Who was A and Herzen? Herzen Alexander Ivanovich

Father Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev [d]

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen(March 25 (April 6), Moscow - January 9 (21), Paris) - Russian publicist, writer, philosopher, teacher, one of the most prominent critics of the official ideology and policies of the Russian Empire in the 19th century, supporter of revolutionary bourgeois-democratic transformations .

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✪ Lecture I. Alexander Herzen. Childhood and youth. Prison and exile

✪ Lecture III. Herzen in the West. "Past and Thoughts"

✪ Herzen Alexander Ivanovich “Who is to blame? (ONLINE AUDIOBOOKS) Listen

✪ Herzen and the Rothschilds

✪ Lecture II. Westerners and Slavophiles. Short prose Herzen

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Biography

Childhood

Herzen was born into the family of a wealthy landowner Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev (1767-1846), descended from Andrei Kobyla (like the Romanovs). Mother - 16-year-old German Henrietta-Wilhelmina-Louise Haag (German). Henriette Wilhelmina Luisa Haag), the daughter of a minor official, a clerk in the treasury chamber in. The parents' marriage was not formalized, and Herzen bore the surname invented by his father: Herzen - “son of the heart” (from German Herz).

In his youth, Herzen received the usual noble education at home, based on reading works of foreign literature, mainly from the late 18th century. French novels, comedies by Beaumarchais, Kotzebue, works by Goethe, Schiller and early years set the boy in an enthusiastic, sentimental-romantic tone. There were no systematic classes, but the tutors - French and Germans - gave the boy a solid knowledge of foreign languages. Thanks to his acquaintance with Schiller’s work, Herzen was imbued with freedom-loving aspirations, the development of which was greatly facilitated by the teacher of Russian literature I. E. Protopopov, who brought Herzen notebooks of Pushkin’s poems: “Odes to Freedom”, “Dagger”, “Thoughts” by Ryleev, etc., as well as Bouchot, a participant in the Great French Revolution, who left France when the “depraved and rogues” took over. Added to this was the influence of Tanya Kuchina, Herzen’s young aunt, “Korchevskaya cousin” (married Tatyana Passek), who supported the childish pride of the young dreamer, prophesying an extraordinary future for him.

Already in childhood, Herzen met and became friends with Nikolai Ogarev. According to his recollections, strong impression The boys (Herzen was 13, Ogarev was 12 years old) were affected by the news of the Decembrist uprising on December 14, 1825. Under his impression, their first, still vague dreams of revolutionary activity arise; During a walk on Vorobyovy Gory, the boys vowed to fight for freedom.

University (1829−1833)

Herzen dreamed of friendship, dreamed of struggle and suffering for freedom. In this mood, Herzen entered Moscow University in the physics and mathematics department, and here this mood intensified even more. At the university, Herzen took part in the so-called “Malov story” (student protest against an unloved teacher), but got off relatively lightly - with a short imprisonment, along with many of his comrades, in a punishment cell. Of the teachers, only Kachenovsky with his skepticism and Pavlov, who managed to manage his lectures Agriculture to introduce listeners to German philosophy, awakened young thought. The youth were, however, quite stormy; she welcomed the July Revolution (as can be seen from Lermontov’s poems) and other popular movements (the cholera that appeared in Moscow greatly contributed to the revival and excitement of students, in the fight against which all university youth took an active and selfless part). The meeting of Herzen with Vadim Passek dates back to this time, which later turned into friendship, the establishment of a friendly connection with Ketcher and others. The group of young friends grew, made noise, seethed; from time to time she allowed small revelries, of a completely innocent nature, however; She read diligently, being carried away mainly by social issues, studying Russian history, assimilating the ideas of Saint-Simon (whose utopian socialism Herzen then considered the most outstanding achievement of contemporary Western philosophy) and other socialists.

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Despite mutual bitterness and disputes, both sides had much in common in their views and, above all, according to Herzen himself, the common thing was “a feeling of boundless, all-existence love for the Russian people, for the Russian mentality.” The opponents, “like a two-faced Janus, looked in different directions, while the heart beat alone.” “With tears in our eyes”, hugging each other, recent friends, and now principled opponents, went in different directions.

In the Moscow house where Herzen lived from 1847 to 1847, the A. I. Herzen House Museum has been operating since 1976.

In exile

Herzen arrived in Europe more radically republican than socialist, although the publication he began in Otechestvennye Zapiski of a series of articles entitled “Letters from Avenue Marigny” (subsequently published in revised form in “Letters from France and Italy”) shocked him friends - Western liberals - with their anti-bourgeois pathos. The February Revolution of 1848 seemed to Herzen the fulfillment of all his hopes. The subsequent June workers' uprising, its bloody suppression and the ensuing reaction shocked Herzen, who decisively turned to socialism. He became close to Proudhon and other prominent figures of the revolution and European radicalism; Together with Proudhon, he published the newspaper “The Voice of the People” (“La Voix du Peuple”), which he financed. The beginning of his wife's passion for the German poet Herwegh dates back to the Parisian period. In 1849, after the defeat of the radical opposition by President Louis Napoleon, Herzen was forced to leave France and moved to Switzerland, and from there to Nice, which then belonged to the Kingdom of Sardinia.

