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The beginning of the twentieth century was the period of formation of a new direction in psychology and psychiatry - psychoanalysis. The pioneer of this trend was the Austrian psychotherapist Sigmund Freud. Its active period scientific activity was 45 years old. During this time he created:

personality theory, this concept was the first in the history of science;
method of treating neuroses;
methodology for studying deep mental processes;
systematized many clinical observations using self-analysis and his therapeutic practice.

S. Freud joked about his future biographers:

As for my biographers, let them suffer, we will not make their task easier. Everyone will be able to imagine the “evolution of the hero” in their own way, and everyone will be right; I'm already amused by their mistakes.

Discoverer of the depths of the unconscious

Much has been written about Sigmund Freud. The personality of the founder of psychoanalysis caused and causes big interest. There are many bright and extraordinary people in the history of science, but very few of them received such opposite assessments, and their scientific theories evoked such unconditional acceptance or absolute rejection. But no matter how one evaluates Sigmund Freud’s views on the psychosexual nature of man, one cannot deny his enormous influence on the development of modern culture.

By the way, let’s try to remember how many times we ourselves used the expression “Freudian slip.” The scientist’s views served as an impetus for the creation of an entire school in psychiatry and psychology. Thanks to him, the view of human nature itself was revised. His analysis of works of art and literature influenced the formation of the methodology of modern art criticism. Yes, his favorite students - A. Adler and K. Jung - went their own way, but they always recognized the enormous influence of the Teacher on their development as researchers. But at the same time, we know about S. Freud’s stubborn reluctance to change even one iota his views on libido as a the only source of neuroses and unconscious impulses in human behavior. It is known that his unbridled passion for studying the unconscious was not always safe for his patients.

Erich Fromm, in his book dedicated to S. Freud, emphasizes the scientist’s faith in reason: “This faith in the power of reason suggests that Freud was the son of the Age of Enlightenment, whose motto - “Sapere aude” (“Dare to know”) - completely defined both Freud's personality and his works." I dare to object to him. S. Freud's view of human nature and his discovery of the powerful influence of the unconscious on people's actions brought irrational phenomena in the human psyche into the sphere of attention of science. Even more than S. Freud, his favorite student Carl Jung developed this tendency. Moreover, S. Freud made many of his discoveries in a state of altered consciousness caused by the use of cocaine. So Sigmund Freud cannot be called a rational person who perceives the world too one-dimensionally, a typical heir of the Enlightenment. In my opinion, he was rather a herald of the era about which Alexander Blok wrote:

And black earth blood
Promises us, swelling our veins
Unheard of changes
Unprecedented riots.

At first glance, life and creative path the famous Austrian psychologist and psychotherapist has been thoroughly studied, but the more you become acquainted with the works and biography of the scientist, the stronger the feeling of some kind of understatement and mystery arises. True, this feeling has some basis. For some reason, not all of S. Freud’s letters have been published; his letters to his wife’s sister Mina could have been made public back in 2000, but they have not yet been published. The author of one of the biographical books about S. Freud, Ferris Paul, wrote:

The desire to preserve Freud's papers and ward off curious researchers from them led to the creation of the archive. The papers had to be kept under lock and key. Freud had to be protected from the humiliation of having his methods publicly applied to himself. This did not fit with the intrinsic goal of psychoanalysis - to find the truth behind the façade - but it suited Freud's authoritarian personality well.

Indeed, the task of a biographer is to reveal the complex inner world of a scientist, while managing not to descend into vulgar curiosity about the details of his personal life. But we still need to identify the most significant for understanding inner world great man the circumstances of his fate. And today, just like the contemporaries of the famous psychiatrist many years ago, we mentally ask: so who are you, Dr. Freud?

Family secrets

Sigmund Freud searched for the origins of neuroses, diseases and life problems patients in their childhood experiences. Perhaps they did not play a role in the life of the scientist himself. last role. He was born in 1856 in the family of a textile merchant. Freud's birthplace is the Czech town of Freiburg. In childhood he was called Sigismund, and only after moving to Vienna the name of the famous psychiatrist acquired a more familiar sound for us - Sigmund. “Golden Siggy” is what his mother, Amalia Nathanson, called her first-born. By the way, a little-known fact - Amalia was originally from Odessa and lived in this city until she was 16 years old. His parents adored Sigmund and believed that the boy was amazingly gifted. They were not mistaken; Sigmund Freud managed to graduate from high school with honors.

Where are the secrets? - may I ask. At first glance, everything is crystal clear with the scientist’s childhood and youth. But not many people, for example, know that Freud’s mother was the second wife of Jacob Freud; she was 20 years younger than her husband. He had children from his first marriage, and they were much older than Sigmund.

Little Sigmund was born an uncle. His nephew, named John, was a year older than his uncle. Since the struggle between the two children determined the characteristic features of Freud's later development, it is absolutely worthwhile to mention these circumstances from the very beginning.

