When and for what did Bunin receive no. Ivan Bunin: biography, personal life, creativity, interesting facts

The name of the writer Ivan Bunin is well known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Thanks to own works the first Russian laureate in the field of literature deserved world fame while still alive! To better understand what guided this person when creating your unique masterpieces, you should study the biography of Ivan Bunin and his view on many things in life.

Brief biographical sketches from early childhood

The future great writer was born back in 1870, on October 22. Voronezh became his homeland. Bunin's family was not rich: his father became an impoverished landowner, so from early childhood little Vanya experienced many material deprivations.

The biography of Ivan Bunin is very unusual, and this was evident from the very beginning. early period his life. Even in his childhood he was very proud of the fact that he was born in noble family. At the same time, Vanya tried not to focus on material difficulties.

As the biography of Ivan Bunin testifies, in 1881 he entered first grade. Ivan Alekseevich began his schooling at the Yeletsk gymnasium. However, due to the difficult financial situation of his parents, he was forced to quit school in 1886 and continue to learn the basics of science at home. It is thanks to homeschooling that young Vanya gets acquainted with the creativity of such famous writers, like Koltsov A.V. and Nikitin I.S.

Some of the beginnings of Bunin's career

Ivan Bunin began writing his very first poems at the age of 17. It was then that his creative debut took place, which turned out to be very successful. Not in vain printed publications published the works of the young author. But it’s unlikely that their editors could have imagined then how stunning successes in the field of literature awaited Bunin in the future!

At the age of 19, Ivan Alekseevich moved to Orel and got a job at a newspaper with the eloquent name “Orlovskiy Vestnik”.

In 1903 and 1909, Ivan Bunin, whose biography is presented to the reader in the article, was awarded the Pushkin Prize. And on November 1, 1909, he was elected an honorary academician to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which specialized in refined literature.

Important events from your personal life

The personal life of Ivan Bunin is replete with many interesting moments, which you should pay attention to. In the life of the great writer there were 4 women for whom he felt tender feelings. And each of them played a certain role in his fate! Let's pay attention to each of them:

1. Varvara Pashchenko - Ivan Alekseevich Bunin met her at the age of 19. This happened in the building of the editorial office of the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper. But with Varvara, who was one year older than him, Ivan Alekseevich lived in a civil marriage. Difficulties in their relationship began due to the fact that Bunin simply could not provide her with the material standard of living that she was striving for. As a result of this, Varvara Pashchenko cheated on him with a wealthy landowner.
2. Anna Tsakni in 1898 became the legal wife of the famous Russian writer. He met her in Odessa while on vacation and was simply struck by her natural beauty. However, family life quickly began to crack due to the fact that Anna Tsakni always dreamed of returning to hometown- Odessa. Therefore, the entire life of Moscow was a burden for her, and she accused her husband of indifference to her and callousness.
3. Vera Muromtseva is the beloved woman of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, with whom he lived the longest - 46 years. They formalized their relationship only in 1922 - 16 years after they met. And Ivan Alekseevich met his future wife in 1906, during a literary evening. After the wedding, the writer and his wife moved to live in the southern part of France.
4. Galina Kuznetsova lived next to the writer’s wife, Vera Muromtseva, and was not at all embarrassed by this fact, just like Ivan Alekseevich’s wife herself. In total, she lived for 10 years in a French villa.

The writer's political views

Political Views many people had a significant influence on public opinion. Therefore, certain newspaper publications devoted a lot of time to them.

Even though in to a greater extent Ivan Alekseevich had to study own creativity outside of Russia, he always loved his homeland and understood the meaning of the word “patriot”. However, belonging to any particular party was alien to Bunin. But in one of his interviews, the writer once said that the idea of ​​a social democratic system was closer to his spirit.

Personal life tragedy

In 1905, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin suffered a grave grief: his son Nikolai, whom Anna Tsakni gave birth to, died. This fact can definitely be attributed to personal life tragedy writer. However, as follows from the biography, Ivan Bunin held firm, was able to endure the pain of loss and, despite such a sad event, give the whole world many literary “pearls”! What else is known about the life of the Russian classic?

Ivan Bunin: interesting facts from life

Bunin very much regretted that he graduated from only 4 classes of the gymnasium and could not receive a systematic education. But this fact did not at all prevent him from leaving a significant mark on the literary world.

