Trifonov exchange is the main character. Moral problems in Trifonov’s story “Exchange”

I am re-reading Pushkin’s poem “Monument”. Amazing thing! And infectious. After him, many poets, in one form or another, also began to build poetic monuments for themselves. But this monument mania came not from Pushkin, but from the depths of centuries from Horace. Lomonosov was the first in Russian literature of the 18th century to translate Horace's verse. This translation goes like this:

I erected a sign of immortality for myself8
Higher than the pyramids and stronger than copper,
What the stormy aquilon cannot erase,
Neither many centuries, nor the caustic antiquity.
I won’t die at all; but death will leave
Great is my part, as soon as I end my life.
I will grow in glory everywhere,
While great Rome controls the light.

This monument mania came from Horace. Based on the text of Horace, Derzhavin also wrote his “Monument”.

I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
It is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids;
Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it,
And time's flight will not crush it.
So! - all of me will not die, but part of me is big,
Having escaped from decay, he will live after death,
And my glory will increase without fading,
How long will the universe honor the Slavic race?
Rumors will spread about me from the White Waters to the Black Waters,
Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals flow from Riphean;
Everyone will remember this among countless nations,
How from obscurity I became known,
That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable
To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues,
Talk about God in simplicity of heart
And speak the truth to kings with a smile.
O muse! be proud of your just merit,
And whoever despises you, despise them yourself;
With a relaxed, unhurried hand
Crown your brow with the dawn of immortality

Behind him Pushkin writes his famous “Monument”

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.
Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
What's in my cruel age I praised freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient;
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't argue with a fool.

The attentive reader will notice that these three poetic monuments are in many ways similar to each other.
Then off we go. The poet Valery Bryusov builds a good monument to himself, where he confidently declares that his monument “cannot be toppled” and that his descendants will “rejoice”

My monument stands, composed of consonant stanzas.
Scream, go on a rampage - you won’t be able to bring him down!
The disintegration of melodious words in the future is impossible, -
I am and must forever be.
And all camps are fighters, and people of different tastes,
In the poor man's closet, and in the king's palace,
Rejoicing, they will call me Valery Bryusov,
Speaking about a friend with friendship.
In the gardens of Ukraine, in the noise and vivid dream capital Cities,
To the threshold of India, on the banks of the Irtysh, -
Burning pages will fly everywhere,
In which my soul sleeps.
I thought for many, I knew the pangs of passion for everyone,
But it will become clear to everyone that this song is about them,
And, in distant dreams in irresistible power,
Each verse will be proudly glorified.
And in new sounds the call will penetrate beyond
Sad homeland, both German and French
They will humbly repeat my orphaned verse,
A gift from the supportive Muses.
What is the glory of our days? - random fun!
What is the slander of friends? - contempt blasphemy!
Crown my brow, Glory of other centuries,
Leading me into the universal temple.

The poet Khodasevich also hoped that
"In Russia new and great,
They will put up my two-faced idol
At the crossroads of two roads,
Where is time, wind and sand..."

But Akhmatova, in her poem “Requiem,” even indicated the place where to erect a monument to her.

And if ever in this country
They are planning to erect a monument to me,

I give my consent to this triumph,
But only with the condition - do not put it

Not near the sea where I was born:
The last connection with the sea is severed,

Not in the royal garden near the treasured stump,
Where the inconsolable shadow is looking for me,

And here, where I stood for three hundred hours
And where they didn’t open the bolt for me.

Then, even in the blessed death I am afraid
Forget the rumble of the black marus,

Forget how hateful the door slammed
And the old woman howled like a wounded animal.

And let from the still and bronze ages
Melted snow flows like tears,

And let the prison dove drone in the distance,
And the ships sail quietly along the Neva.

In 2006, in the year of the fortieth anniversary of Akhmatova’s death, a monument to her was unveiled in St. Petersburg, on the Robespierre embankment, opposite the Kresty prison building. Exactly in the place where she indicated.

I. Brodsky erected a unique monument to himself.

I erected a different monument to myself,
Turn your back to the shameful century,
To love with your lost face,
And the buttocks to the sea of half-truths...

Yesenin, too, probably as a joke, built a monument to himself:
I erected a monument to myself
From the corks of laced wines.
Wine bottles were then called corks. Talking about his meeting with Yesenin in Rostov-on-Don in 1920, Yu. Annenkov recalled an episode that took place in the Alhambra restaurant. Yesenin banging on the table with his fist:
- Comrade footman, traffic jam!
The people erected a well-deserved monument to Yesenin. And not alone. The people's path to them will not be overgrown.

But the poet A. Kucheruk persistently writes verse after verse in order to also create a monument not made by hands for himself. But he doubts “will there be a path to it?”

They tell me that all this is in vain;
write poetry... What are they for now?
After all, there have been no beautiful ladies in the world for a long time.
And there are no knights among us for a long time.

All souls have long lost interest in poetry
to minus two on the Kelvin scale...
Well, why are you really into them?
What, there are no other things to do on Earth?

Or maybe you're a graphomaniac? So you scribble
knocking lines into orderly rows?
Like a sewing machine, day and night
your poems are full of water.

And I don't know what to say to this,
because I'm really ready
with energy worthy of a poet
sing praises to friends and crush enemies.

Ready to write verse by verse persistently,
but if so my country is blind,
let me create a monument not made by hands...
Will there be a path leading to it?!!

Watching how others create monuments for themselves, I also became infected with this monument mania and decided to create my own miraculous one.

I also erected a monument to myself,
Like Pushkin, like old Derzhavin,
Your last name under the nickname NIK
I have already made him famous with my creativity.

No, gentlemen, I'm going to fucking die,
My creations will outlive me.
For always being faithful to goodness,
Descendants will light a candle for me in the church.

And thus I will be kind to the people,
That I was excited by the creativity of my heart,
What from enemies and all other freaks
I defended Holy Rus' all my life.

My enemies will die of envy.
Let them die, that’s what they need, apparently!
Descendants will erase them from memory,
And the NIK will thunder like cannonade.

Rumors about me will spread everywhere,
And both the Chukchi and the Kalmyk will remember me.
They will read my creations in a circle,
They will say that NICK was a good man.
(Joke)

But, like Kucheruk, I doubt whether there will be a path to my monument?

Reviews

Great job Nikolai Ivanovich! I read it twice. And one more time to my waking wife. Surprisingly, your monument also fell in line, after all the great and not so great ones. So you are a good person, Nick. This is not even discussed. And this is the most important thing. Main monument. Well, you can’t take away your sense of humor either! Thank you!

