German Aleksandrovich Lopatin: biography. From the essay “A Wonderful Decade”

February 21, 1857 – December 13, 1918

famous Russian opera singer

Biography

Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner was born on the small estate of his father, a forester. As a child, Figner failed the transition exams at the gymnasium, after which he was sent to the Marine cadet corps in St. Petersburg, in 1878 he became a naval officer (participated in trip around the world) and didn’t think about the stage. If it were not for “family problems” (as Figner called his marriage to an Italian Bonnet, which was prohibited in the officer class), perhaps he would not have become an artist.

Leaving service with the rank of lieutenant, Figner studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory (with I.P. Pryanishnikov, J. Everardi), but was expelled; the aspiring artist was assured that he lacked vocal talent. Using subsidies from various individuals, Figner visited Italy twice, where he studied at the Naples Conservatory with Francesco Lamperti, whom he and his family saved during a fire in the theater, and with a certain choirmaster De Rocas.

Figner had a child from his first marriage and four from his second.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

1895-1905 - house of O. A. Bilbasova - Liteiny Avenue, 36.

Creation

In 1887-1903 and in 1907 he sang at the Mariinsky Theater.

The first performer of the roles of Herman (The Queen of Spades) and Vaudemont (Iolanta) in the operas of P. I. Tchaikovsky.

Figner’s artistic talent was admired by P. I. Tchaikovsky, who dedicated six romances to him, opus 73. Figner was the first Russian opera singers combined dramatic, stage and vocal unified system operatic action. This is exactly how musicologists assessed Figner’s work in the accompanying article to the giant record by the Melodiya company, published in the late 70s of the last century. According to the outstanding conductor Nikolai Malko, Figner was an epoch, a school, a reformist and, perhaps, a revolutionary. Best years stage life the singer was preceded and prepared the way for realistic art F. I. Shalyapin, I. V. Ershov and their contemporaries. Figner’s dramatic art was especially expressive in the role of Herman in “The Queen of Spades,” which P. Tchaikovsky wrote specifically for Nikolai Nikolaevich. Pyotr Ilyich inscribed the clavier to Nikolai Nikolaevich “ Queen of Spades": "To the creator of the existence of this opera from a grateful author."

Lawyer and public figure A. Koni admitted much later in his memoirs that he was confident in Figner’s genius, who showed a very plausible picture of Herman’s madness with obsessive ideas. From 1890 to 1900, in Russian theaters, according to contemporaries, no one could surpass Figner in the role of Hermann.

According to ESBE, “while not possessing a voice of outstanding beauty, Figner [was] gifted with great talent for conveying what he sang.”

In St. Petersburg

German Aleksandrovich Lopatin (January 13 (25) ( 18450125 ) , Nizhny Novgorod, - December 26, Petrograd) - Russian political figure, revolutionary, member of the General Council of the First International, the first translator of Karl Marx’s “Capital” into Russian.

Biography

German Lopatin was born in the city Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a hereditary nobleman, actual state councilor, chairman of the Stavropol Treasury Chamber, Alexander Nikonovich Lopatin and Sofia Ivanovna Lopatina (nee Krylova).

He illegally visits Russia several times to take part in the revolutionary struggle. In 1879 Lopatin Once again arrived in Russia, but after 6 days he was arrested and exiled to Tashkent, where he lived for eight months in the house of his acquaintances, the Oshanins, on Shelkovichnaya Street. The owner of the house in which Lopatin lived, V.F. Oshanin, vouched for Lopatin to the city authorities, which allowed him to move freely around the city and go on excursions outside the city.

Later, the exile in Tashkent was replaced by exile in Vologda, from where in 1883 Lopatin fled first to Paris and then to London.

Places of residence

Literary and translation activities

German Lopatin was known to a wide circle of readers as a writer, the author of essays and letters and pamphlets on Russian tsarism published in revolutionary publications. In 1877, the collection “From Behind Bars” was published in Geneva, which included works of Free Russian poetry and opened with a preface by Lopatin.

Lopatin's poems, written in the Shlisselburg fortress, are characterized by civic motives. Artistic gift Lopatin was recognized by I. S. Turgenev, G. I. Uspensky, L. N. Tolstoy, M. Gorky.

Translated several works from English, German and French.

Journalistic articles:

• Collection of statistical information about the Stavropol province - “Essay on the settlement of the free lands of the Pyatigorsk district, remaining after the Nogais left for Turkey” (1870, Issue III)
• Magazine "Forward!" (London): “From Irkutsk” (1874, vol. II), “Not ours” (1874, vol. III);
• Newspaper “Forward!”: “From Tomsk” (1876, No. 25, January 15 (3), “A. P. Shchapov. Letter to the editor" (1876, No. 34, June 1 (May 20)), "Memories of I. A. Khudyakov" (1876, No. 47, December 15 (3)), etc.;
• Magazine “Byloe” (Pb.): “On the history of the conviction of Dr. O. E. Weimar” (1907, No. 3), “On the “Memoirs of a Narodnaya Volya” by A. N. Bach” (1907, No. 4), etc.;
• Magazine “Past Years” (Pb.) “Notes to the article “N. G. Chernyshevsky in Vilyuisk" (1908, No. 3), translations: "Letters of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to Nikolai-on" (No. 1, 2), Later a book was published under the same title - St. Petersburg, 1908, "Excerpts from letters of Marx and Engels to Sorge, Volta and others" (No. 2).
• Magazine “Sovremennik” (Pb., 1911, No. 1) obituary “V. A. Karaulov”, reprint from the magazine “Forward!” essay “Not ours.”
• The newspaper “Rech” (Pb.) a note about the magazine “Forward!” under the heading “Letters to the Editor” (1916, December 20).
• Magazine “Voice of the Past” - articles “From the story about P. Lavrov” (1915, No. 9) and “To the stories about P. L. Lavrov” (1916, No. 4);
• Magazine “Russian Will” - “Indulgences for dynasts. Letter from G. A. Lopatin dated March 3, 1917 to Minister of War A. I. Guchkov regarding rumors about Nikolai Romanov’s departure to headquarters” (1917, No. 8, March 10);
• Newspaper “Odessa News” - “The first days of the revolution. From the diary of G. A. Lopatin" (1917, March 12).