Ivan Alekseevich had to stay in exile for a long period of time. And all this time he dreamed of returning to his homeland. Bunin cherished this dream virtually until his death, but it remained unfulfilled.

At the age of 17, when he wrote his first poem, Ivan Bunin tried to imitate his great predecessors - Pushkin and Lermontov. Perhaps their creativity influenced the young writer big influence and became an incentive to create my own works.

Nowadays, few people know that early childhood writer Ivan Bunin was poisoned by henbane. Then he was saved from certain death by his nanny, who gave little Vanya milk in time.

The writer tried to determine the appearance of a person by his limbs, as well as the back of his head.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was passionate about collecting various boxes and bottles. At the same time, he fiercely protected all his “exhibits” for many years!

These and others Interesting Facts characterize Bunin as an extraordinary personality, capable of not only realizing his talent in the field of literature, but also accepting Active participation in many fields of activity.

Famous collections and works of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin

The largest works that Ivan Bunin managed to write in his life were the stories “Mitina’s Love”, “Village”, “Sukhodol”, as well as the novel “The Life of Arsenyev”. It was for the novel that Ivan Alekseevich was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Very interesting for the reader is the collection of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin “ Dark alleys" It contains stories that touch on the theme of love. The writer worked on them from 1937 to 1945, that is, precisely when he was in exile.

Samples of Ivan Bunin’s creativity, which are included in the collection “ Damned days" It describes revolutionary events 1917 and all the historical aspect that they carried in themselves.

Popular poems by Ivan Alekseevich Bunin

In each of his poems, Bunin clearly expressed certain thoughts. For example, in famous work“Childhood” the reader gets acquainted with the thoughts of a child regarding the world around him. A ten-year-old boy reflects on how majestic nature is around him and how small and insignificant he is in this universe.

In the poem “Night and Day” the poet masterfully describes different times day and emphasizes that everything is gradually changing in human life, and only God remains eternal.

Nature is interestingly described in the work “Rafts,” as well as the hard work of those who every day transport people to the opposite bank of the river.

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize was awarded to Ivan Bunin for the novel “The Life of Arsenyev” he wrote, which actually told about the life of the writer himself. Although this book was published in 1930, in which Ivan Alekseevich tried to “pour out his soul” and his feelings about certain life situations.

Officially, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Bunin on December 10, 1933 - that is, 3 years after its publication. famous novel. He received this honorary award from the hands of the Swedish king Gustav V himself.

It is noteworthy that for the first time in history, the Nobel Prize was awarded to a person who was officially in exile. Until this moment, not a single genius who became its owner had been in exile. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin became precisely this “pioneer”, whom the world literary community noted with such a valuable encouragement.

In total, the Nobel Prize laureates received 715,000 francs in cash. It would seem a very impressive amount. But it was quickly squandered by the writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, as he provided financial assistance to Russian emigrants, who bombarded him with many different letters.

Death of a Writer

Death came to Ivan Bunin quite unexpectedly. His heart stopped while he was sleeping, and this sad event happened on November 8, 1953. It was on this day that Ivan Alekseevich was in Paris and could not even imagine his imminent death.

Bunin probably dreamed of living long and one day dying in native land, among his loved ones and large quantity friends. But fate decreed somewhat differently, as a result of which most The writer spent his life in exile. However, thanks to his unsurpassed creativity, he virtually ensured immortality for his name. Remember literary masterpieces written by Bunin, there will be many more generations of people. Creative person, like him, gains world fame and becomes a historical reflection of the era in which she worked!

Ivan Bunin was buried in one of the cemeteries in France (Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois). So rich and interesting biography Ivan Bunin. What is his role in world literature?

The role of Bunin in world literature

We can safely say that Ivan Bunin (1870-1953) left a noticeable mark on world literature. Thanks to such virtues as ingenuity and verbal sensitivity, which the poet possessed, he was excellent at creating the most suitable literary images in his works.

By nature, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was a realist, but despite this, he skillfully supplemented his stories with something fascinating and unusual. The uniqueness of Ivan Alekseevich lay in the fact that he did not consider himself to be a member of any well-known literary group or “trend” that was fundamental in its views.

All of Bunin’s best stories were dedicated to Russia and told about everything that connected the writer with it. Perhaps it was precisely because of these facts that Ivan Alekseevich’s stories were very popular among Russian readers.