During this period, Herzen moved among the circles of radical European emigration that gathered in Switzerland after the defeat of the revolution in Europe, and, in particular, became acquainted with Giuseppe Garibaldi. He became famous for his book of essays “From the Other Shore,” in which he reckoned with his past liberal convictions. Under the influence of the collapse of old ideals and the reaction that occurred throughout Europe, Herzen formed a specific system of views about doom, “dying” old Europe and about the prospects for Russia and the Slavic world, which are called upon to realize the socialist ideal.

After a series family tragedies that befell Herzen in Nice (his wife’s betrayal with Herwegh, the death of a mother and son in a shipwreck, the death of his wife and newborn child), Herzen moved to London, where he founded the Free Russian Printing House to print prohibited publications and, from 1857, published the weekly newspaper “The Bell.”

The peak of the influence of the Bell occurs in the years preceding the liberation of the peasants; then the newspaper was regularly read in the Winter Palace. After the peasant reform, its influence begins to decline; support for the Polish uprising of 1863 sharply undermined circulation. At that time, Herzen was already too revolutionary for the liberal public, and too moderate for the radical one. On March 15, 1865, under the persistent demands of the Russian government to the British government, the editorial board of Kolokol, headed by Herzen, left London forever and moved to Switzerland, of which Herzen had by that time become a citizen. In April of the same 1865, the “Free Russian Printing House” was also transferred there. Soon people from Herzen’s entourage began to move to Switzerland, for example, in 1865 Nikolai Ogarev moved there.

On January 9 (21), 1870, Alexander Ivanovich Herzen died of pneumonia in Paris, where he had shortly before arrived on his own family matters. He was buried in Nice (the ashes were transferred from Parisian cemetery Père Lachaise).

Literary and journalistic activities

Literary activity Herzen began back in the 1830s. In the Athenaeum for 1831 (II volume) his name is found under one translation from French. The first article signed by a pseudonym Iskander, was published in the Telescope for 1836 (“Hoffmann”). The “Speech delivered at the opening of the Vyatka” dates back to the same time. public library" and "Diary" (1842). In Vladimir it is written: “Notes of one young man" and "More from the notes of a young man" ("Domestic Notes", 1840-1841; in this story Chaadaev is depicted in the person of Trenzinsky). From 1842 to 1847 placed in " Domestic notes” and “Contemporary” articles: “Amateurism in Science”, “Romantic Amateurs”, “Workshop of Scientists”, “Buddhism in Science”, “Letters on the Study of Nature”. Here Herzen rebelled against learned pedants and formalists, against their scholastic science, alienated from life, against their quietism. In the article “On the Study of Nature” we find philosophical analysis various methods of knowledge. At the same time, Herzen wrote: “About one drama”, “On for various reasons", "New variations on old themes", "A few notes about historical development honor”, “From the notes of Dr. Krupov”, “Who is to blame? "", "The Thieving Magpie", "Moscow and St. Petersburg", "Novgorod and Vladimir", "Edrovo Station", "Interrupted Conversations". Of all these works, the most notable are the story “The Thieving Magpie,” which depicts the terrible situation of the “serf intelligentsia,” and the novel “Who is to Blame?” dedicated to the issue about freedom of feeling, family relationships, the position of a woman in marriage. The main idea of the novel is that people who base their well-being solely on the basis family happiness and feelings alien to the interests of social and universal humanity cannot ensure lasting happiness for themselves, and in their lives it will always depend on chance.

Of the works written by Herzen abroad, the following are especially important: letters from “Avenue Marigny” (the first published in Sovremennik, all fourteen under the general title: “Letters from France and Italy”, edition of 1855), representing a remarkable description and analysis of events and the moods that worried Europe in 1847-1852. Here we encounter a completely negative attitude towards the Western European bourgeoisie, its morality and social principles, and the author’s ardent faith in the future significance of the fourth estate. A particularly strong impression both in Russia and in Europe was made by Herzen’s essay “From the Other Shore” (originally in German “Vom anderen Ufer”, Hamburg,; in Russian, London, 1855; in French, Geneva, 1870), in in which Herzen expresses complete disappointment with the West and Western civilization- the result of that mental revolution that determined Herzen’s worldview in 1848-1851. It is also worth noting the letter to Michelet: “The Russian people and socialism” - a passionate and ardent defense of the Russian people against the attacks and prejudices that Michelet expressed in one of his articles. “The past and thoughts” - a series of memories that are partly autobiographical in nature, but also give whole line highly artistic paintings, dazzlingly brilliant characteristics, and Herzen’s observations from what he experienced and saw in Russia and abroad.

