Folklore, rituals and beliefs of the Siberians of the Yenisei province. Peoples of Siberia: national traditions
Customs and traditions of Siberia
Zakhar Sukhorukov
Siberia, at its core, is a separate entity with its own culture - its own spiritual and material values, its own customs, traditions, etc.
The topic of my individual project is the customs and traditions of Siberia. Customs and traditions not only of individual peoples and ethnic groups, but also of ordinary people associated with any profession; subcultures such as, for example, stolbists.
During the work done, both specialist guides and ordinary people passionate about their work were interviewed.
The result is presented in the form of a collection, a list of certain rituals and traditions with a detailed description.
Many perceive Siberia as, to a greater extent, a raw material appendage rather than a storehouse of culture and traditions.
The life and work of Siberian old-timers had a number of significant features that predetermined the formation of special values and traditions. The interweaving of Pomeranian, Central and South Russian, Ukrainian-Belarusian and other cultural traditions led to the fusion of cultures. Many traditions disappeared by the 19th century. in European Russia, here they were not only “mothballed”, but revived.
The harmony of the rights and responsibilities of the old-timer, active participation in public self-government, the supremacy of “laws” - traditions, a peculiar division of powers in the community - all this allows us to conclude that there are cells - societies living according to the principles of civil society. At the same time, the consciousness of the old-timers of Siberia surprisingly resembled the “polis” consciousness of the Greeks. Here, too, there was a line between the “citizen”-builder and the settler. A special feature is the self-isolation of Siberians from the state.
The main problem and threat to the cultural heritage of Siberia is their loss. Many peoples literally “die out” and take these traditions with them to the grave. This reason is not due to any deformations or internal wars, but because these peoples are forgotten and are not given due attention. Most likely, this isolation from the state to which you belong led to most of the problems of Siberians.
Having visited the fishing village of Kononovo, I asked one fisherman if they had any special traditions in the village that “attract” the catch or, conversely, rituals after a successful catch. That was the answer.
Fisherman Misha: “There are no shurum-burum before fishing, but a successful catch used to be washed. But I don’t drink anymore, it’s better for my health.”
Having visited the Stolby Nature Reserve, we came into direct contact with both Stolby and Stolby. Stolbism is a subculture that appeared in the Stolby reserve, Krasnoyarsk, and which is based on rock climbing. This activity contributed to the formation of a separate society, a separate way of life based on unity with nature. Perhaps because of this, the stolbists are engaged in rock climbing (albeit mainly on the territory of the reserve) without insurance.
We were lucky enough to meet one of the columnists and have a pretty close conversation.
Valery Ivanovich (representative of the Stolbism subculture): “Of the main rituals of our subculture, I can single out only two. The first of them is initiation into the circles of stolbists. After a person independently (without insurance) overcomes his first pole, he is given a personal pair of galoshes, with which he will be hit on the butt once or twice. The second is punishment. The columnist is again hit with galoshes on the loin a certain number of times. The number of blows depends on the severity of the offense.”
In Novosibirsk we visited the Institute of Philology and the Department of Folklore. One of the participants in the annual expeditions to the “outback” of Siberia told us about the local population in order to understand and study the life, culture and ethnicity of the indigenous Siberians. Here's what I found out:
1) “Bear holiday” - exists among each of the peoples who hunt bears. It is, as a rule, a three-day event, accompanied by the performance of various rituals, traditional songs, skits, etc. The skin of the killed bear is “planted” in the corner of the tent and accepted as a person. In front of the skin are all kinds of treats, gifts in the form of some kind of fakes, fabrics, etc. The ritual itself represents the accompaniment of the spirit of the bear to the other world, the giving of honors.
2) Buryat ritual of initiation or improvement of the “qualification” of a shaman, ritual. In the Buryat system of shamanism there were nine “classes”, nine levels of shaman. With the performance of any rituals or assistance to a “full-fledged” shaman, the level rose. We saw two types of ritual - men and women.
The woman shaman was possessed by the spirit of an old man, and she drove him out. The “examinee” was nearby and either wrote down the shaman’s various actions (a reminder for herself for the future), or helped her with something.
The second rite is the man’s ritual. First, the man was dressed in large, bulky clothes, a special suit made from animal skins (deer, bear, etc.). In addition to the well-known shamanic songs with a tambourine, during the ritual a ram was slaughtered and a grove of sacred young birch trees was burned.
