And Arab Berber 4 letters. The most mysterious people

This is not a choir of Kuban Cossack women, but a performance of Berber women at a festival in Kabylie (Kabylie is an area in North Africa at the junction of Libya, Algeria and Tunisia, the so-called “Berber triangle”)

Original taken from greenyislon in THE MYSTERIOUS BERBERS (MOROCCO, PART II)

I was not able to take enough photos, so I used, in addition to my own, some wonderful photos from the sites that are listed under the photos. I express my gratitude to the authors of the photographs, as well as the authors of articles about the Berbers, whose thoughts- I was especially pleased with this - my friends confirmed speculation. But I want to note that I do not agree with all the ideas expressed on these sites.

The main inhabitants of Morocco are not Arabs - Berbers! Nobody knows when they came to northern Africa and from where. But this happened many hundreds of years before the Arabs conquered these lands and even before the arrival of the Phoenicians.

Most Berbers today live in the mountains. There are many Berber villages. Houses made of stacked red local stone or mud huts made of the same color clay are sometimes hidden in the greenery of river valleys, sometimes climbing the slopes of mountains.

To make it more interesting, turn on the music and read:

Would the Berber ancestors continue to live in that a long time ago calmly and happily, if not for the Phoenicians. They invaded and founded cities for the sake of the slave trade, supposedly bringing civilization. But in fact, they simply established the slave trade and created the largest Middle Sea slave markets.

Most people in the world today believe that all indigenous people of Africa are blacks. But from time immemorial, blacks have inhabited Africa south of the desert. They did not cross the desert; they believed that evil spirits - devils - lived in it. And the blacks' devils... are white and blue-eyed!

By the way, so that you, dear readers, are not mistaken, I will tell you by secret what to me by secret local blacks told me back in Tanzania. It turns out that in their hearts they consider white people... dirty! After all, all the dirt is visible on white skin! And the skin itself is unpleasant: covered in moles, some strange spots, scribbled and wrinkled. Whether it's black leather! Smooth, clean, almost velvety - no flaws or even moles are visible on it. Not to mention warts.

By the way, there are still many light-eyed people among the Berbers. Was it not like them that the ancient ancestors of today’s blacks considered devils?

easycooks.livejournal.com

The original name of this mysterious people is not “Berbers”. The Egyptians first called them “the people of the slave” - “worshipers of the sun.” “Rabu” was also pronounced “rebu.” Among the Greeks, who loved to make all words easier, “rebu” turned into “leba”, then into “liba” and, finally, into “lives” (“r” and “l” often alternate when moving from one language to another). And soon the Greeks called all of Africa Libya. They did not even suspect that in addition to the Livs, thousands of other tribes and peoples lived beyond the Sahara.

The Greeks also tried to subjugate the Livs. They partially succeeded. They even put three cities- policy, and they called this community of policies Tripoli.

By the way, Gaddafi, the undisputed ruler of Libya for many years, was born into an Arabized Berber Bedouin tribe. True, Arab blood also flowed in him. Interestingly, in the Berber-Arabic language, “Gaddafi” means something like “defiled, insulted”!

I am sure that the Berbers settled the lands of North Africa from Europe. According to some researchers, many words in one of the Berber dialects coincide with Old Church Slavonic. I think the term “Old Church Slavonic” is incorrect in this case. It would be more correct to say - with Proto-Slavic languages. There were many Proto-Slavic peoples in Europe, and they populated almost most mainland. And they were farmers too!

There is a term "Indo-European languages". Scientists classify the Berber language as Semitic-Hamitic. Of course, the languages ​​of neighboring peoples are mixed, and the Semitic influence on the Berbers is centuries-old. But the basis of the language, if it is cleared of the “make-up” of numerous conquerors, I think, will not be Semitic!

forum.dpni.org

In Arabic written sources Much has been written about the treachery of the Berbers, about their cruelty, about the fact that they cannot be trusted, that they are uneducated, wild...

The same words about the Berbers are also in Phoenician sources.

Why did the Phoenicians and Arabs write about the Berbers like this without talking to each other? Moreover, in different time? Because both of them sought to conquer and enslave them. The people you want to subjugate must first be declared second-class, incapable of anything except being slaves.

Today they are trying to impose exactly the same opinion on the whole world about all Slavs - “ Not civilah"Western" civilians».

In fact, the Berbers simply did not fit their concepts of honor and dignity into the “noble” hypocrisy of the merchant conquerors.

The Phoenicians managed to enslave the Berbers by force not only of weapons, but also of money, and the Arabs subjugated them... by religion!

The first royal dynasties of the Maghreb are Berber. Then the Berbers converted to Islam, gradually began to forget their glorious past and began to believe in their second-class status.

Is it possible to call the Berber woman... Edith Piaf, a savage, a representative of a second-class people, the favorite of all mankind?

http://today.shadrinsk.info/star-birthday/881/album/

The Greeks, Romans, Israelis, Phoenicians, Arabs - all described their deeds in detail, because they needed to justify themselves for the abominations that they inflicted on other peoples. Why did the Berbers need to describe the events of their lives? And what should I write about? About how their leader was bitten by a termite ant? Or how big a date ripened in a good year? It makes no sense - after all, the Guinness Book of Records did not exist at that time.

Indeed, how, from the point of view of a slave owner-“civilizer,” can one consider full-fledged farmers who get up at dawn, go to bed at nightfall, do not trade in slaves, do not organize gladiatorial fights... Those who have hardworking, obedient children; those who wash themselves with water from a river, and not from a fashionable aqueduct; finally, those who do not have an army, a unified government, brothels and... gays? But the worst thing is men loved only with women?! For the Romans, Greeks and Phoenicians this is - terrible horror! Barbaric primitive, it sucks!

Over time, the former Berber farmers truly became fierce and brave warriors. But the conquerors made them that way! The Berbers themselves would never have thought of trying to conquer Phenicia, Greece or Rome.

modern-women.ru

This possible migration of Berbers from Europe to North Africa is not surprising.