All other works and articles of Herzen, such as: “ Old world and Russia”, “Russian People and Socialism”, “Ends and Beginnings”, etc. - represent a simple development of ideas and sentiments that were fully defined in the period 1847-1852 in the works mentioned above.

Philosophical views of Herzen during the years of emigration

Attraction to freedom of thought, “freethinking”, in best value This word was especially strongly developed in Herzen. He did not belong to any one party, either open or secret. The one-sidedness of “men of action” alienated him from many revolutionary and radical figures in Europe. His mind quickly comprehended the imperfections and shortcomings of those forms of Western life to which Herzen was initially drawn from his ugly, distant Russian reality of the 1840s. With amazing consistency, Herzen abandoned his passions for the West when it turned out in his eyes to be lower than the previously drawn up ideal.

Herzen's philosophical and historical concept emphasizes the active role of man in history. At the same time, it implies that reason cannot realize its ideals without taking into account existing facts history, that its results constitute the “necessary basis” for the operations of the mind.

Quotes

“Let’s not invent a God if he doesn’t exist, because this still won’t exist.”

“At every age and under various circumstances I returned to reading the Gospel, and each time its content brought peace and meekness to my soul.”

Pedagogical ideas

There are no special ones in Herzen's legacy theoretical works about education. However, throughout his life Herzen was interested in pedagogical problems and was one of the first Russian thinkers and public figures mid-19th centuries, who touched upon the problems of education in their works. His statements on issues of upbringing and education indicate the presence thoughtful pedagogical concept.

Herzen's pedagogical views were determined by philosophical (atheism and materialism), ethical (humanism) and political (revolutionary democracy) convictions.

Criticism of the education system under Nicholas I

Herzen called the reign of Nicholas I a thirty-year persecution of schools and universities and showed how the Nicholas Ministry of Education stifled public education. The tsarist government, according to Herzen, “laid in wait for the child at the first step in life and corrupted the cadet-child, the schoolboy-adolescent, the student-boy. Mercilessly, systematically, it eradicated the human embryos in them, weaning them, as if from a vice, from all human feelings except obedience. It punished minors for violation of discipline in a way that hardened criminals are not punished in other countries.”

He resolutely opposed the introduction of religion into education, against the transformation of schools and universities into a tool for strengthening serfdom and autocracy.

Folk pedagogy

Herzen believed that the most positive influence children are influenced by the common people that it is the people who bear the best Russian national qualities. Young generations are learning from the people respect for work, selfless love to the homeland, aversion to idleness.

Upbringing

Herzen considered the main task of education to be the formation of a humane, free personality who lives in the interests of his people and strives to transform society on a reasonable basis. Children must be provided with conditions for free development. “Reasonable recognition of self-will is the highest and moral recognition of human dignity.” In everyday educational activities important role plays the “talent of patient love”, the teacher’s disposition towards the child, respect for him, knowledge of his needs. Healthy family environment and right relationship between children and teachers are a necessary condition moral education.

Education

Herzen passionately sought the spread of education and knowledge among the people, called on scientists to take science out of the classroom walls and make its achievements public domain. Emphasizing the enormous educational and educational value natural sciences, Herzen was at the same time in favor of a system of comprehensive general education. He wanted students secondary school along with natural science and mathematics, they studied literature (including the literature of ancient peoples), foreign languages, history. A. I. Herzen noted that without reading there is and cannot be either taste, style, or multifaceted breadth of understanding. Thanks to reading, a person survives centuries. Books influence the deepest areas of the human psyche. Herzen emphasized in every possible way that education should contribute to the development of independent thinking in students. Educators should, based on children’s innate inclinations to communicate, develop social aspirations and inclinations in them. This is achieved through communication with peers, collective children's games, and general activities. Herzen fought against the suppression of children's will, but at the same time gave great importance discipline, considered the establishment of discipline a necessary condition for proper education. “Without discipline,” he said, “there is no calm confidence, no obedience, no way to protect health and prevent danger.”

Herzen wrote two special works in which he explained natural phenomena to the younger generation: “The Experience of Conversations with Young People” and “Conversations with Children.” These works are wonderful examples of talented, popular presentation of complex ideological problems. The author simply and vividly explains to children the origin of the universe from a materialistic point of view. He convincingly proves the important role of science in the fight against incorrect views, prejudices and superstitions and refutes the idealistic fabrication that a soul also exists in a person, separate from his body.

