Learning the Karelian language.

Information Agency"Republic of Karelia" launches national project. We want to talk about the people who lived for centuries on the shores of Lakes Onega and Ladoga, on the White Sea and along the Karelian rivers. About our ancestors and contemporaries. About people.

Respublika still has more questions than answers. Where did Pakkaine, the Olonets Santa Claus, come from? How to cook turnips? Who did the Karelian rangers fight with in the Swedish army? Is it true that the Kalevala is an encyclopedia of Finnish life?

We'll find out and tell you everything. And along the way we will learn languages: Karelian, Finnish, Vepsian. There will be no homework - we remember everything in class.

Hello! Welcome!

Ksenia ZHELEZKO,
teacher of Finnish and Karelian languages ​​at the Finno-Ugric school named after. Elias Lönnrot:
"Hello, welcome!" (Karelian language)

For those who want to compare greetings in Finnish, Karelian and Vepsian, our translator has compiled a small dictionary:

Hello!

Finnish — terve
Karelian. (Livvikovsky, South Karelian dialect) — terveh teile
Veps. — tervhen

Welcome!

Finnish — tervetuloa
Karelian. — Terveh Tulles
Veps. — tervhen tuldes

If the greetings “Hello!” and “Welcome!” are used in the same context, it is enough to say:

Finnish — Tervetuloa!
Karelian. — Terveh tulles!
Veps. — Tervhen tulde!

Peoples

First, let's break everything down. Several peoples lived together on the territory of Karelia for many centuries - each of them contributed something of their own to the historical appearance of the republic. The most big influence(in addition to the Russians) there were Karelians, Vepsians and Finns.

For the last thousand years, these peoples have developed side by side, exchanged cultural achievements, mixed with each other - and as a result, the modern Baltic-Finnish peoples living in our republic appeared. However, inside each of them there is separate groups. Sometimes they differ in the dialect of their language, sometimes in their place of residence, and sometimes in both.

Tatiana BERDASHEVA,
Researcher National Museum:

— In the first third of the 20th century, many expeditions and single researchers (professionals and simply lovers of antiquity) came to Karelia and the North-West.

The complex expeditions were headed by the talented scientist, anthropologist and ethnologist D.A. Zolotarev (1885-1935), head of the ethnographic department of the Russian Museum. Famous scientists, photographers, artists, folklore researchers, and ethnographers came to Karelia. The purpose of the expeditions is to study culture different nations North: Karelians, Finns, Sami, Vodi, Izhorians and Russians.

Thanks to photographers who studied our region in the 1920s, we see the faces of people who lived in Karelia almost a hundred years ago. Easy life you can’t name that generation. Just recently the Revolution died down and rolled across the country Civil War(and in the north - intervention).

Everyone still remembered and honored traditions. But peasant life village families changed irrevocably.

Karelians

Among the Karelian people, scientists traditionally distinguish three groups, which differ primarily in the characteristics of their language and place of residence.

Actually Karelians

In the north of the republic, people who simply call themselves “Karelians” have been living for several centuries. Scientists also call them “Karelians proper” or “Northern Karelians”. Their language is closest to Finnish, most often it is considered the standard dialect of Karelian.

Lesson prepared by:
Evgeniy Lisakov, journalist
Alisa Agranovich, journalist
Igor Georgievsky, photographer
Vitaly Golubev, photographer
Maxim Shumeiko, videographer
Sergey Belyaev, videographer
Dmitry Khambir, designer
Pavel Stepura, designer
Elena Fomina, editor

With the support of the Ministry of the Republic of Karelia on issues national policy, public relations, religious associations and the media