What is a verse? Rhymed lines conveying some kind of thought, nothing more. But if poems could be broken down into molecules and the percentage of their components examined, then everyone would understand that poetry is a much more complex structure. 10% text, 30% information and 60% feelings - that's what poetry is. Belinsky once said that in every feeling of Pushkin there is something noble, graceful and tender. It was these feelings that became the basis of his poetry. Was he able to convey them in full? This can be said after analyzing “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” - the last work of the great poet.

remember me

The poem “Monument” was written shortly before the poet’s death. Here lyrical hero Pushkin himself spoke. He reflected on his difficult fate and the role he played in history. Poets tend to think about their place in this world. And Pushkin wants to believe that his work was not in vain. Like every representative of creative professions, he wants to be remembered. And with the poem “Monument” he seems to sum up his creative activity, as if to say: “Remember me.”

The poet is eternal

“I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”... This work reveals the theme of the poet and poetry, the problem of poetic fame is comprehended, but most importantly, the poet believes that fame can defeat death. Pushkin is proud that his poetry is free, because he did not write for the sake of fame. As the lyricist himself once noted: “Poetry is a selfless service to humanity.”

While reading the poem, you can enjoy its solemn atmosphere. Art will live forever, and its creator will certainly go down in history. Stories about him will be passed on from generation to generation, his words will be quoted, and his ideas will be supported. The poet is eternal. He is the only person who is not afraid of death. As long as people remember you, you exist.

But at the same time, the solemn speeches are saturated with sadness. This verse is Pushkin’s last words, which put an end to his work. The poet seems to want to say goodbye, finally asking for the very least - to be remembered. This is the meaning of Pushkin’s poem “Monument”. His work is full of love for the reader. Until the end he believes in strength poetic word and hopes that he managed to fulfill his responsibility.

Year of writing

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin died in 1837 (January 29). Some time later, a draft version of the poem “Monument” was found among his notes. Pushkin indicated the year of writing as 1836 (August 21). Soon the original work was handed over to the poet Vasily Zhukovsky, who made some literary corrections to it. But only four years later this poem saw the world. The poem “Monument” was included in the posthumous collection of the poet’s works, published in 1841.

Disagreements

There are many versions of how this work was created. The history of the creation of Pushkin’s “Monument” is truly amazing. Researchers of creativity still cannot agree on any one version, putting forward assumptions ranging from extremely sarcastic to completely mystical.

They say that A. S. Pushkin’s poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is nothing more than an imitation of the work of other poets. Works of this kind, the so-called “Monuments,” can be traced in the works of G. Derzhavin, M. Lomonosov, A. Vostokov and other writers of the 17th century. In turn, adherents of Pushkin’s work claim that he was inspired to create this poem by Horace’s ode Exegi monumentum. The disagreements between Pushkinists did not end there, because researchers can only guess about how the verse was created.

Irony and debt

In turn, Pushkin’s contemporaries received his “Monument” rather coolly. They saw in this poem nothing more than a praise of their poetic talents. And this was, at the very least, incorrect. However, admirers of his talent, on the contrary, considered the poem as a hymn to modern poetry.

Among the poet’s friends there was an opinion that there was nothing in this poem but irony, and the work itself was a message that Pushkin left for himself. They believed that in this way the poet wanted to draw attention to the fact that his work deserves greater recognition and respect. And this respect should be supported not only by exclamations of admiration, but also by some kind of material incentives.

By the way, this assumption is in some way confirmed by the records of Pyotr Vyazemsky. He was with the poet good relations and could safely assert that the word “miraculous” used by the poet had a slightly different meaning. Vyazemsky was confident that he was right and repeatedly stated that the poem was about the status in modern society, and not about the cultural heritage of the poet. The highest circles of society recognized that Pushkin had remarkable talent, but they did not like him. Although the poet’s work was recognized by the people, he could not earn a living from this. To provide himself with a decent standard of living, he constantly mortgaged his property. This is evidenced by the fact that after Pushkin’s death, Tsar Nicholas the First gave the order to pay all the poet’s debts from the state treasury and assigned maintenance to his widow and children.

Mystical version of the creation of the work

As you can see, studying the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,” an analysis of the history of creation suggests the existence of a “mystical” version of the appearance of the work. Supporters of this idea are sure that Pushkin felt his imminent death. Six months before his death, he created a “monument not made by hands” for himself. He put an end to his career as a poet by writing his last poetic testament.

The poet seemed to know that his poems would become a role model, not only in Russian, but also in world literature. There is also a legend that once a fortune teller predicted his death at the hands of a handsome blond man. At the same time, Pushkin knew not only the date, but also the time of his death. And when the end was already near, he took care to sum up his work.

But be that as it may, the verse was written and published. We, his descendants, can only guess what caused the poem to be written and analyze it.

Genre

As for the genre, the poem “Monument” is an ode. However this special variety genre. The ode to oneself came to Russian literature as a pan-European tradition, dating back to ancient times. It’s not for nothing that Pushkin used lines from Horace’s poem “To Melpomene” as an epigraph. IN literal translation Exegi monumentum means "I have erected a monument." He wrote the poem “To Melpomene” at the end of his creative path. Melpomene is an ancient Greek muse, patroness of tragedies and performing arts. Addressing her, Horace tries to evaluate his merits in poetry. Later this kind of works have become a kind of tradition in literature.

This tradition was introduced into Russian poetry by Lomonosov, who was the first to translate Horace’s work. Afterwards, relying on ancient works, G. Derzhavin wrote his “Monument”. It was he who determined the main genre features such "monuments". Final form this genre tradition received in the works of Pushkin.

Composition

Speaking about the composition of Pushkin’s verse “Monument”, it should be noted that it is divided into five stanzas, where the original forms and poetic meters. Both Derzhavin and Pushkin’s “Monument” is written in quatrains, which are somewhat modified.

Pushkin wrote the first three stanzas in the traditional odic meter - iambic hexameter, but the last stanza is written in iambic tetrameter. When analyzing “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,” it is clear that it is on this last stanza that Pushkin places the main semantic emphasis.

Subject

The work “Monument” by Pushkin is a hymn to the lyrics. Its main theme is the glorification of real poetry and the affirmation of the poet’s honorable place in the life of society. Even though Pushkin continued the traditions of Lomonosov and Derzhavin, he largely rethought the problems of the ode and put forward his own ideas regarding the assessment of creativity and its true purpose.

Pushkin is trying to reveal the theme of the relationship between the writer and the reader. He says his poems are for the masses. This can be felt from the first lines: “The people’s path to him will not be overgrown.”

“I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”: analysis

In the first stanza of the verse, the poet asserts the significance of such a poetic monument in comparison with other merits and monuments. Pushkin also introduces here the theme of freedom, which is often heard in his work.

