Passive absolute pitch. What is absolute pitch? How to develop absolute pitch? Absolute pitch and musicality

Online game "Absolute pitch"

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The game includes the first 33 questions from this list. The entire list of 55 questions (from 34 to 55 chips with a stave) is presented in full version of this game included in the program.

Alexey Ustinov, 2011-12-30

Game updated 2013-11-30

Teacher's comment

Absolute ear for music- ability to determine the pitch of a tone, regardless of other tones, i.e. without comparing sounds with each other and, as a result, assigning a note name to this sound. The nature of this phenomenon has not been sufficiently studied in musicological circles and, apparently, is therefore represented by different points of view. But it is even less familiar to practicing teachers. At the same time, the skill of “absolute musical ear” constantly remains the focus of both interest and controversy among almost all musicians. It is generally accepted that all string players (violinists, cellists) have such hearing, but this is not so! On the contrary, it seems that the pianist does not need it at all - however, those who master this skill say that it helps a lot, for example, when reading scores... Another often discussed question is whether it can be developed, or is it something... Is it innate?...

What to do with a child who easily picks out any melody and does not want to look at the sheet music at all? How to develop hearing for a student who knows well music symbols but can play false notes, memorizes them and the teacher cannot help him in any way?

One day, my second grade student asked me to play him Gennady Sasko’s play “Blues,” which was quite complex in rhythm, with a passage at the end. I played it three times... and at the next lesson he played the Blues without notes and at the same tempo as the piece was played. The case of this boy was for me an example of my incompetence in working with a gifted student with absolute pitch... I have not encountered many children with absolute pitch in my teaching practice. And most often such children did not finish music school. From the very beginning, they could remember and play the pieces by hand, “by ear,” but reading a complex text caused resistance in them and, as a result, they lost interest in learning.

In other words, the skill of “absolute pitch” is not something separate in the learning process, clearly positive or negative. Both its presence and absence require additional attention from the teacher and a special approach to the student. Still, this skill is extremely desirable!

To help my students, and to avoid repeating the mistakes of my youth, I am now using S.M. Maltsev’s method. - author of a comprehensive methodology for teaching piano playing, as well as solfegging, synchronous with piano playing. This method helps me identify children with good developed hearing and constantly work with them by sight reading notes.

For most students and those who want to master musical wisdom, it is easy to learn and play their favorite melodies on the piano or guitar, they still need to develop their hearing. And the game "Perfect Pitch" is an excellent tool for this. It is suitable for all ages.

Small children, who cannot even read, will guess the right answer from the pictures. (You just need to help them - first play the game NOTES - PICTURES so that the child gets acquainted with the notes hidden in in simple words: HOUSE, TURNIP. There, he will become acquainted with the sound of notes.).

Older children and adults, while playing, will discover that they HAVE absolute pitch and that this skill is developing - verified!

Of course, someone might say that there are no halftones in the game (more precisely, a full chromatic scale). Yes, the game only includes white piano keys, i.e. in fact, we are in a major (C) or minor (LA) mode... Someone may note that the degrees of the mode and intervals play a role here... Absolutely right! But, start with simple tasks, achieve confident recognition of these notes, and you will take a big step in improving your musical ear. Believe me, you will get great pleasure from discovering that you can identify the name of a note by ear!

Krivopalova L.N.
Piano teacher, Palace of Children and Youth Creativity, Tomsk
01.05.2011

The Virartek team expresses gratitude to Lyubov Nikolaevna Krivopalova, who received Active participation in the creation of this game and in its testing. THANK YOU! Good luck to you and your students!

Surely many have heard the expression “absolute pitch”. In everyday life it is often attributed to people who are well versed in music, musical notation with extraordinary vocal abilities. However, being a highly skilled musician does not automatically mean you have perfect pitch. Moreover, only a few percent of the world's population can boast of this gift.

Mysterious phenomenon

Absolute ear for music is a rare phenomenon whose status is difficult to even determine. Is it the result of certain natural factors or a physiological (hereditary) feature? The result of a unique personality development or a consequence of the influence of the social environment (family, society)? Or a complex combination of all factors? This mystery, even after centuries of study, is shrouded in darkness.

Presumably, most babies have this gift, but it is quickly “overshadowed” by other skills that are more important for survival. The main question, thanks to which an element of mystery arises, is the following: why in the same environment of upbringing, under the same conditions for musical development, one of the children develops absolute pitch, and the other does not?