Translations:

• Spencer G. Foundations of Psychology. Per. from 2nd English ed. T. 1-4. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1876;
• Spencer G. Foundations of Sociology. T. 1, 2. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1876;
• Spencer G. Foundations of the science of morality. Per. from English St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1880;
• Teng I. Origin social order modern France. Per. from 3rd French ed. G. Lopatina. T. 1. The old order. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1880 (new edition: St. Petersburg, M. V. Pirozhkov, 1907);
• Tipdal J. Rotting and infection in relation to substances carried in the air. Per. from English G. A. Lopatina. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1883;
• What Charles Darwin did for science. Popular review of it the most important works in all branches of natural science, made by English professors and scientists - Huxley, Chakey, Romens and Dyer. St. Petersburg, F. Pavlenkov, 1883;
• Joly A. Psychology of great people. Per. from French St. Petersburg, F. Pavlenkov, 1884;
• Adlen Ch. Gr. Vignettes from life and scientific evidence of the organic development of George Romens. Per. from English G. A. Lopatina. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1883;
• Carpenter V.B. Mesmerism, odilism, table turning and spiritualism from historical and scientific points vision. Lectures... Trans. from English St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1878.
• Marx K. Capital, vol. 1. St. Petersburg, 1872. On the translation of “Capital” (translated 1/3 of the volume)
• Ole Otto. Kitchen chemistry. Per. with him. Tetr. -3. St. Petersburg, 1865-1867;
• Yeager G. Zoological letters. M., 1865.
• E. Bernstein “Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionaries” (Past years, 1908, No. 10, 11)

Public acceptance

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Notes

1. T.A. Thick.(Russian) . Stavropolskaya Pravda (2001). - Information about the Lopatin competition. Retrieved August 30, 2009. .
2. Yu.V. Davydov.(Russian) (php). Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg. - Encyclopedic article. Retrieved August 30, 2009. .
3. According to the statement of G. A. Lopatin himself, made when filling out, throughout his life he “sat 27 times in 18 different prisons,” but it is reliably known about six prison sentences.
4. The name comes from the size of the membership fee of one ruble.
5. A.V. Sedov.(Russian) . Author's article. - Information about G.A. Lopatin. Retrieved August 30, 2009. .
6. German Lopatin was the first to begin work on translating this work of Karl Marx, but only completed about a third general work. The translation was completed by his friend N. F. Danielson and published in 1872.
7. Karl Marx highly appreciated the outstanding abilities of German Lopatin, who became his friend.
8. The marriage broke up in 1883.
9. IN Soviet time Shelkovichnaya Street in Tashkent was named after German Lopatin.
10. In the story “Divine and Human,” Leo Tolstoy described the technique that German Lopatin used in solitary confinement to maintain his sanity.

    “To endure solitary confinement, he mentally transported himself wherever he pleased. For example, he walks along such and such a street, looks at the shops, at the people, enters such and such a house, goes up the stairs, goes to see a friend, says this, they answer him, etc. Time passes unnoticed, and at the same time he controls the imagination, and not the imagination of it, which happens with many prisoners who reach hallucinations.”

11. A. Chernov-Kazinsky.(Russian) . Stavropolskaya Pravda (February 9, 2007). - Article about the Stavropol region. Retrieved August 30, 2009. .
12. Kilesso G. German Lopatin Street / In the footsteps of the Irkutsk legend. - Irkutsk: Vost.-Sib. book publishing house, 1976. - pp. 51-57. - 206 s. -10000 copies
14. .
15. The street was called Lopatinskaya before the revolutionary made his name famous. At the dawn of socialist transformations, the street was renamed Chelyuskinskaya, and after the Great Patriotic War they returned its original name, obviously filling it with new content and connecting it with the name of G. Lopatin, who lived in Stavropol.
16. T. Kovalenko.(Russian) . Stavropolskaya Pravda (May 27, 1999). - Article about the history of the street. Komsomolskaya in Stavropol. Retrieved August 30, 2009. .

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Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Davydov Yu. V. German Lopatin, his friends and enemies - M.: Sov. Russia, 1984
• Davydov Yu. V.
• Mironov G. M., German Lopatin - Stavropol: Stavropol book publishing house, 1984. - 397 p.

An excerpt characterizing Lopatin, German Aleksandrovich

The next day, Prince Andrei went to the Rostovs for dinner, as Count Ilya Andreich called him, and spent the whole day with them.
Everyone in the house felt for whom Prince Andrei was traveling, and he, without hiding, tried to be with Natasha all day. Not only in Natasha’s frightened, but happy and enthusiastic soul, but in the whole house one could feel the fear of something important that was about to happen. The Countess looked at Prince Andrei with sad and seriously stern eyes when he spoke to Natasha, and timidly and feignedly began some insignificant conversation as soon as he looked back at her. Sonya was afraid to leave Natasha and was afraid to be a hindrance when she was with them. Natasha turned pale with fear of anticipation when she remained alone with him for minutes. Prince Andrei amazed her with his timidity. She felt that he needed to tell her something, but that he could not bring himself to do so.
When Prince Andrey left in the evening, the Countess came up to Natasha and said in a whisper:
- Well?
“Mom, for God’s sake don’t ask me anything now.” “You can’t say that,” Natasha said.
But despite this, that evening Natasha, sometimes excited, sometimes frightened, with fixed eyes, lay for a long time in her mother’s bed. Either she told her how he praised her, then how he said that he would go abroad, then how he asked where they would live this summer, then how he asked her about Boris.
- But this, this... has never happened to me! - she said. “Only I’m scared in front of him, I’m always scared in front of him, what does that mean?” That means it's real, right? Mom, are you sleeping?
“No, my soul, I’m scared myself,” answered the mother. - Go.
- I won’t sleep anyway. What nonsense is it to sleep? Mom, mom, this has never happened to me! - she said with surprise and fear at the feeling that she recognized in herself. – And could we think!...
It seemed to Natasha that even when she first saw Prince Andrey in Otradnoye, she fell in love with him. She seemed to be frightened by this strange, unexpected happiness, that the one whom she had chosen back then (she was firmly convinced of this), that the same one had now met her again, and, it seemed, was not indifferent to her. “And he had to come to St. Petersburg on purpose now that we are here. And we had to meet at this ball. It's all fate. It is clear that this is fate, that all this was leading to this. Even then, as soon as I saw him, I felt something special.”
- What else did he tell you? What verses are these? Read... - the mother said thoughtfully, asking about the poems that Prince Andrei wrote in Natasha’s album.
“Mom, isn’t it a shame that he’s a widower?”
- That's enough, Natasha. Pray to God. Les Marieiages se font dans les cieux. [Marriages are made in heaven.]
- Darling, mother, how I love you, how good it makes me feel! – Natasha shouted, crying tears of happiness and excitement and hugging her mother.
At the same time, Prince Andrei was sitting with Pierre and telling him about his love for Natasha and his firm intention to marry her.