I saw the Strait of Gibraltar. From a distance, there was a feeling that you didn’t even need to swim across it - you could step over it. Surely someone in the lands of today's Spain or Portugal is tired of his wife, fed up with ugly children who don't want to learn anything and follow the plow, an idiot leader, scoundrel neighbors... He abandoned everything and ran away with his beloved woman to the opposite bank. And how many outcast criminals in history, who did not want to accept punishment for their crimes, always fled to the outskirts of their ancestral lands or beyond their borders? Finally, entire tribes left for wilder areas, where war and hostility between tribes had not yet reached.

tribal.su

Naturally, over hundreds of years, immigrants from Europe to the “New World” under the African sun quickly turned black. This is another very logical proof that in ancient times people from the north moved to the south, and not vice versa. After all, you go to the Black Sea for just a month and return with an almost Berber skin color. But I've never seen a Southerner who turned white from life in our north.

Well, where did white people come from otherwise? Came from Africa and turned into Swedes, Germans and Slavs? Did the cold winters make them so white? Or did they, like polar bears, have to change color in order to disguise themselves as ice hummocks?

Berbers, as well as pre-Slavs, were farmers, not traders. Lived your own labor, not taken away good. What is most important for a farmer? Peaceful life and a lot of sun for a good harvest! And therefore, the veneration of the gods of nature, and not the gods of war.

Why not our village children who grew up in garden beds, forest edges and highways?

miroland.com

Farmers and those whom we now call peasants have always dreamed of the opportunity to quietly work in their beds and fields. No wonder one of the Berber tribes calls itself “ free people».

This is most likely how the northern lands of Africa were populated from today’s Morocco to the Nile River several millennia BC. After all, the Berbers were already part of the population of powerful Egypt. There were even several Berber pharaohs in Egyptian history!

Anyone who wants to get acquainted with the mummies of the Berber pharaohs can see them on the website of any museum of antiquities. Whoever finds the differences between the mummies of Berber and non-Berber pharaohs... will win a Nobel Prize!

The brilliant commander Hannibal of Carthage also had Berber blood. In his army, which at one time made a sensation throughout Europe, there was an entire Berber cavalry corps. They fiercely hated the “civilizers” of the Romans, for which the Romans considered them treacherous.

Unlike African elephants and their drivers, the Berber cavalry suffered almost no losses when crossing the Alps. It was as if the ancestral memory of the frozen ancestral home had awakened. Cheer up and go into battle with the hated barbarian Romans! Yes Yes… Romans believed Berbers barbarians, and Berbers believed barbarians Romans! But Romans won history because guessed it describe all your deeds for posterity from my point of view!

There should have been a photo of Hannibal at this point, but I couldn't find it. If one of the excellent students of the Unified State Examination helps to find it on Wikipedia, the book will be given to me as a gift. With my and Hannibal's autograph.

Since the Liv Berbers were originally peace-loving farmers and not warlike traders, they were always ruled by someone. After the Phoenicians - the Romans. For a while the Greeks, then the Arabs. The latter brought with them the Muslim religion and converted the Berbers to Islam, just as the Slavs converted to Christianity in their time: forced into voluntary okay, that is, with fire and sword.

Today in Morocco, professions are divided by nationality. Berbers, as a rule, work; Arabs sell what the Berbers have produced. Yes, it is the Berbers who produce almost all agricultural products, work cheaply to produce any goods, including under the scorching Moroccan sun in the open poisonous dyeing rooms of tanneries, where they then produce kilometers of jackets, babushkas, ottomans...

Some scholars believe that the word "Berber" meant the same thing as "barbarian" in ancient times. The words really resonate.

I don't know if this is true or not.

But today's work of many Berbers is far from barbaric - it is slavish! For example, knead paint in vats with your feet.

The houses around the paintings are by no means ruins or homeless people - these are the same cool “brand” companies that make “Armani” jackets, “Gucci” ottomans and “Brioni” babushkas for the Arab markets.

The most reliable “truck” here is a donkey. Reliable, does not require gasoline and is submissive, just like its Berber owner. And his eyes are just as joyless, as if he understands that he is loaded with the skin of his murdered “relatives”. The donkey is a donkey, but his eyes are smart: “Does the same fate really await me?”

The rulers of Morocco do not want to excavate and study the history of the Berbers. Berbers should not know their past. They must work and obey the Arabs. From school they are taught that before the arrival of the Arabs they had no past: they lived in caves, like primitive people, half-beasts! There was no writing, there was no money, they didn’t believe in God... So it’s pointless to carry out excavations to study the history of the Berbers, and it’s also dangerous. You start excavating an ancient Berber settlement, and you find oil. What then? Again, expect a visit from the NATO crusaders with their only correct belief in “divine” democracy.

Unfortunately, the Berbers themselves are not interested in their pre-Arab past. And it’s dangerous to try to remember your past - the authorities will consider it dissent.

It’s better to quietly and calmly enjoy the calm village life in the cool mountains.

When historians are silent, dreamers come out of all the cracks. Some argue that the Berbers are descendants of the Atlanteans: it is not for nothing that the mountains in which they live are called Atlas. Others generally consider them to be aliens from other planets, sort of downshifters of the Universe.

But I would like to know the truth. After all, apart from the Maasai, the Berbers are the most mysterious people of all living on Earth.

But what impressed me most was that they were descendants of the Amazons. If we take into account that the official registration at the place of residence of the Amazons, their nest, was on the Tanais River, that is, on our Don, we again turn out to be the closest relatives. Such a fantasy did not appear out of nowhere. The fact is that even Herodotus in the 5th century BC described the conquest of the north of Libya by the Amazons.

By the way, you can believe the latter. It really looks like Amazons inherited in North Africa and gave the Berbers a contagious example of how women could fight on an equal basis with men. For example, in the battles against the Arabs, the Berbers also fought very well on the side of the Berbers. AND queens were among the Berbers! One of them terrified the Arabs so much that they, having decided to destroy its resistance, gathered an army a hundred times larger than the Berbers. What did the queen do by name Kahina? She ordered to destroy all cities, retreat, and burn all settlements so that the Arabs would not get anything. Well, definitely our Kutuzov! By the way, pay attention to her name - Kahina. Do you know what this means in ancient Berber? Darling! How can one not remember our Ukrainian - “ kohana»?

Queen Kahina

What should the conquerors write about the Berbers after this? From their point of view, of course, it is treachery to burn everything and leave nothing for them, the colonialists! This is how the French thought about the Russians in 1812.