Unfortunately, Bunin's work has not been fully studied by our contemporaries. Scientific research the writer's language and style are still to come. His influence on Russian literature of the 20th century has not yet been revealed, perhaps because, like Pushkin, Ivan Alekseevich is unique. There is a way out of this situation: turning again and again to Bunin’s texts, to documents, archives, and contemporaries’ memories of him.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born on October 22, 1870 in Voronezh into a noble family. He spent his childhood and youth on an impoverished estate in the Oryol province.

He spent his early childhood on a small family estate (the Butyrki farm in Yeletsky district, Oryol province). At the age of ten he was sent to the Yeletsk gymnasium, where he studied for four and a half years, was expelled (for non-payment of tuition fees) and returned to the village. Systematic education future writer I didn’t get it, which I regretted all my life. True, the elder brother Yuli, who graduated from the university with flying colors, went through the entire gymnasium course with Vanya. They studied languages, psychology, philosophy, social and natural sciences. It was Julius who had a great influence on the formation of Bunin’s tastes and views.

An aristocrat in spirit, Bunin did not share his brother’s passion for political radicalism. Julius, feeling literary abilities younger brother, introduced him to Russian classical literature, advised me to write it myself. Bunin read Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov with enthusiasm, and at the age of 16 he began to write poetry himself. In May 1887, the magazine "Rodina" published the poem "Beggar" by sixteen-year-old Vanya Bunin. From that time on, his more or less constant literary activity began, in which there was a place for both poetry and prose.

Started in 1889 independent life- with a change of professions, with work in both provincial and metropolitan periodicals. While collaborating with the editors of the newspaper "Orlovsky Vestnik", the young writer met the newspaper's proofreader, Varvara Vladimirovna Pashchenko, who married him in 1891. The young couple, who lived unmarried (Pashchenko's parents were against the marriage), subsequently moved to Poltava (1892) and began to serve as statisticians in the provincial government. In 1891, Bunin's first collection of poems, still very imitative, was published.

The year 1895 became a turning point in the writer’s fate. After Pashchenko got along with Bunin’s friend A.I. Bibikov, the writer left his service and moved to Moscow, where his literary acquaintances took place with L.N. Tolstoy, whose personality and philosophy had a strong influence on Bunin, with A.P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, N.D. Teleshov.

Since 1895, Bunin has lived in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Literary recognition came to the writer after the publication of such stories as “On the Farm”, “News from the Motherland” and “At the End of the World”, dedicated to the famine of 1891, the cholera epidemic of 1892, the resettlement of peasants to Siberia, as well as impoverishment and the decline of the small landed nobility. Bunin called his first collection of stories “At the End of the World” (1897). In 1898 Bunin released poetry collection"Under open air”, as well as Longfellow’s translation of “The Song of Hiawatha”, which received very high praise and was awarded the Pushkin Prize of the first degree.

In 1898 (some sources indicate 1896) he married Anna Nikolaevna Tsakni, a Greek woman, the daughter of the revolutionary and emigrant N.P. Tsakni. Family life again it was unsuccessful and in 1900 the couple divorced, and in 1905 their son Nikolai died.

On November 4, 1906, an event occurred in Bunin’s personal life that had an important influence on his work. While in Moscow, he meets Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, the niece of the same S.A. Muromtsev, who was the chairman of the First State Duma. And in April 1907, the writer and Muromtseva went together on their “first long journey,” visiting Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. This journey not only marked the beginning of their life together, but also gave birth to a whole cycle Bunin's stories"Shadow of a Bird" (1907 - 1911), in which he wrote about the "luminous countries" of the East, their ancient history and amazing culture.

In December 1911, in Capri, the writer finished autobiographical story“Sukhodol”, which, being published in “Bulletin of Europe” in April 1912, was a huge success among readers and critics. On October 27-29 of the same year, the entire Russian public solemnly celebrated the 25th anniversary of I.A.’s literary activity. Bunin, and in 1915 in the St. Petersburg publishing house A.F. Marx left him full meeting works in six volumes. In 1912-1914. Bunin took an intimate part in the work of the “Book Publishing House of Writers in Moscow”, and collections of his works were published in this publishing house one after another - “John Rydalets: stories and poems of 1912-1913.” (1913), "The Cup of Life: Stories of 1913-1914." (1915), "Mr. from San Francisco: Works 1915-1916." (1916).