On this day, Countess Elena Vasilyevna had a reception, there was a French envoy, there was a prince, who had recently become a frequent visitor to the countess’s house, and many brilliant ladies and men. Pierre was downstairs, walked through the halls, and amazed all the guests with his concentrated, absent-minded and gloomy appearance.
Since the time of the ball, Pierre had felt the approaching attacks of hypochondria and with desperate effort tried to fight against them. Since the prince's rapprochement with his wife, Pierre was unexpectedly granted a chamberlain, and from that time on he began to feel heaviness and shame in big society, and more often the same gloomy thoughts about the futility of everything human began to come to him. At the same time, the feeling he noticed between Natasha, whom he protected, and Prince Andrei, the contrast between his position and the position of his friend, further intensified this gloomy mood. He equally tried to avoid thoughts about his wife and about Natasha and Prince Andrei. Again everything seemed insignificant to him in comparison with eternity, again the question presented itself: “why?” And he forced himself to work day and night on Masonic works, hoping to ward off the approach evil spirit. Pierre, at 12 o'clock, having left the countess's chambers, was sitting upstairs in a smoky, low room, in a worn dressing gown in front of the table, copying out authentic Scottish acts, when someone entered his room. It was Prince Andrei.
“Oh, it’s you,” said Pierre with an absent-minded and dissatisfied look. “And I’m working,” he said, pointing to a notebook with that look of salvation from the hardships of life with which unhappy people look at their work.
Prince Andrei, with a radiant, enthusiastic and renewed face, stopped in front of Pierre and, without noticing him, sad face, smiled at him with the egoism of happiness.
“Well, my soul,” he said, “yesterday I wanted to tell you and today I came to you for this.” I've never experienced anything like it. I'm in love, my friend.
Pierre suddenly sighed heavily and collapsed with his heavy body on the sofa, next to Prince Andrei.
- To Natasha Rostova, right? - he said.
- Yes, yes, who? I would never believe it, but this feeling is stronger than me. Yesterday I suffered, I suffered, but I wouldn’t give up this torment for anything in the world. I haven't lived before. Now only I live, but I cannot live without her. But can she love me?... I'm too old for her... What aren't you saying?...
- I? I? “What did I tell you,” Pierre suddenly said, getting up and starting to walk around the room. – I always thought that... This girl is such a treasure, such... This rare girl... Dear friend, I ask you, don’t get smart, don’t doubt, get married, get married and get married... And I’m sure that there will be no happier person than you.
- But she!
- She loves you.
“Don’t talk nonsense...” said Prince Andrei, smiling and looking into Pierre’s eyes.
“He loves me, I know,” Pierre shouted angrily.
“No, listen,” said Prince Andrei, stopping him by the hand. – Do you know what situation I’m in? I need to tell everything to someone.
“Well, well, say, I’m very glad,” said Pierre, and indeed his face changed, the wrinkles smoothed out, and he joyfully listened to Prince Andrei. Prince Andrei seemed and was a completely different, new person. Where was his melancholy, his contempt for life, his disappointment? Pierre was the only person to whom he dared to speak; but he expressed to him everything that was in his soul. Either he easily and boldly made plans for a long future, talked about how he could not sacrifice his happiness for the whim of his father, how he would force his father to agree to this marriage and love her or do without his consent, then he was surprised how something strange, alien, independent of him, influenced by the feeling that possessed him.
“I wouldn’t believe anyone who told me that I could love like that,” said Prince Andrei. “This is not at all the feeling that I had before.” The whole world is divided for me into two halves: one - she and there is all the happiness of hope, light; the other half is everything where she is not there, there is all despondency and darkness...
“Darkness and gloom,” Pierre repeated, “yes, yes, I understand that.”
– I can’t help but love the world, it’s not my fault. And I'm very happy. You understand me? I know you're happy for me.
“Yes, yes,” Pierre confirmed, looking at his friend with tender and sad eyes. The brighter the fate of Prince Andrei seemed to him, the darker his own seemed.

To get married, the consent of the father was needed, and for this, the next day, Prince Andrei went to his father.
The father, with outward calm but inner anger, accepted his son’s message. He could not understand that anyone would want to change life, to introduce something new into it, when life was already ending for him. “If only they would let me live the way I want, and then we would do what we wanted,” the old man said to himself. With his son, however, he used the diplomacy that he used on important occasions. Taking a calm tone, he discussed the whole matter.
Firstly, the marriage was not brilliant in terms of kinship, wealth and nobility. Secondly, Prince Andrei was not in his first youth and was in poor health (the old man was especially careful about this), and she was very young. Thirdly, there was a son whom it was a pity to give to the girl. Fourthly, finally,” said the father, looking mockingly at his son, “I ask you, postpone the matter for a year, go abroad, get treatment, find, as you want, a German for Prince Nikolai, and then, if it’s love, passion, stubbornness, whatever you want, so great, then get married.
“And this is my last word, you know, my last...” the prince finished in a tone that showed that nothing would force him to change his decision.
Prince Andrei clearly saw that the old man hoped that his or his feelings future bride will not stand the test of the year, or that he himself, old prince, will die by this time, and decided to fulfill his father’s will: propose and postpone the wedding for a year.
Three weeks after his last evening with the Rostovs, Prince Andrei returned to St. Petersburg.