The second stanza, in fact, is no different from that of other poets who wrote “monuments”. Here Pushkin exalts the immortal spirit of poetry, which allows poets to live forever: “No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre.” The poet also focuses on the fact that in the future his work will find recognition in wider circles. In the last years of his life, he was not understood or accepted, so Pushkin pinned his hopes on the fact that in the future there would be people close to him in spirituality.

In the third stanza, the poet reveals the theme of the development of interest in poetry among common people, who was unfamiliar with her. But it’s the last stanza that deserves the most attention. It was in it that Pushkin explained what his creativity consisted of and what would ensure his immortality: “Praise and slander were accepted indifferently and do not challenge the creator.” 10% text, 30% information and 60% feelings - this is how Pushkin turned out to be an ode, a miraculous monument that he erected to himself.

He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.
A. Pushkin

Pushkin died “in the middle of his great career,” “his talent was just beginning to blossom,” wrote contemporaries of the great Russian poet immediately after his death.

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, sorting through the papers of his murdered friend, found among them many unpublished works - both in draft versions and finished ones. Among the latter is a poem in which Pushkin not only summed up his life and creative path, but also left a poetic testament to his descendants.

The poem was written on August 21, 1836 and was not published during the poet’s lifetime. The poet's elder friend published it only in 1841 in volume IX of the posthumous edition of Pushkin's Works. The poem, known to everyone as “Monument,” was given this name by Zhukovsky when preparing it for publication. Pushkin had no name at all. There was only an epigraph - the first line of Horace’s ode: “I created the monument.”

During publication, Zhukovsky made changes to Pushkin’s text. One of them is in the first quatrain: « I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands, the people’s path to it will not be overgrown.” , where instead of the final lines “He rose higher as the head of the rebellious pillar of Alexandria” - Zhukovsky wrote: “He rose higher as the head of Napoleon’s rebellious pillar.”

Only forty years later, one of the first Pushkinists, Bartenev, published the original text of the poem and reproduced it in facsimile.

Exigi monumentum

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.

No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape ‒
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.

Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown;
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently.
And don't argue with a fool.

It is believed that the poet's elder friend made the replacement of the last line of the first quatrain for censorship reasons. Zhukovsky allegedly believed: the proximity to the expression “the head of the rebellious” phrase “ Alexandria pillar"will evoke in the reader associations with the image of the monument to Alexander I, opened in 1834 in St. Petersburg. Although, contrary to such real or imaginary fears of Zhukovsky, it is quite obvious that the word “Alexandrian” comes from the word “Alexandria”, and not from the name “Alexander” . Pushkin would hardly have deliberately used it for any provocative purposes, otherwise this poem was intended in advance to be placed “on the table” for a very indefinite time or never to see the light of day.

By replacing the word “Alexandrian” with the word “Napoleonic”, Zhukovsky distorted the meaning put by Pushkin into the phrase “Alexandrian Pillar”. But for what purpose did he make this forgery?

The reader, when reading the first stanza of the poem in Zhukovsky’s interpretation, had specific geometric-spatial associations - with a column cast at the request of Napoleon I in 1807 from Austrian and Russian cannons on the model of Trajan’s Column and installed in Paris on Place Vendôme. At the top there was a statue of Napoleon himself. After the capture of Paris by Russian troops in 1814, it was removed and replaced with a white Bourbon flag with lilies. But already in 1833, King Louis Philippe ordered a new statue of Napoleon to be made and placed on a column.

The Vendôme column with the restored statue of Napoleon I immediately became in France, on the one hand, a symbol of Bonapartist worship, and on the other, an object of criticism from Napoleon’s opponents. The replacement of Zhukovsky can be considered unsuccessful for this reason: it is unlikely that Pushkin would have wanted to “rise higher as the head of the rebellious” over these two French parties or take the side of one of them.

Over the past one and a half s more than a century Several other interpretations of the words "Pillar of Alexandria" have been put forward. But all of them, following the option proposed by Zhukovsky, are spatial-geometric.

According to one of them, Pushkin meant the Colossus of Rhodes ‒ giant statue ancient Greek god Sun Helios in the port greek city Rhodes, located on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea. The bronze giant - a statue of a tall, slender youth - a pagan god with a radiant crown on his head - towered at the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes and was visible from afar. The statue was made of clay, had a metal frame, and was covered with bronze sheets on top. The colossus stood for sixty-five years. In 222 BC. The statue was destroyed by an earthquake. As the ancient Greek historian Strabo writes, “the statue lay on the ground, overthrown by an earthquake and broken at the knees.” But even then it caused surprise with its size. Pliny the Elder mentions that only a few could grasp with both hands thumb statue hands ( subject to proportions human body this indicates the height of the statue is about 60 m.). But what relation could this monument have to Pushkin’s miraculous work?

According to another version, Pushkin allegedly wanted to “raise” his miraculous monument higher than the column erected in Egyptian Alexandria in honor of the Roman Emperor Pompey.

Let's return to the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg. Erected in honor of the victory of Russian troops over Napoleon, it is, indeed, taller than all similar monuments in the world: the aforementioned Vendome Column in Paris, Trajan's Column in Rome and Pompey's Column in Alexandria. Not only is the column itself taller than, for example, the Vendôme Column, but the figure of the Angel completing the column exceeds in height the figure of Napoleon I on the Vendôme Column. An angel tramples a snake with a cross, which symbolizes the peace and tranquility that Russia brought to Europe, having won the victory over Napoleonic troops. “To ascend with your rebellious head” above the Angel of the Lord and above the symbol of victory of Russian weapons? Let us leave such an invention to the conscience of the “interpreters.”

The figure shows the comparative proportions, in order, from left to right: Alexander's Column, Vendôme Column in Paris, Trajan's Column in Rome, Pompey's Column in Alexandria and Antoninus' Column in Rome. The last four are approximately the same height ( less than 47.5 m - the height of the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg).

They also tried to associate obelisks erected in ancient times in Egypt with Pushkin’s “Alexandrian Pillar”. According to research by Egyptologists, these monuments were not uncommon even in the era Ancient kingdom. Apparently, there is no time before each Egyptian pyramid a similar obelisk rose. During the Middle and New Egyptian kingdoms, entire alleys of obelisks led to the temples. In the centuries that followed, almost all of these obelisks were taken out of Egypt by the rulers of European states, whose conquering armies roamed the Egyptian soil.

Believers have always associated these Egyptian obelisks with symbols of idolatry. When one of them was brought to Rome, Pope Sixtus V performed a rite of purification on it so that the “malicious god of Egypt” would lose power over the stone monument and would not harm its successive Christian owners.

In the center of the Parisian Place de la Concorde in France there is an ancient Egyptian Luxor obelisk 23 m high. On each of its sides there are carved images and hieroglyphs dedicated to Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II.