Family

In 1838, in Vladimir, Herzen married his cousin Natalya Alexandrovna Zakharyina, before leaving Russia they had 6 children, two of whom survived to adulthood:

Alexander(1839-1906), famous physiologist, lived in Switzerland.
Natalya (b. and d. 1841), died 2 days after birth.
Ivan (b. and d. 1842), died 5 days after birth.
Nikolai (1843-1851), was deaf from birth, with the help of the Swiss teacher I. Shpilman learned to speak and write, died in a shipwreck (see below).
Natalia(Tata, 1844-1936), family historiographer and keeper of the Herzen archive.
Elizabeth (1845-1846), died 11 months after birth.

In exile in Paris, Herzen's wife fell in love with Herzen's friend Georg Herwegh. She admitted to Herzen that “dissatisfaction, something left unoccupied, abandoned, was looking for another sympathy and found it in friendship with Herwegh” and that she dreams of a “marriage of three,” and more spiritual than purely carnal. In Nice, Herzen and his wife and Herwegh and his wife Emma, as well as their children, lived in the same house, forming a “commune” that did not involve intimate relationships outside of couples. Nevertheless, Natalya Herzen became Herwegh’s mistress, which she hid from her husband (although Herwegh revealed himself to his wife). Then Herzen, having learned the truth, demanded the Herwegs' departure from Nice, and Herwegh blackmailed Herzen with the threat of suicide. The Herwegs left anyway. In the international revolutionary community, Herzen was condemned for subjecting his wife to “moral coercion” and preventing her from uniting with her lover.

In 1850, Herzen's wife gave birth to a daughter Olga(1850-1953), who in 1873 married the French historian Gabriel Monot (1844-1912). According to some reports, Herzen doubted his paternity, but never stated this publicly and recognized the child as his own.

In the summer of 1851, the Herzen couple reconciled, but she was still waiting for a family new tragedy. On November 16, 1851, near the Giera archipelago, as a result of a collision with another ship, the steamship “City of Grasse” sank, on which Herzen’s mother Louise Ivanovna and his son Nikolai, deaf from birth, with their teacher Johann Spielmann sailed to Nice; they died and their bodies were never found.

In 1852, Herzen’s wife gave birth to a son, Vladimir, and died two days later; the son also died soon after.

Since 1857, Herzen began to cohabit with Nikolai Ogarev’s wife, Natalya Alekseevna Ogareva-Tuchkova, she raised his children. They had a daughter Elizabeth(1858-1875) and twins Elena and Alexey (1861-1864, died of diphtheria). Officially, they were considered Ogarev’s children.

In 1869, Natalya Tuchkova received the surname Herzen, which she bore until her return to Russia in 1876, after Herzen’s death.

Elizaveta Ogareva-Herzen, the 17-year-old daughter of A.I. Herzen and N.A. Tuchkova-Ogareva, committed suicide because of unrequited love for a 44-year-old Frenchman in Florence in December 1875. The suicide had a resonance, he wrote about it

Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)

Russian prose writer, publicist, critic, philosopher. Pseudonym - Iskander. Born on March 25, 1812 in Moscow. He was the illegitimate son of a wealthy Russian landowner I. Yakovlev and a young German bourgeois woman Louise Haag from Stuttgart. The boy received the fictitious surname Herzen (from the German word for “heart”).

He was brought up in Yakovlev's house, received a good education, got acquainted with the works of French enlighteners, read the forbidden poems of Pushkin and Ryleev. Herzen was deeply influenced by his friendship with his talented peer, the future poet N. Ogarev, which lasted throughout their lives.

The event that determined future fate Herzen, there was a Decembrist uprising. In the summer of 1828, he and his friend Ogarev on the Sparrow Hills, in front of the whole of Moscow, swore allegiance to the great cause of the struggle for the liberation of the people. They remained faithful to this oath until the end of their lives.

His youthful love of freedom was strengthened during his years of study at Moscow University, where he entered in 1829. to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, graduating with a candidate's degree in 1833. Within the walls of the university, a circle of progressive youth who were seriously involved in politics and sociology grouped around Herzen and Ogarev. In the eyes of his superiors, Herzen was known as a brave freethinker, very dangerous to society.

In the summer of 1834, he was arrested and exiled to a remote province: first to Perm, then to Vyatka and Vladimir. The first year in Vyatka he considered his life “empty”; he found support only in correspondence with Ogarev and his fiancée N. Zakharyina, whom he married while serving exile in Vladimir.

In 1840 he returned to Moscow, but was soon sent into exile in Novgorod, from where he returned 2 years later. In 1842-1847 publishes in Otechestvennye zapiski a series of articles, “Amateurism in Science,” begun in Novgorod (1842-1843). Herzen's second philosophical cycle, “Letters on the Study of Nature” (1844-1846), occupies an outstanding place in the history of not only Russian, but also world philosophical thought.

In 1845, the novel “Who’s to Blame!”, begun in Novgorod, was completed. In 1846, the stories “The Thieving Magpie” and “Doctor Krupov” were written. In January 1847 goes abroad with his family, not expecting that he is leaving Russia forever.