It is much less known that marriage to the mother of the future famous psychiatrist was Jacob Freud’s third. Perhaps this fact was not advertised, since three marriages are too much for a pious Jew. The name of Jacob's second wife is Rebecca, almost nothing is known about her; we find mention of her in a study of the biography of Sigmund Freud undertaken by R. Guilhorn, R. Clark and R. Down. Valery Leibin, the author of “A Psychopoetic Portrait of Sigmund Freud,” suggests that this foggy moment in the Freud family could have influenced the attitude towards little Sigmund’s father. Whether this is true or not is difficult to judge, but the fact that the informal leader in the family was the mother and it was her faith in her son, her ambitions regarding his brilliant future that had a great influence on Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis himself admitted. Having already become a famous scientist, he wrote:

I became convinced that people who, for some reason, were singled out by their mother in childhood, display in later life that special self-confidence and that unshakable optimism, which often seems heroic and actually preserves these subjects’ success in life.

Sigmund Freud's childhood traumas and the formation of the ideas of psychoanalysis

Were there other episodes in childhood that had a great influence on the “father of psychoanalysis”? Probably yes. The scientist himself analyzed his childhood experiences; the experience of introspection helped him bring them to the surface of his memory. And this is what served as the basis for the formation of ideas classical psychoanalysis. For S. Freud, he himself, his childhood traumas and unconscious experiences served as the object of study. In “The Interpretation of Dreams,” the scientist emphasized that a child in early childhood is absolutely selfish and strives to satisfy his needs, competing even with his brothers and sisters.

When Sigmund was one year old, he had a brother, Julius, the baby lived very short and died of illness. A few months after the tragedy, Sigmund had an accident: a two-year-old child fell from a stool, he hit his lower jaw so hard on the edge of the table that the wound had to be stitched. The wound healed and everything was forgotten. But in the process of self-analysis, Freud had reason to consider this incident as self-harm. Little Sigmund was jealous of his mother and brother; after the death of the baby, the child could not forgive himself for his jealousy, physical pain drowns out mental pain. This severe self-analysis allowed Freud to find the sources of neuroses in many patients.

The work “Psychopathology of Everyday Life” describes a case when a feeling of guilt before her husband forced a young woman to unknowingly injure herself; the resulting emotional block caused a nervous disease. Although, at first glance, nothing indicated the intentionality of the victim’s actions - she simply accidentally fell out of the carriage and broke her leg. In the process of psychoanalysis, Freud found out the circumstances that preceded the injury: while visiting relatives, a young woman demonstrated her art of performing the cancan. Everyone present was delighted, but the husband was very upset by his wife’s behavior, he said that she behaved “like a girl.” The upset woman spent a sleepless night, and in the morning she wanted to ride in a carriage. She chose the horses herself, and during the trip she was always afraid that the horses would get scared and the coachman would lose control of them. As soon as something resembling this happened, she jumped out of the carriage and broke her leg; none of those in the carriage next to her were injured. So the young woman unknowingly punished herself; she could no longer dance the cancan. Fortunately, having managed to transfer mental trauma to a conscious level, S. Freud cured the woman of a nervous disease.

Thus, the childhood experiences and traumas of the great psychiatrist helped him both in creating the theory of psychoanalysis and in successfully treating patients.

Studying at the University

Having successfully graduated from high school, Sigmund Freud entered the medical department of the University of Vienna. Medicine did not attract him, but prejudice against Jews was so great that the choice of further career was small: business, trade, law or medicine. So he connected his future with medicine simply by elimination. Freud had a rather humanitarian mindset; he knew French, English, Spanish and Italian languages, German was practically native to him. In his youth, he was fond of reading the works of Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Kant. At the gymnasium he received prizes more than once for his literary works.

At the university, Freud, in addition to his studies, successfully engaged in scientific research; he described the previously unknown properties of nerve cells in goldfish, and studied the reproductive characteristics of the eel. During the same period, he made a fatal discovery - Freud began to use cocaine to treat certain diseases, and he used it himself, since the influence of this substance significantly increased performance. Freud considered it almost a panacea, and abandoned the use of cocaine only when it was proven that cocaine was addictive and had a destructive effect on humans.

Choosing a path

In 1881, S. Freud received a medical degree and after graduating from the university he began working at the Institute of Brain Anatomy. The future founder of psychoanalysis was not interested in practical medicine; he was much more attracted to scientific research activities. However, due to the low pay for scientific work, Freud decided to enter private practice as a neurologist. But fate decreed otherwise: a research scholarship received in 1885 allowed him to go to Paris and undergo an internship with Jean Charcot. Charcot was the most famous neurologist at that time; he successfully treated hysteria by putting patients into a hypnotic state. As is known, hysteria manifests itself in such somatic diseases as paralysis and deafness. So Jean Charcot's method helped save many people. And although Freud avoided using hypnosis in therapeutic treatment, Charcot’s experience and his technique significantly influenced the choice of the future path. Z. Freud stopped studying neurology and became a psychopathologist.