First World War brought Bunin “great emotional disappointment.” But it was during this senseless world massacre that the poet and writer especially acutely felt the meaning of the word, not so much journalistic as poetic. In January 1916 alone, he wrote fifteen poems: “Svyatogor and Ilya”, “A Land without History”, “Eve”, “The day will come - I will disappear...” and others. In them, the author fearfully awaits the collapse of the great Russian power. Bunin reacted sharply negatively to the revolutions of 1917 (February and October). Pathetic figures of the leaders of the Provisional Government, as he believed Great master, were only capable of leading Russia to the abyss. His diary was dedicated to this period - the pamphlet "Cursed Days", first published in Berlin (Collected works, 1935).

In 1920, Bunin and his wife emigrated, settling in Paris and then moving to Grasse, a small town in the south of France. You can read about this period of their life (until 1941) in Galina Kuznetsova’s talented book “The Grasse Diary”. A young writer, a student of Bunin, she lived in their house from 1927 to 1942, becoming Ivan Alekseevich’s last very strong passion. Vera Nikolaevna, infinitely devoted to him, made this, perhaps the greatest sacrifice in her life, understanding the emotional needs of the writer (“For a poet, being in love is even more important than traveling,” Gumilyov used to say).

In exile, Bunin creates his own best works: “Mitya’s Love” (1924), “ Sunstroke"(1925), "The Case of Cornet Elagin" (1925) and, finally, "The Life of Arsenyev" (1927-1929, 1933). These works became a new word both in Bunin’s work and in Russian literature in general. And according to K. G. Paustovsky, “The Life of Arsenyev” is not only pinnacle piece Russian literature, but also “one of the most remarkable phenomena of world literature.”
In 1933, Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize, as he believed, primarily for “The Life of Arsenyev.” When Bunin came to Stockholm to receive the Nobel Prize, people in Sweden already recognized him by sight. Bunin's photographs could be seen in every newspaper, in store windows, and on cinema screens.

With the outbreak of World War II, in 1939, the Bunins settled in the south of France, in Grasse, at the Villa Jeannette, where they spent the entire war. The writer closely followed events in Russia, refusing any form of cooperation with the Nazi occupation authorities. He experienced the defeats of the Red Army on the eastern front very painfully, and then sincerely rejoiced at its victories.

In 1945, Bunin returned to Paris again. Bunin repeatedly expressed his desire to return to his homeland, the decree of the Soviet government in 1946 “On the restoration of USSR citizenship to subjects of the former Russian Empire... "called a "magnanimous measure." However, Zhdanov's decree on the magazines "Zvezda" and "Leningrad" (1946), which trampled A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko, forever turned the writer away from his intention to return to his homeland.

Although Bunin's work received widespread international recognition, his life in a foreign land was not easy. Latest collection The stories "Dark Alleys", written during the dark days of the Nazi occupation of France, went unnoticed. Until the end of his life he had to defend his favorite book from the “Pharisees.” In 1952, he wrote to F.A. Stepun, the author of one of the reviews of Bunin’s works: “It’s a pity that you wrote that in “Dark Alleys” there is some excess of consideration of female charms... What an “excess” there! I gave only a thousandth how men of all tribes and peoples “consider” women everywhere, always from the age of ten until the age of 90.”

At the end of his life, Bunin wrote a number of more stories, as well as the extremely caustic “Memoirs” (1950), in which Soviet culture is subject to harsh criticism. A year after the appearance of this book, Bunin was elected the first honorary member of the Pen Club. representing writers in exile. IN last years Bunin also began work on his memoirs about Chekhov, which he planned to write back in 1904, immediately after the death of his friend. However literary portrait Chekhov remained unfinished.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin died on the night of November 8, 1953 in the arms of his wife in terrible poverty. In his memoirs, Bunin wrote: “I was born too late. If I had been born earlier, my writing memories would not have been like this. I would not have had to survive... 1905, then the First World War, followed by the 17th year and its continuation, Lenin , Stalin, Hitler... How not to envy our forefather Noah! Only one flood befell him..." Bunin was buried in the Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery near Paris, in a crypt, in a zinc coffin.

First Russian Nobel laureate Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is called a jeweler of words, a prose writer, a genius Russian literature And the brightest representative Silver Age. Literary critics agree that Bunin’s works have a kinship with paintings, and in their worldview, Ivan Alekseevich’s stories and tales are similar to paintings.

