Did Chichikov sell dead souls? Why did you buy “dead souls”

Insects can be found everywhere - in urban concrete jungle, in a meadow, in a forest, tundra, desert, and even where there is eternal snow and cold. Sometimes we don't notice how beautiful the world. The globe is home to millions of different living organisms. In this article we will look in detail at what a hymenoptera insect is. Let's look at all the subspecies and their features.

general information

Hymenoptera insects include wasps, bees, bumblebees, ants and others. Few people know that they all live in separate communities, where there is only one main insect. Surprisingly, all their responsibilities are distributed evenly. In each group, a specific insect is responsible for one action. It is believed that this particular category of insects lives in absolutely all corners of the planet.

The species of Hymenoptera insects differ quite greatly from each other. There are only two varieties - Sessile-bellied and Stalk-bellied. The first includes more primitive insects that feed on organic matter.

Features of reproduction

The insect order Hymenoptera is distinguished by a kind of concept of sex determination. Termites, for example, which are a different species, do not have this feature. In the Hymenoptera family, as a rule, there is only one queen. In the first half of her life, she makes only one mating flight, storing seminal fluid for the entire period of her life, which is about 10 years.

The female uses the collected seminal fluid regularly to fertilize the eggs, which move along her reproductive tract. It is worth noting that not all eggs undergo fertilization. They can also have a single or double set of chromosomes.

Hymenoptera insects have no father. All members of the same family have the same set of chromosomes obtained from the female. Only the uterus itself has a pair of them.

Structural features

As we said earlier, Hymenoptera have two pairs of wings. As a rule, the front ones are longer than the rear ones. Antennae are located on the head of a hymenoptera insect. Each subspecies has its own structural feature. Their number ranges from 2 to 70. There are also eyes on the head, which have a rather complex structure. Surprisingly, some ants see absolutely nothing. They find their way to their anthill thanks to the scent of pheromones they leave behind.

An ant is a small hymenopteran insect. The number of their species is more than 8 thousand. It is believed that ants are most similar to humans.

Ants never eat what they find. They deliver food to the anthill. Those individuals that do not bring anything are killed by insects. Ants regularly stock up on food for the winter. During the day they take it outside to dry, and at night they bring it back. It is believed that ants anticipate the weather, since they never dry out preparations before it rains.

Few people know, but American scientists found the oldest representative on one of the beaches. The ant's body was located in amber. According to experts, the age of the find is about 130 million years. Surprisingly, ants are the only living organisms, other than humans, that raise pets, namely aphids.

It is believed that ants have the most big brain on the ground in relation to your body. Another interesting fact is the lack of sleep. Surprisingly, the hymenoptera insect of the order Antidae does not feel the need for this.

Few people know, but worker ants live up to 3 years, but females live up to 20. It is also known that they are able to lift a load that is 100 times their weight. When an ant dies from poisoning, it always falls exclusively on its right side.

bumblebees

Bumblebees are also hymenopteran insects. Representatives of this subspecies are distinguished by thick hair on the body, which is brightly colored. Bumblebees are divided into three categories: queen, workers and drones. It is worth noting that the latter do not have the ability to sting. Unlike wasps, bumblebees use their sting only for self-defense.

The reaction of the human body depends only on individual characteristics. Most often it does not pose a danger. An allergic reaction to a bumblebee sting is quite rare. Most often, only 1% of humanity is affected by it, and, as a rule, this occurs with a repeated bite.

It is known that, unlike other hymenoptera, bumblebees do not fly out in search of food in bad weather. They also have the most favorite plants. Bumblebees can pollinate hard-to-reach flower bowls that wasps cannot reach.

Unlike other insects, bumblebees have a body temperature 20-30 degrees higher than the environment. This is due to the active work of the pectoral muscles.

Are there any benefits from Hymenoptera insects?

Perhaps everyone knows that all living organisms on our planet are interconnected. Each insect brings certain benefits to globe and the man himself. The order Hymenoptera is no exception. For example, ants, as we know, build houses not only on the surface of the ground, but also under it. Thanks to this, the soil becomes looser and filled with more oxygen. Ants also destroy a huge number of pests every year.