Statistics

Over the years of in-depth research, scientists have accumulated rich statistical material. It turned out that absolute pitch is formed exclusively in childhood, moreover, precisely in preschool, during the period of dominance of involuntary acquisition of skills. This fact is unanimously confirmed by all researchers of absolute pitch. At the same time, the formation of a rare skill requires quality mandatory condition presence of a child in the family musical instrument, whose pitch is fixed. For example, keyboards, a number of wind instruments (accordion, accordion) and others. The reasons for this, presumably, lie not so much in the field of psychology of human abilities, but in the psychology individual differences(differential psychology).

Absolute musical ear steadily retains its status as a phenomenon as an outstanding, exceptional phenomenon in a certain respect. This is due to its relatively low prevalence. According to researchers, 6-7% of people have absolute pitch. professional musicians and no more than 1% of all music listeners.

Definition

Absolute pitch is the ability of people to determine “by ear” absolute altitude sounds. Musicians with this gift remember the absolute pitch scale of the 12-semitone octave scale. They are able to accurately determine the pitch of any sound without outside help. In turn, absolute pitch is divided into:

• Passive - the ability to match the pitch of an audible sound.
• Active - the ability to reproduce a given sound with the voice (the owners of “active hearing” are an absolute minority).

There is also the concept of relative hearing - not an innate, but a learned skill, when people are able to correctly determine the pitch of a sound using “cues” (a comparison object, such as a tuning fork).

Development of absolute pitch: pros and cons

For more than a century, there has been debate about whether this rare natural ability can be developed and trained. Theoretically, this is possible, because under the influence of some factors it is formed in children. However, critics of teaching methods argue that there is no mass “influx” of musicians trained in absolute musical ear.

IN different time different people Methods for artificially acquiring absolute pitch were invented, but they were not widely used in practice for a very simple reason: they were not in demand among professional musicians. By all accounts, absolute pitch, although it greatly facilitates the implementation musical activity, but does not guarantee its success, and sometimes even complicates it. In addition, numerous reliable facts, indicating that not all famous musicians had absolute pitch, confirm the thesis that this ability is not obligatory or decisive.

Moral aspect

And yet the problem of absolute pitch claims to be an eternal problem, since it consists in the division of all participants music community into two “camps”: people who have a gift and those who do not. This confrontation cannot be avoided.

In other words, the possession of absolute pitch is not a matter of conscious choice, but of some kind of “blessing from above.” At first glance, people with relative hearing seem to be disadvantaged: in comparison with “absolute players,” they need the help of a tuning fork or any other source of sound standards. In addition, when performing one or another operation related to determining the pitch of sounds, “absolute speakers” demonstrate unconditional superiority, which cannot but affect the self-esteem of those with relative hearing.

The most striking consequence of this situation is the formation of a kind of professional inferiority complex in persons with relative hearing. This happens despite the widespread assertion that highly developed relative hearing is quite adequate, and sometimes even more effective, when performing musical activities.

Scientific approach

Musical hearing today is considered differentiated in the following gradation of levels: melodic, harmonic, tonal, polytonal, modal, internal, orchestral, polyphonic, rhythmic, physical (natural), singing-intonation, subtle, sharp, absolute, choral, operatic, ballet, dramatic. , stylistic, polystylistic, poetic, ethnic and multiethnic (absolute pitch).

It is possessed by composers, conductors, folklorists, the first violinist of an orchestra, arrangers, piano and organ tuners. Many researchers agree that absolute musical ear is a product concentrated on the basis of versatile natural phenomena, human genetics. It should be developed by capturing the voices of nature, birdsong, animal cries and even man-made (industrial) sounds.

How to develop absolute pitch

Whether it is possible to develop 100% hearing through training is a controversial issue. Usually people who achieve good results are called owners of pseudo-absolute pitch. It is advisable to develop talent in preschool children if they are capable of music. It has been proven that the most favorable time for a full perception of music is childhood, when the family learns the basics from the parents. musical culture, the ability to perceive, understand, feel, and experience musical images is cultivated.

Models of development of absolute pitch

Several development models are practiced in Russia. They are based on two principles for controlling intonation and hearing:

• oral (by text);
• associative (by notes).

The process of mastering comes down to the fact that at each lesson the entire scale with words is sung, then each student sings it during breaks, on the way home, after completing homework, at leisure. He has it constantly in his head. When basically the text of the model is fixed in memory, which is not difficult by analogy with poetic lyrics of songs, the text is sung broken down in the most various options. In the future, you should change the tonality and try to sing the text already in new key, as a result of which the student begins to operate and modulate in any key.