The next day after her explanation with her mother, Natasha waited the whole day for Bolkonsky, but he did not come. The next, third day the same thing happened. Pierre also did not come, and Natasha, not knowing that Prince Andrei had gone to his father, could not explain his absence.
Three weeks passed like this. Natasha did not want to go anywhere and, like a shadow, idle and sad, she walked from room to room, cried secretly from everyone in the evening and did not appear to her mother in the evenings. She was constantly blushing and irritated. It seemed to her that everyone knew about her disappointment, laughed and felt sorry for her. With all the strength of her inner grief, this vain grief intensified her misfortune.
One day she came to the countess, wanted to tell her something, and suddenly began to cry. Her tears were the tears of an offended child who himself does not know why he is being punished.
The Countess began to calm Natasha down. Natasha, who had been listening at first to her mother’s words, suddenly interrupted her:
- Stop it, mom, I don’t think, and I don’t want to think! So, I traveled and stopped, and stopped...
Her voice trembled, she almost cried, but she recovered and calmly continued: “And I don’t want to get married at all.” And I'm afraid of him; I have now completely, completely calmed down...
The next day after this conversation, Natasha put on that old dress, which she was especially famous for the cheerfulness it brought in the morning, and in the morning she began her old way of life, from which she had fallen behind after the ball. After drinking tea, she went to the hall, which she especially loved for its strong resonance, and began to sing her solfeges (singing exercises). Having finished the first lesson, she stopped in the middle of the hall and repeated one musical phrase, which she especially liked. She listened joyfully to the (as if unexpected for her) charm with which these shimmering sounds filled the entire emptiness of the hall and slowly froze, and she suddenly felt cheerful. “It’s good to think about it so much,” she said to herself and began to walk up and down the hall, not stepping in simple steps on the ringing parquet floor, but at every step, shifting from heel (she was wearing new, favorite shoes) to toe, and just as joyfully as she listened to the sounds of her voice, listening to this measured clatter of the heel and the creaking of the sock. Passing by the mirror, she looked into it. - "Here I am!" as if the expression on her face when she saw herself spoke. - “Well, that’s good. And I don’t need anyone.”
The footman wanted to enter to clean something in the hall, but she did not let him in, again closing the door behind him, and continued her walk. This morning she returned again to her favorite state of self-love and admiration for herself. - “What a charm this Natasha is!” she said again to herself in the words of some third, collective, male face. “She’s good, she has a voice, she’s young, and she doesn’t bother anyone, just leave her alone.” But no matter how much they left her alone, she could no longer be calm and she immediately felt it.
The entrance door opened in the hallway, and someone asked: “Are you at home?” and someone's steps were heard. Natasha looked in the mirror, but she did not see herself. She listened to sounds in the hall. When she saw herself, her face was pale. It was he. She knew this for sure, although she barely heard the sound of his voice from the closed doors.
Natasha, pale and frightened, ran into the living room.
- Mom, Bolkonsky has arrived! - she said. - Mom, this is terrible, this is unbearable! – I don’t want... to suffer! What should I do?…
Before the countess even had time to answer her, Prince Andrei entered the living room with an anxious and serious face. As soon as he saw Natasha, his face lit up. He kissed the hand of the Countess and Natasha and sat down near the sofa.
“We haven’t had the pleasure for a long time...” the countess began, but Prince Andrei interrupted her, answering her question and obviously in a hurry to say what he needed.
“I wasn’t with you all this time because I was with my father: I needed to talk to him about a very important matter.” “I just returned last night,” he said, looking at Natasha. “I need to talk to you, Countess,” he added after a moment of silence.
The Countess, sighing heavily, lowered her eyes.
“I am at your service,” she said.
Natasha knew that she had to leave, but she could not do it: something was squeezing her throat, and she was discourteously, directly, with open eyes looked at Prince Andrei.
"Now? This minute!... No, this can’t be!” she thought.
He looked at her again, and this look convinced her that she was not mistaken. “Yes, now, this very minute, her fate was being decided.”
“Come, Natasha, I’ll call you,” the countess said in a whisper.
Natasha looked at Prince Andrei and her mother with frightened, pleading eyes, and left.
“I came, Countess, to ask for your daughter’s hand in marriage,” said Prince Andrei. The countess's face flushed, but she said nothing.
“Your proposal...” the countess began sedately. “He was silent, looking into her eyes. – Your offer... (she was embarrassed) we are pleased, and... I accept your offer, I’m glad. And my husband... I hope... but it will depend on her...
“I’ll tell her when I have your consent... do you give it to me?” - said Prince Andrei.
“Yes,” said the countess and extended her hand to him and, with a mixed feeling of aloofness and tenderness, pressed her lips to his forehead as he leaned over her hand. She wanted to love him like a son; but she felt that he was a stranger and a terrible person for her. “I’m sure my husband will agree,” said the countess, “but your father...
- My father, to whom I communicated my plans, made it an indispensable condition for consent that the wedding should not be before a year. And this is what I wanted to tell you,” said Prince Andrei.
– It’s true that Natasha is still young, but for so long.
“It couldn’t be otherwise,” said Prince Andrei with a sigh.
“I will send it to you,” said the countess and left the room.
“Lord, have mercy on us,” she repeated, looking for her daughter. Sonya said that Natasha is in the bedroom. Natasha sat on her bed, pale, with dry eyes, looking at the icons and, quickly crossing herself, whispering something. Seeing her mother, she jumped up and rushed to her.
- What? Mom?... What?
- Go, go to him. “He asks for your hand,” the countess said coldly, as it seemed to Natasha... “Come... come,” the mother said with sadness and reproach after her running daughter, and sighed heavily.
Natasha did not remember how she entered the living room. Entering the door and seeing him, she stopped. “Has this stranger really become everything to me now?” she asked herself and instantly answered: “Yes, that’s it: he alone is now dearer to me than everything in the world.” Prince Andrei approached her, lowering his eyes.
“I loved you from the moment I saw you.” Can I hope?
He looked at her, and the serious passion in her expression struck him. Her face said: “Why ask? Why doubt something you can’t help but know? Why talk when you can’t express in words what you feel.”
She approached him and stopped. He took her hand and kissed it.
- Do you love me?
“Yes, yes,” Natasha said as if with annoyance, sighed loudly, and another time, more and more often, and began to sob.
- About what? What's wrong with you?
“Oh, I’m so happy,” she answered, smiled through her tears, leaned closer to him, thought for a second, as if asking herself if this was possible, and kissed him.
Prince Andrei held her hands, looked into her eyes, and did not find in his soul the same love for her. Something suddenly turned in his soul: there was no former poetic and mysterious charm of desire, but there was pity for her feminine and childish weakness, there was fear of her devotion and gullibility, a heavy and at the same time joyful consciousness of the duty that forever connected him with her. The real feeling, although it was not as light and poetic as the previous one, was more serious and stronger.