Languages. Due to low birth rates, high mortality rates and assimilation, the number of speakers of the Karelian language is continuously declining and currently does not exceed 70,000 people. These are mainly villagers. Most Russian Karelians also speak Russian. In addition, 10,000 Karelians live in Finland, mainly in the province of Oulu. Many of them fled the communist regime in the 1940s.
IN ethnogenesis Karelians were attended by 2 ancient tribes: Korela and Ves. The first mention of Karelians appears in the Scandinavian sagas in the 8th century, in the 9th–10th centuries. this ethnonym appears repeatedly in ancient Norwegian and Icelandic sources; it appears in Russian chronicles from the 12th century.
Karelians moved from their original Karelian lands to the Tver region in the 17th century after the conclusion of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty, according to which the Ladoga region and Ingermanland went to Sweden. Oppression by the Swedish conquerors forced the Karelian population to move to Russia, which was safer for them.
Karelian language has 3 dialects: Karelian proper (closest to the Finnish language); Livvikovsky, which combines the main features of the Karelian dialect itself and a number of features of the Vepsian language; Lyudikovsky, with much pronounced features Vepsian language. The Karelian dialect proper is spoken in the northern and middle parts of Karelia, in the Murmansk, Tver, Novgorod and Leningrad regions. The Livvikovsky dialect is widespread to the northeast of Lake Ladoga, and the Lyudikovsky dialect is distributed along the western coast of Lake Onega. Dialects are divided into numerous dialects.
Options self-names ethnic groups differ in dialects: karjalaiset (actually northern Karelians), karjalaћet (middle Karelians - Tunguda, Padany), karjalaset (Tikhvin Karelians), karjalazet (Livvik area).
Main emphasis in native Karelian words it falls on the first syllable, the minor falls on subsequent odd syllables, except the last.
For phonetics The Karelian language is characterized by: voicing of ancient consonants k -> g, p -> b, t -> d in intervocalic position and after sonorant consonants; positional palatalization of consonants (for example, t/t", d/d"); consistent quantitative and qualitative alternation of the consonants k, p, t, č, g, b, d in the Karelian dialect proper, quantitative and with limitations qualitative alternation in Livvikovsky, only qualitative alternation in Ludykovsky; diphthongization of long and contracted vowels; changes in final -a, -ä in Livvik and Lyudik: compare Finnish haapa “aspen”, Karelian huaba proper, Livvik huabu, Lyudik huab(e).
The phonology of the Karelian language has moved significantly away from the general Baltic-Finnish one: most of the ancient long vowels in the first syllable have become diphthongs, whistling consonants have become sibilants. Vowel harmony has been preserved.
Like all Baltic-Finnish languages, Karelian is rich in cases. There are 15 of them in total, although there are dialect differences.
For Karelian morphology characteristic: plural indicator -loi-/-löi- in oblique cases; syncretism in the subsystems of external and internal cases: in the Karelian dialect proper, the allative (external case of approximation) coincided in form with the adessive (external case of being on something), and in Livvikovsky and Lyudikovsky - the ablative (distinctive case) with the adessive. In the Karelian dialect itself, a three-member subsystem of internal local cases is preserved: innessive (case of being in something), elative (case of leaving something), illative (case of entering something). In the Livvikov and Ludyk dialects, the elative coincided with the innessive. The agglutinative morphological type is mainly preserved, but inflexion has acquired importance. When declension, different stems may appear in different cases, for example, the noun “water”: vede-h (illative singular), vie-n (genitive singular), vet"-t"ä (partitive singular .), veŸi-e (partitive plural). The verb has a reflexive conjugation, which is not typical for other Baltic-Finnish languages ​​(except Vepsian).
IN vocabulary many words common to the Vepsian language and eastern dialects Finnish, as well as Russian borrowings.
A rich oral language has been created in the Karelian language. poetic tradition, including the Karelian-Finnish epic Kalevala. The most ancient monuments writing- birch bark letters – date back to the 13th century. (Novgorod birch bark document No. 292 - four lines of a spell against lightning). In the XIX - early XX centuries. books were published in various Karelian dialects using Russian graphics. In the 1930s There was a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet (textbooks, dictionaries, translated literature, and newspapers were published). In 1931, a writing system for Tver Karelians was created based on the Latin alphabet. The unified Karelian script, created in 1937 based on the Cyrillic alphabet, was abolished in 1940. The revival of Karelian writing began in the late 1980s. based on Latin graphics. The Karelian language is taught in some kindergartens, elementary schools, and some universities. Radio and television programs are broadcast, periodicals(due to the lack of a standard language, the authors of publications use their native dialects), educational and fiction literature is being published little by little.

To start, we selected about 300 textbooks from the fund National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan, published in 1920 - 1950. Today transferred to digital format and the first 166 editions from this list were published. Work on the project is carried out in collaboration with. The Ministry of Education of the Republic of Karelia also joined the project. Our collection now includes the first 20 electronic copies of modern textbooks and publications to help students of the Karelian and Vepsian languages.