3) “Fly agaric dances” of the Koryaks. After eating dried fly agarics, people have an intoxicating effect and they dance and sing. The fly agaric was divided into two parts and given to two people to eat, so that while in the astral world they would not get lost alone.
4) Joint prayer of several shamans. It is carried out among the Khanty, Yakuts, etc.
5) Koryak Baptists - songs with a tambourine and guitar.
6) Ysyakh is the holiday of the beginning of summer. "Schedule" of the holiday:
1) Since summer is the most favorable time for cattle breeders, the cattle are blessed and washed so that they do not “let down” the owner in the coming summer. The shaman also blessed the common people so that they would not have problems.
2) Traditional Yakut games.
3) Horse racing.
4) Sports competitions. For example, traditional wrestling and standing jumping are carried out, which the Yakuts love and adore so much.
5) Circular dances (in other words, round dances), such as “hedye” and “osuokhai”, which are a reference to the ancient solar cult, the cult of the Sun.
6) Ysyakh ends with the drinking of blessed kumis from special horses, which were also blessed by the shaman.
We can conclude that these traditions came to us from ancient times, when a person endowed all surrounding objects with a soul. It is this fact, for example, that causes the “bear holiday”. The endowment of souls to animals and nature as a whole led to unity with it. Shamans are nothing other than guides in the world of souls. Therefore, the clothing of shamans consists mainly of animal “elements”.
Later, I read the book “Living Antiquity. Everyday life and holidays of the Siberian village." Author – N.A. Minenko.
To protect themselves from the evil spirits, the newlywed couple hired a special sorcerer who inspected the road from the house to the church and back. If he notices a suspicious piece of wood, he will take it, whisper something, spit on it and throw it over his shoulder. And so, literally, with every stone. With almost the same ceremony, the sorcerer leads the newlyweds into the hut and even places them on the wedding bed. In many places this tradition has been abandoned, but where the people are wilder, all this has remained in its primitive form to this day. As you can see, secular and spiritual life were closely intertwined with each other.
In the middle of the 19th century, the main rite of treatment was called “puffing,” which meant “to treat by whispering and injecting water.” Water was taken from three specific rivers (different in each case), whispered directly and poured over the patient on the threshold of his house. The threshold also appears in descriptions of the massage procedure. Western Siberian peasants called this “cutting the vityun.” The patient was not supposed to eat or drink for a whole day, then he was placed “with his belly across the threshold, a golik was placed on his bare lower back and they chopped at it with a blunt ax, and the patient said: Rub, chop, grandfather.” “Vityun cutting” was also known in Altai; local residents also attached great importance to the chicken roost: the patient was often doused with cold water “in the barn, under the chicken saddle.”
They also attached great importance to the healing country air. Here is an example of treatment for sore throat. At the evening dawn, the patient goes out into the open air and says: “Morning dawn of Marey, evening dawn of Maremyan, take the toad from me, if you don’t take it, I’ll eat the pine, birch with roots and branches,” opens his mouth, takes in air and says: “Bad, boor.” , I’ll eat.”
For water, rub the entire body in a bathhouse with salted cucumbers cut crosswise.
For the evil eye, they take water into a ladle, lower hot coals from the oven, whisper over the water, sprinkle it and give it to the evil eye to drink.
There were a number of rituals regarding the sickness of children. When a child began to suffer from the “English disease” (the locals called it “dog old age”), they made a large ring out of wheat dough, coated the patient with sour cream and, having inserted the child into this ring three times in the bathhouse, they brought in a dog, which eats the ring and licks off the sour cream. from the patient.
If a child screamed often, it was believed that “damage” had been sent to him, and at night, when everyone was sleeping, one of the adults would go out and, turning to the dawn, say the following: “Zorya-zarnitsa, red maiden, take the cry of the servant of God ( child's name)". Or in the evening, one of the adults went to the cellar, stood over the pit and repeated up to three times: “Gray Kochetok, motley Kochetok, red Kochetok, take the cry of the servant of God (name of the child).”
If the child suffered from “gnawing” or “cutting,” they went into the forest with him, found a young oak tree, cut it at the root, and then, a man and a woman, standing on opposite sides of the tree, pushed the child into the crack up to three times. Then the oak tree was tied, and if it grew together, this was understood as a guarantee of recovery. This method of treatment is called “passing through the oak”.
In addition to illnesses, the peasants, of course, also had some entertainment programs. We organized “parties” both in the evening and during the day with one of the participants. Sometimes they agreed with one of the lonely old women that she would “let the evening go” for the whole season.
There was also a ritual of invitation to these evenings. Some dashing fellow harnessed a horse to a sleigh, sat down and rode around the entire village singing and playing the harmonica.
During the evening there were often no treats and the whole time was spent singing, dancing and dancing to the tambourine, violin, guitar or harmonica. Also, some songs were accompanied by skits, which, as a rule, were based on the lyrics of the song.
There was another type of “evening” - gatherings or gazebos, to which only girls were allowed. Here the girls “chat about this and that, tell the news, gossip with their friends and most of their absent acquaintances.”
Particularly in Siberia they valued hospitality and cordiality, generosity and respect for the guest. Over time, this turned into a tradition. The norms for “guest visiting” were as follows. Firstly, guests were agreed upon in advance; sometimes the circle of guests was determined for the entire winter, which indicates the organization and orderliness of life over time. Secondly, there was a certain ceremony for receiving guests. Particularly honored guests were greeted on the street, in front of the gate or at the porch. The guest, approaching the house, was obliged to give a sign to the owner with a beetle ring on the gate. Everyone bowed to each other. The men took off their hats, shook hands, bowed to the women, and invited: “You are welcome, have a chat...” The guest was supposed to be moderate in food and drink, not to be arrogant, and to thank for the treat. It was customary for guests to come with “goodies” for children, and guests had to be presented with gifts in return - “goodies.” The gifted item was not discussed; gifts were given in return.
According to researchers from different regions, the indigenous peoples of Siberia settled in this territory in the Late Paleolithic era. It was this time that was characterized by the greatest development of hunting as a trade.
Today, most of the tribes and nationalities of this region are small in number and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with such an area of the geography of our Motherland as the peoples of Siberia. Photos of representatives, features of language and farming will be given in the article.
By understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the versatility of peoples and, perhaps, awaken in readers an interest in travel and unusual experiences.
Ethnogenesis
Almost throughout the entire territory of Siberia, the Mongoloid type of person is represented. It is considered to be its homeland. After the glacier began to retreat, people with precisely these facial features populated the region. In that era, cattle breeding had not yet been developed to a significant extent, so hunting became the main occupation of the population.
If we study the map of Siberia, we will see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tungusic, Mongolian and Turkic languages on the one hand - and Ugro-Samoyeds on the other.
Social and economic features
Before the development of this region by the Russians, the peoples of Siberia and the Far East basically had a similar way of life. Firstly, tribal relations were common. Traditions were kept within individual settlements, and they tried not to spread marriages outside the tribe.
Classes were divided depending on the place of residence. If there was a large waterway nearby, then there were often settlements of sedentary fishermen, where agriculture began. The main population was engaged exclusively in cattle breeding; for example, reindeer herding was very common.
These animals are convenient to breed not only because of their meat and unpretentiousness to food, but also because of their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed peoples such as the Evenks to be good riders and warriors in comfortable clothes.
After the arrival of firearms in these territories, the way of life changed significantly.
Spiritual sphere of life
The ancient peoples of Siberia still remain adherents of shamanism. Although it has undergone various changes over many centuries, it has not lost its strength. The Buryats, for example, first added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.
Most of the remaining tribes were formally baptized in the period after the eighteenth century. But this is all official data. If we drive through the villages and settlements where the small peoples of Siberia live, we will see a completely different picture. The majority adhere to the centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovations, the rest combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.
These facets of life are especially evident on national holidays, when attributes of different beliefs meet. They intertwine and create a unique pattern of the authentic culture of a particular tribe.
Aleuts
They call themselves Unangans, and their neighbors (Eskimos) - Alakshak. The total number barely reaches twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the northern United States and Canada.
Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. True, there are two points of view on their origin. Some consider them to be an independent ethnic entity, others - that they separated from the Eskimos.
Before this people became acquainted with the Orthodoxy they adhere to today, the Aleuts practiced a mixture of shamanism and animism. The main shamanic costume was in the form of a bird, and the spirits of various elements and phenomena were represented by wooden masks.
Today they worship a single god, who in their language is called Agugum and represents complete compliance with all the canons of Christianity.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, as we will see later, many small peoples of Siberia are represented, but these live only in one settlement - the village of Nikolskoye.
Itelmens
The self-name comes from the word “itenmen”, which means “a person who lives here”, local, in other words.
You can meet them in the west and in the Magadan region. The total number is just over three thousand people, according to the 2002 census.
In appearance they are closer to the Pacific type, but still have clear features of the northern Mongoloids.
The original religion was animism and fetishism; the Raven was considered the ancestor. The Itelmen customarily bury their dead according to the ritual of “air burial.” The deceased is suspended until decay in a tree house or placed on a special platform. Not only the peoples of Eastern Siberia can boast of this tradition; in ancient times it was widespread even in the Caucasus and North America.
The most common livelihood is fishing and hunting coastal mammals such as seals. In addition, gathering is widespread.
Kamchadal
Not all peoples of Siberia and the Far East are aborigines; an example of this would be the Kamchadals. Actually, this is not an independent nationality, but a mixture of Russian settlers with local tribes.
Their language is Russian mixed with local dialects. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Siberia. These include Kamchatka, Chukotka, the Magadan region, and the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
Judging by the census, their total number fluctuates around two and a half thousand people.
Actually, the Kamchadals as such appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and traders intensively established contacts with the locals, some of them entered into marriages with Itelmen women and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.
Thus, the descendants of precisely these intertribal unions bear the name of Kamchadals today.
Koryaks
If you start listing the peoples of Siberia, the Koryaks will not take the last place on the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.
In fact, this is not a single people, but several tribes. They call themselves namylan or chavchuven. Judging by the census, today their number is about nine thousand people.
Kamchatka, Chukotka and the Magadan region are the territories where representatives of these tribes live.
If we classify them based on their lifestyle, they are divided into coastal and tundra.
The first ones are nymylans. They speak the Alyutor language and are engaged in marine crafts - fishing and seal hunting. The Kereks are close to them in culture and way of life. This people is characterized by a sedentary life.
The second are the Chavchiv nomads (reindeer herders). Their language is Koryak. They live in Penzhinskaya Bay, Taygonos and surrounding areas.
A characteristic feature that distinguishes the Koryaks, like some other peoples of Siberia, are the yarangas. These are mobile cone-shaped dwellings made of skins.
Muncie
If we talk about the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, we cannot fail to mention the Ural-Yukaghir people. The most prominent representatives of this group are the Mansi.
The self-name of this people is “Mendsy” or “Voguls”. "Mansi" means "man" in their language.
This group was formed as a result of the assimilation of the Ural and Ugric tribes during the Neolithic era. The first were sedentary hunters, the second were nomadic cattle breeders. This duality of culture and farming continues to this day.
The very first contacts with their western neighbors were in the eleventh century. At this time, the Mansi get acquainted with the Komi and Novgorodians. After joining Russia, colonization policies intensified. By the end of the seventeenth century they were pushed to the northeast, and in the eighteenth they formally adopted Christianity.
Today there are two phratries in this people. The first is called Por, considers the Bear to be its ancestor, and its basis is made up of the Urals. The second is called Mos, its founder is the woman Kaltashch, and the majority in this phratry belongs to the Ugrians.
A characteristic feature is that only cross-marriages between phratries are recognized. Only some indigenous peoples of Western Siberia have such a tradition.
Nanai people
In ancient times they were known as golds, and one of the most famous representatives of this people was Dersu Uzala.
Judging by the population census, there are a little more than twenty thousand of them. They live along the Amur in the Russian Federation and China. Language - Nanai. In Russia the Cyrillic alphabet is used, in China the language is unwritten.
These peoples of Siberia became known thanks to Khabarov, who explored this region in the seventeenth century. Some scientists consider them to be the ancestors of settled farmers, the Duchers. But most are inclined to believe that the Nanai simply came to these lands.
In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of borders along the Amur River, many representatives of this people found themselves overnight as citizens of two states.
Nenets
When listing peoples, it is impossible not to stop at the Nenets. This word, like many of the names of the tribes in these territories, means “man.” Judging by the data of the All-Russian Population Census, more than forty thousand people live from Taimyr to them. Thus, it turns out that the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.
They are divided into two groups. The first is tundra, whose representatives are the majority, the second is forest (there are few of them left). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one will not understand the other.
Like all the peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets have features of both Mongoloids and Caucasians. Moreover, the closer to the east, the fewer European signs remain.
The basis of the economy of this people is reindeer herding and, to a small extent, fishing. The main dish is corned beef, but the cuisine is replete with raw meat from cows and deer. Thanks to the vitamins contained in the blood, the Nenets do not suffer from scurvy, but such exoticism is rarely to the taste of guests and tourists.
Chukchi
If we think about what kind of people lived in Siberia, and approach this issue from an anthropological point of view, we will see several ways of settlement. Some tribes came from Central Asia, others from the northern islands and Alaska. Only a small fraction are local residents.
The Chukchi, or Luoravetlan, as they call themselves, are similar in appearance to the Itelmen and Eskimos and have facial features like those. This leads to speculation about their origin.
They met the Russians in the seventeenth century and fought a bloody war for more than a hundred years. As a result, they were pushed back beyond the Kolyma.
The Anyui fortress, where the garrison moved after the fall of the Anadyr fort, became an important trading point. The fair in this stronghold had a turnover of hundreds of thousands of rubles.
A richer group of Chukchi - the Chauchu (reindeer herders) - brought skins here for sale. The second part of the population was called ankalyn (dog breeders), they roamed in the north of Chukotka and led a simpler economy.
Eskimos
The self-name of this people is Inuit, and the word “Eskimo” means “one who eats raw fish.” That's what their neighbors called them - the American Indians.
Researchers identify this people as a special “Arctic” race. They are very adapted to life in this territory and inhabit the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.
Judging by the 2002 population census, their number in the Russian Federation is only about two thousand. The main part lives in Canada and Alaska.
The Inuit religion is animism, and tambourines are a sacred relic in every family.
For lovers of exotic things, it will be interesting to learn about igunak. This is a special dish that is deadly for anyone who has not eaten it since childhood. In fact, this is the rotting meat of a killed deer or walrus (seal), which was kept under a gravel press for several months.
Thus, in this article we studied some of the peoples of Siberia. We got acquainted with their real names, peculiarities of beliefs, farming and culture.
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Buryat customs, rituals and traditions Many beliefs and prohibitions have common roots of Central Asian origin, therefore they are the same among the Mongols and Buryats. These include the developed cult of obo, the cult of mountains, and the worship of the Eternal Blue Sky (Huhe Munhe Tengri). You must stop near the obo and respectfully present gifts to the spirits. If you don’t stop at the obo and don’t make a sacrifice, there will be no luck. According to the belief of the Evenks and Buryats, every mountain, valley, river, lake has its own spirit. A person without spirits is nothing. It is necessary to appease the spirits that are everywhere so that they do not harm and provide assistance. The Buryats have a custom of “sprinkling” milk or alcoholic drinks to the spirits of the area. “Splash” with the ring finger of the left hand: lightly touch the alcohol and splash it in the four cardinal directions, sky and earth.
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One of the main traditions is the sacred veneration of nature. You can't harm nature. Catching or killing young birds. Cut down young trees. You cannot throw garbage or spit into the sacred waters of Lake Baikal. You cannot wash dirty clothes at the Arshana water source. You cannot break, dig up, touch the serge - hitching post, or light a fire nearby. One should not desecrate a sacred place with bad actions, thoughts or words. One of the main traditions is the sacred veneration of nature. You can't harm nature. Catching or killing young birds. Cut down young trees. You cannot throw garbage or spit into the sacred waters of Lake Baikal. You cannot wash dirty clothes at the Arshana water source. You cannot break, dig up, touch the serge - hitching post, or light a fire nearby. One should not desecrate a sacred place with bad actions, thoughts or words.
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References: http://forum.masterforex-v.org/index.php?showtopic=15539 http://www.iodb.irkutsk.ru/docs/publishing/evenki.html http://google.ru
Scientific director
Customs and traditions are external elements of the culture of any people, including Russians. Customs, traditions, rituals are similar to each other, but still they have differences. Custom prescribes more detailed behavior and actions for a person in specific situations. For example, the most common custom is to shake hands when meeting close friends or relatives. However, there are also harmful customs, for example, treating each other to alcohol when meeting relatives, friends, and acquaintances.
Every folk holiday in Russia is accompanied by customs and songs. Their origin, content and purpose differ from church celebrations.
There are different types of customs. Residential areas in Old Rus' were city, suburb, posad, settlement, graveyard, village, seltso, pochinok. This was already at a time when a strong settled life for the Russian people had formed. But much earlier, as the author of the book “Life of the Russian People” (1848) says, the Slavs, and then our Russians, lived disorderly: fearing daily raids, the defenseless, without a state structure, had to defend themselves all together, and each individually .
Since ancient times, Russian settlements arose along the banks of rivers, streams, lakes, along postal routes connecting large trade and craft cities, in the center of arable and hayfields. Villages, as a rule, were located close to each other.
Peasant huts were built in one or two rows, along a road, river or lake, closely huddled together. The village does not have a clear layout. They said about such villages: “The devil carried her in a sieve, and he was crushed.” Villages and hamlets were surrounded by fences, the entrance gates of which were always closed at night.
The interior of the hut was distinguished by its simplicity and expedient placement of the objects included in it. The main space of the hut was occupied by the oven, which in most of Russia is located at the entrance, to the right or left of the door. The table always stood in the corner, diagonally from the stove. Above it was a shrine with icons. In the back of the hut, from the stove to the side wall, under the ceiling, there was a wooden flooring - a floor. The entire fixed furnishings of the hut were built by carpenters along with the house and were called a mansion outfit. The front corner with the shrine and the table was considered the clean, front half of the hut, the space near the stove was the stove corner, and the middle of the hut was the workplace.
Customs in home economics
In their patriarchal simplicity, our ancestors were content with very little. Half-raw food, meat, roots and skins of wild and domestic animals fully satisfied their modest needs. When kvass first became one of the Russian drinks is impossible to establish today. Of the dishes prepared from dough, pies take first place. All Russian pies in the old days usually had an oblong shape and varied in size.
Customs in clothing
Ancient Russian clothing appears, at first glance, to be complex and varied. But taking a closer look at its parts, it is easy to recognize similarities in many names. The fabrics from which the peasants made clothes were produced on their farm from wool, hemp and flax. Festive clothes in the Lower Angara region were made from thin linen canvas. Sheep wool was used for woolen fabrics, cloth, and dog hair was spun in small quantities (for knitting). Shoes, socks, and mittens for special purposes were woven from horsehair for fishermen and hunters, since Siberia has harsh winters. Various animal furs were widely used for sewing outerwear and shoes.
Daba is an imported paper fabric that was widely used in household use.
The traditional set of women's clothing in the Angara region and in villages located along the Yenisei consists of a shirt, skirt or sundress and a padded jacket put on top.
The shirt was made composite. The terminology is very stable: the main part was sewn from dense material. The sleeves were made of thinner material - linen canvas. The gate was assembled into an assembly. The sundress was worn in two versions: with a cut-out waist and with a bodice cut to fit the figure with straps.
The skirt is an ancient component of the costume. They were sewn from homemade cloth or half-woolen fabric.
Sushun (shushun) is a short jacket made of silk or paper fabric, lined, with sleeves tapered towards the bottom.
Kabat is a tunic-like garment with a round neckline, sewn from thin linen hosta. Men also wore cabatkas. In Siberia, this clothing was not only work, but also festive.
Russian peasants in Eastern Siberia in the old days did not wear pants and trousers.
Home life image
The Slavs have always respected their elders. The head of the family was the ancestor or father. Wife, children, relatives and servants obeyed this head without question. The generosity of the Slavs was known even to their enemies, because the enemies could find shelter, protection and bread - salt in the home of every Slav. Our ancestors were distinguished by sobriety, moderation, and respect for elders, and therefore there was general agreement and love. In addition, they were distinguished by longevity, health and cheerfulness. The simple, impeccably honest people left traces of their good nature, talkativeness and hospitality.
Dining custom
At noon it was time for lunch. Single shopkeepers, guys from the common people, serfs, and visitors to the cities filled the taverns; homely people sat down at the table at home or at friends' houses.
Baths
Russians went to the bathhouse very often. This was considered the first need of Russian home life. Quite dirty for the most part. The custom of washing brought pleasure and pleasure, and was also associated with many religious rules.
Games of the Russian people
The fun of our people, a reflection of their true and genuine fun, cannot be described otherwise than in unity with the actual picture of their life.
Winter games for the most part have their prototypes in some summer games; but at the same time, some of them are played primarily in the snow and among people, and have so much in their character that is special and original: snowballs, a fortress, a giant, pieces of ice, etc.
The richest cultural heritage is rooted in the very depths of centuries, in the everyday experience of creative work and wise, respectful development of the surrounding nature.
This is how a special way of people’s life was formed, closely connected with the annual cycles of renewal and extinction of nature. Another living evidence of the richness of the everyday culture of the Russian people is their customs and holidays, as well as church rites and sacraments. Traditional clothing of Siberians is not only a bright Siberian element, but also an example of various types of decorative creativity.
Analyzing the types of customs, we came to the conclusion that the customs of ancient peoples have survived to this day. The cultural heritage of the Siberian people, accumulated over centuries, is great and diverse, and although time has not spared much, what has been preserved still allows one to judge the high artistic significance of the products.
Bibliography
1. Customs and rituals of the Russian people. From christenings to funerals. Comp. I.A. Pankeev.-M.: Olympus: Astrel: AST, 2008.-P.105.
2. Native antiquity. Russian history in stories and pictures with drawings in the text. Comp. V.D. Sipovsky. St. Petersburg: D. Poluboyarinova, 1910.-P.90.
3. Russian people: Its customs, legends, rituals.-M.: EKSMO, 2003.-P.50.
4. Encyclopedia of holidays. Comp. N.V. Chudakova.-M.:AST.1997.-P.20.
5. I explore the world. Russian people: traditions and customs. encycl. ;thin. .-M.:AST:Aristel:207.-383.P.5-20.
Peoples of Siberia:
national traditions
Siberia is a huge territory in Russia. It stretches from the Ural Mountains to the ridges of the Pacific coast. People of various nationalities live in Siberia: Russians, Buryats, Yakuts, Tatars, Khakass, Khanty, Evenks and many other peoples...
Peoples and occupations
In total, about 36 indigenous peoples live in Siberia. In the north are the Dolgan and Enets reindeer herders, in the west are the Khanty and Mansi fishermen, Selkup hunters and Nenets reindeer herders, in the east are the Evenks and Evens reindeer herders and hunters. The peoples of southern Siberia have long been engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. In the center of Siberia there is a huge territory - Yakutia - the homeland of northern horse breeders. Since the 17th century, Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and other so-called great peoples of Russia began to develop Siberian lands.
Oral traditions
The indigenous peoples of Siberia did not have a written language. Everything they wanted to convey was told orally. They listened to fairy tales, legends, songs, instructive and funny stories in the evenings, gathered in one house or tent. Even in ordinary life it was customary to speak beautifully and figuratively. Evenk can express himself about the dawn like this: “The morning star has died,” and about the rain: “The sky is shedding tears.” The Yakuts, who live on permafrost, have dozens of words for snow.
What do you need to live?
Harsh conditions forced the inhabitants of northern Siberia to come up with warm clothing made from reindeer fur - malitsa. It is embroidered with beautiful patterns.
Horse breeders sew clothes with wide hems. Sea hunters are waterproof capes made from animal intestines. Some peoples had cloaks and hats made from bird skins. Nowadays such outfits can only be seen in museums. But the inhabitants of the North still use yarangas and chums. But today modern technologies are combined with these ancient traditions: in the tent you can see a satellite TV, and a reindeer herder navigates the tundra using a GPS navigator.
It is difficult for a small people living surrounded by a large one to preserve their traditions. To protect the endangered cultures of these regions, special schools were created where children are taught not only in Russian, but also in local dialects.
Magic
People of different faiths live in Siberia, but each nation has preserved rituals and holidays of those times when they still believed in many gods and spirits. Spirits lived everywhere: in trees, stones, lakes and even in toys. A person who could speak with spirits - a shaman (or kam) - was especially revered. He beat the tambourine, called upon the spirits and negotiated with them about health, luck, and good weather. And now in the remote corners of Siberia you can find a hereditary shaman who heals or predicts the future with the help of otherworldly forces.
Traditional cuisine
A dish made from grains - talkan - was known to many nomadic peoples. In Altai they still eat it. To prepare a tasty and very healthy talkan, you need to fry sprouted grains of barley or wheat in a frying pan, grind in a mortar or grind in a coffee grinder and cook porridge from the resulting flour. Or you can mix flour with honey to make challah.
Folklore
Tuvan songs are the pride of all Russia. They are performed by throat singing. The singer simultaneously sings with two or even three voices. In heroic tales there are stories about ancient heroes who could sing like a thousand people.
What different peoples inhabit Russia! But they are all united into a single family by a common homeland, mutual respect and friendship.