Regular singing exercises develop an internal ear for music. The student begins to hear and determine what sound is being made - mi, sol, fa, la, etc. By analogy with what composers, folklorists, ethnographers, and conductors with absolute pitch have learned.

History lessons

What can a person with perfect pitch do? There is a famous incident in history that happened to the great L. Beethoven. It so happened that his physical hearing disappeared while conducting a piece at a concert, but his absolute, internal musical ear helped, helping the composer to conduct symphony orchestra(310 participating musicians).

Physical deafness did not hinder another opera composer- N. S. Dagirov (operas “Aigazi”, “Irchi-Cossack”, in collaboration with G. A. Gasanov “Khochbar”, ballet “PartuPatima”), who did not hear the production of his monumental works, but felt and perceived them with an inner absolute hearing. With the loss of the physical, the inner hearing does not disappear. A person with absolute pitch will be able to syntonize quite accurately, display, and beat out the rhythm closest to what was heard.

Conclusion

Seeing, remembering, recording, learning to catch and hear the music living around us is the goal and task of the model for the development of absolute pitch, first in preschool, then in school upbringing and education. The development of musical hearing into an absolute one leads to a differentiated perception of the timbres-voices of folk, symphonic, jazz and other groups. After all, the main goal human society on Earth is study and improvement surrounding life in space and time on a new turn of the spiral of evolution.

It's hard to find a person who doesn't love music. At the same time, many not only listen to it, but also try to perform their favorite songs. Some people do it almost perfectly, while others are better off never doing it. Moreover, the quality of performance in most cases depends not only on the voice, but also on the musical ear that the singer has. However, how can one determine its presence?

What is absolute musical ear?

Essentially, this is a person’s ability to accurately recognize the pitch of a sound and determine which note it corresponds to, as well as recognize its other characteristics. Some musicians who have bad hearing speech recognition, there is an amazing ability to distinguish sounds and accurately reproduce them. At the same time, any musician knows how to determine the presence of an ear for music. Thanks to this article and tips from the cover band Orange VINIL, you too will know.

Almost everything music teachers They believe that there are no people who have no ear for music at all, as well as the ability to develop it. It’s just that for most people, voice and hearing are not fully interconnected. Wherein a real musician a professional will differ from a person not associated with music not only in the ability to determine the pitch of a sound, but also in the ability to reproduce it. Although, sometimes even people who are not close to music have excellent inclinations.

Determination methods

To begin with, you can ask a friend to play some melody consisting of several notes. In this case, your task will be to repeat the combination as accurately as possible. It is not necessary to name the notes, because reproducing the exact intonation already says a lot.

If you fail, don't despair. After all, there may be several explanations for incorrect interpretation and recognition of sounds. For example, an acquaintance could perform a melody simply in an uncomfortable position for the examinee. As practice shows, many people without experience in music may not accurately determine pitches outside the range of their voice.

If a friend produces a sound on an instrument that you couldn’t reproduce, don’t worry. Most likely you have an ear for music, but it needs to be coordinated with your voice. A few exercises and the problem will be resolved. Having perfect musical ear initial stage is not a requirement.

If the subject was able to not only determine the pitch of the sound, but also find its musical notation, then this is absolute pitch. Some people are given this type of hearing from birth, while others develop it over the years. At the initial stage, it is even a little more difficult for those with such hearing in terms of recognizing chords, because they hear only a set of different sounds, and only after training “absolute students” can systematize the intonation of various musical chords. Our team has such a unique person, oddly enough, he is a drummer))

Hearing development

It is believed that only a few people have absolute pitch, while others believe that everyone can develop such hearing. The presence or absence of such hearing is not a criterion of a musician’s professionalism. After all, there are a lot of wonderful composers, singers, instrumentalists and whole musical groups, who are not the happy owners of absolute pitch, but this does not prevent them from filling the halls.

Like any human skill, ear for music develops! Try to play yourself the note C or any other note several times every day, and after a couple of months you will be able to identify it without any problems, and after a few more months you can freely play it with your voice. For “absoluteists” this is an innate feeling, but for ordinary people developed.

If you are unable to independently understand what your hearing is capable of, the musical group for a corporate party - Orange VINIL will try to give you some advice and help with this. The band's musicians have musical education and will be able to easily determine your abilities and inclinations!

A music teacher can always tell which of his students has perfect pitch. They don't necessarily play instruments better than others or become lead singers in vocal groups.They are distinguished by the ability to instantly (within 1-2 seconds) name the sounding note . Such musicians easily and accurately reproduce any melody they hear and can record it. Simultaneously with the perception of sound, they see its position on the staff.