Maybe ours are very good distant ancestors, and indeed, some fourth or fifth cousins great-Berbers? Otherwise, from what chromosomal bins do such Berbers come from today?

city-data.com

Berber peasants, like Slavic ones, are very hospitable. And when guests arrive, the table is bound to be bursting with food. Like the Slavs, they love all kinds of pastries, sweets... Only instead of caviar spread on hard-boiled eggs, there are fruits and a lot of fresh vegetables. They, like the Europeans, are not limited to sandwiches the size of a newborn goat’s hoof, for which the fork is too big and which can only be placed on a toothpick.

And the products are fresher than in the vaunted Europe. Their apples cannot be admired like European ones - they are not for sale, but to be eaten. Ugly, but juicy. It is difficult for Berbers to explain what the expression “fresh frozen fish” means. For them it is as incredible as a sunset sunrise.

Many people don't have refrigerators. The host who received us famously said: “Products that spoil should be thrown away! And those that don’t spoil, don’t need to… buy!”

How much the life of the ancient Berbers and the Proto-Slavs has in common!

They are related by the same tools of labor, love for their native land, for their beds, for plots of six acres and... worship of women!

Today's North Africans, like most of us, have lost knowledge of their deep history, of sorts. Only here and there native music has been preserved. And on holidays, in local village squares, short, playful songs are sung, very similar to our ditties. They also improvise, composing them on the go, and also have fun and laugh. And at night they sing to the children... Berber lullabies!

And just like our Old Believers and Old Believers peasants, they have retained a respectful attitude towards a woman-wife, a woman-mother and even a woman... mother-in-law! More than among other tribes, these traditions are alive in such a Berber tribe as the Tuaregs. The ancestors of the Tuareg left all kinds of conquerors to the hottest “nooks and crannies” of the Sahara and hid there in cool dugout houses. These Tuareg Berbers were also called troglodytes. The word "troglodytes" meant " underground inhabitants" Among the Berber-troglodyte-Tuaregs, the woman is still the head of the family. Until recently, the groom after the wedding moved... to the bride's house. Moreover, young men after 18 years of age were required to put on their faces... no, no, not a burqa, but a veil! Why, I don’t know. Maybe so that the stranger does not jinx the entire family? Or maybe, on the contrary, so that he would not be jinxed by those who did not recognize strangers?
en.wikipedia.org

proafriku.ru

If a man died in battle, then the widow and children returned to her family, and did not remain to live with her father-in-law and mother-in-law. This is pretty smart in my opinion.

In the old days, women were the guardians of writing and the secrets of carpet patterns.

It is especially impressive that the leader's mother could impose veto to any of his decisions, if she doesn’t like it. (Something like this today, any decision of the President of Latvia may be subject to veto American Ambassador).

I repeat once again: the Berbers never called themselves Berbers. The self-name of one of their tribes is matmata. It is not difficult to guess that the word " mother"among the Proto-Slavs and many other peoples meant the ancestor. Mom! The most terrible disgrace for a family was considered to be an insult to a woman, mother, ancestor.

Remember how Zidane responded to his mother’s insult right on the football field during a match? Headbutted the offender in the stomach! Then the whole world wondered where such manners came from? Do you know what Zidane's nationality is? Berber! Berbers do not forgive anyone for insults of their kind. Especially the insult to the mother. Mother, as for the Slavs in ancient times, and for the Berbers, is a holy woman. By the way, Berbers deny polygamy.

Why did he hit his head in the stomach? Apparently, some Berber traditions are still alive: for insulting a mother - a running headbutt in the stomach!

Here he is - the favorite of all mankind! He played for his team and the national team with dignity and left the sport with his head held high, with which he punished the offender of his kind! And, without hesitation, in front of millions of TV viewers!

The Berbers, like the Proto-Slavs, are mystics. It is interesting that the Tuaregs often feature a cross motif in their visual arts. This gave rise to some fictional historians to suggest that the Tuaregs are the descendants of the Crusaders who settled in North Africa after the defeat.

The history of today's Berbers, fantasized by semi-scientists, as descendants of the Crusaders, did not surprise me, because back in Kenya I was told that the Maasai are the illegitimate descendants of Alexander the Great and his friends.

Wow, even scientists have begun to glitch in our fashionable mystical times. Do scientists really not know that the cross is the oldest symbol of tribes and peoples who worshiped the sun? The sun warms earthly world on all four sides (!) - this is what the cross meant many thousands of years before Christianity. However, today ask a Tuareg troglodyte or a dancer dressed in national costumes to explain what a cross means in an ornament of clothing or on a carpet? Finally, what is the symbol of a sign similar to the Slavic Kolovrat? They will just shrug their shoulders and best case scenario They will answer: “Well, just for beauty.”

And we, Slavs, also cannot decipher our ancient patterns. But ancient Russian ornaments are akin to writing. According to the jointing on wedding dress the bride could be understood what kind of woman she was and even read history of this kind.

The new Arab government, after the Berbers adopted Islam, forbade them to wear sacred tribal signs on their bodies. First of all, the cross. In addition to the cross, the Tuaregs also revered “ zero" Like our ancestors, it meant the Universe, life, the integrity of being.

Women painted their faces with these two amulets as if someone was playing tic-tac-toe on their faces.

The Berbers, naturally, obeyed the new demand of the “civilizing” colonialists and stopped painting their faces and wearing tribal jewelry. But in order to preserve them, they transferred them to ornaments in clothes and carpet patterns and sometimes allow themselves to remember the past for the sake of tourists and maintaining the “brand” of a mysterious people.

The Berbers not only did not recognize gold precious metal. They hated him! Their most sacred amulets were made of wood or silver. It was silver that the ancestors of the Berbers considered a noble metal. I believe they were right! The barbarian “civilizers” started all their wars over gold. Since traders began to rule the world, gold has turned into a karmically dangerous metal. Bloody! The Berbers and Proto-Slavs, who sensitively sensed the energies of nature, did not wear gold on their bodies - as if intuited that a gold necklace or brooch will worsen the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Unfortunately, today few people feel natural energies. Fashion and vanity have destroyed the intuition. Although since then, gold has become an even bloodier metal. I formulated the following sign for myself: the more gold jewelry a woman wears today, the more aggressively she asserts herself in life. And the cheaper it will be for anyone.

This Berber woman, dressed in bridal attire, does not even have a single golden beads. But so does the face. doesn't fuss! Why not a peasant woman from our distant Slavic past?