First love and marriage

This may seem strange, but Freud was extremely shy person and considered himself not very attractive to the fair sex. Apparently this is why he did not have intimate relationships with them until he was 30 years old. Them more beautiful story his first love. He met his future wife, Martha Bernays, by chance. A young doctor was crossing the street, in his hands was the manuscript of a scientific article, suddenly a carriage appears around the bend, almost knocking the absent-minded scientist off his feet. The manuscript leaves crumble and fall into the mud. Just as Freud decides to express his indignation, he sees a lovely woman’s face with a desperately guilty expression. Sigmund Freud's mood instantly changed, he felt some strange excitement, completely beyond scientific explanation, he realized - this is love. And the carriage of the beautiful stranger sped off into the distance. True, the next day they brought him an invitation to the ball, where two amazing people approached him similar friend on a friend of a girl - sisters Martha and Mina Bernays.

This is how he met his future wife, with whom he lived for more than 50 years. Despite everything (meaning a long affair with Martha’s sister Mina), overall it was happy marriage, they had five children. Daughter Anna continued her father's work.

First discoveries and lack of recognition

The eighties of the outgoing 19th century were very fruitful for Sigmund Freud. He began collaborating with the famous Viennese psychiatrist Joseph Breuer. Together they developed the method of free association, which became an essential part of psychoanalysis. This method was formed during the work of scientists to study the causes of hysteria and methods of treating it. In 1895, their joint book “Studies in Hysteria” was published. The authors see the cause of hysteria in repressed memories of once-traumatic patients tragic events. After the book was published, the collaboration between doctors was abruptly stopped, Brier and Freud became enemies. The views of S. Freud's biographers on the reasons for this gap are different. Perhaps Freud's theory about the sexual origins of hysteria was unacceptable to Bryer; this point of view is shared by the biographer and student of the founder of psychoanalysis, Ernest Jones.

Z. Freud wrote about himself: I have rather limited abilities or talents - I am not strong in the natural sciences, or in mathematics, or in counting. But what I possess, albeit in a limited form, is probably developed very intensively.

If I. Bayer’s attitude to S. Freud’s theory about the sexual conditionality of mental disorders is not reliably known, then members of the Vienna Medical Society absolutely definitely expressed their rejection of this theory, they excluded S. Freud from their ranks. It was a difficult period for him, a period of lack of recognition from colleagues and loneliness. Although Freud's loneliness was extremely productive. He begins the practice of analyzing his dreams. His work, The Interpretation of Dreams, published in 1900, was written based on an analysis of his own dreams. But this work, which glorified the scientist in the future, was met with extreme hostility and irony. However, this book was not the reason for public hostility towards the scientist. In 1905, S. Freud published the work “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.” His conclusions about the exceptional influence of his sexual instincts on a person and the discovery of sexuality in children caused sharp rejection among the public. But what to do... Freud’s method of curing neuroses and hysteria worked perfectly. And gradually scientific world abandoned his essentially sanctimonious point of view. The ideas of Sigmund Freud won more and more supporters.

Founding of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

In 1902, Freud and like-minded people created the Psychological Environments society, and a little later in 1908, the significantly expanded organization was renamed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Very little time passes after the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams, and Sigmund Freud becomes a world famous scientist. In 1909, he was invited to give a course of lectures at Clark University (USA), Freud's speeches were received very well, and he was awarded an honorary doctorate.

Yes, not everyone recognizes his theories, but such somewhat scandalous fame only contributes to an ever-increasing number of patients. Freud is surrounded by students and like-minded people: S. Ferenczi, O. Rank, E. Jones, K. Jung. And even though many of them later parted with their teacher and founded their own schools, they all recognized the enormous importance for them of both the personality of Sigmund Freud and his theory.

Eros and Thanatos

These two forces, according to Freud, rule man. Sexual energy is the energy of life. Thoughts about the destructive side of man, about his desire for self-destruction, came to Freud during the First World War.

Despite his rather advanced age, Freud works in a military hospital and writes a number of significant works: “Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis”, “Beyond the Pleasure Principle”. In 1923 the book “I and It” was published, in 1927 - “The Future of an Illusion”, and in 1930 - “Civilization and Those Dissatisfied with It”. In 1930, Freud received the Goethe Prize, which is awarded for literary achievements. It was not for nothing that his literary talent was noticed back in the gymnasium. After the Nazis came to power, Freud was unable to leave Vienna. The granddaughter of Napoleon Bonaparte, Maria Bonaparte, managed to save him from mortal danger. She paid Hitler a huge amount so that Sigmund Freud could leave Austria. Miraculously, his beloved daughter Anna escaped from the clutches of the Gestapo. The family was reunited in England.

The last years of S. Freud's life were very difficult; he suffered from jaw cancer. He died on September 23, 1939.