The Luxor Obelisk has a history of more than three thousand years. It was originally located at the entrance to the Luxor Temple in Egypt, but in the early 1830s, the Viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, gave France two obelisks, one of them the Luxor obelisk. At this time, the Seine and Nile rivers became shallow, and the transportation of the obelisks was delayed. Five years later, they decided to transport the Luxor Obelisk to Paris first, and deliver the Alexandria Obelisk, which was inferior in beauty, later. The Luxor Obelisk was erected on the Place de la Concorde on October 25, 1836.

At the beginning of the last century, only seven standing obelisks remained in Egypt: four in Thebes, one on the island of Philae, one in Alexandria and one in Heliopolis. There were four Egyptian obelisks in England, two in France, Italian Florence– two, in Istanbul – two.

The most Egyptian obelisks in Rome are twelve. Near the Cathedral of St. Paul there is an obelisk, the height of the column is 23.5 m. The height of the obelisk of Flaminius, brought by Emperor Augustus and installed in Piazza del Popolo, is 22.3 m.

The height of the main part of the obelisk installed in London, the so-called Cleopatra's Needle, is 17.5 m. Of course, Cleopatra did not give the order to create an obelisk and name the monument after herself. Just to please Caesar, she transported an obelisk similar in outline to a pyramid from Heliopolis, where it adorned the Temple of the Sun, to the capital of Egypt. In 1801, the British, who defeated French units in Egypt, were asked to take the obelisk as a trophy. However, then the command of the British troops, due to the difficulties of transporting the monument, abandoned this idea. Later, in 1819, the above-mentioned Muhammad Ali presented the obelisk as a gift to the English Prince Regent.

Cleopatra's Needle got its name back in ancient times. Egyptian priests erected these tall stone structures in the form of needles, called them altars of the gods and immortalized certain secret knowledge on them with mysterious hieroglyphs.

As for all these obelisks, in the 19th century, to rise as a “rebellious head” over any of them was absolutely not relevant and, probably, simply ridiculous. And Pushkin was not so clerical as to present pagan symbols as the main object of his poetic opposition.

The Belgian researcher of the question of the prototype of Pushkin’s “Alexandrian Pillar” Gregoire put forward another hypothesis - they say that the poet meant the Faros lighthouse by it. And in fact, the meaning of the term “pillar” is broader than “columns” or “pillar” - just remember the Pandemonium of Babel, which originally meant the erection of the Pillar of Babylon. But Pushkin never called the corresponding structure either the Lighthouse of Alexandria, much less the Pillar of Alexandria, but only Pharos. To this it should be added that, conversely, Pushkin could never have called the lighthouse a pillar.

The word “pillar” used by Pushkin indeed evokes associations associated with the widespread famous expression"Babel". (The whole earth had one language and one speech... And they said to each other: Let us make bricks and burn them with fire... And they said: Let us build ourselves a city and a tower, with its height reaching to heaven, and we will make a name for ourselves before we are scattered over the face of all the earth... And The Lord said, “Behold, there is one people, and they all have one language; and this is what they have begun to do, and let us go down and confuse their language there, so that one will not understand the speech of the other.” Chapter 11.: 1.) Did Pushkin have an association between the Pillar of Alexandria he mentioned for comparison with the Pillar of Babylon? This assumption is very likely.

Yes, but still, what Pillar of Alexandria was Pushkin thinking about when he wrote his poem?

It seems that there is a much more “worthy candidate” for the role of the material embodiment of Pushkin’s Pillar of Alexandria - the George Washington Memorial, created in the image and likeness of the classic Egyptian obelisk, in the capital of the United States of America, Washington. The height of the monument is 169 m, and it is one of the tallest stone structures in the world.

"This is a four-sided stone structure located in Washington ( Columbia region), erected in memory of the "Father of the Nation", General, Founding Father and first President of the United States of America ( from 1789 to 1797) George Washington,” say brochures and guides to the capital of the United States.

The George Washington Monument is the tallest structure in the capital of the United States.

...The first call for the construction of the Washington Monument came during his lifetime, in 1783.

Plans for the construction of the obelisk caused big interest in the world, including in Russia. The topic was widely discussed in society. The official newspaper St. Petersburg Vedomosti, published in the Russian capital, also dedicated several issues to her. An engraving depicting the planned monument was also published.

From the very beginning of the struggle of the English colonies in North America for independence from the metropolis, St. Petersburg Vedomosti covered the events of this war with varying frequency. Thus, in July 1789, the newspaper published the following message: “General Washington, president of the new confederacy, arrived here on the 22nd of April and was received with great expressions of joy. The day before, he was elevated to this new dignity - the title of president - on which occasion he gave a speech.”

This note is about the first US President ( USA) George Washington - the first in Russian press mention of the heads of this North American republic.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was among the subscribers of St. Petersburg Vedomosti. In his letter to P. A. Vyazemsky, sent from Tsarskoe Selo in the summer of 1831, there is the following phrase: “Don’t ask about literature: I don’t receive a single magazine except the St. Petersburg Gazette, and I don’t read them”...

However, if you haven’t read it, you’ve at least skimmed it. There is such an episode that is related to the topic of this article. When the Alexander Column was opened in 1834, Pushkin was not in the city. He learned about the event from friends, eyewitnesses, and also from newspaper reviews. St. Petersburg Vedomosti published materials related to the discovery. At that time, they provided long, with continuation, ethnographic material about the small peoples of the then Yenisei province- Tungus, Yakut, Buryat, Mongols... And it was said that “the tribes now known as wandering tribes have been plunged into the deepest ignorance. They have no signs of worship; there are no written traditions and very few oral ones..."

Isn’t this where the “now wild Tungus” mentioned in Pushkin’s Monument comes from?

...The cornerstone of the monument was laid on July 4, 1848 (American Independence Day), and the same shovel was used that Washington himself had used 55 years earlier when laying the foundation for the Capitol in the future capital. Speaker of the House of Representatives Robert Winthrop, speaking at the obelisk laying ceremony, called on American citizens to build a monument that “would express the gratitude of all the American people... Build it to the sky! You cannot surpass the heights of Washington's principles." Why not the biblical Pillar of Babylon!

Tourists visiting the current capital of the United States, the city of Washington, where the obelisk to George Washington is erected, cross the bridge over the Potomac River and find themselves in an ancient town with a population of 111 thousand inhabitants. This is Alexandria, a historical and tourist center associated with the life and work of George Washington ( his house museum is located here). For US History " Old city» Alexandria is of particular value because it was here that important state councils were held, the “founding fathers” of the States met, and George Washington himself served in a small church in the city. From 1828 to 1836, Alexandria was home to one of the largest slave markets in the country. More than a thousand slaves were sent from here each year to work on the plantations of Mississippi and New Orleans.