Hymenoptera insects - bees, wasps and hornets - are of great benefit. Thanks to their processing products, a huge number of medicines were created. For example, many medications contain honey and propolis.

Interesting fact about the representative of Hymenoptera insects

In the 20th century, a famous scientist conducted a number of interesting studies. It is known that the bumblebee has rather small wings (relative to its body). The scientist applied airplane calculations to the insect. He found out that the bumblebee flies contrary to all the laws of aerodynamics and physics.

Today there is a discussion on this topic a large number of disputes. Many scientists refute the hypothesis and prove that the bumblebee flies for good reason. However, these versions have not yet been fully studied.

Hymenoptera and education

As we found out earlier, hymenoptera insects bring great benefit. The peculiarities of their structure and life activity are taught to 7th grade students at school. The purpose of the lesson is to show how important the order of insects Hymenoptera is. After finishing the lesson, 7th grade should know the structural features of this species and their role for the human body and nature. The teacher’s responsibilities include checking the mastery of the material about Hymenoptera insects after some time.

Ichneumonoids

In some queens, the ovipositor is filled with poison. Thanks to this feature, they destroy agricultural pests. An egg in the body of another insect hatches into a larva. At first, it feeds on the victim’s fat deposits, and when their supply comes to an end, it begins to eat vital organs. By the time the larva begins to create a cocoon for itself, as a rule, the victim dies.

Chalcids

Over 100 thousand species are known. They are characterized by the presence of two pairs of transparent membranous wings with relatively sparse longitudinal and transverse veins. The hind wings are always smaller than the front wings. Both pairs are firmly connected to each other. Mouthparts gnawing or sucking, but always with the upper jaws. Abdomen of a female with ovipositor, or sting. Larvae are legless or caterpillar.

Among the Hymenoptera there are both beneficial to humans (honey bees, ichneumon fly) and harmful (sawflies, gall moths).

The order Hymenoptera is divided into two suborders: Sessile bellies and stalked.

Sessile bellies unite sawflies And horntails. Sawflies (red-headed pine sawfly, gooseberry sawfly, cherry sawfly, bread sawfly) are small Hymenoptera that do not have a stalk between the thorax and abdomen; the mouthparts are of a gnawing type; the venation of the wings is denser than that of other Hymenoptera. Have sawtooth ovipositor, which is used to saw through plant tissue for laying eggs. Sawfly larvae - false caterpillars, having 6-8 pairs of false legs without claws. They eat leaves or pine needles.

Horntails- one of the largest Hymenoptera. The end of their abdomen is elongated into a solid appendage. The larvae live in wood, where they make wide passages.

Suborder stalked includes most Hymenoptera. One of the groups - riders- small insects with long antennae. Female equestrians have a well-developed ovipositor, with the help of which they lay eggs in the eggs of the larvae and pupae of various insects. The larvae emerging from the egg feed on the hemolymph and tissues of the host, as a result of which the insect damaged by the rider dies. In this case, the ichneumon ichneumon larva bores through the host’s integument and is selected to pupate outside.

Riders – beneficial insects that help people fight pests ( small-bellied whitefish with cabbage whites, Ephialtes with lumberjacks, ephidius with ticks).

Close to the riders chalcidids (“centipedes”"), up to 1 mm long. They lay eggs in the eggs of various insects, mainly cutworm butterflies ( trichogramma, telenomus).

Close to the riders gallworms. Females lay eggs in the pulp of the leaf. Due to the activity of the larvae developing in them, the tissues grow abnormally and form growths different shapes and colors - Gauls. Nutcrackers also form galls on stems and roots ( oak, or apple gallworm).

Rice. Various forms of galls

Among the Hymenoptera, very interesting formic. They live large families and make their nests with the most in different ways, most often in the ground or on its surface, in hollows, stumps, etc. The nest is complex system passages and galleries connected by extended chambers located at different levels.

Ants have very pronounced differences between separate groups individuals. Thus, worker ants are always wingless. Males and females are winged, but the females themselves break off their wings after fertilization. In addition to worker ants, families often contain soldiers with highly developed heads and upper jaws. Ant workers perform different kinds works Ant larvae are white and legless. Their pupation occurs in silky cocoons. They are called "ant eggs" and are collected to feed small birds. Ants drag cocoons from one part of the anthill to another several times a day.

Red forest ants destroy harmful insects and loosen the soil. Their nests are anthills- subject to protection. Also known dark brown And blood red ants, garden ant, house ant(they feed on human food, especially love sugar).

Found everywhere wasps. The body of the wasp is naked or covered with sparse hairs. Many wasps are characterized by striped coloring. The sting of female and worker wasps is not serrated, so the wasp can sting many times. Exist solitary wasps (sandy ammophila, scalia) And social (common wasp). Adults of the common wasp have nests paper, since there are no wax-secreting glands. They prepare paper pulp from old wood or bark. The largest wasp is hornet. Its bites are painful and dangerous. Many wasps are beneficial because they destroy many larvae of harmful insects.

The Hymenoptera of greatest practical importance are bees. The body of bees is abundantly covered with hairs. Oral apparatus gnawing-sucking type and is adapted to feeding on flower nectar. This determines the enormous importance of bees in plant pollination. The working forms of many bees have sting (modified ovipositor). The sting is equipped saw-toothed serrations. A bee sting gets stuck in a person's skin and is pulled out along with the sting. internal organs bees and she dies. TO public bees relate honey bees, bumblebees, and solitary bees - osmia, flower bees.

Honey bee- one of the few relatively domesticated insects. Currently there are various breeds honey bees.

In a bee colony, there are workers, females and males, or drones. Worker bees are underdeveloped females with undeveloped reproductive apparatus. They process flower nectar into honey, which they fill the cells of honeycombs with. A worker bee has basket, brush And spur, with the help of which bees collect, transport and unload pollen. Bees have on their abdomen wax glands. The wax they secrete is used to build honeycombs.

A pair salivary glands worker bee secretes "milk", containing protein substances. Bees feed the larvae of worker bees with “milk” only in the first days of their life, and in the remaining time they give them a mixture of honey and pollen. Female larvae are fed with “milk” throughout the entire period of their development. Thus, depending on the conditions of feeding the larvae, either a queen bee or a worker bee develops. Drones hatch from unfertilized eggs and live in the family only until the female is fertilized. After fertilization, which occurs in flight, worker bees do not allow males into the hive.

Beekeeping provides humans with honey, wax, propolis, and medicines (derivatives of propolis and honey). Bees are very useful as plant pollinators.

Flea Squad

A flea can suck a lot of blood. In this case, the blood, without having time to be digested, passes through the intestines and comes out with feces. Many species of fleas are capable of fasting for several months, which helps them overwinter in rodent nests after the death of their hosts.

Order Diptera

Unites more than 85 thousand species. Representatives of the order have one (front) pair of membranous transparent or colored wings. The hind pair of wings is reduced, and their remains are transformed into halteres. Mouthparts piercing or licking. Diptera are characterized by a mobile head with large eyes and a powerful chest, where the middle segment, to which the wings are attached, is most developed. Diptera are the best flyers among insects. Their larvae are legless, headless or with a head.

The order Diptera is divided into two suborders: Long mustache, or Mosquitoes, And Short mustache, or flies.

For long-moustached characterized by long multi-segmented antennae and an elongated abdomen. Larvae with head and gnawing oral apparatus. Long mustaches include various mosquitoes And mosquito-like, For example mosquitoes, biting midges, midges, bloodworms, centipedes, gall midges.

In mosquitoes piercing-sucking oral apparatus, with males feeding on flower nectar, and females sucking the blood of warm-blooded animals. After bloodsucking, they begin the process of egg maturation, and then oviposition.

Mosquitoes lay eggs in the water of stagnant bodies of water, where the larvae develop.

Humans are attacked by mosquitoes of the genus aedes, common malaria mosquito, occasionally – mosquitoes culex. Refers to harmless feather mosquito.

Bloodworms, or bell mosquitoes, can be seen on summer evenings swarming in one place in the air. Bloodworm larvae are often a huge number inhabit the muddy bottom of reservoirs and constitute a significant part of fish food.

Mosquitoes– small insects up to 2.5 mm long, close to mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter homes and inflict painful bites.

Short mustache characterized by short, usually three-segmented antennae, a wide, mostly ovoid abdomen, and piercing and licking type mouthparts. Their larvae are headless or have a retractable head armed with hooks.

U common housefly fit on the head big eyes, covering almost the entire head, so the fly sees in all directions. House flies have a well-developed sense of smell, using which they quickly flock to smells. The ability of flies to hold on and run on walls or ceilings is explained by the presence of a pair of flies on their limbs, except for their claws. "sticky pads"", which are always wet due to the liquid released on them.

Indoors, except for houseflies, they are common brownie And small house flies. All of them lay eggs in decaying substances (in garbage dumps, landfills), in manure and human feces, participating in the transfer of pathogens of intestinal infections and worm eggs. The transfer of bacterial infection occurs through the licking of the proboscis and pads on the paws. In addition, pathogenic bacteria are usually not digested in the fly's intestines and end up on food products with its feces.

It is often said that in the fall flies become angry and bite painfully. However, none of the flies mentioned sting. At the end of summer and early autumn, flies often fly into rooms burners. She has a hard proboscis with piercing bristles. It pierces the skin and sucks blood, attacking mainly domestic animals.

Large ones often fly into a person’s home blue blowflies, gray blowflies, small green carrion flies.

Among flies there are species that harm agricultural crops. These are cabbage fly, grain flies.

Female large flies horseflies, Being bloodsuckers, they greatly disturb agricultural animals (horses, cows) and can be carriers of a number of diseases.

In summer they usually fly over the flowers and land on them. hoverflies, or flower flies. Many of them resemble bees, wasps, and bumblebees in shape and color.

Hymenoptera constitute one of the most numerous (over 100 thousand species) and highly organized orders of insects. These are the best flyers and therefore have the most highly differentiated chest muscles. Representatives of this order are characterized by two pairs of transparent membranous wings. The front wings are always larger than the hind wings.

This order includes bees, wasps, ants, riders, bumblebees, etc. Many species live in large colonies or families (bees, etc.).

general characteristics

The bee's head has a very mobile articulation with the chest. The eyes are complex and large. Along with them, most Hymenoptera have simple eyes (the bee has three). On the head there are variously arranged antennae. Most species have gnawing type mouthparts, while bees have gnawing-licking type. Female hymenopterans have an ovipositor, which is converted into a sting in bees.

Most hymenoptera have worm-shaped larvae, and they lack eyes and legs, and the head is poorly developed. Only in larvae individual species Insects of this order have 3 pairs of thoracic legs and 6-8 pairs of abdominal legs.

Hymenoptera have a very well developed suprapharyngeal ganglion, or brain, and therefore they are characterized by complex behavior and the formation of conditioned reflexes.

Especially great importance have Hymenoptera as plant pollinators. Among these insects, many are useful to humans (honey bees, ichneumon fly, etc.). However, there are many harmful species (sawflies, gall moths, etc.).

Honey bee

The honey bee is a largely domesticated insect. Currently, various breeds of bees are known. They lead a social lifestyle.

Each bee colony has one female (queen, or queen), several males (drones) and tens of thousands of workers. Working individuals are underdeveloped females, incapable of reproduction. Typically wild bees settle in natural conditions in the hollows of trees. A person breeds bees in hives, where they use wax to make honeycombs consisting of hexagonal cells.

The nectar sucked by the bee from the flowers ends up in the crop. Here it is mixed with enzymes and, when placed by bees in the cells of the honeycomb, it turns into honey.

The chest of worker bees is densely covered with hairs. Pollen sticks to them when bees visit flowers. The legs of worker bees are adapted not only for building honeycomb cells, but also for collecting pollen. Bees have wax-secreting glands on their abdomen. The areas of the abdomen where wax is secreted are called speculum. The wax they produce is used by bees to build honeycombs.

Overwintered worker bees fly out with the onset of warm days. They collect pollen and nectar from flowers. The queen lays fertilized and unfertilized eggs in the cells of the honeycomb. Fertilized eggs develop into worker bees and a queen, and unfertilized eggs develop into drones.

Queen bee and honey bee reproduction

Depending on the feeding conditions, the larvae turn into either a queen bee or a worker bee. In the first days of the larvae’s life, worker bees feed them with “milk”, which is produced by one pair of salivary glands.

Some larvae are fed throughout their development only with “milk”, which is an exclusively nutritious food; From these larvae, at the end of development, the uterus is formed. Worker bees also feed other larvae with “milk” in the first days, but starting from the fourth day they are fed with a mixture of pollen and honey. Under such feeding conditions, worker bees develop.

IN life cycle bee colonies sequentially go through the following stages:

• Intensive reproduction and feeding;
• settlement, or swarming;
• formation of new families;
• mating and wintering.

Intensive activity of worker bees in a hive or in a hollow begins with the onset of heat. They build honeycomb cells, fill some of them with honey and seal them with wax. The uterus lives from 4 to 5 years. She is inseminated by a drone in her first year of life. Spermatozoons are stored in the seminal receptacles of the uterus.

Fertilization of eggs occurs at the moment they are laid by the queen in bee and queen cells. When laid in drone cells, the openings of the spermatic receptacles are compressed and the eggs remain unfertilized. One queen lays up to 1 thousand eggs per day. The breeding and feeding period ends with the hatching of many worker bees, and then the drones and the queen.

After the young uterus emerges from the queen cell, swarming period. The old queen leaves the hive (or hollow) with a significant part of the worker bees, and the emerging swarm settles on tree branches. Beekeepers remove the swarm and place it in the hive. If the swarm is not removed, it will settle in a hollow or other place and the bees will go wild.

The young queen emerging from the cell kills other developing queens in the uterine cells. Sometimes, after the appearance of a new queen, this operation is performed by worker bees. If another queen appears, then a second swarm is formed, which will also leave the hive. For beekeepers, such repeated swarming is undesirable, as it weakens the bee colonies.

The mating period, or nuptial flight, is as follows. The young queen flies out of the hive with the drones. During the nuptial flight, fertilization of the uterus occurs. Then she returns to the hive. After the nuptial flight, drones are not allowed into the hive (they die or are killed by worker bees).

The last period in the life of bees is wintering. The queen spends the winter with worker bees.

Life on our planet has been formed over millions of years. The struggle for survival is what pushes us to become better, stronger, more resilient. Organisms changed from generation to generation, adapting to environment. They tried to capture new territories, increase the rate of synthesis of the substances they needed, and open new ways to obtain energy, electrons and carbon. And here on this moment we can observe an unimaginable number of different animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. And if angiosperms dominate among plants in the category of species diversity, then among animals insects take the lead. Insecta occupy about 70% total number known species. By different sources the number of species studied ranges from 600,000 to 1,500,000. Every year scientists discover more and more new species of this class animals. If we take into account that many species of insects are found in huge numbers of individuals, then it becomes clear what a huge role insects play in terrestrial biocenoses. Naturally, the practical significance is extremely great.

Peculiarities

The peculiarity of this family is that they have two pairs of membranous, transparent wings. The posterior pair is somewhat smaller than the anterior one and is linked to them into a single wing plate.

There are known wingless species of Hymenoptera. This order includes ants, riders, bees, bumblebees, wasps - these are the most famous representatives.

The importance of these insects is great. Among them there are many dangerous plant pests, but they are also useful on the farm. For example, riders are used to control pests, domestic bees are suppliers of valuable products such as honey and wax, ants participate in soil-forming processes.

Appearance

Hymenoptera - Interesting Facts O appearance. This order includes many species that vary in size and shape. For example, the body length of males of some riders is about 0.139 mm, to major representatives This group includes tropical and road wasps, whose body sizes reach 4-6 cm.

The ovipositor sometimes significantly increases the size of insects. The body is clearly divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen. Hymenoptera have complex (faceted) and simple eyes. The mouthparts are of the gnawing or lapping type, which is also used for the construction of hives, nests, and anthills for defense and attack.

There have been cases when insects of this order gnawed through lead sheets of metal. The chest consists of four completely fused segments. On the abdomen, in some species, segmentation can be seen. The head and chest bear limbs; sometimes only their rudiments remain on the abdomen.

Hymenoptera are divided according to the nature of the connection of the thorax and abdomen into two suborders: sessile-bellied (Symphyta) and stalked (Apocrita). In the former, the chest is connected to the wide base of the abdomen, while in the latter, between these parts of the body there is a thin stalk, which represents a sharply narrowed second abdominal segment. Symphyta includes sawflies and horntails, Apocrita includes ichneumon wasps, bumblebees, bees, ants, gall moths and others. Females of most species have a sting at the end of their body; males also have copulation organs there.

Insects have three pairs of walking limbs, which can also perform other functions, helping arthropods dig, grab, and collect. Not all representatives of the order have wings.

Lifestyle. Nutrition

Reproduction

Hymenoptera reproduce by laying eggs in huge numbers. Bees, wasps, and bumblebees lay them in hives. Riders deposit them inside victims, whose chitin they pierce with the help of a sting. The young of this order go through a full development cycle from egg to larva, pupa and then turn into an adult.

Hymenoptera live in different areas our Earth. They can be found in soil, water, air, and also in other organisms. Some species prefer to build durable homes for many generations, for others this is not relevant and they simply dig holes where they live throughout their short lives.

It has been observed that ants use aphids to obtain food. They nurse it, graze it like “livestock,” and protect it from other insects.

It is known that ants can go very far from their home in search of new sources of food, materials or unfriendly neighbors. But how do they find their way back? It turns out that at the end of the abdomen of insects there are glands that secrete an odorous liquid. While traveling, the ant constantly secretes a secret, forming a kind of “Ariadne’s thread”. The ants return home along such odorous paths, and if this path is useful, then workers are sent along it. U different types the secret has a different smell, this helps not to confuse the right direction.

Wasps

The body size of the wasp varies from 4 to 10 cm depending on the species. They usually have four wings, but wingless wasps are also found. For example, the female German wasp is wingless, while the males are capable of flight.

Hymenoptera currently number about 155,000 species known to man. Unfortunately, we can see many of them only in the Red Books different countries. Human activities most often have a detrimental effect on insects. Deforestation, urbanization, the use of insecticides, plowing of steppes and meadows, and drainage of swamps not only destroys them but also reduces their natural habitats. Yes, for most people, insects are pests of crops and trees, and these animals are of interest only to a narrow circle of people.

Insects play very important role in nature. For example, without bees, many species of angiosperms could be forgotten because they ceased to exist. The wasps are predators that eat those same pests. In nature, everything is interconnected. Using the example of just one order of insects, we saw many ways to live on our planet. Yes, it is difficult to live, especially in a wild world, where you have nowhere to wait for help and you need to rely only on your own strength, adapt, look for new ways, be smarter, stronger.

An enterprising young landowner came up with the idea from N.V. Gogol’s poem unusual way enrichment. He buys up dead peasants who are still alive on the lists.

Historical reference

What are Revision Tales

Conclusion of the peasants

Chichikov's benefit

• At Manilov's - no one knows how much for free.
• Korobochka has 18 “men” for 1 ruble 20 kopecks.
• Plyushkin has 198 souls for 32 kopecks.
• Sobakevich has about 100 souls for 2 rubles 50 kopecks.
• The enterprising Pavel Ivanovich will receive about 200 thousand rubles, acquire land with a real estate and become a landowner, practical and strong. A profitable purchase will allow him to live comfortably into old age.