Literature:

Wittels F. Freud. His personality, teaching, school. L., 1991.
Kjell L., Ziegler D. Theories of personality. Fundamentals, research and application. St. Petersburg, 1997.
Leibin V. Sigmund Freud. Psychopoetic portrait. M., 2006.
Stone I. Passions of the mind, or the life of Freud. M., 1994
Ferris Paul Sigmund Freud. - M,: Potpourri, 2001. - P.241.
Freud Z. Autobiography // Z. Freud. Beyond the pleasure principle. M., 1992. pp. 91-148.
Fromm E. The mission of Sigmund Freud. Analysis of his personality and influence. M., 1997.
Jones E. (1953). The life and work of Sigmund Freud. (Vol. 1, 1856-1900). The formative years and the great discoveries. New York: Basic Books., p. 119

Freud S., 1856-1939). An outstanding doctor and psychologist, founder of psychoanalysis. F. was born in the Moravian city of Freiburg. In 1860, the family moved to Vienna, where he graduated from high school with honors, then entered the medical faculty of the university and in 1881 received the degree of Doctor of Medicine.

F. dreamed of devoting himself to theoretical research in the field of neurology, but was forced to engage in private practice as a neuropathologist. He was not satisfied with the physiotherapeutic procedures used at that time to treat neurological patients, and he turned to hypnosis. Under the influence of medical practice, F. developed an interest in mental disorders of a functional nature. In 1885-1886 he visited the Charcot clinic (J.M. Charcot) in Paris, where hypnosis was used in the study and treatment of hysterical patients. In 1889 - a trip to Nancy and acquaintance with the works of another French school of hypnosis. This trip contributed to the fact that F. formed an idea about the basic mechanism of functional mental illness, about the presence of mental processes that, being outside the sphere of consciousness, influence behavior, and the patient himself does not know about it.

The decisive moment in the development of F.'s original theory was the departure from hypnosis as a means of penetration into forgotten experiences underlying neuroses. In many and even the most severe cases, hypnosis remained powerless, as it met resistance that it could not overcome. F. was forced to look for other paths to pathogenic affects and eventually found them in the interpretation of dreams, freely emerging associations, small and large psychopathological manifestations, excessively increased or decreased sensitivity, movement disorders, slips of the tongue, forgetting, etc. Special attention he drew attention to the phenomenon of the patient transferring to the doctor feelings that took place in early childhood in relation to significant persons.

F. called the study and interpretation of this diverse material psychoanalysis - the original form of psychotherapy and research method. The core of psychoanalysis as a new psychological direction is the doctrine of the unconscious.

F.'s scientific activity spans several decades, during which his concept underwent significant changes, which gives grounds for conditionally distinguishing three periods.

In the first period, psychoanalysis mainly remained a method of treating neuroses, with occasional attempts at general conclusions about the nature of mental life. Such works by F. of this period as “The Interpretation of Dreams” (1900) and “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1901) have not lost their significance. F. considered suppressed sexual desire to be the main driving force of human behavior - “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality” (1905). At this time, psychoanalysis began to gain popularity, and a circle of representatives formed around F. different professions(doctors, writers, artists) who wanted to study psychoanalysis (1902). F.'s extension of facts obtained from the study of psychoneuroses to the understanding of mental life healthy people was met with considerable criticism.

In the second period, the concept of psychology turned into a general psychological doctrine of personality and its development. In 1909, he gave lectures in the USA, which were later published as a complete, albeit brief, presentation of psychoanalysis - “On Psychoanalysis: Five Lectures” (1910). The most common work is the "Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis", the first two volumes of which are a recording of lectures given to doctors in 1916-1917.

In the third period, F.'s teaching - Freudianism - underwent significant changes and received its philosophical completion. Psychoanalytic theory has become the basis for understanding culture, religion, and civilization. The doctrine of instincts was supplemented by ideas about the attraction to death and destruction - “Beyond the pleasure principle” (1920). These ideas, obtained by F. in the treatment of wartime neuroses, led him to the conclusion that wars are a consequence of the death instinct, that is, they are caused by human nature. The description of the three-component model of human personality - “I and It” (1923) dates back to the same period.

Thus, F. developed a number of hypotheses, models, concepts that captured the originality of the psyche and became firmly part of the arsenal scientific knowledge about her. The range of scientific analysis involved phenomena that traditional academic psychology was not accustomed to taking into account.

After the occupation of Austria by the Nazis, F. was persecuted. The International Union of Psychoanalytic Societies, having paid a significant amount of money to the fascist authorities in the form of a ransom, obtained permission for F. to leave for England. In England he was greeted enthusiastically, but F.'s days were numbered. He died on September 23, 1939, aged 83, in London.

FREUD Sigmund

1856–1939) – Austrian neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis. Born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (now Příbor), located near the border of Moravia and Silesia, approximately two hundred and forty kilometers northeast of Vienna. Seven days later, the boy was circumcised and given two names - Shlomo and Sigismund. Hebrew name He inherited Shlomo from his grandfather, who died two and a half months before the birth of his grandson. Only when he turned sixteen years old did the young man change his name Sigismund to the name Sigmund.