In American history, the city of Alexandria is also known for the fact that during the Civil War of 1861, the first blood was shed here.

In the “old city”, monuments from the era of the formation of American democracy are carefully preserved. Among them: exact copy George Washington's home...

The kind that historical Center has now, it began to acquire since 1749. In 1801, the city of Alexandria became part of the officially formed Federal District of Columbia, which, in addition to Alexandria, also included the city of Washington, which became the capital of the United States, the city of Georgetown, Washington County and Alexandria County.

An area of 260 square meters was allocated for the Capital Federal District. km. Choosing the capital of the new state was difficult, since many cities were vying for this role. The issue of building the capital has been discussed in the Senate since 1783. However, only by 1790 did congressmen come to a compromise and decided that the capital would be located on the Potomac River - between the South and North of the then 13 North American colonies. In July 1790, the US Congress decided to provide territory in the states of Maryland and Virginia for construction new capital, whose functions were previously performed by Philadelphia. A year later, George Washington personally selected a plot of land on the Potomac River – sketches made by his hand have been preserved coastline rivers.

It is a well-known fact that George Washington, being a Freemason, on the occasion of laying the first stone of the Capitol in 1793, publicly put on a Masonic apron and picked up a silver hammer and trowel. The first chief architect of the city, Washington's military associate, the Frenchman Pierre-Charles Lanfant, was a compatriot and like-minded person of the Marquis de Lafayette, a French revolutionary and staunch Freemason. The same de Lafayette who sailed to America from France on a ship he hired, became the chief of the general staff of George Washington, fought under his command, was treated kindly by him and, enriched, returned to France. De Lafayette led the anti-Russian party in the French National Assembly, which came out in 1831 with calls to declare war on Russia in connection with the suppression of a riot in Warsaw by Russian troops.

Pushkin dedicated his poem “What are you making noise about, people’s revolutionaries?” to this campaign. The poet ironically called the rich deputies “people’s” and “vitii” - this is how they call not only talkers, but also younger, low-degree members Masonic lodges(the first who drew the attention of the authors of this article to this circumstance was Nikolai Petrovich Burlyaev), meaning that behind them are hidden “puppeteers” of a higher degree of dedication who remained in the shadows.

The main attraction of the “old city” of Alexandria is Tents Hill, topped by the Masonic Memorial to George Washington.

If you draw a line on the map from the George Washington Masonic Memorial directly north, then, after crossing the Potomac River, after a little more than 6 km, it will first run into the George Washington obelisk, and then, having passed it, into The White house. As intended by the founders of the US capital, the city of Alexandria was on the same line as the three other main symbols of the American capital and American democracy - the Capitol, the White House and the Washington Obelisk.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin’s attitude towards democracy in general and American democracy in particular is well known. It finally crystallized and became sharply negative precisely in Last year his life.

In a letter to Chaadaev dated October 19, 1836, Pushkin mentioned that in the third book of the Sovremennik magazine he published in 1836, he published his article “John Tenner.” In it, he gave a very unflattering assessment of the contemporary state of the American state:

« For some time now, the North American States have been attracting the attention of the most thoughtful people in Europe. Political events are not to blame for this: America calmly carries out its mission, safe and prosperous to this day, strong in the world, strengthened by its geographical position, proud of its institutions. But a few deep minds in recently began to study American customs and customs, and their observations again aroused questions that they had thought had long been resolved.

Respect for this new people and for their way of life, the fruit of the latest enlightenment, has greatly wavered. They saw with amazement democracy in its disgusting cynicism, in its cruel prejudices, in its intolerable tyranny. Everything noble, selfless, everything that elevates the human soul - suppressed by inexorable egoism and passion for comfort; the majority, brazenly oppressing society; Negro slavery in the midst of education and freedom; genealogical persecution among a people without nobility; on the part of voters, greed and envy; timidity and servility on the part of managers; talent, out of respect for equality, forced into voluntary ostracism; a rich man putting on a tattered caftan, so as not to offend in the street the arrogant poverty he secretly despises: such is the picture of the American States recently exposed to us».

Let's compare the dates again. On August 21, 1836, Pushkin wrote the poem “Monument”, and in September 1836 ( exact date unknown, autograph not preserved) – an article about American democracy.

Zhukovsky, having found a poem in the poet’s papers, understands that, published with the words “The Pillar of Alexandria,” it will be compared with the publication of the article “John Tenner” in Sovremennik. And after Pushkin’s death, when Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky, who never forgot about his affiliation with the Freemasons and about Pushkin’s Masonic past, put a white Masonic glove in the poet’s coffin, Zhukovsky already had to justify himself to the head of the III department, Benckendorff.

Pushkin was declared the head of the Russian party, opposing the party of foreigners at court. A white glove placed in a Mason's coffin meant a sign of vengeance. They might have considered that the Freemasons had a hand in the death of Pushkin.

It may be objected that the Washington Monument was not built then. Yes, he was not embodied in stone. But it was only a matter of time and money. Pushkin looked forward.

And his miraculous monument, his Poetry, his “soul in the treasured lyre,” as he foresaw, “escaped decay” and rose above all man-made monuments, both built and still being designed in someone’s sophisticated minds.

Vladimir Orlov, Zaryana Lugovaya
Published

Comparative analysis of works by different authors

Scenario plan for a literature lesson in 9th grade according to the program by V.Ya. Korovina.
Technology of educational and research activities
on comparative analysis of works by different authors.

Lesson topic:	“I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands...” Comparative analysis of works by different authors.
The purpose of the lesson:	- create conditions for students’ research activities; - teach comparative analysis of fiction texts; - develop basic types of speech activity; - to cultivate a sense of patriotism, to form civic consciousness.
Planned learning result, including formation of UUD	Personal: improve the spiritual and moral qualities of the individual; use for solving cognitive and communication problems various sources information. Meta-subject: the ability to understand a problem, put forward a hypothesis, structure material, formulate conclusions, independently organize activities. Subject: understanding the connection between literary works and the era of their writing, identifying the timeless nature inherent in them moral values and them modern sound; the ability to analyze a work, understand and formulate a theme, idea, pathos literary work; determination of the composition of a poem, visual and expressive means, mastery of literary terminology when analyzing a literary work. Cognitive UUD: record information different ways; carry out analysis and synthesis in scientific research; generalize, establish analogies. Communicative UUD: use language resources to solve educational search problems; formulate, argue own opinion, take into account and coordinate the opinions of others in cooperation. Personal UUD: the ability to self-esteem, orientation in the moral space of society, awareness of a sense of citizenship, acquiring one’s own position in evaluating works of art. Regulatory UUD: plan activities, show cognitive initiative in cooperation, exercise control, evaluate results.
Basic concepts:	idea of the work, ode, historical commentary, visual and expressive means, composition, translation, arrangement, author’s position.
Interdisciplinary connections:	Russian language, history, world artistic culture.
Resources:	texts of works, textbook, multimedia equipment