We give the opening speech to the doctor historical sciences Olga Pavlovna Ilyukha(IALI Karelian Research Center RAS).

School textbooks are special books. IN modern world, where schooling has become virtually universal, they are read from beginning to end by large cohorts of students. The textbook transmits official knowledge, under the influence of which the mass consciousness And Mass culture. That is why textbooks of the past today attract the attention of not only teachers and historians, but also sociologists, cultural scientists, specialists in historical anthropology and sociolinguistics. School textbooks can be considered as a message from adults to children; they contain both obvious and hidden meanings.

IN modern Russia Along with textbooks that are used in schools throughout the country, textbooks and teaching aids are published that are intended for a specific region. They are published in both capital and provincial publishing houses, but are created, as a rule, by local authors or with their participation. Among such publications are books on local history and textbooks for studying the languages ​​of peoples living in a particular region.

History of regional educational book reflects, on the one hand, changes in the education system, on the other, the national policy pursued in the country in different time. In Karelia, the tradition of publishing such books goes back to the 19th century. One of the remarkable events in the history of the educational book of that time was the publication in 1894 in Arkhangelsk of the “ABC for Karelians living in the Kem district of the Arkhangelsk province,” intended for parochial schools. At the beginning of the twentieth century, two more primers for Karelian children appeared, one of which was published in 1907 in Finland, the other in 1915 in Russia, which reflected the situation of cultural and ideological interest manifested on both sides in border Karelia.

The Soviet period was marked by a change in the very paradigm of national language policy and the desire to speed up the development of public education, including on the outskirts of the country. In Karelia, which had a long border with capitalist Finland, and where the “Red Finns” were in power from 1920 to 1935, the so-called Finnish factor played dramatic role in determining the vector of national language policy. This circumstance also influenced the development of the educational book. The Finnishization of Karelia included, in particular, giving the Finnish language (along with Russian) the status of a state language. If in the early 1920s, students of national (Karelian) schools had the opportunity to choose the language of instruction between Russian and Finnish, then from 1927/28 school year mass transfer of Karelian schools to Finnish language training. This process was accompanied by the accelerated creation of regional textbooks.

In the early 1930s, a writing system for Tver Karelians was developed and corresponding textbooks appeared for primary school However, in the KASSR the leadership of the republic considered it inappropriate to transfer education into the Karelian language, which was also hampered by objective difficulties in creating it literary form: the presence of three large dialect groups. Among the authors of Finnish-language textbooks are Urho Tuurala, Victor Salo, Aune Rautio, Maja Gylling. By the mid-1930s, almost all categories of students studying Finnish received their own textbooks. However, relations with its western neighbor were deteriorating, and on the eve of the war, the attitude towards the language of “bourgeois Finland” also changed sharply. The second half of the 1930s was marked by the expulsion of the “enemy” language from Karelian schools, and many textbook authors were subjected to repression.

In the 1930s, a number of textbooks were also published in the Vepsian language with Latin script. From 1932 to 1937, teaching in the Vepsian language was carried out in areas of compact settlement of Vepsians in the territory Leningrad region, and in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic it was started only in 1937, but in the same year it was curtailed both in Karelia and in the Leningrad region.

The constitution of the KASSR, adopted in 1937, established three state languages ​​in the republic: Karelian, Russian and Finnish, but already in 1938 an amendment to the constitution was made, as a result of which Finnish lost its status as the state language. In Karelian national schools The Finnish language was replaced by an urgently created “unified Karelian literary language” based on Cyrillic graphics and largely artificial. In 1937-39, new textbooks appeared in Karelian schools, while textbooks published in Finnish were destroyed.

The next changes to the language policy of Karelia were made by Winter War 1939-1940. TO Soviet Union Some territories of Finland were ceded, and the Finnish language was again in demand. The publication of textbooks in the “Karelian literary language” ceased. In the constitution of the Karelo-Finnish Republic approved on July 9, 1940 SSR Finnish the language was declared second after Russian official language new union republic. In 1940-1941, several dozen textbooks were published only for primary schools, but the Great Patriotic War slowed down work in this direction. First post-war years The Finnish language receives support: this was required by political considerations. In connection with the transformation in 1956 of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet socialist republic Finnish has lost its status as the official language. Since the autumn of 1958, the compulsory study of this language by Finnish and Karelian children was abolished.