His father Jacob Freud married Amalia Nathanson, Freud's mother, being much older than her and having two sons from his first marriage, one of whom was the same age as Amalia. At the time of the birth of their first child, Freud's father was 41 years old, while his mother was three months away from turning 21. Over the next ten years, seven children were born into the Freud family - five daughters and two sons, one of whom died a few months after his birth, when Sigismund was less than two years old.

Due to a number of circumstances related to economic decline, the growth of nationalism and the lack of prospects later life V small town, Freud's family moved in 1859 to Leipzig, and then a year later to Vienna. Freud lived in the capital of the Austrian Empire for almost 80 years.

During this time, he brilliantly graduated from high school; in 1873, at the age of 17, he entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, from which he graduated in 1881, receiving a medical degree. For several years, Freud worked at the E. Brücke Physiological Institute and the Vienna City Hospital. In 1885–1886, he completed a six-month internship in Paris with the famous French doctor J. Charcot in Salpêtrière. Upon returning from his internship, he married Martha Bernays, eventually becoming the father of six children - three daughters and three sons.

Having opened a private practice in 1886, S. Freud used various ways treatment of neurotic patients and put forward his understanding of the origin of neuroses. In the 90s of the nineteenth century, he laid the foundations for a new method of research and treatment, called psychoanalysis. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he developed the psychoanalytic ideas he put forward.

Over the next two decades, S. Freud made further contributions to the theory and technique of classical psychoanalysis, used his ideas and methods of treatment in private practice, wrote and published numerous works devoted to clarifying his original ideas about human unconscious drives and the use of psychoanalytic ideas in various fields knowledge.

Z. Freud received international recognition, was friends and corresponded with such outstanding figures of science and culture as Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, Romain Roland, Arnold Zweig, Stefan Zweig and many others.

In 1922, the University of London and the Jewish Historical Society organized a series of lectures on five famous Jewish philosophers, including Freud, along with Philo, Maimonides, Spinoza, and Einstein. In 1924, the Vienna City Council awarded Z. Freud the title of honorary citizen. On his seventieth birthday, he received congratulatory telegrams and letters from all over the world. In 1930 he was awarded literary prize named after Goethe. In honor of his seventy-fifth birthday, a memorial plaque was erected in Freiberg on the house in which he was born.

On the occasion of S. Freud's eightieth birthday, Thomas Mann read out an address he had written before the Academic Society of Medical Psychology. The appeal had about two hundred signatures famous writers and artists, including Virginia Woolf, Hermann Hess, Salvador Dali, James Joyce, Pablo Picasso, Romain Roland, Stefan Zweig, Aldous Huxley, H.G. Wells.

S. Freud was elected an honorary member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the French Psychoanalytic Society, and the British Royal Medical-Psychological Association. He was given the official title of Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society.

After the Nazi invasion of Austria in March 1938, the life of S. Freud and his family was under threat. The Nazis seized the library of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, visited the house of S. Freud, conducting a thorough search there, confiscated his bank account, and summoned his children, Martin and Anna Freud, to the Gestapo.

Thanks to the help and support of the American Ambassador to France, W.S. Bullitt, Princess Marie Bonaparte and other influential persons, S. Freud received permission to leave and at the beginning of June 1938 left Vienna to move to London through Paris.

S. Freud spent the last year and a half of his life in England. During the first days of his stay in London he was visited H.G. Wells, Bronislaw Malinowski, Stefan Zweig, who brought with him Salvador Dali, secretaries of the Royal Society, acquaintances, friends. Despite his advanced age, the development of cancer, which was first discovered in him in April 1923, accompanied by numerous operations and steadfastly endured by him for 16 years, S. Freud carried out almost daily analyzes of patients and continued to work on his handwritten materials.

On September 21, 1938, S. Freud asked his attending physician Max Schur to fulfill the promise he had made to him ten years earlier at their first meeting. To avoid unbearable suffering, M. Schur twice injected his famous patient with a small dose of morphine, which turned out to be sufficient for the dignified death of the founder of psychoanalysis. On September 23, 1939, S. Freud died without learning that a few years later his four sisters who remained in Vienna would be burned in a crematorium by the Nazis.

From the pen of S. Freud came not only various works devoted to the technique of medical use of psychoanalysis, but also such books as “The Interpretation of Dreams” (1900), “Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1901), “Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious” (1905), “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality” (1905), “Delusions and Dreams in V. Jensen’s Gradiva” (1907), “Memories of Leonardo da Vinci” (1910), “Totem and Taboo” (1913) , “Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis” (1916/17), “Beyond the Pleasure Principle” (1920), “Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Human Self” (1921), “I and Id” (1923), “Inhibition, Symptom and fear" (1926), "The Future of an Illusion" (1927), "Dostoevsky and Parricide" (1928), "Discontent with Culture" (1930), "Moses the Man and the Monotheistic Religion" (1938) and others.

Sigmund Freud - Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist. Founder of psychoanalysis. He proposed innovative ideas that resonate in scientific circles even today.