Childhood and youth

Contemporaries of Ivan Bunin claim that the writer felt a “breed”, an innate aristocracy. There is nothing to be surprised: Ivan Alekseevich is a representative of the oldest noble family, dating back to the 15th century. The Bunin family coat of arms is included in the armorial of the noble families of the Russian Empire. Among the writer’s ancestors is the founder of romanticism, a writer of ballads and poems.

Ivan Alekseevich was born in October 1870 in Voronezh, in the family of a poor nobleman and petty official Alexei Bunin, married to his cousin Lyudmila Chubarova, a meek but impressionable woman. She bore her husband nine children, four of whom survived.

The family moved to Voronezh 4 years before Ivan’s birth to educate their eldest sons Yuli and Evgeniy. We settled in a rented apartment on Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya Street. When Ivan was four years old, his parents returned to the Butyrki family estate in the Oryol province. Bunin spent his childhood on the farm.

The love of reading was instilled in the boy by his tutor, a student at Moscow University, Nikolai Romashkov. At home, Ivan Bunin studied languages, focusing on Latin. The first books the future writer read independently were “The Odyssey” and a collection of English poems.

In the summer of 1881, his father brought Ivan to Yelets. Younger son passed the exams and entered the 1st grade of the men's gymnasium. Bunin liked to study, but this did not concern exact sciences. In a letter to his older brother, Vanya admitted that he considered the math exam “the worst.” After 5 years, Ivan Bunin was expelled from the gymnasium in the middle school year. A 16-year-old boy came to his father’s Ozerki estate for the Christmas holidays, but never returned to Yelets. For failure to appear at the gymnasium, the teachers' council expelled the guy. Ivan’s older brother Julius took over Ivan’s further education.

Literature

The creative biography of Ivan Bunin began in Ozerki. On the estate, he continued work on the novel “Passion”, which he began in Yelets, but the work did not reach the reader. But the poem of the young writer, written under the impression of the death of his idol - the poet Semyon Nadson - was published in the magazine "Rodina".

On his father's estate, with the help of his brother, Ivan Bunin prepared for the final exams, passed them and received a matriculation certificate.

From the autumn of 1889 to the summer of 1892, Ivan Bunin worked in the Orlovsky Vestnik magazine, where his stories, poems and literary critical articles were published. In August 1892, Julius called his brother to Poltava, where he gave Ivan a job as a librarian in the provincial government.

In January 1894, the writer visited Moscow, where he met a like-minded person. Like Lev Nikolaevich, Bunin criticizes urban civilization. In the stories " Antonov apples", "Epitaph" and " New road“Nostalgic notes for the passing era are discerned, and regret for the degenerating nobility is felt.

In 1897, Ivan Bunin published the book “To the End of the World” in St. Petersburg. A year earlier, he translated Henry Longfellow's poem The Song of Hiawatha. Poems by Alcay, Saadi, Adam Mickiewicz and others appeared in Bunin's translation.

In 1898, Ivan Alekseevich’s poetry collection “Under the Open Air” was published in Moscow, which was warmly received literary critics and readers. Two years later, Bunin presented poetry lovers with a second book of poems, “Falling Leaves,” which strengthened the author’s authority as a “poet of the Russian landscape.” St. Petersburg Academy Sciences in 1903 awards Ivan Bunin the first Pushkin Prize, followed by a second one.

But in the poetic community, Ivan Bunin earned a reputation as an “old-fashioned landscape painter.” At the end of the 1890s, “fashionable” poets became favorites, bringing the “breath of city streets” into Russian lyrics, and with their restless heroes. in a review of Bunin’s collection “Poems” he wrote that Ivan Alekseevich found himself on the sidelines “from general movement", but from the point of view of painting, his poetic "canvases" reached " endpoints perfection." Critics cite the poems “I Remember a Long Time” as examples of perfection and adherence to the classics. winter evening" and "Evening".

Ivan Bunin the poet does not accept symbolism and looks critically at the revolutionary events of 1905–1907, calling himself “a witness of the great and the vile.” In 1910, Ivan Alekseevich published the story “The Village,” which laid the foundation for “a whole series of works that sharply depict the Russian soul.” The continuation of the series is the story “Sukhodol” and the stories “Strength”, “ A good life", "Prince among princes", "Lapti".

In 1915, Ivan Bunin was at the peak of his popularity. Get him out famous stories"Mr. from San Francisco", "Grammar of Love", " Easy breath" and "Chang's Dreams". In 1917, the writer left revolutionary Petrograd, avoiding the “terrible proximity of the enemy.” Bunin lived in Moscow for six months, from there in May 1918 he left for Odessa, where he wrote the diary “Cursed Days” - a furious denunciation of the revolution and Bolshevik power.

It is dangerous for a writer who so vehemently criticizes the new government to remain in the country. In January 1920, Ivan Alekseevich left Russia. He leaves for Constantinople, and in March ends up in Paris. A collection of short stories entitled “Mr. from San Francisco” was published here, which the public greeted enthusiastically.

Since the summer of 1923, Ivan Bunin lived in the Belvedere villa in ancient Grasse, where he was visited. During these years, the stories “Initial Love”, “Numbers”, “Rose of Jericho” and “Mitya’s Love” were published.

In 1930, Ivan Alekseevich wrote the story “The Shadow of a Bird” and completed the most significant work, created in exile, is the novel “The Life of Arsenyev.” The description of the hero’s experiences is covered with sadness about the departed Russia, “which perished before our eyes in such a magical short term».

In the late 1930s, Ivan Bunin moved to the Villa Zhannette, where he lived during the Second World War. The writer worried about the fate of his homeland and joyfully greeted the news of the slightest victory Soviet troops. Bunin lived in poverty. He wrote about his difficult situation:

“I was rich - now, by the will of fate, I suddenly became poor... I was famous throughout the world - now no one in the world needs me... I really want to go home!”

The villa was dilapidated: the heating system did not function, there were interruptions in electricity and water supply. Ivan Alekseevich spoke in letters to friends about the “constant famine in the caves.” In order to get at least a small amount of money, Bunin asked a friend who had left for America to publish the collection “Dark Alleys” on any terms. The book in Russian with a circulation of 600 copies was published in 1943, for which the writer received $300. The collection includes the story “ Clean Monday" Ivan Bunin’s last masterpiece, the poem “Night,” was published in 1952.

Researchers of the prose writer's work have noticed that his stories and stories are cinematic. For the first time, a Hollywood producer spoke about film adaptations of Ivan Bunin’s works, expressing a desire to make a film based on the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.” But it ended with a conversation.

In the early 1960s, attention was paid to the work of a compatriot Russian directors. A short film based on the story “Mitya’s Love” was directed by Vasily Pichul. In 1989, the film “Non-Urgent Spring” was released. story of the same name Bunina.

In 2000, the biographical film “His Wife’s Diary,” directed by the director, was released, which tells the story of relationships in the prose writer’s family.

The premiere of the drama “Sunstroke” in 2014 caused a stir. The film is based on the story of the same name and the book “Cursed Days.”

Nobel Prize

Ivan Bunin was first nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1922. The Nobel Prize laureate worked on this. But then the prize was given to the Irish poet William Yates.

In the 1930s, Russian emigrant writers joined the process, and their efforts were crowned with victory: in November 1933, the Swedish Academy awarded Ivan Bunin a prize for literature. The address to the laureate said that he deserved the award for “recreating in prose a typical Russian character.”

Ivan Bunin quickly spent the 715 thousand francs of his prize. In the very first months, he distributed half of it to those in need and to everyone who turned to him for help. Even before receiving the award, the writer admitted that he had received 2,000 letters asking for financial help.

3 years after receiving the Nobel Prize, Ivan Bunin plunged into habitual poverty. Until the end of his life he never had own home. Bunin best described the state of affairs in short poem"The Bird Has a Nest" contains the lines:

The beast has a hole, the bird has a nest.
How the heart beats, sadly and loudly,
When I enter, being baptized, into someone else's rented house
With his already old knapsack!

Personal life

The young writer met his first love when he worked at Orlovsky Vestnik. Varvara Pashchenko, a tall beauty in pince-nez, seemed too arrogant and emancipated to Bunin. But soon he found in the girl interesting interlocutor. A romance broke out, but Varvara’s father did not like the poor young man with vague prospects. The couple lived without a wedding. In his memoirs, Ivan Bunin calls Varvara “the unmarried wife.”

After moving to Poltava and without that difficult relationships worsened. Varvara, a girl from a wealthy family, was fed up with her miserable existence: she left home, leaving Bunin a farewell note. Soon Pashchenko became the wife of actor Arseny Bibikov. Ivan Bunin had a hard time with the breakup; his brothers feared for his life.