Most musicians identify notes by ear differently. They are guided by the relationship between sounds. Easily recognizing the interval between two notes, they can name one of them only if they are prompted by the second.This is relative hearing, quite sufficient for serious music lessons, but not phenomenal. .

For centuries, it was believed that absolute pitch was the property of the musical elite. According to some estimates, only one in 2,000 people has it. However, everything larger number experiments - from linguistic research to brain scans - prove that this gift is much more common . Some scientists even believe that all people, regardless of musical talent, can develop it. There is hope that modern research will finally bring clarity to the long-standing debate about the nature of absolute pitch: does it depend on hereditary factors or from learning music at an early age.

At the 1999 Acoustical Society of America convention, psychologist Diana Deitch presented the results of a study conducted at the University of San Diego. It concerned the phenomenon of absolute pitch in people speaking languages ​​with tone stress. . A third of the population globe, primarily native to Asia and Africa, speak languages ​​in which the meaning of a word varies depending on the height of the stressed syllable.Vietnamese and Chinese, for example, with early childhood get used to distinguishing sounds by pitch and associating the meaning of words with them. This develops their absolute pitch. . Just as “absolute” musicians immediately name a note they hear, they instantly recognize the meaning of a word by the pitch of the sound. The deviation does not exceed a quarter tone.Diana Deitch considers this proof that absolute pitch can be developed .

Why don't all people have absolute pitch? Danel Levitin of McGill University in Montreal makes an interesting comparison: “A person does not need to look at the rainbow to determine that a tomato is red. Each of us instantly recognizes any of the ten primary colors. But if we easily classify colors, then why can’t we immediately name each of their twelve basic sounds?” Levitin has an answer to this question. Absolute pitch, he argues, includes two components—sound memory and sound ranking. “Absoluteists” automatically associate the memory of a tone with its position on the staff. Without perfect pitch, a person cannot automatically identify a note with its name. IN best case scenario he can only reproduce the note immediately after he hears it.

But where does such a phenomenal ability come from? Is a person born with it or does he acquire it through music lessons? This question is very difficult.

IN musical families The love of music is passed down from generation to generation. But is it only love? What about abilities, including absolute pitch? IN last decade Scientists have come to the conclusion that absolute pitch is “sharpened” over generations. According to Nelson Framer of the University of San Francisco, musical geniuses are created at the genetic level. Framer studied many people with absolute pitch and their relatives. In addition, the objects of his research were people who began to be taught music at an early age. It turned out that hearing develops better in those who have “absolute students” in their family than in those who simply studied music from early childhood. In the end,Framer came to the following conclusion: there is a genetic predisposition to absolute pitch, but this natural gift develops through music lessons .

Many researchers explain the varying degrees of musical talent in people with absolute pitch. "With good heredity decisive role The circumstance plays a role in how early the child began to study music, says psychologist Elizabeth Marvin. —The greatest successes are achieved by those who became involved in this activity from three to six years of age. ».

New York University geneticist Peter Gregersen and his colleagues examined 2,700 students at American conservatories and colleges and found that among Asians 32% have absolute pitch, while the rest of the students account for only 7% of “absolute pitchers” . Of course, this ratio reflects the genetic characteristics that have already been mentioned. But, according to Gregersen, both the age of introduction to music and the method of music education itself matter.Students with perfect pitch began to study music on average at the age of five, while the rest began at eight. It is also important that in Asia, when teaching music,preference for the Suzuki method , in which students determine the notes and play only by ear. For example, in Japan, children raise flags whose color corresponds to a particular note. . In the USA, it is customary to immediately teach musical notation. This develops not absolute, but relative pitch.

But if the ease of identifying notes is indeed due to genetic predisposition and learning method, then this should also be reflected in brain function. In order to find out this, a tomograph examination was carried out on musicians with absolute and relative hearing.The scans revealed significant cognitive differences. In musicians with relative pitch, when asked to name a note, a burst of activity occurred in the region of the brain where incoming information is compared with memory. That is, they operated with working memory. On the contrary, musicians with absolute pitch resorted to long-term memory to determine the note . It seems that their sound recognition tool is hidden much deeper.

Scientists agree that all people have the rudiments of absolute pitch. In some it develops from generation to generation, in others, on the contrary, it becomes dull.When training, rely on relative hearing does not allow the development of absolute pitch even if the introduction to music began early . It is interesting that even people with developed absolute pitch do not always use it. They also resort to the opportunities provided by relative hearing, since they consider it more useful.