Sigmund Freud was born in the city of Freiberg (now Příbor, Czech Republic) on May 6, 1856, becoming the third child in the family. Sigmund's mother is the second wife of Jacob Freud, who already had two sons from his first marriage. Trade in fabrics brought the family profit, which was enough to live on. But the outbreak of the revolution trampled even such a small undertaking against the background of other ideas, and the family had to leave native home. First, the Freud family moved to Leipzig, and a year later to Vienna.

A poor area, dirt, noise and unpleasant neighbors are the reasons that did not create a positive atmosphere in the house of the future scientist. Sigmund himself did not like to remember early childhood, considering those years unworthy of his own attention.

The parents loved their son very much, entrusting him big hopes. Passion for literature and philosophical works was only encouraged. But Sigmund Freud did not read childish, serious literature. In the boy’s personal library, the works of Hegel and Hegel occupied a place of honor. In addition, the psychoanalyst was fond of studying foreign languages, and even complex Latin was surprisingly easy for the young genius.

Study in home environment allowed the boy to enter the gymnasium earlier than expected. IN school years Conditions were created for Sigmund to carry out his tasks without hindrance. different subjects. Such love from his parents was fully justified, and Freud graduated from high school successfully.

After school, Sigmund spent many days alone, thinking about his future. Strict and unjust laws gave not so much big choice Jewish boy: medicine, law, commerce and industry. All options, except the first, were immediately discarded by Sigmund, considering them unsuitable for such an educated person. But Freud had no particular interest in medicine either. In the end, the future founder of psychoanalysis chose this science, and psychology will become the basis in the study various theories.

The impetus for the final decision was a lecture at which a work entitled “Nature” was read. The future philosopher studied medicine without his usual zeal and interest. Staying in student years in Brücke's laboratory, Freud published interesting and informative articles about nervous system some animals.

After graduation, Sigmund planned to continue his academic career, but the environment required the ability to earn a living. Therefore, after working for several years under some famous therapists of that time, in 1885 Sigmund Freud applied to open his own neuropathology office. Thanks to the recommendations, the scientist received permission.

It is known that Sigmund also tried cocaine. The effect of the drug struck the philosopher, and he wrote a large number of works in which he revealed the properties of the destructive powder. One of Freud's closest friends died as a result of cocaine treatment, but the enthusiastic explorer of mysteries human consciousness did not pay due attention to this fact. After all, Sigmund Freud himself suffered from cocaine addiction. Later long years and after a lot of effort, the professor was finally cured of addiction. All this time, Freud did not abandon his studies in philosophy, attending various lectures and keeping his own notes.

Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis

In 1885, thanks to the support of friends, influential luminaries of medicine, Sigmund Freud got an internship with the French psychiatrist Jean Charcot. The practice opened the eyes of the future psychoanalyst to the differences between diseases. From Charcot, Freud learned to use hypnosis in treatment, with the help of which it was possible to cure patients or alleviate suffering.

Sigmund Freud began to use conversations with patients in treatment, allowing people to speak out and change their consciousness. This technique became known as the “Free Association Method”. These conversations of random thoughts and phrases helped the astute psychiatrist understand the patients' problems and find solutions. The method helped to abandon the use of hypnosis and pushed me to communicate with patients in full and clear consciousness.

Freud introduced the world to the view that any psychosis is a consequence of a person’s memories, which are difficult to get rid of. At the same time, the scientist came up with the theory that most psychoses are based on the Oedipus complex and infantile childhood sexuality. Sexuality, as Freud believed, is the factor that determines a large number of psychological problems person. “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality” supplemented the scientist’s opinion. Such a statement based on structured works caused scandals and disagreements among Freud's psychiatrist colleagues who opposed the theory. Representatives of the scientific community said that Sigmund was delusional, and he himself, as experts suggested, was a victim of psychosis.

The publication of the book “The Interpretation of Dreams” initially did not bring the author due recognition, but later psychoanalysts and psychiatrists recognized the importance of dreams in the treatment of patients. According to the scientist, dreams are a significant factor influencing the physiological state of the human body. After the release of the book, Professor Freud was invited to give lectures at universities in Germany and the USA, which the representative of medicine himself considered a great achievement.

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is another of Freud's works. This book is considered the second work after The Interpretation of Dreams, which influenced the creation of the topological model of the psyche developed by the scientist.

The book “Introduction to Psychoanalysis” took a special place among the scientist’s works. This work contains the core of the concept, ways of interpreting the theoretical principles and methods of psychoanalysis, as well as the philosophy of thought of the author. In the future, the basics of philosophy will become the basis for creating a set of mental processes and phenomena that have received a new definition - “Unconscious”.

Freud tried to explain and social phenomena. In the book “Psychology of the Masses and Analysis of the Human Self,” the psychoanalyst discussed the factors that influence the crowd, the behavior of the leader, and the “prestige” obtained as a result of being in power. All of these books by the author are still bestsellers.

In 1910, there was a split in the ranks of Freud's students and followers. The students’ disagreement with the fact that psychosis and hysteria are associated with the suppression of human sexual energy (this theory was adhered to by Freud) is the reason for the contradictions that led to the split. Disagreements and strife tired the great psychiatrist. The psychoanalyst decided to gather around himself only those who adhered to the basics of his theory. Thus, in 1913, a secretive and almost secret community, the “Committee,” appeared.