Lesson steps	Formed UUD	Teacher activities	Student activity
Organizational moment	Cognitive educational activities: planning work, collecting information for the lesson.	Establishing a thematic framework for the content of the work; motivation of educational activities; creating an emotional component.	Perception of information; message about preparatory stage for the lesson: information was collected, a book exhibition was prepared, a survey was conducted, homework was completed.
Goal setting and motivation	Regulatory: determine the purpose of the activity with with the help of a teacher, learn to discover and formulate an educational problem together with the teacher.	Control for speech activity students; making adjustments to answers. Assessment of the preparatory stage for the study.	Formulation of a cognitive goal; determination of information retrieval methods; directions research work; message about the preparatory stage for the lesson: -information collected; -an exhibition of books has been prepared; - a sociological survey was conducted; -homework completed.
Updating knowledge	Communicative: oral speech, argumentation of opinion, formulation of conclusions	Defining rules for working in groups. Demonstration of a film about Horace. Slide show about poets.	Summing up the results of a sociological survey, demonstrating diagrams and diagrams, formulating conclusions based on the results of the survey. Formulate questions that they would like to receive answers to as a result of the research. Reading poems by heart.
Identifying causes difficulties and goal setting activities (production educational task)	Regulatory: searching for means to achieve a goal educational activities. Cognitive: relate objects and lines of comparison.	Organization of work of students in groups, instruction. Time control.	They formulate questions that they would like to receive answers to as a result of the research. Working with a table. Distribution of tasks within groups by the students themselves.
Construction exit project out of difficulty (“discovery” by children new knowledge)	Cognitive: process information to obtain the required result, including the creation of a new product. Regulatory: implementation of actions to create a common project.	Directs the work, controls the logic and appropriateness of the choice of comparison lines.	Presentation of research results in a table, creation of syncwines. Formulate conclusions for each line of comparison. Organize work in groups.
Implementation built project	Communicative: communication, oral speech activity. Cognitive: perform analysis, produce synthesis, select grounds for comparison, build a logical chain of reasoning.	Organizes student messages.	Construction of a conscious voluntary speech utterance in oral form; integration into a peer group and building productive cooperation in searching for information.
Primary consolidation in external speech	Communicative: willingness to listen to others, argumentation of point of view. Cognitive: the ability to format information in the required form, establish analogies and cause-and-effect relationships.		Correcting your own difficulties, participating in a collective discussion of the obtained work result.
Independent Job with self-test according to the standard	Regulatory: correlating the results of one’s activities with the purpose of the lesson, assessing the success of the group’s work and self-esteem, understanding the reasons for failure. Communicative: appropriate use of evaluative vocabulary.	Shows a sample table on the screen. Evaluating work using comparative analysis.	Assessing the quality and level of research work.
Inclusion into the knowledge system and repetition	Regulatory: drawing conclusions. Communicative: the ability to formulate a hypothesis for further scientific research.	Commenting on homework.	Recording the degree of compliance with the set goal and performance results, setting goals for subsequent activities.

1. Organizational moment.

Today we work in groups. You yourself determined the functions of each group member. We completed our homework. We received a working folder with materials for work.

2. Goal setting and motivation.
Presentation of the lesson topic.
Watching a film about Horace.

What makes a person immortal? Heroic deeds? Wealth? Chins? And in what did poets, people of art, see their immortality?

One of them lived in the first century BC, participated in battles, but chose to devote his life to literature. The other one also fought, was both a governor and a senator, had state awards, but found happiness in creative activity. And the third was neither a warrior nor a politician. He immediately felt like a poet.

Almost two millennia passed between the first and third, but the work to which they devoted themselves erases the barriers of centuries. After all, we are talking about poetry, about its eternity, about its immortality.

How long ago did you hear the topic of the lesson?

Why was the topic announced already in the first lesson?

How did we prepare for this lesson?

What are the results of the opinion poll?

QUESTIONS FOR A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY

1. How do you understand the meaning of the word “monument”?

2.What people have monuments erected in our city?

3.What architectural structures in Sudzha are named after monuments?

4. Is it necessary to install monuments on the graves of relatives?

5.Which monument can be called eternal?

Demonstration of the presentation of the results of the opinion poll. One of the students comments on the survey results.

26 students of 11th grade participated in the survey. Most of them understand the meaning of the word "monument" as a sculptural structure in honor of someone or some event. Monuments to Lenin and Shchepkin have been named. Architectural monuments Only a few respondents named correctly. The fifth question caused the greatest difficulty. 13 people refused to answer it, only two answered correctly.

From the survey results we see that the topic of memory worries people. Every person thinks that human life cannot be endless. How can you keep your name even after death? How and with what to fill your immortal soul so that it becomes immortal not only in the Christian sense?

What goal do we set for ourselves in the lesson and achieve it?
(Goal: As a result of a comparative analysis of poems, understand what Horace revealed to the world? What made Lomonosov and Derzhavin turn to him? Why does Pushkin also develop the ideas of the ancient Roman poet?)

I have proposed a way to achieve the goal. You should have understood it from the wording of your homework. Drawing up and filling out a table is one of the types of design scientific research, and in today’s lesson we will improve this universal educational action.

3. Updating knowledge and recording difficulties in activities.

The table itself is in front of you. In the first line of comparison allowed factual errors. We check the homework of the first group, find factual errors in the proposed historical commentary.

Homework second group. Interpretation incomprehensible words and expressions.

Aufidus is a river in Italy, the homeland of Horace.
The Alcean lyre is the lyre of Alceus (Alcaeus). 6th century BC
Delphic laurel- laurel from the city of Delphi, from the temple of Apollo.
Poems of the Aeolian - the poems of the Aeolian tribe (Sappho and Alcaeus) were considered a model in ancient Greek lyric poetry.
Aquilon - north wind.
Davnus – legendary king Apulia, birthplace of Horace.
Melpomene is the muse of tragedy.
Felitsa is the heroine of Derzhavin’s ode. The name is borrowed from the fairy tale of Catherine 11. The ode “Felitsa” is dedicated to Catherine.
Alexandria pillar– monument to Alexander 1 on Palace Square in honor of the victory over Napoleon.

In the previous lesson we got acquainted with the texts of the works. Let them be performed today by you. ( Expressive reading by heart.)

Texts of the works under study.