Unfortunately, some of the troglodytes in our time have surrendered to the world of consumption. They did not surrender to the conquerors, but they could not resist the dream of getting rich. We started trading and learned breed tourists. Built modern houses in cities. True, in the Sahara they retained their dugout dwellings like dachas, as well as for receiving tourists traveling for the sake of extreme light, for whom the very word “Berber” is already a brand. Isn’t it fun to return home and brag: “I spent the night with the troglodytes in the Sahara?”

While in Tunisia, anyone can go to the south of the country and stay in a Berber five star dugout or three-star cave. True, water will flow from the tap, like from a dropper in an intensive care unit, and the Berber service will correspond to the word “troglodytes.”

In such “dungeons” there are also expensive restaurants with super food! In them you can get some extravagant zebra hoof carpaccio, giraffe ear tartare, grilled cobra cheeks, and a salad of the tongues of the famous Atlas doves, served as a compliment from an Arabian chef in a shell the size of the ear of our northern squirrel. But the compliment is free!

And for a special fee, the local witch will tell you everything about your past life and, God forbid, predict the future with such an expression on her face.

The social life of the “civilizers” has finally reached the Saharan troglodytes. In my opinion, they now have not only glamorous restaurants in dugouts and cool hotels in caves, but also their own troglodyte models.

It's amazing how huge the people are, despite all their historical troubles, not only preserved itself, but also multiplied so much that standing anywhere in the Atlas Mountains, you can see up to a dozen Berber villages at once. And how many Berbers live today in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria!

In short, they don’t understand real art at all.

Maybe that’s why Berber children grow up as obedient helpers in Berber families, because the TV screen for them serves as a window into the world of mountains, sky and light! Berber TV - continuous live show in 5D format with three-dimensional image, with the smell of mountain flowers, birdsong and the sound of mountain rivers.

It may seem incredible to us to civilians, but children uncivilians-Berbers obey their parents! They are not rude to them, they do not interrupt them, and the gifts we give them are divided fairly, without noise, uproar and fights. As we would say “according to concepts”!

I'm not sure of my observation, but in my opinion, few of today's Arabs see these bright sides of Berber life. On the contrary, many people like to tell jokes about the stinginess of the Berbers, their stupidity, and lack of education.

Having learned that I was a comedian, my guide, who accompanied me to the Berber village, began to pour out jokes at the speed of a Russian cavalryman.

For example, before entering the village he warned that if a foreigner wants to sleep with a Berber woman, he must know that half of the local population has AIDS, and half has tuberculosis, so it is advisable to achieve intimacy only with those women who cough!

Of course, I giggled for the sake of decency. But in my heart, as a professional humorist, I considered the joke unfair to the Berbers.

Again I can’t resist comparison with the Slavs. The Proto-Slavs also suffered from the same “ civilizers" And the Slavs were driven into slavery and sold to Greece, Rome, the Phoenicians... " Civilians» smacked « Not civilians" And what is the result? Look at modern map! The Slavs settled throughout the continent, and those states that smacked, remained only in memories. Why? Because the Slavs remained faithful your land. Both Berbers and Slavs call the land... Mother! Russian heroes, when they wanted to gain strength, lay down on the ground. And they became invincible.

The only way to defeat a hero on his native land is by deception!

Hercules overcame the mythical ruler of Libya, Antaeus, precisely by cunning. First, he tore the hero away from his land. Deprived of power! And only then was he able to overcome. This is a parable, not a documentary description of events.

(Unfortunately, no photographs of Hercules or Antheus have survived either).

All “civilizers”-colonialists-democratizers are always for valor revered cunning. In order to enslave a people, they first had to tear it away from native land. Uproot! So today they are trying in every possible way to deprive the Slavs last bit of strength, transport to metropolitan cities, destroying folk basis- peasantry! Turn into chipped slaves, sick of low-frequency music, fussing in pursuit of virtual happiness!

Oh, how necessary it is for Western “Hercules” to tear the Slavs away from Mother Earth! However, it's not that simple!

No matter how much smacked Berber and Slavic farmers, they were still resurrected. Berbers and Slavs are Phoenix birds, which are reborn almost from the ashes every time!

Because both of them have a saving motto: “What we haven’t finished eating, we’ll finish it!”

Berbers (from Greek bsvbspj, lat. barbari; self-name Amazigh, amahag - “free man”; Kabyle Imazi?en) - the general name of the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa who converted to Islam in the 7th century from Egypt in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and from Sudan in the south to Mediterranean Sea in the north. Historically, they spoke various Berber languages, which are part of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Now they use Arabic. In the 7th century they were conquered by the Arabs and converted to Islam. For this reason, by religion they are mainly Sunni Muslims.

The name “Berbers,” given by Europeans by analogy with barbarians due to the incomprehensibility of their language, is unknown to most of the Berber peoples themselves (it is an exoethnonym). Among the numerous Berber peoples, four main ones can be distinguished:

1. The Amazirgi live in northern Morocco, on the extreme northwestern coastline of the mainland (the so-called Rif, from which its population, famous for their sea robberies, was known as the Reef pirates) and the northernmost part of the Atlas to the province of Tella.

2. The Shillu people in southern Morocco, occupy part of the large plain along Um er Rebia and Tenzift, part of the southern Atlas to its extreme branches on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

3. The Kabyles are a people in Algeria (of the Kabyles, Zinedine Zidane is the most famous).

4. Berbers of the Sahara, inhabiting deserts, live separated by vast spaces. The most famous of them: the Beni-Mezab people, or Mozabites, the Berbers inhabiting Hadam, Sokna (on the border of Fezzan), Audshila, Siwa, the Imosheg people, or Tuaregs.

The question of whether the Guanches, partly extinct and partly assimilated by the Spaniards, of the indigenous population of the Canary Islands, belongs to the Berbers remains controversial.

The ancestors of the Berbers, the Libyans who lived west of Egypt, are mentioned in ancient Egyptian inscriptions.

Nowadays, the number of Berbers, according to various estimates, ranges from twenty to fifty million people living in ten countries of the world: Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Niger, Mali, Spain, France. A significant number of Arabs living in North Africa also have Berber roots. According to some experts, Berber ancestry and ethnic Berbers collectively make up 80 percent of the population of Morocco and Algeria, more than 60 percent of the people of Tunisia and Libya, and more than 2 percent of the Egyptians. If we count only ethnic Berbers, then they are only 40-45 percent of Moroccans, 25-30 percent of Algerians, 5 percent of Tunisians, 10 percent of Libyans and 0.5 percent of Egyptians. The number of ethnic Berbers in Europe is about 2 million.