Personal life

For decades, Sigmund Freud paid no attention to the female gender. Frankly speaking, the scientist was afraid of women. This fact caused a lot of jokes and gossip, which embarrassed the psychiatrist. Freud convinced himself that he could live his whole life without women interfering in his personal space. But circumstances developed in such a way that the great scientist succumbed to the influence of the charm of the fair sex.

One day, on the way to the printing house, Freud almost fell under the wheels of a carriage. The passenger, who regretted the incident, sent the scientist an invitation to the ball as a sign of reconciliation. Already at the event, Sigmund Freud met his future wife Martha Beirnais, as well as her sister Minna. After some time, a magnificent engagement took place, and then a wedding. Married life was often overshadowed by scandals; jealous Martha insisted that her husband break off communication with Minna. Not wanting to quarrel with his wife, Freud did just that.

In 8 years family life Martha gave her husband six children. After the birth of his youngest daughter Anna, Sigmund Freud decided to completely renounce sex. Judging by the fact that Anna became last child, great psychoanalyst kept his word. Exactly youngest daughter looked after Freud at the end of the scientist’s life. In addition, Anna is the only one of the children who continued the business famous father. A children's psychotherapy center in London is named after Anna Freud.

The biography of Sigmund Freud is full of interesting stories.

It is known that the psychoanalyst was afraid of the numbers 6 and 2. The scientist never stayed in hotels that had more than 61 rooms. Thus, Freud avoided ending up in the “hell room” number 62. In addition, under any pretext, on February 6, the Austrian did not go out into the street, he was afraid of the negative events that, as the scientist assumed, were expected on that day.

Freud listened only to himself, considering own opinion the only true and correct one. The scientist demanded that people listen to the speeches very carefully. Surely not just one theory of the scientist is connected with these moments, but similar requirements to others, the psychoanalyst tried to prove his superiority by satisfying his pride.
The psychiatrist’s phenomenal memory is another mysterious moment in the biography of the Austrian doctor. Since childhood, the scientist memorized the contents of books, notes and pictures that he liked. Such abilities helped Freud in learning languages. The famous Austrian, in addition to German, knew a large number of other languages.

Sigmund Freud never looked people in the eye. This feature was clearly noticed by those around him who met the doctor during his lifetime. The scientist avoided looking, so representatives of the scientific community suggest that the famous couch that appeared in the psychoanalyst's room is connected with this moment.

Death

Intensive study of medical and philosophical works, a busy daily routine and the work of a thinker left a heavy imprint on Sigmund Freud’s health. An Austrian psychoanalyst fell ill with cancer.

Having undergone a large number of operations and not getting the desired result, Freud asked the attending physician to provide a favor and help him die, free from pain. In September 1939, a dose of morphine ended the scientist’s life, consigning his body to dust.

A large number of museums have been created in Freud's honor. The main such institution was organized in London, in the building where the scientist lived after forced emigration from Vienna. Also, the museum and hall in memory of Sigmund Freud is located in the city of Příbor (Czech Republic), in the scientist’s homeland. The photo of the founder of psychoanalysis is often found at international events dedicated to psychology.

Quotes

“Love and work are the cornerstones of our humanity.”
“The task of making man happy was not part of the plan for the creation of the world.”
“The voice of intellect is quiet, but it never tires of repeating - and there are listeners.”
“You never stop looking for strength and confidence outside, but you should look within yourself. They have always been there."
“In a number of cases, falling in love is nothing more than a psychic capture by an object, dictated by sexual primary urges for the purpose of direct sexual satisfaction and, with the achievement of this goal, fading away; this is what is called base, sensual love. But, as we know, the libidinal situation rarely remains so uncomplicated. Confidence in a new awakening of a need that had just died out was probably the immediate motive why the capture of a sexual object turned out to be long-lasting and it was “loved” even during those periods of time when there was no desire.”
“Just today my deceased daughter would have turned thirty-six years old... We are finding a place for the one we lost. Although we know that the acute grief after such a loss will be erased, we remain inconsolable and will never be able to find a replacement. Everything that stands in an empty place, even if it manages to fill it, remains something else. That's how it should be. This the only way to prolong the love that we do not want to renounce.” - from a letter to Ludwig Binswanger, April 12, 1929.

Bibliography

Dream interpretation
Three essays on the theory of sexuality
Totem and taboo
Psychology of masses and analysis of the human “I”
The future of one illusion
Beyond the pleasure principle
Me and it
Introduction to Psychoanalysis

Alexander/ 01/8/2019 erfolg.ru/erfolg/v_vyasmin.htm
An article by Vadim Vyazmin: Painting, Psychoanalysis and the Golden Game is available at this link.
“Sigmund Freud is a great feat of one, individual person! - made humanity more conscious; I'm talking more conscious, not happier. He deepened the picture of the world for an entire generation, I say deepened, not embellished. For the radical never gives happiness, it brings with it only certainty” (Stefan Zweig).