Horace "To Melpomene" (1st century BC) translation by Lomonosov (1747)	Derzhavin “Monument” (1795)	Pushkin “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands..." (1836) Exegi monumentum
I erected a sign of immortality for myself Higher than the pyramids and stronger than copper, What stormy Aquilon cannot erase, Neither many centuries, nor the caustic antiquity. I won’t die at all, but death will leave me Great is my part, as soon as I end my life. I will grow in glory everywhere, While great Rome controls the light. Where Avfid makes noise with fast streams, Where Davnus reigned among the common people, My fatherland will not remain silent, That my ignorant family was not an obstacle to me, To bring Aeolian poetry to Italy And be the first to ring the Alcean lyre. Be proud of your righteous merit, muse, And crown the head with the Delphic laurel.	I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself, He is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids, Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it, And time's flight will not crush it. So! - all of me will not die, but part of me is big, Having escaped from decay, he will live after death, And my glory will increase without fading, How long will the universe honor the Slavic race? Rumors will spread about me from the White Waters to the Black Waters, Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals flow from Riphean; Everyone will remember this among countless nations, How from obscurity I became known, That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues, Talk about God in simplicity of heart And speak the truth to kings with a smile. O Muse! Be proud of your just merit, And whoever despises you, despise them yourself; With a relaxed, unhurried hand Crown your brow with the dawn of immortality.	I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands, The people's path to him will not be overgrown, He ascended higher with his rebellious head Alexandrian Pillar. No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre My ashes will survive and decay will escape - And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world At least one piit will be alive. Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus', And every tongue that is in it will call me, And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk. And for a long time I will be so kind to the people, That I awakened good feelings with my lyre, That in my cruel age I glorified freedom And he called for mercy for the fallen. By the command of God, O muse, be obedient, Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown; Praise and slander were accepted indifferently, And don't argue with a fool.

Horace "To Melpomene"
(1st century BC)
translation by Lomonosov (1747)

Derzhavin “Monument” (1795)

Pushkin
“I erected a monument to myself
not made by hands..." (1836)
Exegi monumentum

I erected a sign of immortality for myself
Higher than the pyramids and stronger than copper,
What stormy Aquilon cannot erase,
Neither many centuries, nor the caustic antiquity.

I won’t die at all, but death will leave me
Great is my part, as soon as I end my life.
I will grow in glory everywhere,
While great Rome controls the light.

Where Avfid makes noise with fast streams,
Where Davnus reigned among the common people,
My fatherland will not remain silent,
That my ignorant family was not an obstacle to me,

To bring Aeolian poetry to Italy
And be the first to ring the Alcean lyre.
Be proud of your righteous merit, muse,
And crown the head with the Delphic laurel.

I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
He is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids,
Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it,
And time's flight will not crush it.

So! - all of me will not die, but part of me is big,
Having escaped from decay, he will live after death,
And my glory will increase without fading,
How long will the universe honor the Slavic race?

Rumors will spread about me from the White Waters to the Black Waters,
Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals flow from Riphean;
Everyone will remember this among countless nations,
How from obscurity I became known,

That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable
To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues,
Talk about God in simplicity of heart
And speak the truth to kings with a smile.

O Muse! Be proud of your just merit,
And whoever despises you, despise them yourself;
With a relaxed, unhurried hand
Crown your brow with the dawn of immortality.

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.

No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown;
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently,
And don't argue with a fool.

The third group determined the lines of comparison between these works. What lines do they offer us and why? Idea, composition, means of expression, author's position, images of the poem.

4. Identifying the causes of the difficulty and setting goals for the activity.

How to build the proposed lines correctly? Let's determine the sequence of these lines. (Arrange the cards vertically on the board in the desired sequence.)

So, working in groups, in collaboration, we begin to fill out the table.

5. Construction of a project for getting out of the difficulty (“discovery” of new knowledge).

Distribution of work by the students themselves in groups: leader, secretary, assistants.

Groups use dictionaries of literary terms.

6. Project implementation.

Presentation of research results in a table.

	COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WORKS
	OBJECTS OF COMPARISON
Comparison line	Horace (trans. Lomonosov) "To Melpomene"	Derzhavin "Monument"	Pushkin "I am a monument to myself erected not made by hands..."
Date of creation. Brief description of the era ( important events in the life of the country, rulers, the fate of the poet	Horace – 1st century BC Lomonosov -1747 Father is a freed slave. Horace is a participant in the civil war on the side of Brutus. Author of The Science of Poetry. Translated from Greek by Alcaeus, Anacreon, Sappho. Recognized in Italy as a classic of literature.	18th century (1795) Secretary of State under Catherine II, senator, governor. Member of the Supreme Council under Pavel, Minister of Justice under Alexander. Recipient of several orders.	19th century (1836) One of the first graduates Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, discovered by Alexander First. During his lifetime he was awarded the fame of a great poet. Reformer of the Russian literary language. Sympathized with the nobles who rebelled against the government (1825)
Genre	Ode (Horace himself called it a lyric poem	Ode to the era of classicism. An ode by Horace is taken as a model.	Oh yeah. A solemn, lyrical and philosophical work
Idea	Poetic creativity is a monument, a “sign of immortality.”	Poetry is immortal, it is more powerful than the forces of nature.	Poetic creativity is immortal, if fulfilled by God's command, and awakens good feelings.
Composition. 1.Introduction. 2. Main part. 3. Conclusion.	1.Erected unusual monument(“sign of immortality”). 2. Merits (translated Greek poetry). 3. Appeal to the muse. (Laurel crown.)	1. Erected an eternal monument. 2. Merits (simple style, truthfulness). 3. Appeal to the muse. (Be immortal.)	1. Erected a “monument not made by hands.” 2. Kindness, mercy, love of freedom in creativity give immortality. 3. Appeal to the Muse. (Be obedient to God's command.)
The central image of the poem (creating syncwines)	MONUMENT tall, strong I will not die, I raised it, I will grow, I will ring, I brought it in, “Be proud of your righteous merit, muse!” Alcean lyre.	MONUMENT wonderful, eternal I will not die, will remember, dared, talk, speak “Oh muse! Be proud of your just merit..." Funny Russian syllable and truth.	MONUMENT miraculous, sacred I will not die, glorified, called, awakened, will survive “By the command of God, O muse, be obedient...” "The soul in the treasured lyre..."
Means of expression: -epithets; -metaphors; -personification; -oxymoron;	Great, righteous. Death will leave a great part of me... Be proud of your righteous merit, muse. Ring the Alcean lyre.	Wonderful, eternal. Flight of time. O muse! Be proud...	Miraculous, rebellious, cherished, proud, wild, kind, cruel. The rumor will pass. By the command of God, O muse, be obedient...
Features of vocabulary	High style words: owns, great part, Fatherland, sign of immortality.	High style words: crush, decay, grow, until, obscurity, be proud.	High style words: raised, not made by hands, ascended, soul, cherished, glorious, drink, glorified, fallen, command, praise, received.
Syntax Features	Complex structures, handling.	Rows homogeneous members, appeal.	Rows of homogeneous members, circulation, isolated members of a sentence. Multi-union.
Author's position	He sees his merit in the fact that he discovered something new in poetry and translated Greek poetry. Proud of Rome.	Admires the Motherland, the Slavs. He believes that creativity will give him immortality for his truthfulness and “funny Russian style.”	I am confident in immortality as a true Christian. “The soul in the treasured lyre” is imperishable. The miraculous monument of poetry is the fulfillment of the will of God.
Attitude to author's position and to its artistic embodiment.	It is of interest to many poets as an axiom of immortality. First introduced poetic creativity like an eternal monument.	For the first time, Horace’s idea was “transplanted onto Russian soil.” Teaches love for the Fatherland.	It sounds light and sublime, fascinating, captivating with thoughts and feelings. The laws of poetic immortality have been created for all poets of the earth.
The significance of the work in the context of the author’s work and world literary processes	Horace's legacy caused a huge number of imitations. In Russian literature, 32 poets addressed her. In many universities, they learn the Latin language based on the works of Horace.	Created the first Russian transcription of Horace's ode. “He sang and glorified Holy Rus'. He put the public good above all other goods in the world" (K. Ryleev about Derzhavin)	In Pushkin’s work, the theme of the poet and poetry is one of the leading themes. This poem is the poet’s testament and manifesto, it develops the idea of the poem “The Prophet”. The lines of this poem are carved on the base of the first monument to the poet in Moscow.