In 1898, in Odessa, Ivan Alekseevich met Anna Tsakni. She became Bunin's first official wife. The wedding took place that same year. But the couple did not live together for long: they separated two years later. The marriage produced the writer’s only son, Nikolai, but in 1905 the boy died of scarlet fever. Bunin had no more children.

The love of Ivan Bunin’s life is his third wife Vera Muromtseva, whom he met in Moscow, on literary evening in November 1906. Muromtseva, a graduate of the Higher Women's Courses, was fond of chemistry and spoke three languages ​​fluently. But Vera was far from literary bohemia.

The newlyweds got married in exile in 1922: Tsakni did not give Bunin a divorce for 15 years. He was the best man at the wedding. The couple lived together until Bunin's death, although their life could not be called cloudless. In 1926, rumors appeared among the emigrants about a strange love triangle: in the house of Ivan and Vera Bunin lived a young writer Galina Kuznetsova, for whom Ivan Bunin had far from friendly feelings.

Kuznetsova is called last love writer. She lived in the villa of the Bunins for 10 years. Ivan Alekseevich experienced a tragedy when he learned about Galina’s passion for the sister of the philosopher Fyodor Stepun, Margarita. Kuznetsova left Bunin’s house and went to Margot, which became the reason for the writer’s protracted depression. Friends of Ivan Alekseevich wrote that Bunin at that time was on the verge of madness and despair. He worked day and night, trying to forget his beloved.

After breaking up with Kuznetsova, Ivan Bunin wrote 38 short stories, included in the collection “Dark Alleys”.

Death

In the late 1940s, doctors diagnosed Bunin with pulmonary emphysema. At the insistence of doctors, Ivan Alekseevich went to a resort in the south of France. But my health did not improve. In 1947, 79-year-old Ivan Bunin last time spoke to an audience of writers.

Poverty forced him to turn to Russian emigrant Andrei Sedykh for help. He obtained a pension for a sick colleague from the American philanthropist Frank Atran. Until the end of Bunin’s life, Atran paid the writer 10 thousand francs monthly.

In the late autumn of 1953, Ivan Bunin's health deteriorated. He didn't get out of bed. Shortly before his death, the writer asked his wife to read the letters.

On November 8, the doctor confirmed the death of Ivan Alekseevich. Its cause was cardiac asthma and pulmonary sclerosis. The Nobel laureate was buried in the Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery, the place where hundreds of Russian emigrants found rest.

Bibliography

• "Antonov apples"
• "Village"
• "Sukhodol"
• "Easy breath"
• "Chang's Dreams"
• "Lapti"
• "Grammar of Love"
• "Mitya's love"
• "Cursed Days"
• "Sunstroke"
• "The Life of Arsenyev"
• "Caucasus"
• "Dark alleys"
• "Cold autumn"
• "Numbers"
• "Clean Monday"
• "The Case of Cornet Elagin"

Ivan Bunin was born into a poor noble family on October 10 (22), 1870. Then, in Bunin’s biography, he moved to an estate in the Oryol province near the city of Yelets. Bunin spent his childhood in this very place, among the natural beauty of the fields.

Bunin's primary education was received at home. Then, in 1881, the young poet entered the Yelets gymnasium. However, without finishing it, he returned home in 1886. Further education Ivan Alekseevich Bunin received thanks to his older brother Yuli, who graduated from the university with honors.

Literary activity

Bunin's poems were first published in 1888. IN next year Bunin moved to Orel, starting to work as a proofreader in a local newspaper. Bunin's poetry, collected in a collection called "Poems", became the first book published. Soon Bunin's work gained fame. Bunin's following poems were published in the collections “Under the Open Air” (1898), “Leaf Fall” (1901).

Dating with greatest writers(Gorky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, etc.) leaves a significant imprint on Bunin’s life and work. Bunin's stories "Antonov Apples" and "Pines" are published.

The writer in 1909 became an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Bunin reacted rather harshly to the ideas of the revolution, and left Russia forever.

Life in exile and death

The biography of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin almost entirely consists of moves and travels (Europe, Asia, Africa). In exile, Bunin continues to actively study literary activity, writes his best works: “Mitya’s Love” (1924), “Sunstroke” (1925), as well as the main novel in the writer’s life, “The Life of Arsenyev” (1927-1929, 1933), which brought Bunin the Nobel Prize in 1933 . In 1944, Ivan Alekseevich wrote the story “Clean Monday”.