The reason for the disagreement in determining the current number of Berbers lies in the centuries-old Arabization of North Africa, which began in the 7th century. In the first centuries after the Arab conquest of the Maghreb, their number was incomparably small with the size of the local population. The Arabs lived predominantly in cities, while the entire countryside and especially the mountainous areas were entirely Berber. Islam slowly, until the 16th century, gained a strong position here, and only after that the rapid Arabization of the indigenous population began. Today, some experts argue that in reality Arab immigration to this region was insignificant and disproportionate compared to the amount local residents who today call themselves Arabs. However, over the past centuries, the prevailing views in the countries of North Africa were that the Arabs represented a kind of cultural elite, belonging to which opened up wide opportunities for career and prosperity. The “cultural” population of the cities of North Africa, entirely Arab or Arabized, was contrasted with the “backward” Berber population of the countryside. Of the main cities in North Africa today, only Marrakech in Morocco is populated predominantly by Berbers.

Almost up to recent years In the 20th century, Berbers were considered “second-class people,” natives requiring guardianship from the “cultural” majority, like the Indians of North America, the aborigines of Australia, the Laplanders of Norway, etc. Even in today’s Tunisia, the most Europeanized country of the Maghreb, the word “Berber” strongly associated with an illiterate peasant dressed in baggy traditional attire. There is, perhaps, only one sensible grain in all this: the Berbers are truly the aborigines of North Africa. The roots of this ancient people go back at least four thousand years, and over these centuries the Berbers have amazingly managed to preserve their culture, traditions and heritage.

That they seem to want this... that... to remain these... what's his name... Germans.

Interesting guys, these Germans! Smart and thrifty. They made not two, but one double gallows, adding Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel to the “mommy”. The citizens of Germany want to hang Sigmar because he called them names. He called them scum for their unwillingness to accept refugees in their country. For which he will be punished! Cruel and merciless! Hanged next to Merkel! On a toy gallows...

In short, it's all bullshit. Well, either 9 or 10 thousand protesters came out to demonstrate. And what? They shouted, splashed out negative thoughts and went home. Drink beer and eat their German folk sausages.

Who cares what these people think? Who listens to them? Long ago, with all their paws, they got stuck tightly in their cozy Eurotrap. They were seduced by tidbits of democratic values, and were stuck forever in a trap with all the comforts, having lost once and for all the freedom to choose.

And now that's all. The bait was eaten, it was time for lunch with the guys who set the snare. It’s too late to drink Borzhomchik, whatever Merkelikha says, they’ll do it like they’re cute. Previously, you had to become Germans.

Did “Mommy” say that Germany will accept a total of 1.5 million refugees in 2015? So it will be. Have you decided to allocate 670 Euros per month to each refugee? So be it. Did you come up with the idea of ​​providing housing for all displaced people? It will be this way and no other way!

A? What? Germans? What kind of Germans are they? Did you want to say something, dear compatriots? Well, talk, talk. Who will interfere with you? Democracy is in the yard! Just please keep your voice down. Keep yourself within limits. Play whatever you want. Eat, drink, while there is something to eat and drink.

Walk, breathe fresh air, go to demonstrations and imagine yourself as Germans, or whatever you want to imagine yourself to be tomorrow. The main thing is not to make too much noise and do not disturb adults from going about their business. Agreed?

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TUNISIAN BERBERS: A VIEW FROM INSIDE

T.I. Gerasimenko

First Tunisia is the most densely built-up well-groomed coastal strip of hotels and laid out tourist routes - a popular picture for tourists. This is the paradise you become immersed in when you stay at the hotel. Wonderful warm sea, white fine sand, which is even exported to the Cote d'Azur in France, wonderful excursion program, where first of all you will be recommended to visit the Sahara and other areas with Berber ethnocultural specifics. If you do not move away from the hotel and the recommended route, then this Tunisia, like in a fairy-tale dream, will attract you again and again and will leave the most rosy memories.

The second Tunisia is Arabic. This Tunisia is no longer so flawless, and it becomes less and less flawless the farther from the coast it goes. It’s worth taking a walk away from the sea in the intervals between sunbathing and the next meal, and you will witness the real life of the owners of their country - the Arabs, mostly urban residents. Tunisian Arabs are very different in social status and financial situation, and this is clearly visible in their homes, clothes and cars. Even in the capital, the differences are obvious, once you move slightly away from the central squares and avenues of Habiba Bourguiba and French Street 1. You will also meet representatives of other nations in the cities - Jews, French and even, if you're lucky, Russians. But there are very few of them compared to the autochthonous population, and they practically do not affect the overall ethnic picture, although the cultural trace of many of them, especially the French, is significant. It is manifested in the architectural specifics, especially in the capital, in the language, and even in the way of life of the Tunisians, who can be considered the most Europeanized of all the inhabitants of the Arab world. Women here move freely, unaccompanied by men, 2 and do not hide their faces; it is not uncommon for a Tunisian woman to work. Men shave their beards. The implementation of this rule, introduced by the President 3, is strictly controlled. Some women wear hijabs, which is looked down upon, but beards on men are unacceptable.

The main streets, built during French rule, are very reminiscent of France. A stunning Catholic church, a theater building with young people sitting on the steps - why not the Parisian opera? Spacious, beautiful areas. However, once you move away from the center, you are doomed to wander for a long time in the labyrinth of narrow winding Arab streets that are not sparkling with cleanliness. No one here will answer you in English.

There is a third Tunisia - Berber. This is rural, patriarchal Tunisia. Berbers (Berberians) are a long-suffering people, artificially divided by the borders of the Maghreb countries. Before coming to these lands in the 7th-8th centuries AD. Arab Berbers knew no obstacles to free movement across the expanses of northern Africa. Now, in all countries where Berbers live, they are in the position of national minorities, although in terms of actual numbers they are far from being in the minority everywhere. The habitat of the Berbers is a typical cross-border ethnocultural region. Their problems are somewhat similar to the problems of the Kurds, however, they behave differently, and if they fight for their rights, it is only through peaceful methods. For example, the international Amazigh Berber cultural movement 4 has been created, which proclaims the goal of achieving equal status in countries inhabited by Berbers for the Berber language along with Arabic. Eg, Moroccan Berbers actively advocate for the right to call children Berber names and use Berber place names.