Saikin O. Vladimir Gilyarovsky and G.A. Lopatin // Dialogue. – 2001. - No. 1

German Aleksandrovich Lopatin - the largest figure in the liberation movement in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries - lived a bright and eventful life. There was practically no revolutionary organization in Russia in the 60s and early 80s. years of the last century, with which he would not be associated. While still a student at St. Petersburg University, he was arrested in May 1866 and brought to the investigation in the case of D.V. Karakozov, who attempted the life of Tsar Alexander II. It was he who illegally left for Italy in 1867 to join the volunteer detachments of D. Garibaldi. It was he who, in February 1870, organized the escape of P. L. Lavrov, a major revolutionary figure, philosopher and ideologist of the populist movement, from Vologda exile. In 1871, having secretly arrived from abroad, he made a daring attempt to free N. G. Chernyshevsky from Siberian exile. Then came the arrest, and Lopatin ended up in the Irkutsk prison. But he did not give up and in the summer of 1873 he managed to escape from Siberia and go abroad.
Once in exile, he took part in the labor movement in Western Europe(England, Germany, France), became close to its leaders: K. Marx and F. Engels, A. Bebel, W. Liebknecht, P. Lafargue and others. He was admitted to the General Council of the International.
Later, at the beginning of 1884, Lopatin was busy restoring the Narodnaya Volya party. Was sentenced to death penalty, replaced by indefinite hard labor. Spent more than twenty years in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. In addition, G. A. Lopatin is known as a talented writer-publicist, translator and scientist. His articles and essays were published in foreign and Russian publications. His translations into Russian of the fundamental works of K. Marx (volume 1 of Capital), G. Spencer, I. Taine, G. Romens and other thinkers and scientists on political economy, philosophy, sociology, biology, and physics are known. Lopatin's extraordinary personality, analytical mind, brilliant education, talent as a storyteller, desperate courage, exceptional will and strength, his entire great life, full of real exploits, dedicated to the liberation of the Russian people, constantly attracted the attention of his contemporaries. G. A. Lopatin was considered their friend by I. S. Turgenev, G. I. Uspensky, V. G. Korolenko, A. M. Gorky, A. V. Amfiteatrov, Vas. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and many others.
Among them, in our opinion, should be included the famous Moscow journalist and writer V. A. Gilyarovsky, who highly valued and deeply respected Lopatin, which we will discuss below.
The very fact of their acquaintance, unknown to G. A. Lopatin’s biographers, helped me establish the case. One day, while working at the Central State historical archive in Moscow, I was looking through an article about G. A. Lopatin, written for a reference publication of the early 30s, which remained unpublished. The article covered all the main directions of the revolutionary’s activities. It was not possible to find any new facts about G. Lopatin here. Looking through the bibliography for this article, I saw that most of the authors listed in it were also well known to me. But one name aroused particular interest. The bibliography lists the book: V. Gilyarovsky “My Wanderings.” I contacted the Historical Library of the Russian Federation, but it was not there. Then I found it in the Russian State Library (formerly Lenin). It first saw the light during the author’s lifetime in 1928 [Vl. Gilyarovsky. My wanderings. A story about a vagabond life. Publishing house "Federation". M., 1928]. “The book “My Wanderings” is the most favorite of all those I have written,” said Gilyarovsky [Vl. Gilyarovsky. Works in 4 volumes. T. 1. M., 1989. P. 472.]. The first edition of the book, published in a small print run, has, of course, long ago become a rarity. He had been planning to talk about his childhood and wanderings around Russia for a long time, back at the very beginning of the 20th century. Then he started working. But later I had to leave this topic. He returned to her only many years later. “My Wanderings” was written in 1926-1927. Why is this book by Gilyarovsky included in the bibliography for the article about G. A. Lopatin, a famous revolutionary figure? After all, many who wrote about Lopatin both before the revolution and after, including up to now, never mentioned Gilyarovsky or his acquaintance with Lopatin.
Let's turn to the book itself. Its author, in particular, talks about his trip at the end of December 1882 to his homeland, Vologda, for Christmas [Vl. Gilyarovsky. My wanderings. M., 1928. P.63]. Then he was a young man, an aspiring reporter for the Moskovsky Leaf newspaper, whose name meant nothing to the modern reader, but was known only to his fellow editors. Merry Christmas holidays in parental home flew by quickly: the warmth of communication with loved ones, relatives, peers, acquaintances and conversations with exiles. Vologda was a place of political exile. Some meetings sank deep into the journalist’s soul, were remembered for the rest of his life, and influenced her. And it is not at all by chance that, more than 40 years later, in the book “My Wanderings” the author wrote: “Subsequently, in 1882, when I arrived in Vologda, I found German Lopatin and Evtykhy Karpov, a playwright, who were living there in exile, living there in the outbuilding of Kudryavaya.” [Ghilyarovsky Vl. My wanderings. M., 1928. P.21]. He was especially delighted amazing life and the personality of the eldest of them - German Lopatin. What struck him about this man was strong will, irrepressible strength, constant readiness for action and initiative, high intelligence. Gilyarovsky's acquaintance with Lopatin was undoubtedly important for him. special meaning. Lopatin became for the young journalist, in our opinion, virtually a living legend of the revolution. Gilyarovsky always remembered Lopatin. His books confirm this. In addition, he dedicated a story to Lopatin.
After “My Wanderings,” I turned to other books by V. A. Gilyarovsky, hoping to find in them some more evidence of the author about G. A. Lopatin. And here great luck awaited me, one might say a discovery. In the book “Moscow Newspaper” the author vividly depicts the newspaper world, shows the life and morals of publishers, editors, reporters of Moscow newspapers, and also reports on his experience of working in newspapers. In this book, which he worked on in last years life (from 1931 to 1934), we find an important recognition of the writer, alas, but known to historians and literary scholars neither before the revolution, nor after it, nor now. “Occasionally,” wrote Gilyarovsky, “my stories appeared in Russkiye Vedomosti. By the way, “Number Seven,” a story about a prisoner in a fortress on an island among the lakes. Under the title I wrote: “Dedicated to G. A. Lopatin,” which, of course, was read by the editors, but crossed out. I dedicated it in memory of our young meetings to German Lopatin, who was then imprisoned in Shlisselburg, and even my prisoner was called German in the story... Only friends in the editorial office knew and talked about this. Of course, it didn’t even occur to censorship” [Vl. Gilyarovsky. Works in 4 volumes. T.3. M., 1989. P.48].
The newspaper "Russian Vedomosti", published in Moscow for more than half a century (from 1863 to 1918), was one of the most influential in pre-revolutionary Russia. A significant part of its readers were radical intellectuals. And, I think, it is no coincidence that Gilyarovsky’s story was published in it.
When was this story published? The author answers it, in the above quote, very vaguely. He wrote: “I dedicated it in memory of our young meetings to German Lopatin, who was then in Shlisselburg...” As follows from this, the newspaper published Gilyarovsky’s story at a time when G. Lopatin was serving solitary confinement in the Shlisselburg fortress. And he was in captivity for more than 18 years (from June 23, 1887 to October 28, 1905). Now it was necessary, in order to find the forgotten story, to look through the “Russian Gazette” for this entire period. It was necessary to become familiar with a huge number of newspaper files. It was extremely difficult to master this. It is clear that we had to choose a different path. I turned to reference books, and in it we managed to find a very rare and valuable book, published on the 50th anniversary of this newspaper, containing rich factual material about all its authors, editors, employees, in particular, and about V. A. Gilyarovsky. Thus, it was possible to establish that Gilyarovsky’s story was published in 1908 (No. 17) [Russian Vedomosti. 1863-1913. Sat. articles. M., 1913. P.50]. After it all I could do was go to the newspaper room of the Russian state library, which is in Khimki, and make a copy of this story. “Number Seven” was never included in separate collections and collected works. Therefore, he is completely unknown to the modern reader. Its hero is a prisoner imprisoned in casemate No. 7 of the prison-fortress, located on an island among the lakes. In her description, description harsh conditions keeping prisoners in the story, one can easily guess the appearance of the Shlisselburg fortress, note by the way, which was also located on an island - in Lake Ladoga, a political prison for state criminals. The prototype of the hero of the story was undoubtedly G. A. Lopatin. Gilyarovsky's hero has a lot in common with Lopatin. Each prisoner in this terrible stone bag was called only by his cell number. Lopatin was in cell No. 27. Gilyarovsky had prisoner No. 7, who spent 40 years in solitary confinement. German Lopatin, as you know, languished in the Shlisselburg fortress for more than 18 years, in the Peter and Paul fortress for 3 years, and in total, prison and exile took 30 years of his life. Thus, Lopatin, like the hero of Gilyarovsky’s story, spent several decades in prisons and exile.
They also have a number of other common features. So, No. 7 is a “preacher of goodness and truth” who “suffered not for himself, but for his dark, poor people.” People's Volunteer G. Lopatin, too, as you know, devoted his entire life to the great cause of the struggle for people's liberation. And finally, Lopatin, as the leader of Narodnaya Volya, was sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment in the Shlisselburg fortress. And Gilyarovsky’s “Number Seven” was imprisoned in the fortress later “forever,” that is, for life... Apparently, the writer knew well about G. A. Lopatin’s stay in the Shlisselburg fortress, about the difficult regime that many prisoners could not stand and died . Perhaps he met with Lopatin shortly after his liberation from the fortress in 1905 or later 1914-1916, when he came to Moscow more than once.
So, let's draw conclusions. Story by V.A. Gilyarovsky's "Number Seven" was published two years later more than a year after Lopatin’s release from the fortress, and not while he was in captivity, as the writer erroneously indicated in the book “Moscow Newspaper”. Secondly, there is another inaccuracy in the above quote from this book. Gilyarovsky wrote: “... Even my prisoner was called Herman in the story.” In the story “Number Seven” the prisoner had a different name - Willie. It seems that in both cases the writer was let down by aberration. After all, when he wrote “Moscow newspaper”, he was already nearly eighty, and the story dedicated to the Shlisselburger was published 25 years earlier.
And in conclusion, I would especially like to note the deep and expressive ending of the story: “And “Number Seven,” an unknown prisoner, the first almost half a century ago to proclaim what is now being talked about publicly, sat and sat in a silent casemate, unknown to anyone, forgotten, deeply suffering for his people... They forgot him!
This (also forgotten) little-known story by V. A. Gilyarovsky is published below. First published 92 years ago, in the summer of 1908, since then it has never been republished either in collections or in the writer’s works, and therefore, undoubtedly, represents big interest For modern reader. Its relevance is obvious, especially now, when the electronic media, numerous press organs and zealous journalists, as well as various kinds of degenerates who are in the pay of the oligarchs, daily vilify the spiritual values ​​of our people, throw mud at their historical past, their culture, literature, and traditions. They do everything to make the people forget both their language and their history. Losing your memory means losing your mind. God, protect and save us all from this.