E. Ruderman

Absolute pitch Etymology.

Comes from Lat. absolutus - unlimited.

Characteristics of musical hearing.

Ability to precise definition the heights of sounds without correlating them with other heard or sung sounds that have a known pitch. The accuracy of absolute pitch is greatest in the middle registers and lowest in the extreme registers. Most often appears in preschool and early childhood school age.

With passive absolute pitch, the pitch of an audible sound is correctly determined, but it cannot be reproduced by voice according to a given name;

With active absolute pitch, sounds can be both named and reproduced by their pitch.

Differs from pseudo-absolute pitch.

Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.

ABSOLUTE HEARING

(English) absolute pitch,perfect pitch) - the ability to correctly determine (name) and reproduce with a voice the pitch of individual sounds without correlating them with other sounds whose pitch is known.

A. s. - is not absolute development musical ear in general, but special shape perception of sounds. Persons without A. s. at certain conditions can recognize the pitch of tones well, for example, by comparing a given sound with the highest or highest low sound own voice (so-called pseudo-absolute pitch). Persons with A. s. can recognize and correctly name musical tones without auxiliary pitch relations and “internal singing.”

According to researchers, the determination time pitches in people with A. s. significantly shorter than those who do not have this ability (from 0.4 to 0.7 s for the former and several seconds for the latter). Accuracy A. s. maximum in the middle registers and minimum in the extreme registers.

A distinction is made between passive audibility, when the subject correctly determines the height of an audible sound, but cannot reproduce it in a voice according to a given name, and active apology, when he can both name and reproduce sounds according to their height.

A. s. usually detected in early school years, sometimes in preschool age.

Large psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

See what “absolute pitch” is in other dictionaries:

ABSOLUTE HEARING- ABSOLUTE HEARING, the ability to recognize A. the pitch of an audible sound. With this A. s. differs from relative hearing, the owner of which correctly recognizes the intervals between audible sounds, i.e. their relative location in the scale, but not in ... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

absolute pitch- musical talent, musicality, hearing Dictionary of Russian synonyms. absolute pitch noun, number of synonyms: 3 musical talent (3) ... Synonym dictionary

ABSOLUTE HEARING- see art. Musical hearing... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

absolute pitch- (music) – hearing, immediately, directly determining the pitch of any tone. Big dictionary foreign words. Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Absolute Pitch- the ability to accurately determine the pitch of sounds without correlating them with other heard or sung sounds that have a known pitch. Most often appears in preschool and early school age. Absolute pitch accuracy... Psychological Dictionary

Absolute pitch- Absolute hearing ability to determine absolute height musical sounds. It is expressed in the ability to determine the pitch ( musical note) of any given sound without resorting to comparison with sounds of a known pitch. Most often... ... Wikipedia

absolute pitch- see Musical hearing. * * * ABSOLUTE HEARING ABSOLUTE HEARING, see Art. Musical hearing (see MUSICAL HEARING) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

ABSOLUTE HEARING- (auditory memory), a term to denote a person’s ability to perceive tones, and more specifically the ability to recognize the pitch of each tone, i.e. frequency of these sound vibrations. Often absolute or quasi-absolute pitch are... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

absolute pitch- (auditory memory) a term to denote a person’s ability to perceive tones, and more specifically, the ability to recognize the pitch of each tone, i.e. frequency of these sound vibrations. Often absolute or quasi-absolute pitch are... ... Russian index k English-Russian dictionary in musical terminology

absolute pitch- absoliuti klausa statusas T sritis švietimas apibrėžtis Įgimtas gebėjimas skirti ir atkurti muzikos garsų aukštį. Absoliuti klausa ypač reikalinga pasirinkusiems dainavimo specialybę. atitikmenys: engl. absolute ear; perfect ear vok. das absolute... Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas

Books

• Absolute ear for music. Essence, nature, genesis, method of formation and development, Berezhansky Pavel Nikolaevich. This book gives scientific explanation the phenomenon of absolute pitch. Analysis of the results of previously conducted research and the author’s own theoretical and experimental work led to... Buy for 498 rubles
• Absolute ear for music. Essence, nature, genesis, method of formation and development: textbook. 2nd edition, corrected and expanded, Berezhansky P.N. This book provides a scientific explanation of the phenomenon of absolute pitch. Analysis of the results of previously conducted research and the author’s own theoretical and experimental work led to...