In the fall of 1847 in Rome, he took part in popular processions, demonstrations, and visited revolutionary clubs. In May 1848 he returned to revolutionary Paris. Later, the book “Letters from France and Italy” will be written about these events. In the June days of the same year, he witnessed the defeat of the revolution in France and the rampant reaction, which led him to an ideological crisis, expressed in the book “From the Other Shore.”

In the fall of 1851, he experienced a personal tragedy: his mother and son died during a shipwreck. In May 1852, his wife died. “Everything collapsed - the general and the particular, the European revolution and home shelter, the freedom of the world and personal happiness.”
At this time he moved to London, where he began work on a book of confession, a book of memoirs, “The Past and Thoughts.”

In 1853, Herzen founded the Free Russian Printing House in London. In 1855 he began publishing the almanac "Polar Star", and in the summer of 1857, together with Ogarev, he began publishing the newspaper "Bell". Last years Herzen's life was spent mainly in Geneva, which became the center of revolutionary emigration. In 1865, the publication of “The Bell” was moved here. In 1867, he stopped publishing, believing that the newspaper had played its role in the history of the liberation movement in Russia. Herzen now considered his main task to be the development of revolutionary theory. In the spring of 1869 he decided to settle in Paris.

Here on January 9, 1870 Herzen died. He was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery. His ashes were later transported to Nice and buried next to his wife's grave.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen - Russian revolutionary, writer, philosopher.
The illegitimate son of a wealthy Russian landowner I. Yakovlev and a young German bourgeois woman Louise Haag from Stuttgart. He received the fictitious surname Herzen - son of the heart (from German Herz).
He was brought up in Yakovlev's house, received a good education, became acquainted with the works of French educators, and read the forbidden poems of Pushkin and Ryleev. Herzen was deeply influenced by his friendship with his talented peer, the future poet N.P. Ogarev, which lasted throughout their lives. According to his memoirs, the news of the Decembrist uprising made a strong impression on the boys (Herzen was 13, Ogarev was 12 years old). Under his impression, their first, still vague dreams of revolutionary activity arise; while walking on Sparrow Hills, the boys vowed to fight for freedom.
In 1829, Herzen entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, where he soon formed a group of progressively thinking students. His attempts to present his own vision date back to this time. social order. Already in his first articles, Herzen showed himself not only as a philosopher, but also as a brilliant writer.
Already in 1829-1830, Herzen wrote a philosophical article about Wallenstein by F. Schiller. During this youthful period of Herzen’s life, his ideal was Karl Moor, the hero of F. Schiller’s tragedy “The Robbers” (1782).
In 1833, Herzen graduated from the university with a silver medal. In 1834, he was arrested for allegedly singing songs discrediting the royal family in the company of friends. In 1835, he was sent first to Perm, then to Vyatka, where he was assigned to serve in the governor’s office. For organizing an exhibition of local works and the explanations given to the heir (the future Alexander II) during its inspection, Herzen, at the request of Zhukovsky, was transferred to serve as an adviser to the board in Vladimir, where he got married, having secretly taken his bride from Moscow, and where he spent the happiest and bright days own life.
In 1840, Herzen was allowed to return to Moscow. Turning to artistic prose, Herzen wrote the novel “Who is to Blame?” (1847), the stories “Doctor Krupov” (1847) and “The Thieving Magpie” (1848), in which he considered his main goal to expose Russian slavery.
In 1847, Herzen and his family left Russia, going to Europe. Watching life Western countries, interspersed personal impressions with historical and philosophical research (Letters from France and Italy, 1847-1852; From that shore, 1847-1850, etc.)
In 1850-1852, a series of Herzen’s personal dramas took place: the death of his mother in a shipwreck and youngest son, death of wife from childbirth. In 1852, Herzen settled in London.
By this time he was perceived as the first figure of the Russian emigration. Together with Ogarev, he began to publish revolutionary publications - the almanac "Polar Star" (1855-1868) and the newspaper "Bell" (1857-1867), which influenced revolutionary movement in Russia it was huge. But his main creation of the emigrant years is “The Past and Thoughts.”
“The Past and Thoughts” by genre - a synthesis of memoirs, journalism, literary portraits, autobiographical novel, historical chronicle, short story. The author himself called this book a confession, “about which stopped thoughts from thoughts were collected here and there.” The first five parts describe Herzen's life from childhood until the events of 1850-1852, when the author suffered difficult mental trials associated with the collapse of his family. The sixth part, as a continuation of the first five, is devoted to life in England. The seventh and eighth parts, even more free in chronology and theme, reflect the life and thoughts of the author in the 1860s.
All other works and articles by Herzen, such as “The Old World and Russia”, “Le peuple Russe et le socialisme”, “Ends and Beginnings”, etc. represent a simple development of ideas and sentiments that were fully defined in the period 1847-1852 years in the works mentioned above.
In 1865, Herzen left England and went on a long trip to Europe. At this time he distanced himself from the revolutionaries, especially from the Russian radicals. Arguing with Bakunin, who called for the destruction of the state, Herzen wrote: “People cannot be liberated in external life more than they are liberated internally.” These words are perceived as Herzen’s spiritual testament.
Like most Russian Westernized radicals, Herzen went through his spiritual development through a period of deep fascination with Hegelianism. Hegel's influence can be clearly seen in the series of articles “Amateurism in Science” (1842-1843). Their pathos lies in the approval and interpretation of Hegelian dialectics as a tool for knowledge and revolutionary transformation of the world (“algebra of revolution”). Herzen severely condemned abstract idealism in philosophy and science for its isolation from real life, for “apriorism” and “spiritism.”
Further development these ideas were received mainly philosophical essay Herzen - “Letters on the Study of Nature” (1845-1846). Continuing his criticism of philosophical idealism, Herzen defined nature as “the genealogy of thinking,” and saw only an illusion in the idea of pure being. For a materialistically minded thinker, nature is an ever-living, “fermenting substance”, primary in relation to the dialectics of knowledge. In the Letters, Herzen, quite in the spirit of Hegelianism, substantiated consistent historiocentrism: “neither humanity nor nature can be understood without historical existence,” and in understanding the meaning of history he adhered to the principles of historical determinism. However, in the thoughts of the late Herzen, the old progressivism gives way to much more pessimistic and critical assessments.
On January 21, 1870, Alexander Ivanovich Herzen died. He was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery. His ashes were later transported to Nice and buried next to his wife's grave.
Bibliography
1846 - Who is to blame?
1846 - Passing by
1847 - Doctor Krupov
1848 - Thieving Magpie
1851 - Damaged
1864 - Tragedy over a glass of grog
1868 - Past and thoughts
1869 - For the sake of boredom
Film adaptations
1920 - Thieving Magpie
1958 - The Thieving Magpie
Interesting Facts
Elizaveta Herzen, the 17-year-old daughter of A.I. Herzen and N.A. Tuchkova-Ogareva, committed suicide because of unrequited love for a 44-year-old Frenchman in Florence in December 1875. The suicide had a resonance; Dostoevsky wrote about it in his essay “Two Suicides.”