Lopatin German Alexandrovich

German Lopatin Street (Oktyabrsky District) was called 8th Jerusalemskaya. IN 20s renamed 8th Soviet. Since 1967 - Lopatina Street. It is built up with stone and timber houses.

stood hot June 1873. The earth breathed with heat. Rare passers-by could be seen on the dusty streets of wooden Irkutsk. Drowsiness and slowness were felt everywhere. German Lopatin was sitting at a table by the window in the district court. For several days now he has been brought from prison to trial. But the judges are in no hurry; every now and then they ask for new documents, certificates, and clarify the details of his last escape from Irkutsk.

A horseman rode up to the building, jumped off his horse, carelessly tied it up and entered the room. Lopatin came up with a daring plan at lightning speed. He asked permission to go out into the yard. The sentry slowly followed. Herman instantly jumped onto his horse and pulled the bridle. The horse carried him out yard and galloped down the street. Hourly stood dumbfounded in the yard. Lopatin rushed to Ushakovka and disappeared into the forest.

There was a commotion. They searched for Lopatin all over Siberia. Telegrams flew to all corners of Russia. And at that time he was in Irkutsk, where they were least likely to look for him, hiding in the apartments of political exiles. A few days later, disguised as a peasant, he joined the convoy and set off on a long journey.

In Irkutsk they could not forget Lopatin’s daring escape for a long time. His name became legendary. After all, many learned not only about the escape, but also about why he ended up in Irkutsk.

