakov worked at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. The events of those years were described in “Notes of a Dead Man” - “ Theatrical novel" In 1932, I. Stalin personally allowed the production of “The Days of the Turbins” only at the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1934 Mikhail Bulgakov was accepted into Soviet Union writers and completed the first version of the novel “The Master and Margarita”.

In 1936, Pravda published a devastating article about the “false, reactionary and worthless” play “The Cabal of the Saints,” which had been rehearsed for five years at the Moscow Art Theater. Mikhail Bulgakov went to work in Grand Theatre as a translator and libbretist.

In 1939 he wrote the play “Batum” about I. Stalin. During its production, a telegram arrived about the cancellation of the performance. And it began sharp deterioration health of Mikhail Bulgakov. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis was diagnosed, his vision began to deteriorate, and the writer began using morphine again. At this time, he was dictating to his wife the latest versions of the novel “The Master and Margarita.” The wife issues a power of attorney to manage all her husband’s affairs. The novel “The Master and Margarita” was published only in 1966 and brought world fame to the writer.

On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died, on March 11, the sculptor S.D. Merkulov removed the death mask from his face. M.A. Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, where, at the request of his wife, a stone from the grave of N.V. was installed on his grave. Gogol, nicknamed "Golgotha".