Before his death, the writer was often ill, but at the same time he did not stop working and creating. In the last few months of his life, Bunin was busy working on a literary portrait of A.P. Chekhov, but the work remained unfinished

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin died on November 8, 1953. He was buried in the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois cemetery in Paris.

Chronological table

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Ivan Alekseevich Bunin can rightfully be considered one of the largest writers and poets of Russia of the 20th century. He received worldwide recognition for his works, which became classics during his lifetime.

A short biography of Bunin will help you understand what life path passed this outstanding writer, and for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize.

This is all the more interesting because great people motivate and inspire the reader to new achievements.

Brief biography of Bunin

Conventionally, the life of our hero can be divided into two periods: before emigration, and after. After all, it was the Revolution of 1917 that drew a red line between the pre-revolutionary existence of the intelligentsia and the Soviet system that replaced it. But first things first.

Childhood, youth and education

Ivan Bunin was born into a simple noble family on October 10, 1870. His father was a poorly educated landowner who graduated from only one class of gymnasium. He was distinguished by a cool disposition and extreme energy.

Ivan Bunin

The mother of the future writer, on the contrary, was a very meek and pious woman. Perhaps it was thanks to her that little Vanya was very impressionable and began to explore the spiritual world early.

Bunin spent most of his childhood in the Oryol province, which was surrounded by picturesque landscapes.

Yours elementary education Ivan got home. Studying biographies outstanding personalities One cannot help but notice the fact that the vast majority of them received their first education at home.

In 1881, Bunin managed to enter the Yeletsk gymnasium, which he never graduated from. In 1886 he returned to his home again. The thirst for knowledge does not leave him, and thanks to his brother Julius, who graduated from the university with honors, he is actively working on self-education.

Personal life, family, children

What is noteworthy in Bunin’s biography is that he was constantly unlucky with women. His first love was Varvara, but they never managed to get married due to various circumstances.

The writer’s first official wife was 19-year-old Anna Tsakni. There was a rather cold relationship between the spouses, and it could be called more of a forced friendship than love. Their marriage lasted only 2 years, and their only son Kolya died of scarlet fever.

The writer’s second wife was 25-year-old Vera Muromtseva. However, this marriage also turned out to be unhappy. Having learned that her husband was cheating on her, Vera left Bunin, although she later forgave everything and returned.

Literary activity

Ivan Bunin wrote his first poems in 1888 at the age of seventeen. A year later, he decides to move to Orel and gets a job as editor of a local newspaper.

It was at this time that he began to write many poems, which would later form the basis of the book “Poems”. After the publication of this work, he first received some literary fame.

But Bunin does not stop, and a few years later the collections of poems “Under the Open Air” and “Falling Leaves” were published from his pen. The popularity of Ivan Nikolaevich continues to grow and over time he manages to meet such outstanding and recognized masters words like Gorky, Tolstoy and Chekhov.

These meetings turned out to be significant in Bunin’s biography, and left an indelible impression in his memory.

A little later, the collections of stories “Antonov Apples” and “Pines” appeared. Of course short biography does not imply full list Bunin's extensive works, so we will make do with mentioning key works.

In 1909, the writer was awarded the title of honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Life in exile

The Bolshevik ideas of the 1917 revolution, which swallowed up all of Russia, were alien to Ivan Bunin. As a result of this, he leaves his homeland forever, and his further biography consists of countless wanderings and trips around the world.

While in a foreign land, he continues to work actively and writes some of his best works - “Mitya’s Love” (1924) and “Sunstroke” (1925).

It was thanks to “The Life of Arsenyev” that in 1933 Ivan became the first Russian writer to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Naturally, this can be considered a peak creative biography Bunina.

The prize was presented to the writer by the Swedish King Gustav V. The laureate was also issued a check for 170,330 Swedish kronor. He gave part of his fee to needy people who found themselves in difficult life situations.

Last years and death

Towards the end of his life, Ivan Alekseevich was often sick, but this did not stop him from working. He had a goal - to create a literary portrait of A.P. Chekhov. However, this idea remained unrealized due to the death of the writer.

Bunin died in Paris on November 8, 1953. An interesting fact is that until the end of his days he remained a stateless person, being, in fact, a Russian exile.

He never managed to fulfill the main dream of the second period of his life - returning to Russia.

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