On a January day in 1871, a Yamsk carriage drove up to the Amur Hotel. A dapper blond man with glasses, about twenty-six, came out of her, of average height. With a suitcase in hand and a quick gait, he entered the hotel. He presented a passport in the name of honorary citizen Nikolai Lyubavin. He is a member of the Russian Geographical Society and is also involved in commerce. They gave him a number.

This traveler, who came to Irkutsk under the name Nikolai Lyubavin, was the revolutionary German Lopatin. Already at the hotel, he began to think about how to begin to implement a long-ripened plan: to organize the escape of Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. Lopatin, like all the revolutionary-minded youth of Russia, was depressed by the idea that the one whom K. Marx called the great Russian scientist was disconnected from public life and languishing in Siberia. Only he could become the leader of the revolutionary movement. For this reason, Lopatin traveled from London to Irkutsk.

German Lopatin was born in 1845 in Nizhny Novgorod, in a poor noble family official, studied at the gymnasium of Stavropol in the Caucasus, where the Lopatins moved. In 1866, he brilliantly graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. He was offered scientific and pedagogical activities, but he was attracted by something else - social life. At that time, G. Lopatin made a trip to Italy with the intention of fighting on the side of Garibaldi, but was late... G. Lopatin studied the works of Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, under the influence of which his materialistic worldview began to take shape. The young man hated despotism and arbitrariness of the autocracy. He set the goal of his life to achieve the overthrow of tsarism and free the people from their oppressors.

Arrests, prisons, exiles follow. In January 1870, German Lopatin fled from Stavropol exile. I entered illegally Vologda province, where the famous figure of the revolutionary movement, populism theorist P. L. Lavrov was in exile. Lopatin managed to take Lavrov abroad, to Paris, almost from under the noses of the gendarmes.

While still in Stavropol, German became interested in economics and socialism, read the works of K. Marx and decided to translate “Capital” into Russian, which was so needed by Russian revolutionaries.

On July 5, G. Lopatin, with a letter of recommendation from P. Lafargue, appeared at the London apartment of K. Marx. The family kindly met the young Russian revolutionary and highly appreciated his talent, intelligence and knowledge. In those days, Marx wrote to Engels about Herman Lopatin: “...He has a very lively, critical mind, a cheerful character, stoic, like that of a Russian peasant who is content with what he has.” Soon Marx introduced Lopatin to Engels. Their acquaintance grew into a long-term friendship. On the recommendation of Marx, G. Lopatin was elected to the General Council of the First International.

G. Lopatin began translating Capital into Russian. Marx was amazed at how deeply his new Russian friend understood the idea of ​​Capital. Despite his youth, Lotapin had the clear and analytical mind of a great scientist. “... About few people,” recalled P. L. Lavrov, “K. Marx spoke to me with such warm sympathy for a person and with such respect for the power of his mind, as about German Alexandrovich.”

G. Lopatin developed a translation methodology, introduced Russian terms for the most important theoretical concepts(for example, “Added value” and others). Marx helped him in translating Capital and sought to prove to Lopatin the utopian nature of populist views on a special path of development for Russia, on Russian peasant socialism. At the same time, Marx spoke with delight about Chernyshevsky, calling him an original scientist and thinker. G. Lopatin gained even greater respect for the “Siberian prisoner”, however,

he had been hatching his plans for a long time...

In the fall of 1870, without completing the translation of Capital (this work was completed by another Russian revolutionary, I. Danielson), without telling Marx (he believed that Marx would convince him not to attempt to save Chernyshevsky alone), Lopatin took on a dangerous undertaking. In St. Petersburg, friends provided him with documents and money.

In Irkutsk, in the center of the tsar's political exile, Lopatin immediately began to establish connections and take an interest in the whereabouts of Chernyshevsky. To avoid arousing suspicion, three days later he moved to private apartment. But the secret police already knew from their foreign agents that someone should come to Irkutsk to organize Chernyshevsky’s escape. The “mysterious traveler,” who on the way showed great curiosity about everything related to Siberia, aroused suspicion. And then a telegram arrived from the head of the Amur telegraph Larionov, in which he notified that in Lyubavin, with whom he was traveling from Kazan to Irkutsk, he identified German Lopatin.

On February 1, the apartment in which Lopatin lived was cordoned off by the police. The operation was led by the police chief himself, Colonel Borislavsky. German Lopatin met the search and arrest outwardly calmly, but expressed protest. Telegrams were sent to the Minister of Internal Affairs and the chief of gendarmes about the arrest of a suspicious person in Irkutsk.

The first inquiry yielded nothing. “Due to its exceptional importance,” a special official and a gendarmerie colonel were assigned to the investigation. Lopatin was placed not in prison, but in the main guardhouse at the gendarmerie barracks; a special convoy was assigned. A few days later, Lopatin’s identity was finally established, and the investigative machine spun around the “Case of the nobleman Lopatin, who attempted to free the state criminal Chernyshevsky.” Supervision over Chernyshevsky himself was strengthened.

In February 1871, the “Lopatin case” was completed. German Aleksandrovich boldly and cleverly brushed aside all political accusations; the investigation failed to prove that he came to Irkutsk with an attempt to free Chernyshevsky. All that remained was the accusation that Lopatin lived under a false name and used false documents. And he explained this simply: he wanted to return from abroad to his homeland and settle where no one knew him.

Irkutsk gendarmes asked for St. Petersburg. Section III was silent for a long time, clearly not satisfied with such an accusation; It was only in April that the order came: to judge. But the gendarmes delayed: they collected Additional materials. At this time, Lopatin made his first attempt to escape. On Leninskaya Street he was captured by gendarmes.

On July 15, the case was heard in the Irkutsk District Court. Tsarism wanted to hide the dangerous revolutionary away. The court therefore decided: since the crime was committed in Siberia, Lopatin should be exiled to Yakutia... German Lopatin appealed this decision and brilliantly proved the inconsistency and absurdity of such a sentence. The provincial court overturned the decision of the district court and sentenced him to a fine of 100 rubles for living under a false name. The sentence was approved by the governor. Lopatin was returned the money taken during the search, felt boots and even a revolver.