The Finnish language was again included in curriculum schools only in the second half of the 1960s, but already as one of foreign languages. During the same period, the first Soviet textbook(reading book) on local history " For younger students about Karelia”, which went through three editions (1967, 1970 and 1978, authors - A. G. Blyudnik, R. I. Kotova, G. P. Ogienko). Subsequently, books of both historical, cultural and natural history orientations by other authors appeared. Among them, L. I. Shitikova and N. P. Kutkova should be highlighted, who created a number of textbooks and teaching aids new generation.

Start modern stage in the publication of textbooks of the Karelian and Vepsian languages ​​is associated with the period of “perestroika and glasnost” in the second half of the 1980s, when society openly talked about the need to revive these languages.

Linguists of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Karelian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Petrozavodsk state university- T. P. Boyko, N. G. Zaitseva, P. M. Zaikov, M. I. Mullonen, L. F. Markianova, and also school teachers and the methodologists began preparing primers and textbooks and compiling anthologies. This work, which continues to this day, is supported by scientific research on the grammar of the Karelian and Vepsian languages, and the creation of literary vocabulary, including for the needs of school education.

The Russian-Karelian phrasebook in the proper Karelian dialect contains the most common topics of Karelian vocabulary.
Each topic begins with a vocabulary. The following dialogues allow you to compose your own speech models using the vocabulary of the dictionary.
Grammar comments and tables are designed to promote correct sentence construction and pronunciation.
Published with the financial support of the Ministry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for National Policy and Relations with Religious Associations
Recommended by the Terminology and Spelling Commission under the Head of the Republic of Karelia

Compiled by Galina Lettijeva / Luatija Galina Lettijeva, Publishing House "Periodika", 2010

SIAMYSTA
Introduction. - Alkusanat........................5
Alphabet. - Kirjaimikko........................7
About phonetics. - Fonetiikasta........................9
Greetings. Farewell -Tervehtimini. Hyvastely.... 15
Useful phrases. - Hyovyllisie virkkehie...........16
Useful questions. - Hyovyllisie kysymyksie........18
Nationality. Language. - Kansallisuus. Kieli......22
Acquaintance. - Tuttavustumini......................27
Weather. - Sia....................................31
Guest. - Ativoija...................................35
Numeral names. - Numeralit...................39
Cardinal numbers. - Perusluvut. ... 39
Ordinals. - Jarjessysluvut.....41
Time. - Aika.....................................43
Watch. - Kellonaika........................43
Day. - Vuorokausi...................44
Days of the week. - Netalinpaivat......................46
Months. Seasons. - Kuukauvet. Vuuwenajat.... 48
Colors. - Varit...................................52
Studies. Education. -Opastumini. Koulutus.........54
Profession. Speciality. -Ammatti............60
Job. - Ruato, tyo........................64
Family. - Pereh...................................67
Journey. - Matkustamini......................73
In the city. - Kaupunkilla........................76
At the hotel. - Hotellissa........................79
Attractions. - Nahtavyyksie............83
Purchases. - Ossokset.........................88

/ [compiled by: G. E. Lettieva]. - Petroskoi: Periodika, 2010. - 128c.

ALKUSANAT
The Karelian language has several dialects and adverbs. The proper Karelian dialect of the Karelian language functions on the territory of the Republic of Karelia in the Kalevalsky, Loukhsky, Muezersky, Kemsky, Belomorsky, Medvezhyegorsky districts, in Kostomuksha, Voknavolok and Petrozavodsk. The Tver Karelians speak the proper Karelian dialect.
Within two last decades Karelian is actively developing literary language which is taught in kindergartens, schools, secondary and higher educational institutions Karelia. The appearance of textbooks, manuals, dictionaries, fiction helps to increase interest in the language and the desire to learn it.
The phrasebook is addressed to those who study the proper Karelian dialect of the Karelian language with a teacher or independently. Native speakers will be able to replenish their vocabulary, develop and improve their speech skills in the Karelian language.
We will try to give our reader the opportunity to develop speech skills based on dictionaries and model phrases of the phrasebook, which will allow you to compose your own statements and understand your interlocutor.
Model phrases and dialogues in Karelian are not always literal translation. They are built on the principle of semantic analogy. Thematic sections, grammar tables and applications will help you navigate the composition of phrases and sentences.
We wish you success in communication!