Herzen A.I. - biography Herzen A.I. - biography

Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (pseudonym Iskander) (1812 - 1870)
Herzen A.I.
Biography
Russian politician, writer, philosopher, publicist. Born on April 6 (old style - March 25) 1812 in Moscow. Illegitimate son of a noble Russian master I.A. Yakovlev and the German woman Louise Haag, whom Yakovlev, returning after many years of traveling around Europe, took with him to Moscow. Yakovlev gave the child the surname Herzen (from the German word “Herz” - heart). The boy's first years were sad and lonely. He learned from his mother German language, in conversations with his father and tutors - French. Yakovlev had a rich library, consisting almost exclusively of works French writers XVIII century, and the boy rummaged through it quite freely. The events of December 14, 1825 determined the direction of Herzen’s aspirations and sympathies. In 1833 Herzen graduated from the university with a candidate's degree and a silver medal. While still at the university, he became acquainted with the teachings of the Saint-Simonists. A year after completing the course, Herzen and his friend Ogarev were arrested. The reason for the arrest was the very fact of the existence of “non-employees” in Moscow, young people who were always talking about something, worried and fuming, and the reason was a student party at which a song containing “impudent censure” was sung, and a bust of Emperor Nicholas was smashed Pavlovich. The inquiry found that Sokolovsky composed the song, Ogarev knew Sokolovsky, Herzen was friends with Ogarev, and although neither Herzen nor Ogarev were even at the party, nevertheless, on the basis of “indirect evidence” regarding their “way of thinking,” they were involved in the case of “a failed conspiracy of young people devoted to the teachings of Saint-Simonism, which failed due to arrest.” Herzen spent nine months in prison, after which, in his words, “they read to us, like a bad joke, a sentence of death, and then they announced that, driven by the inadmissible kindness so characteristic of him, the emperor ordered only a corrective measure to be applied to us, in the form of a link." Herzen was assigned Perm as a place of exile, where he spent three weeks and then, by order of the authorities, was transferred to Vyatka, enlisted as a “clerk” in the service of Governor Tyufyaev. Soon he was transferred from Vyatka to Vladimir, and after Vladimir Herzen was allowed to live in St. Petersburg, but soon he again found himself in exile, in Novgorod. Thanks to the efforts of his friends, Herzen managed to escape from Novgorod, retire and move to Moscow. He lived there from 1842 to 1847 - the last period of his life in Russia. Herzen was drawn to Europe, but in response to Herzen’s requests for a foreign passport for the treatment of his wife there, Emperor Nicholas put down a resolution: “no need.” The conditions of Russian life pressed Herzen terribly; Meanwhile, Ogarev was already abroad and from there he wrote to his friend: “Herzen! But you can’t live at home. I’m convinced that it’s impossible. A person who is alien to his family is obliged to break with his family.” In 1847 he finally arrived in Paris, then in Geneva, and lived in Italy. After the appearance of "Letters from France and Italy", it appeared in print and famous work Herzen "From the Other Shore" (originally also in German: "Von andern Ufer"). Having buried his wife in Nice, Herzen moved to London, where he installed the first press of the free Russian press, on which the magazines “Polar Star” and “Bell” were printed, the first issue of which was published on July 1, 1857. “Bell” continued to be published until 1867. Last period Herzen's life was for him a time of isolation from Russia and loneliness. The “fathers” recoiled from him for his “radicalism,” and the “children” for his “moderation.” He died on January 21 (old style - 9) 1870 in Paris. Herzen was buried first in the Pere Lachaise cemetery, and then his ashes were transported to Nice, where he rests to this day. Above the grave stands a beautiful monument depicting Herzen standing at full height, with his face turned towards Russia, a monument by Zabello.
Among the works are articles, stories, novels: “Notes of a Young Man” (an autobiographical story), “Moscow and St. Petersburg” (1842; the pamphlet was widely circulated; published in 1857), “Amateurism in Science” (1843), “Letters about studying nature” (1845 - 1846), “Who is to blame?” (1841 - 1846, novel), "Doctor Krupov" (1847, story), "The Thieving Magpie" (1848, story), "Duty First" (1851, story), "Damaged" (1851, story), " William Penn" (drama), "The Past and Thoughts" (1852 - 1868, autobiographical novel), "For the Sake of Boredom" (1868 - 1869, essay), "Doctor, Dying and the Dead" (1869, story), "To an Old Comrade "(1869, letters - last work).
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Information sources:
"Russian biographical dictionary"
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com
Project "Russia Congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru

(Source: “Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of wisdom.” www.foxdesign.ru)

Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms. Academician 2011.

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April 6 marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of the Russian prose writer, publicist and philosopher Alexander Ivanovich Herzen.

Russian prose writer, publicist and philosopher Alexander Ivanovich Herzen was born on April 6 (March 25, old style) 1812 in Moscow in the family of a wealthy Russian landowner Ivan Yakovlev and a German woman, Louise Haag. The parents' marriage was not officially registered, so the child was illegitimate and was considered a pupil of his father, who gave him the surname Herzen, derived from the German word Herz and meaning “child of the heart.”

The future writer spent his childhood in the house of his uncle, Alexander Yakovlev, on Tverskoy Boulevard(now building 25, which houses Literary Institute named after A.M. Gorky). Since childhood, Herzen was not deprived of attention, but the position of an illegitimate child gave him a feeling of orphanhood.

WITH early age Alexander Herzen read the works of the philosopher Voltaire, the playwright Beaumarchais, the poet Goethe and the novelist Kotzebue, so he early adopted a free-thinking skepticism, which he retained until the end of his life.

In 1829, Herzen entered the physics and mathematics department of Moscow University, where soon, together with Nikolai Ogarev (who entered a year later), he formed a circle of like-minded people, among whom the most famous were future writer, historian and ethnographer Vadim Passek, translator Nikolai Ketcher. Young people discussed socio-political problems of our time - French Revolution 1830 Polish uprising(1830-1831), were fond of the ideas of Saint-Simonism (the doctrine French philosopher Saint-Simon - building an ideal society through destruction private property, inheritance, estates, equality of men and women).

In 1833, Herzen graduated from the university with a silver medal and went to work in the Moscow Kremlin Expedition. The service left him enough free time to engage in creativity. Herzen was going to publish a magazine that was supposed to unite literature, social issues and natural science with the idea of Saint-Simonism, but in July 1834 he was arrested for singing songs discrediting the royal family at a party where a bust of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich was broken. During interrogations, the Investigative Commission, without proving Herzen’s direct guilt, considered that his beliefs posed a danger to the state. In April 1835, Herzen was exiled first to Perm, then to Vyatka, with an obligation to stay in public service under the supervision of local authorities.

Since 1836, Herzen published under the pseudonym Iskander.

At the end of 1837, he was transferred to Vladimir and was given the opportunity to visit Moscow and St. Petersburg, where he was accepted into the circle of critic Vissarion Belinsky, historian Timofey Granovsky and fiction writer Ivan Panaev.

In 1840, the gendarmerie intercepted a letter from Herzen to his father, where he wrote about the murder of a St. Petersburg guard - a street guard who killed a passerby. For spreading unfounded rumors, he was exiled to Novgorod without the right to enter the capital. The Minister of Internal Affairs, Stroganov, appointed Herzen as an adviser to the provincial government, which was a promotion.