But the chief of gendarmes, Count Shuvalov, was not satisfied with this decision: on his instructions, Lopatin continued to be kept in prison. Then Herman wrote a protest to the Governor General Eastern Siberia Sinelnikov. The capital requested Lopatin's case, but in the meantime gave instructions to release him from prison under police supervision. Local authorities were in no hurry. They had a reason: in those winter days N.G. Chernyshevsky was secretly brought to Irkutsk. Two days later, on December 20, he was sent in a gendarmerie cart to a new exile, to the North. G. A. Lopatin was released on New Year's Eve 1872. He learned with regret that Chernyshevsky was transported just 10 days ago a few meters away from him in a gendarme cart. G. Lopatin went to work in the control chamber, gave lessons, somehow made ends meet - he did not consider the money that his friends gave him in St. Petersburg to be spent on his personal needs. Lopatin settled on Troitskaya Street (now 5th Army). Not far from him lived a political exile, a famous revolutionary - democrat scientist Afanasy Prokopyevich Shchapov. They became friends. Lopatin told Shchapov about Marx and introduced him to his works. Soon Shchapov received Capital from the capital in Russian and was the first in Irkutsk to read it.

Finally, an order came from St. Petersburg to continue the investigation. The gendarmes had no intention of leaving Lopatin free.

Realizing this, he left Irkutsk on a warm August day: he sailed down the Angara in a small rowing boat. It was a dangerous path: you had to beware of the police, bandits, wild animals and, finally. Angara rapids. The gendarmes only realized it a week later. Photographs of the “dangerous state criminal” were sent far and wide.

A month later, Lopatin was already in Tomsk, but did not show sufficient caution. On the street he was identified by a policeman from a photograph. So he again ended up in the Irkutsk prison. The gendarmerie carefully selected materials. In June 1873, Lopatin's escape case was to be heard in the district court... And he made the third and last escape from Siberia.

German Lopatin arrived safely in London. For a long time the thought of freeing Chernyshevsky did not leave him. He had already collected money for a new trip to Siberia, but an unsuccessful attempt to organize Chernyshevsky’s escape in 1875, undertaken by the populist Ippolit Myshkin, forced Lopatin to give up his dream.

My later life G. A. Lopatin devoted himself to the fight against autocracy, to the cause of liberation of the people. He visited Russia several times, was arrested, was exiled to Tashkent and Vologda, and again escaped.

In 1883, G. Lopatin decided to return to his homeland forever and revive the Narodnaya Volya party. For six months he visited Riga and Kharkov. Rostov, Moscow, and other cities, restored old ones and established new ones. Lopatin was against the revived party being confined within the narrow framework of the terrorist struggle and limiting itself only to circle work, extending its influence only to the intelligentsia. He tried to turn Narodnaya Volya into a mass party that would appeal to all the oppressed people. But Lopatin failed to complete the work he started. In October 1884, he was arrested in St. Petersburg. Alexander III put a resolution on the arrest report: “I hope he doesn’t get away this time.” Lopatin was imprisoned for the third time in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Joyless days dragged on in painful anticipation. And only in the summer of 1887 the trial took place. G. Lopatin was sentenced to death. He faced the sentence steadfastly. In his final speech, he said that he did not recognize the royal court as legitimate, that over everyone there is “a higher court, which over time will pronounce its truthful and honest verdict, this court is history.”

IN last moment The tsar replaced the death penalty with lifelong hard labor prison. This was also a deprivation of life, only extended over an indefinite period of time. Alexander III knew how to punish his enemies.

The revolution of 1905 helped G. A. Lopatin free himself. He came out a sick, half-blind old man, but to the best of his ability he took an active part in the revolutionary movement and enthusiastically accepted the Great October Revolution.

German Lopatin died in Petrograd in December 1918. “In a culturally disciplined country,” his friend M. Gorky wrote about him, “such a gifted person would have made a career as a scientist, artist, traveler, we have had him for 20 years, best years, spent time in Shlisselburg prison.” Great writer called Lopatin one of the talented Russian people.

German Aleksandrovich belonged to the galaxy of Russian revolutionaries of the seventies - the predecessors of the Social Democrats, who with their heroic deeds brought the victory of the proletarian revolution closer.

Birthday January 13, 1845

Russian politician, revolutionary, member of the General Council of the First International, first translator of Karl Marx’s “Capital” into Russian

Biography

German Lopatin was born in the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a hereditary nobleman, actual state councilor, chairman of the Stavropol Treasury Chamber Alexander Nikonovich Lopatin and Sofia Ivanovna Lopatina (nee Krylova).

In 1861 he graduated with a gold medal from the Stavropol Men's Gymnasium and entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where he became close to the revolutionary-minded Ishutin students. IN student years active participation V revolutionary activities didn't accept.
In 1866, German Lopatin graduated from the university. In 1867 he received a Ph.D. degree. He remained to live in St. Petersburg and abandoned his scientific and professional career.

In 1866, he was first detained for two months in Peter and Paul Fortress during a wide campaign of arrests that followed the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II by revolutionary terrorist D. Karakozov. Released due to lack of evidence.

In 1867, German Lopatin illegally traveled to Italy with the intention of joining the volunteer detachments of D. Garibaldi, but, arriving at the place after the defeat of the rebels, he returned to his homeland.

Upon returning to St. Petersburg, together with F.V. Volkhovsky, he created the revolutionary “Ruble Society” to study the country’s economy, the life of the people and their ability to perceive the ideas of socialism, as well as the dissemination of revolutionary literature. For this activity, in January 1868, G. Lopatin was arrested and after 8 months of imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Prison, he was exiled to Stavropol-Caucasus under the supervision of his parents.
In exile since 1869, under his father's patronage, German Lopatin became an official for special assignments under the local governor. In his free time, he is engaged in social educational activities and studies the works of Karl Marx.

In 1869, he was arrested as a result of the discovery of his letter during a search of one of those involved in the so-called “Nechaev case.” He escaped from a military guardhouse and went into hiding.

In 1870, he organized P. Lavrov’s escape from exile abroad, giving him his foreign passport, and then, having received a passport in someone else’s name, he emigrated to Paris, where he joined the ranks of the First International.

In 1870, Lopatin came to Switzerland to expose the “Jesuitic” actions of S. G. Nechaev. In Switzerland he makes an unsuccessful attempt to rally the Russian revolutionary emigration.

Abroad, he began translating the 1st volume of Karl Marx's Capital, and in the summer of 1870 he went to England, where he personally met Marx, and in September 1870 he was introduced there to the General Council of the First International, from where he went abroad, where took up translation and literary activities.