There is no exact data on the number of Berbers. According to various sources, there are from 12 to 40 million people in the world. This discrepancy in estimates is not accidental. Arab governments tend to underestimate (or completely ignore) the number of Berbers. The largest number of Berbers live in Morocco (according to official data, approximately half of all Berbers, they make up 60% of the population of this country), another 30% in Algeria, the rest are distributed in approximately equal proportions between Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. In addition, significant groups of Berbers live in France (1.2 million people), Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, the USA and Australia. According to Berber experts, Berbers make up at least 45% of the population of Tunisia, although according to official data they range from 1 to 5%. The maximum figure cited by officials is 9%.

The history of the Berbers dates back, according to various sources, from 3 to 11 thousand years. According to some information, it was the Berbers who created a civilization in North Africa, the heirs of which were the ancient Egyptians, and the Berber culture gave rise to the entire Maghreb culture. In any case, by the time the Arabs arrived here in the 7th-8th centuries, the Berbers were the undivided masters of the entire territory of North Africa, 5 having outlived the Phoenician and Roman civilizations, traces of which have been preserved in the territory of the Maghreb countries to the present day.

The Arabs pushed the Berbers deep into the territory, into semi-desert, desert and mountainous areas, forcibly Islamized and tried to assimilate them. Of course, in case positive result a policy of assimilation would be very convenient: no ethnicity, no problem. Different methods were used: for example, until the 40s of the 20th century. they tried to resettle the Berbers together with the Arabs. In Russia, such a policy was carried out at one time in relation to, for example, the Mordovians, who were resettled in stripes with the Russians, in every possible way promoting interethnic marriages. This yielded results, and the fact that the main authors and conductors of the project were representatives of the Mordovian elite - from the time of Patriarch Nikon - contributed to the rapprochement of the Russian and Mordovian ethnic groups. However, in Tunisia, where the process was led by Arabs, this idea failed.

In modern ethnogeographical literature one can find the opinion that Berber culture is close to extinction, and world civilization may soon lose part cultural heritage. A number of sources, for example, indicate that a single Arab-Berber nation was formed in Tunisia. Others say that the Berbers practically disappeared as an ethnic group as a result of processes of natural assimilation. A number of authors believe that there is no single Berber ethnic group; there is a group of tribes of different origins and culture.

However, the author of this article was personally able to verify that this is not the case. Despite the ban on the Berber language for use in schools and official institutions, the lack printed publications, cinema, theater and other measures, the Berbers have retained their mentality, culture, way of life, language. Islam was accepted and generally played a role in unifying the population. However, syncretism is widespread among the Berbers - a combination of elements of Islam with pre-Islamic cults. Of course, in a strong state, everyone follows the necessary laws and rules and performs Muslim rituals: they attend mosques and observe fasts. But pre-Islamic beliefs (animism) are very strong. Rituals associated with the forces of nature are performed with even greater zeal than Muslim ones. So, soon after the birth of a child, designs in the form of crosses are applied to his face - on his forehead, cheeks, chin - with special tools, the scars from which remain throughout his life. According to the ritual, it is necessary for a person’s blood to be sprinkled on mother earth, which will give strength and happiness.

The years of French domination, on the one hand, were difficult for the Berber population. During the First and Second World Wars, they were used as cannon fodder - they were drafted into the army and forced to fight under the French flag. A lot of people died. At the same time, the policy of opposing the Berber population to the Arab population, carried out by the French authorities (divide and conquer - trivial, but effective), contributed to their consolidation. In Morocco, for example, many Berbers converted to Catholicism during this period. This did not happen in Tunisia, but the emphasis placed on differences between Arabs and Berbers led to increased hostility, which manifested itself with renewed vigor after the departure of the French, when the Arabs tried to take revenge.

After the liberation of the country from French rule, a number of factors - poverty, instability, strengthening of the policy towards Arabization and infringement of ethnic rights, including the Berber bourgeoisie and the small intelligentsia - led to a new outbreak of ethnic self-awareness in Berber society and the consolidation of the people. A common inaccuracy in the literature about the Berbers is attempts to present them as several different tribes, disparate and multilingual. Our surveys and interviews showed that the self-identification of Tunisian Berbers is unambiguous. They consider themselves a single ethnic group, united by the ethnonym “Berbers,” and at the same time do not separate themselves from the Berbers from neighboring countries 6 . At the same time, at least four ethnocultural groups differ within the ethnic group, which is due to various factors, primarily by differences in the feeding landscape. The sedentary Berbers, living on the plains and engaged in crop production, are clearly isolated. Some of them are quite wealthy. The second group is the mountain Berbers, who lead a semi-nomadic lifestyle associated with transhumance and grazing livestock in the foothills and mountainous regions. The third group is the semi-nomads and camel drivers inhabiting the Sahara regions. And the fourth group is the coastal Berbers, whose life is connected with fishing. Of course, this division is arbitrary and does not fully reflect the structure of Berber society. These groups are heterogeneous; within each of them there are significant differences due to social status (some sources mention caste differences, but the author of the article did not find them), level and way of life.

In Tunisia, Berbers live compactly in several areas. Most areas are ethnically homogeneous, but there are areas with a mixed Arab-Berber population, formed as a result of settlement policies. With the help of Berber experts, we compiled a map of the Berber areas. It shows Berber areas. Briefly about them.

The unofficial capital of the Tunisian Berbers is Matmata (1), located in the southern part of the country. This is one of the oldest districts, together with the surrounding settlements, numbering about 70 thousand inhabitants. This is where you can feel and understand real soul cave dwellers. South of Matmata there are two more Berber regions with a similar lifestyle, numbering 50-60 thousand people each - Tatawin (2) and lakeside Kebili (3). In these areas there are also preserved caves in which Berbers still live, migrating in certain seasons to the Sahara, where there are almost no permanent settlements, and only extremely rare settlements are inhabited by a small Berber population. A number of settlements in Matmata and Kebili have been developed and are used to serve curious tourists who are attracted by the famous “troglodyte caves”. In Gabes, tourists are shown date palms in the Chenini oasis, as well as Berber underground dwellings. Spielberg filmed in this area star Wars" and "Raiders of the Lost Ark." And in Duza, delighted tourists admire the hot sands, dunes, and ride camels and jeeps. All these adventures, of course, have nothing to do with real life Berbers. Next, tourists head through a dry salt lake - the El Jerid salt marsh. The road leads to another Berber region of Tunisia - Tamerzu (4), where about 1 million Berbers live. This is the area least controlled by the government. All Berbers know that if they wish, they can find something to do that generates income. It has its own laws; in fact, everything is controlled by the local mafia. State border is not recognized, international transit and smuggling traffic has become widespread.

Tabarka (5) is another center of the Berber region, where approximately 100 thousand Berbers live. The northwestern coastal territory with abundant rainfall is distinguished by a well-developed agriculture and fishing. The area is famous for its jazz international festivals. El Kef (6) is an area in northwestern Tunisia, near the border with Algeria, where more than 200 thousand Berbers live. This is the film festival area.

About 120 thousand maritime Berbers live in the Kelibia area (7), mainly engaged in fishing, and about 50 thousand more live in the Zagwan area (8).

The mountainous region of Tebursouk (9), stretching between the capital Tunis and El Kef, is inhabited by a small Berber semi-nomadic population living in caves without any amenities, electricity or transport. This is the poorest Berber region.

In several other areas, Berbers live together with Arabs, however, as a rule, the settlements are divided according to ethnicity. This is the region of Kairouan (10), where 100 thousand Berbers live on the same territory with approximately the same number of Arabs. The Arab population is concentrated in cities, and the Berber population is concentrated in small villages, from where they go to the cities every day to work. Another mixed area is centered in Kasserine (11), where approximately 80 thousand Berbers and 50 thousand Arabs live. This is a plant-growing area with horticultural specialization. The best apples in Tunisia are grown here. In the Gafsa region (12), the population is approximately 80% Berber and 20% Arab. On the east coast, in the Sfax-El-Jem area (13), there is a predominantly Arab population. Berbers come here from neighboring areas to work; the permanent Berber population is only about 5%. It is an area with well-developed industry, agriculture and tourism, boosted by the efforts of Tunisia's first president. Habib Bourguiba, returning from France, where he studied, in 1956, after the liberation of Tunisia from French rule, was essentially a French protege. Assessments of his reign are mixed. On the one hand, he did a lot for the development of the country's economy, on the other, his regime of rule was characterized by dictatorial methods. Push for economic development only Arab areas received.

The area of ​​Sidi Bou Said (14) has preserved Berber architecture, giving it a Berber feel. However, from these beautiful places on the northeast coast, all Berbers were evicted beyond the 20-kilometer zone. They live in small villages near the capital, Tunisia. This city with a predominantly Arab population is home to 1.7 million people. There are about 10 thousand Berbers. But in the capital there are many representatives of non-indigenous peoples, as evidenced by the presence in the city of a Catholic church, a synagogue and even an Orthodox church.

When characterizing the Tunisian Berbers, another area deserves attention - Bizerte (15). This is a military town where the Arab officer corps is stationed. There are Berbers here too, but in the Tunisian army they can only be soldiers.

As can be seen from brief description, Berber areas vary greatly geographically. Berber society is complex. What all Berbers have in common is that they are the most backward among the country's population, with the highest rates of illiteracy, unemployment and mortality. Berbers lead a patriarchal lifestyle, they are concentrated mainly in rural areas, in mountainous, semi-desert and desert areas.

We were able to get acquainted in most detail with the life of the Berbers in the Zagwan region (8). It is located near the tourist center of Hammamet, about 20 kilometers from the coast. But this is no longer a resort life. The inhabitants of this area, like the vast majority of Berbers, are engaged in animal husbandry and crop production. Among them there are semi-nomads and nomads (the Berbers themselves call these “gypsies”). They grow olives, dates, fruit trees (pomegranates, plums, figs, citrus fruits, apples, etc.), vegetables, and tea in the mountains. They raise sheep, cows, which amazed me with their small size (very similar to cows in the mountainous regions of Dagestan), and poultry (chickens, turkeys).

Berber settlements - small towns, villages, temporary settlements (something like our field camps), caves - are essentially reservations. Most of them are deprived of basic amenities - electricity, running water, sewerage, telephones. There is no transport connection with the capital and other cities. To fetch water from villages, women carry vessels several kilometers to special springs. They wash in a nearby river or other body of water. In some populated areas(only in those where there is water) baths - hanan - were built. A rare exception is the village of Beni-Derraj. Its residents are the happy owners of electricity and running water. These benefits of civilization appeared here thanks to the enormous efforts of people from this village working in the cities. They wrote a lot to the media about the problems of their fellow countrymen and were successful: the government paid attention to them.

Not all settlements have schools, and most children have to walk 6-8 km every day to learn. Arabs, both men and women, living in cities have many more opportunities to get an education. They know foreign languages ​​and many speak fluently not only in French (which is fully explained by the colonial past), but also in English. Many women drive cars.

In Berber settlements, horse-drawn transport is most common. Lots of bicycles. Only a select few, those who managed to find work in the city, have cars.

All these problems push Berbers to the cities to earn money. However, not everyone manages to find a job, even temporary.

Contrary to the thesis widespread in literature about the belligerence of the Berbers, they are very peaceful and harmless, friendly and hospitable. They would like to fight for their rights, but do not know how to do it. War is not for them, and other methods are inaccessible to them due to their humiliated position.

Our stay coincided with Muslim fasting. During Ramadan, from dawn to dusk, the entire Islamic population of Tunisia does not eat or take a drop of water in their mouths. Relaxations are made for children, pregnant women and tourists. It is true that the Berbers told me that they can take food and water, but not in public, but I have never seen them do this. Such zeal is due not only to the need to adapt to the life of an Islamic state. All Tunisians are convinced that abstaining from food and drink is good for health. Until the sun set, I, as a guest, was offered fruit and Berber cakes, understanding that a foreign creature might not endure the hardships Muslim fast. I was full of impressions, but could not resist trying the cactus fruit - an amazing fruit, reminiscent of kiwi in taste and juiciness, but without its acidity.

After sunset, everyone sits in the room at a small round table on mattresses and pillows covered with blankets, spread directly on the floor. Berbers eat with forks and spoons. The house, despite the shortage of water, is clean and tidy.