Anna/ 03/06/2016 I advise everyone who is tormented by mental problems to read dissatisfaction with culture several times. Especially the last three chapters. This is the solution to all your problems.

Reader1989/ 01/19/2016 Freud, Jung, Adler, Fromm, like many other people, felt other people’s mood (good or bad), will, and mind. But everyone described these qualities in their own way.
Each of them adjusted the facts to their own theory and interpreted the facts in their own way. On the contrary, it is necessary that the theory be created on the basis of facts, so that the theory logically, clearly, clearly, and consistently describes the facts.
I don't want to say that they were bad psychologists. Each of them was right in some way (or maybe in many ways). But still there is too much subjectivity.
They (even Freud and Adler) could describe any action or character of a person in mutually exclusive ways. This means that at least one of them is wrong. This also applies to other psychologists.

Sad/ 01/07/2016 Freud was a member of the Masonic Jewish community... Freud's views on people. nature in many ways do not combine with information from the books of Bekhtereva Natalya Petrovna - Soviet and Russian neurophysiologist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1975). Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1981). Since 1990 - scientific director of the Brain Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences

doChtor/ 01/05/2016 Freud only said that the psychic energy of a person is of sexual origin and therefore sexually colored, but it serves not only sexual purposes, but in general all the goals of a person in society. This is the essence of sublimation. This is the destiny of all instincts in the atmosphere of society. Not only in humans, but in animals. All instincts are deprived to a certain extent of their individual purpose and are forced to serve the interests of a society of people or a pack. " ------ - question: if creativity, etc. is sublimation, that we are driven by hormones, then how to justify creativity in young children, creativity in those who were born without ovaries and testicles (this happens)?)) I advise you to read with more scientific works sociobiologists such as M. Bowen - one of the few who in the most beautiful way explained the behavior of people with scientific point view (with all due respect to Freud's largely subjective works)

And Freud does not need to be “defended”; let the truth (if it exists) prove itself in the form of a scientific experiment. Freud wrote well, but if he were understood correctly (without taking phrases out of context) many of his adherents would simply leave him, because... Freud was by no means a proponent of sex; he positioned himself as quite emotionally restrained in this regard, extremely subject to the morality of bourgeois society.

question/ 01/05/2016 learn biology better)) Much of Freud and others is purely subjective. On this moment WHO recommends a behavioral approach. Still, there must be some objective evidence))

/ 11/19/2015 You guys have nothing to do. And this is the worst thing

/ 10/8/2015 Thanks to Freud, I realized a long time ago that all our emotions and behavior are deeply sexual. We cannot deny what is inherent in us by nature, no matter how much we disagree with it.

Guest/ 08/15/2015 no matter what anyone throws at Freud, the basics of his teaching are very significant, in particular, the components of the psyche (id, ego and supoego), and his statement regarding the existence of a supernatural mind (god) really pleased me: people are afraid of non-existence and therefore, in order to sweeten the bitterness of death, he invented bullshit about eternal life, about heaven and hell and other crap... remember from Gogol: the pipels want a miracle and I can give it to them, because I have traveled a lot and know how to create new religion... -> i.e. rule the stupid herd of ignoramuses, hehe

Valera/ 3.11.2014 Sigmund Freud - I and It (audio book)
http://turbobit.net/6rncs5r51pl8.html

Guest/ 3.11.2014 audio options
Essay on the history of psychoanalysis http://turbobit.net/zhm0gfctnrxx.html

Introduction to Psychoanalysis
http://turbobit.net/o625zzasovlh.html

Dissatisfaction with culture
http://turbobit.net/0ff4wrh2ukdc.html

Psychology religion culture
http://turbobit.net/5c4btrz6o935.html

Psychopathology of everyday life
http://turbobit.net/pk2cgcporvwn.html

Anna Aleksandrovna/ 04/01/2014 Freud is one of the best psychologists....Very interesting books!

Lyokha/ 01/16/2014 I realized that Freud’s books are some of the best and help you understand not only yourself but also those to whom you want to provide invaluable help. How many books on psychology have I read and Freud helps you look at the “bottom of the Ocean” and not just float on the surface of a drop of the ocean ...

Maria/ 12/9/2013 he did not live in the UK from 1938, but in the USA

Disappointed optimist/ 10.20.2013 Dear Doctor, I am concerned about a different kind of problem...why do people want to be psychotherapists...is it really out of love for humanity and the masses? Perhaps they just like to push some buttons in people and enjoy secret power or simply rejoice in the fact that someone has even more problems than they do. Agree, the coolest way to make money. haha. Doctor, I see that you have a great future. You need to get on the big air, and there you can promote Freud, as well as correct pronunciation. Why stoop to squabbles on a site where almost no one can hear you? Professionals don't mess with amateurs. Well, I don’t know about you in Paris, but here in Washington it’s a wonderful autumn day. No respect.