7. Primary consolidation in external speech.

Students fill out the table in each group, commenting, generalizing, and drawing conclusions for each line of comparison.

8. Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition.

The teacher focuses on the finished product of work, but welcomes creativity and unconventional thinking. One of the tasks is performed using syncwine technology, if students are prepared for this. Each group works with one piece.

9. Independent work with self-test against the standard.

The finished educational product (comparative analysis table) is reproduced on the board. Students compare the results of their activities and the sample and draw conclusions.

Horace (Quintus Horace Flaccus) was born in 65 BC. in Venusui, southern Italy. His father was a manumitted slave. Educated in Rome, participated in civil war which began after the assassination of Caesar. Commanded a legion in the army of Brutus.

After defeat and amnesty, he devotes himself to poetry. Creates political poems, satires, odes, messages. He considered the main thing in the work to be ideological. Favorite poet of many statesmen Europe and Russia. The ode “Monument” attracted the attention of many poets. The first translation from Latin in Russia was made by Lomonosov.

Lomonosov (Horace): the poet erected a “sign of immortality”, neither stormy Aquilon nor centuries can destroy it; posthumous glory will increase as long as great Rome rules the world. He sees his merit in the fact that he brought Greek poetry to Italy. The ode was translated in 1747.

Derzhavin: erected an eternal monument; glory will increase “as long as the Slavic race is honored by the universe”; he sees merit in the simplicity and truthfulness of the style. Derzhavin created his work based on the text of Horace. The poem was written in 1795. Original title “To the Muse. Imitation of Horace."

Belinsky wrote: “Although Derzhavin took the idea of this excellent poem from Horace, he was able to express it in such an original form, characteristic of him alone, and to apply it to himself so well that the honor of this thought belongs to him, as well as to Horace.”

Pushkin writes the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...” in 1836. This is a confession, a testament, and a manifesto of the poet. The epigraph indicates a direct continuation of the traditions of Horace. For a poet, the main thing in creativity is creativity itself, “good feelings,” freedom and “mercy for the fallen” elevate the poet to the rank of prophet and teacher. The final stanza is Pushkin’s spiritual program: one must obey only God’s command.

10. Reflection on activity (lesson summary).

What can you say about our work in today's lesson? What did you like about the job? What element of the lesson was the most striking? What could have been done differently?

Which life lessons did we extract?

Additional demo material:

Pushkin's poem performed by Vladimir Yakhontov (video clip).

The homework is designed for you to return to the text of the poems again. I offer three tasks to choose from. Each of you will decide for yourself what is more interesting for further reflection on the lines of the poems.

Homework.

1. Find a typo in the text of Horace’s poem (translated by Lomonosov). How does this typo change the meaning of the poem?

2. Analyze an article in a literature textbook for grade 8 high school edited by A.G. Aleksin (1986), dedicated to the poem by A.S. Pushkin. What conclusions of the author of the article do you disagree with and why?

3. Many Russian poets (more than 30) turned to Horace’s ode. Why did the ideas of the ancient Roman poet arouse such interest among many readers and writers?

Choose one of the tasks and complete it in writing.

Classes are graded by groups. The teacher offers both his own assessment criteria and points, using a table of observations of students’ work.

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't argue with a fool.

Analysis of the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” by Pushkin

A draft of the poem was discovered after Pushkin's death. It dates from 1836. It was first published in the posthumous edition of the poet's works (1841).

The poem marked the beginning of a debate that continues to this day. The first question concerns the source that inspired Pushkin. Many considered the work to be a simple imitation of numerous odes by Russian poets on the theme of the monument. A more common version is that Pushkin took the main ideas from Horace’s ode, from which the epigraph to the poem was taken.

A more serious stumbling block was the meaning and significance of the work. The lifetime praise of his merits and the author’s conviction in his future glory caused criticism and bewilderment. In the eyes of contemporaries, this, at a minimum, seemed to be excessive conceit and insolence. Even those who recognized the poet’s enormous services to Russian literature could not tolerate such impudence.

Pushkin compares his fame to a “monument not made by hands”, which exceeds the “Alexandria Pillar” (monument to Alexander I). Moreover, the poet claims that his soul will exist forever, and creativity will spread throughout multinational Russia. This will happen because throughout his life the author brought people ideas of goodness and justice. He always defended freedom and “called for mercy for the fallen” (probably for the Decembrists). After such statements, Pushkin also reproaches those who do not understand the value of his work (“don’t argue with a fool”).

Justifying the poet, some researchers stated that the verse is a subtle satire of the author on himself. His statements were considered a joke about his difficult position in high society.

Almost two centuries later, the work can be appreciated. The years have shown the poet's brilliant foresight of his future. Pushkin's poems are known all over the world and have been translated into most languages. The poet is considered the greatest classic Russian literature, one of the founders of the modern Russian language. The saying “I will never die” was completely confirmed. The name of Pushkin lives not only in his works, but also in countless streets, squares, avenues and much more. The poet became one of the symbols of Russia. The poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is a well-deserved recognition of the poet, who did not expect this from his contemporaries.