Berber food is associated with their activities and lifestyle. Their diet contains a lot of fruits, vegetables, olives, meat, and sweets. The guest will definitely be offered Berber soup seasoned with lemon, couscous (something between Kazakh beshbarmak and Uzbek pilaf), brik (a dish somewhat similar to pancakes with cottage cheese). Prohibition has not been introduced in Tunisia, there is no need for it. When you are offered to “drink something”, you should not take it literally, as we are used to in Russia. You were offered just a cup of coffee or tea. By the way, Berber tea is very unique. It is grown high in the mountains and prepared in a special way. Both black and green tea. In our culture, a similar cooking method is known as “chefir”. A generous handful of tea leaves is poured into a small teapot with water, covered with a handful of sugar and simmered over charcoal for 15 minutes. Drink from small glasses. I personally really liked this drink, they just recommended not to get carried away with it, especially at night. Berbers also drink a special drink with pine nuts (also called tea), milk, as well as cola and other “Western” drinks bought in neighboring cities.

Relations between the sexes among the Berbers are freer than among the Arabs. Berber girls and boys communicate quite freely. Berbers tolerate a bride who loses her virginity before marriage, while Arabs do not tolerate this. The wedding lasts 7 days. Alcoholic drinks are completely excluded.

A respectable Berber woman who has lost her husband will not remarry, even if she has six children (primarily for the sake of their well-being), but she is not at all forbidden to have a boyfriend. IN Arab schools(for example, I observed this in the capital of the country, Tunisia), despite co-education, during recess children are separated by gender. Despite being co-educated, boys and girls have their own own interests, and they do not intersect.

Compared to Arab women, Berber women are also freer in their choice of clothing. Berbers love it very much White color, silver is preferred to other jewelry. Some Arab women prefer European clothes, but even working women often wear traditional headscarves or veils.

Despite fairly free morals, a Berber woman cannot be considered absolutely free. She bears all the weight homework, with the exception of the heaviest one, which is performed by men.

Berbers do not show their intimate relationships. The strong feelings that often rage in their souls are hidden under an outwardly calm and relaxed appearance. Nevertheless, they openly show concern for children and parents.

Arabs in Tunisia occupy all government posts, all more or less significant positions. De jure Berbers have equal rights with the Arabs, but de facto they have no rights. They do not have their own newspapers, although they have writing, television or radio broadcasts, cinema, and theater. They are forced to watch Arab films. Instruction at the school is conducted only in Arabic. Most have the opportunity to receive only primary education. But even those who manage to “break through” can hardly count on a high post or position.

Part of the Berber intelligentsia and bourgeoisie lives in the cities. But there they face problems. We have to overcome obstacles when developing a business. For example, in Nabeul, a cafe built and painted by Berbers, in which representatives of the Berber intelligentsia gathered for communication, was closed. The cafe was closed suddenly, without warning, and the Berber student who painted its walls was arrested. The Arab guards did not allow the owners into their rightful possession.

The Berber ethnocultural element is widely used to attract tourists not only in the areas where this people live, but also in cities. For example, a Berber cafe in Hammamed Medina, owned by Arabs. Another example is the Lella Beya hotel in the Berber style, built according to the design of the Berber architect Chokri in Hammamet. The architect tried to show what kind of culture the world community might lose in the near future. He not only presented architectural style, but also elements of everyday life. The hotel is currently owned by Arab owners. The Berbers do not receive any dividends from this business.

Of course, most Berber problems have economic and social causes. Naturally, rural residents are less educated than urban residents, their standard of living is lower, and there are fewer career opportunities. But the reasons are not limited to objective ones. For example, the lack of an established transport connection between the Berber regions and the capital cannot in any way be explained by the level of education of the local population. The same can be said about telephone installation, electrification and water supply to these settlements. We can only hope that the government will try to solve these problems as the country’s economy grows.

1 By the way, in Tunisia only one line of houses is considered a street, as on Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg; the opposite side has a different name.

3 The president in power is pursuing a strict policy of Europeanization, similar to Peter I or Ataturk.

4 Amazigh is a Berber language and belongs to the Libyan-Guanche group of the Afroasiatic family. Its dialects are spoken by Berber subethnic groups. Often, even in reputable publications, you can find a common misconception that Amazigh is the self-name of a part of the Berbers.

5 The Byzantines, who were trying to control North Africa at that time, actually owned only urban outposts.

6 At the same time, the Tuaregs, often classified as Berbers, are considered by the Berbers themselves, although “cousins,” to be a completely different people. The Tuaregs became isolated as a result of processes of ethnic division after their expulsion by the Arabs in southern regions Sugars.

Mn. berberes adj. Rel. to the Berbers, tribes of North Africa. Barbarian ships Berber courts. Bloodless 106. The Berbers delayed Rome's hour of decadence by sending two sons, two Severan emperors. White Ofera. Lex. MAS 1957: berbe/ry... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

BERBERS Modern encyclopedia

BERBERS- (self-name Amahag) a group of peoples (Tamazight, Rif, Shilkh, Tuareg, Kabyle, Shauya, etc.), indigenous population of the North. Africa, Central and Western. Sudan. 11.52 million people (1992). They speak Berber Libyan languages. Mainly in religion... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Berbers- BERBERS, ov, units. er, a, husband. A group of peoples that make up the indigenous population of North Africa. | wives Berber, etc. | adj. Berber, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

BERBERS- BERBERS, BARBERIANS Common name conquered in the 7th century. Arabs and the primitive inhabitants of North Africa converted to Islam. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Berbers- (Berbers), people, from prehistoric times. times inhabited the North. and Sev. Zap. Africa. Herodotus described several tribes B. Apparently, they did not have a state. formations, although at times they united, for example, to fight Rome. dominance. Their extreme severity and... The World History

Berbers- (self-names Amazigh, Amahag), also includes peoples close to the main ethnic group: Rif, Shilkh, Tamazight, Kabyles, Shauya, Tuaregs, a group of peoples with a total number of 11,520 thousand people. Main countries of settlement: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

BERBERS- a group of peoples living ch. arr. in the Northern countries Africa and in ancient times were the main. population of these countries. The ancient self-name of B. was, apparently, Mazigh. It has been preserved in the ethnonyms of a number of groups of B. (for example, the Tuaregs call themselves imoshag).... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Berbers- ov; pl. A group of peoples inhabiting mainly the countries of North West Africa; representatives of these peoples. ◁ Berber, a; m. Berberka, and; pl. genus. rock, date rkam; and. Berber, oh, oh. B ie tribes, languages. * * * Berbers (self-name Amahag) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Berbers- BERBERS, ov, plural (ed Berber, a, m). A group of peoples constituting the indigenous population of North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia; people belonging to this group of peoples; closely related Berber languages ​​are one of the branches of Afroasiatic (Semitic... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

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