In July 1842, having retired with the rank of court councilor, after the petition of his friends, Herzen returned to Moscow. In 1843-1846 he lived in Sivtsev Vrazhek Lane (now a branch Literary Museum- Herzen Museum), where he wrote the stories “The Thieving Magpie”, “Doctor Krupov”, the novel “Who is to Blame?”, the articles “Amateurism in Science”, “Letters on the Study of Nature”, political feuilletons “Moscow and St. Petersburg” and other works. Here Herzen, who led the left wing of Westerners, was visited by history professor Timofey Granovsky, critic Pavel Annenkov, artists Mikhail Shchepkin, Prov Sadovsky, memoirist Vasily Botkin, journalist Evgeny Korsh, critic Vissarion Belinsky, poet Nikolai Nekrasov, writer Ivan Turgenev, forming the Moscow epicenter of the Slavophile polemics and Westerners. Herzen visited the Moscow literary salons of Avdotya Elagina, Karolina Pavlova, Dmitry Sverbeev, and Pyotr Chaadaev.

In May 1846, Herzen's father died, and the writer became the heir to a significant fortune, which provided the means to travel abroad. In 1847, Herzen left Russia and began his many-year journey through Europe. Observing the life of Western countries, he interspersed personal impressions with historical and philosophical research, the most famous of which are “Letters from France and Italy” (1847-1852), “From the Other Shore” (1847-1850). After the defeat of the European revolutions (1848-1849), Herzen became disillusioned with the revolutionary capabilities of the West and developed the theory of “Russian socialism”, becoming one of the founders of populism.

In 1852, Alexander Herzen settled in London. By this time he was perceived as the first figure of the Russian emigration. In 1853 he. Together with Ogarev, he published revolutionary publications - the almanac "Polar Star" (1855-1868) and the newspaper "Bell" (1857-1867). The newspaper's motto was the beginning of the epigraph to "The Bell" German poet Schiller's "Vivos voso!" (Calling the living!). At the first stage, the "Bells" program contained democratic demands: the liberation of peasants from serfdom, the abolition of censorship and corporal punishment. It was based on the theory of Russian peasant socialism developed by Alexander Herzen. In addition to articles by Herzen and Ogarev, Kolokol published various materials about the situation of the people, social struggle in Russia, information about abuses and secret plans of the authorities. The newspapers Pod Sud (1859-1862) and General Assembly (1862-1864) were published as supplements to the Bell. Sheets of "Bell" printed on thin paper were illegally transported to Russia across the border. At first, Kolokol's employees included the writer Ivan Turgenev and the Decembrist Nikolai Turgenev, the historian and publicist Konstantin Kavelin, the publicist and poet Ivan Aksakov, the philosopher Yuri Samarin, Alexander Koshelev, the writer Vasily Botkin and others. After the reform of 1861, articles sharply condemning the reform and texts of proclamations appeared in the newspaper. Communication with the editorial office of Kolokol contributed to the formation of the revolutionary organization Land and Freedom in Russia. To strengthen ties with the “young emigration” concentrated in Switzerland, the publication of “The Bell” was moved to Geneva in 1865, and in 1867 it practically ceased to exist.

In the 1850s, Herzen began to write main work of his life “The Past and Thoughts” (1852-1868) - a synthesis of memoirs, journalism, literary portraits, an autobiographical novel, historical chronicles, and short stories. The author himself called this book a confession, “about which the stopped thoughts from thoughts gathered here and there.”

In 1865, Herzen left England and went on a long trip to Europe. At this time he distanced himself from the revolutionaries, especially from the Russian radicals.

In the autumn of 1869, he settled in Paris with new plans for literary and publishing activities. In Paris, Alexander Herzen died on January 21 (9 according to the old style) January 1870. He was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery, and his ashes were subsequently transported to Nice.

Herzen was married to his cousin Natalya Zakharyina, the illegitimate daughter of his uncle, Alexander Yakovlev, whom he married in May 1838, taking him secretly from Moscow. The couple had many children, but three survived - the eldest son Alexander, who became a professor of physiology, and daughters Natalya and Olga.

The grandson of Alexander Herzen, Peter Herzen, was a famous scientist-surgeon, founder of the Moscow School of Oncologists, director of the Moscow Institute for the Treatment of Tumors, which currently bears his name (Moscow Research Oncology Institute named after P.A. Herzen).
After the death of Natalya Zakharyina in 1852, Alexander Herzen was civilly married to Natalya Tuchkova-Ogareva from 1857. official wife Nikolai Ogarev. The relationship had to be kept secret from the family. The children of Tuchkova and Herzen - Lisa, who committed suicide at the age of 17, the twins Elena and Alexei, who died at a young age, were considered Ogarev's children.

Tuchkova-Ogareva carried out the proofreading of The Bell, and after Herzen’s death she was involved in the publication of his works abroad. From the late 1870s she wrote "Memoirs" (published separate publication in 1903).

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources.