The Last Supper in fine art - Alexander Kopein. “The Last Supper” in the works of Renaissance artists

Ancient Greek Ephesus saw a period of unprecedented prosperity. Founded in the 12th century BC, the city was a major center of trade and radiated wealth and prosperity. Artemis patronized him. She, as you know, was the goddess of fertility and the patroness of animals, the guardian of women in labor and hunters. Piously revering her, the townspeople decided to build a majestic temple in honor of Artemis, which, moreover, was supposed to significantly increase the income of the city.

Construction of the shrine

In the 6th century BC. Charsifron arrived in Ephesus, famous architect. It was he who came up with the idea of building a building made of marble. According to his plan, the temple should have been surrounded by two rows of impressive columns. Moreover, the master, apparently, had an extraordinary engineering mind, since the project is the most complex and at the same time original of all that were being developed at that time. Since the city was rich and could afford the construction of such a large and expensive building.

But there was one obstacle - a deposit capable of satisfying the project’s appetites had not yet been found. But soon, thanks to chance, a sufficient amount of stone was found, and the temple was successfully built. Monolithic marble columns deserve a special place in the building’s design. They were transported here straight from quarries located tens of kilometers from the construction site. The foundation of the temple represents the aerobatics of engineering.

The building was built on a swampy area, since the sad memory of the earthquakes that struck Hellas was still alive. A huge pit was dug at the site of the future building, which the builders filled with charcoal and wool. This, plus the very unorthodox foundation of the Temple, should have been a guarantee that the building would withstand earthquakes of any magnitude.

In the main hall of the Temple, an amazingly beautiful statue of the goddess Artemis was installed, the height of which was about 15 meters. It was very expensive because it was often inlaid precious stones and gold. IN decoration prominent Greek artists and sculptors took part in the building. Rumors about the beautiful shrine quickly spread throughout the ancient world, and subsequently the Temple of Artemis became one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Fate of the Temple

It should be noted that Kharsifron did not have time to complete the construction. But the business was continued by his son, and then by the architects Peonit and Demetrius. And then around 450 BC. the world saw the unsurpassed Temple of Artemis. They say that if it had survived to this day, it could have eclipsed any of the existing masterpieces. architectural art. But, unfortunately, in 356 BC. Herostratus, obsessed with the idea of becoming famous at any cost, started a fire in the building.

The building was almost completely destroyed, of course, with the exception of those structural elements that were made of marble. After this, the Temple of Artemis was revived several times and ceased to exist again. But in 263 BC. he was in last time plundered by the Goths. The “marble” health of the building was finally broken by the swampy soil, as well as the Kaistra River flowing nearby. And it took scientists from all over the world several decades to restore the original appearance of the building.

Seven Wonders of the World, photos and descriptions of unique architectural structures show the greatness of ancient history.

The ancient era, with its greatest cultural and historical monuments, laid the foundation for the outstanding creations of mankind, which continue the legacy with new discoveries and genuine miracles.

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7 wonders of the world - list

So what's included in the list:

- the age is about 4.5 thousand years, every day crowds of tourists visit this attraction of Egypt.
- an amazing and unusual gift made by mudem for his beloved wife. Beautiful, green gardens full of exotic plants, birds and animals grew among the dusty Babylon.
Zeus statue in Olympia- only this miracle was located on the territory of continental Europe. The Olympic Games had been held for 300 years, and only then did the construction of the majestic and main temple begin.
Temple of Artemis of Ephesus- a beautiful building, burned to “glorify” the name.
mausoleum in Halicarnassus- stood in its place for quite a long time - nineteen centuries.
The Colossus of Rhodes- a huge statue of the sun god, whom the people worshiped.
Alexandrian lighthouse- not just a lighthouse, but a fortress city, on the top of which a fire burned day and night. Firewood was transported by mullahs along a winding road inside the structure.

Detailed description of the seven wonders

The Pyramid of Cheops

The ancient heritage of Egypt is located in the northwestern part of Cairo. The location points to 4 parts of the world and shows the unique precision of the structure. The greatest Egyptian wonder of the world took 20 years to build. The labor of about a million slaves was used for its construction, whose work continued even after the death of Pharaoh Cheops.

The base area of the pyramid reaches 53,000 square meters. m, and the height at the end of construction reached 147 m. You can get inside the tomb of the pharaoh only through one entrance, which is located above the ground at a level of 15.5 m.

It is worth noting: Caliph Abdullah Al-Mamun decided to disturb the chambers of the pharaoh, who built a tunnel into the pyramid with the intention of profit, but in the end did not find any treasures.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

They present a luxurious gift from Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian ruler, for his beloved wife. Subsequently, the wealth and splendor of the city were destroyed by flood. The structures and buildings where the gardens grew were washed away and broken under the influence of a powerful water flow.

The attraction confuses contemporaries about its location. Many archaeological scientists have made repeated attempts to find traces of this ancient phenomenon.

Zeus statue in Olympia

The majestic Zeus was a masterpiece of jewelers. Author - Great master of that time - Phidias. Wonders of the World, described on Wikipedia, say that the author spent about 10 years creating his creation. To date, the exact dimensions of the statue have not been determined; it is believed that the approximate height was 12-18 m.

The pedestal for the throne was of impressive size; its decoration was made of fragments from Olympic Games and the lives of the gods. On it sat a bare-chested Thunderer, supported at his feet by two lions. On the body there is a golden cloak with images of animals and plants. There is a wreath on his head, the Thunderer holds a scepter in one hand, and in the other golden statue goddess of victory.

Temple of Artemis of Ephesus

Pilgrim Center ancient era is located in Turkey. It was built by the forces of the Amazons, who were considered the founders of the city. Soon the city was burned by Herostratus. In the 6th century, a new building project led by Hersiphron included white marble columns.

Its construction lasted 120 years and took place according to the same project, with preliminary collection Money and jewels of the townspeople.

Good to know: born on the day of the temple fire Alexander III Great, and the phrase “Gerostratus’ glory” has become a symbol of a bad deed.

mausoleum in Halicarnassus

Governor Mavsol built his tomb under his personal supervision. The three-level mausoleum rose 46 meters. The lower level was faced with marble. It contained the tomb of the king. The next level featured a colonnade supporting the roof, creating a pyramidal shape.

The top was personified by the figures of King Mausolus with Artemisia, in a chariot with 4 horses.

The Colossus of Rhodes

The islanders of Rhodes erected a monument to their patron Helios in gratitude for the victory against the invaders. The monument is the personification of the freedom and independence of the island’s inhabitants. The construction of the statue took 12 years. According to numerous descriptions of contemporaries, the Colossus was located on an embankment, which was a kind of gateway to the city. In one hand the young man held the flaming fire of Helios.

The height of the statue reached 36 m. The supporting pillars of the structure turned out to be unreliable and, just 65 years later, collapsed as a result of an earthquake.

It is worth noting: the fragile structures later became known as the “Colossus with Feet of Clay.”

Alexandrian lighthouse

The tower got its name from the city of the same name, located near the island of Pharos. The lighthouse fulfilled its direct role, illuminating the path of ships lost to the shore with flame at night. The designer of the gigantic structure of 140 meters was Sostratus of Knidos.

Consisting of several tiers, the lighthouse served as housing for sailors and port workers. At the top of the octagonal tower there was a light source - a large fire. The unique creation lasted until the 15th century, when an earthquake completely destroyed it.

Note: the second name of the lighthouse is Zeus the Savior.

Who first described the 7 wonders of the world

The founder of the work “On the Seven Wonders of the World” was Philo of Byzantium. His short essay on 12 pages it consists of eyewitness accounts of unique buildings.

Philo of Byzantium did not see any of the described miracles with his own eyes, and wrote about them from the stories of others

Information about the life and work of the great engineer and poet consists of small facts that are famous for their great discoveries. The wonders of the world were described by many talented authors: Herodotus, Strabo, Pausanias, Sequester, Cassiodorus, etc. However, they did not have a single idea and uniquely defined unique monuments.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

The famous wonders of the world that have come into our lives constitute wonders ancient world.

"7" is a number associated with the sacred god Apollo, signifying completeness and perfection in the minds of ancient civilization.

Compiles a list of honorable rulers ancient age. Based on their significance, grandiose monuments of that time were created.

Each monument on the list is the embodiment of architectural art. From the beginning of the Hellenic era, writings about unique monuments were distributed on papyri by Greek authors. They were widely studied at school and served as a teaching aid.

How many wonders of the world have survived to this day?

Only one Cheops pyramid has been completely preserved to this day. The Egyptian miracle of antiquity still holds the secrets of its great ancestors. IN this moment this is the largest architectural structure made of stone, reaching 137 m. During its existence, it decreased by almost 10 m.

Architectural sights, interesting to many researchers in the world and constituting the wonders of the ancient world, have been preserved partially or in the form of a copy:

The lighthouse of Alexandria was destroyed by an earthquake and could not be restored. To date, only the fortress has survived.
A copy of Zeus is on display in the Hermitage. This is the highest antique sculpture modern, 3.5 m high.
Having existed for 19 centuries, the mausoleum in Halicarnassus was destroyed by an earthquake. The tombs of Artemisia and Mausolus are in the British Museum.
Only the German historian Robert Koldewey managed to discover the Gardens of Babylon over 18 years of excavations. The buildings of Ancient Babylon and the structures surrounding the gardens were found.

Seven Wonders of the World of Our Time

On July 7, 2007, a list of 7 modern wonders of the world was compiled. We will give a description and provide a photo of each object.

the great Wall of China

The construction of the greatest defensive structure began in the 3rd century BC, and now it is still fraught with many legends. During construction, the main goals were pursued: protecting the territory from Mongol invasion and the creation of a guarantee of the protection of one state from another. Lack of attention to the great structure gradually destroyed it in some places. Since the end of the twentieth century, a large-scale restoration of architecture began.

1997 was marked by inclusion in the status of a miracle modern world. architectural structure extends for almost 9 thousand km, has a height of 6 to 10 meters.

Do you know that: the construction of the wall led to tens of thousands of deaths due to hard labor and epidemics.

Statue of Christ the Redeemer

The famous symbol of the Brazilian people is located at the very top of Mount Corcovado. Rising above the city with outstretched arms, Christ the Redeemer, with his 38-meter height, seems to embrace all the inhabitants of the metropolis, and at the same time, he warmly welcomes guests from afar.

The construction of the monument is timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of independence. All residents of the country collected funds for the construction. The detailed production of the statue took place in France.

Taj Mahal

The pinnacle of Mongolian architectural style is the snow-white Taj Mahal Palace, located on the banks of the Jumna. Construction took two decades and it was built by the middle of the 17th century.

The mausoleum contains the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan, a descendant of Tamerlane. The presence of four minarets along the edges of the palace helps protect the tombs from tremors and destruction.

Coliseum

The largest amphitheater of the ancient era seats more than 50 thousand people. The beginning of construction during the Flavian dynasty lasted 8 years. In the 8th century, due to its impressive size, it began to be called.

At the beginning of their existence, gladiators practiced their art in the arena of the amphitheater. After the plunder by barbarians and the earthquake of the 14th century, the Colosseum was literally taken away brick by brick. Only since the 18th century has the building been protected as an important architectural mega-object.

Machu Picchu

This is the nickname for the city in the sky, which is located at an altitude of about 2500 m above the sea. Previously it was the residence of the emperor. The almost untouched ancient city architecture did not suffer from the attacks of the Spanish conquerors.

The clear structure of the city is a delightful architectural design. However, little is known about the urban population and the city.

Petra

Jordanian Petra is a city in the rock, located above the sea at a level of 900 meters. The road to it is laid through a natural gorge, which serves as city walls.

The remaining ruins of houses built using the traditional stone method stretch for kilometers. Ed-Deir is a 45-meter monastery carved into the rock. The main attraction - the El-Khazneh mausoleum - still preserves the legend of countless treasures. Previously, the city carried out a mission trade route, connecting Damascus and the Red Sea areas.

Note: The Indiana Jones adventure film was filmed in Petra.

Chichen Itza

Mexico is famous legendary city under a name reminiscent of legumes, favorite by the way local residents. Chichen Itza - a Mayan civilization, has a 24-meter pyramid, the Temple of Kukulcan, which has 365 steps.

There are as many steps in a year as there are days. The natural well located is the Sacred Cenote. Its depth is “deadly” - 50 m. Previously it was used for the ritual of sacrifice. It is known that living people were thrown into the cenote. Now tourists swim in it.

The change of civilizations leaves behind a grandiose heritage of architecture, which has been partially preserved to this day. The question - how many wonders of the world there are in the world and what they are - can now be answered definitely. The emergence of new miracles is evidence that there are still many mysterious places to study and recognize their significance for all humanity.

We bring to your attention interesting film about the seven wonders of the ancient world:

Photo gallery

We have all heard at least once about the seven wonders of the world, they are also called the “Seven Wonders of the Ancient World”. This is a list of the most majestic and most unusual monuments and buildings. All of the Wonders of the World have an amazing technical level.

One of fascinating facts: Of all the seven wonders of the ancient world, only one miracle has survived to this day - the Pyramid of Cheops.

Now let's look at each magic of light in order, and start with this one:

1. The first wonder of the world is the Pyramid of Cheops.

Noteworthy facts and properties:

— The construction of the pyramid lasted 20 years.

— This construction began approximately in 2560 BC.

— The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 m.

— The height of the pyramid is approximately 138.7 m.

— The length of the side face decreased by 5 m over time. (from 230.33m to 225m).

— The average mass of one stone block that makes up the pyramid weighs 2.5 tons.

— The heaviest stone block weighs 15 tons.

— In total, 2.5 million stone blocks were used.

— Total weight pyramid is approximately equal to 6.25 million tons.

2.The second wonder of the world is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

Noteworthy facts:

— Correct name This wonder of the world is the Hanging Gardens of Amytis.

— In fact, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are a pyramid of 4 tiers of platforms.

— These tiers are supported by columns 25 m long.

— Lower tier– is an irregular quadrilateral (one side is 42m, and the other is 34m).

— The pyramid looks like a constantly blooming dune, which was planted with the rarest trees and flowers.

3. The third wonder of the world is the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.

As noted earlier, not one of them, not counting the Cheops pyramid which was added to it, has survived intact to this day. For example, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, it was built in the middle of the 6th century BC. e., then was burned by Herostatus in 356 BC. e., then it was restored, and in the 3rd century it was again destroyed by the Goths.

Brief characteristics temple:

— Its width was 51 m.

— Its length is 105m.

— The height of the columns is 18 m.

— A total of 127 columns, which were placed in 8 rows.

- All the columns were donated by the kings - 127 columns - 127 kings.

4. The fourth wonder of the world is the Statue of Zeus at Olympia.

Technical properties:

— The entire temple, in which the statue of Zeus was located, was built entirely of marble (even the roof).

— The temple took 10 years to build

— The creator of the statue is Phidias.

A little about the development of the sculpture:

— Phidias created the sculpture in his own workshop, which was located 80m. from the temple itself.

— The workshop was built near the temple and was exactly the same in size as the temple itself.

— Phidias was extremely picky about the material, in particular about ivory, from which the body of Zeus was made.

About Zeus Statue:

— It was made of gold: a cape that covers part of Zeus’s body; Scepter with an Eagle in the left hand of Zeus; sculpture of Nike - the goddess of victory, Zeus held in right hand; and a wreath on Zeus's head.

— Zeus’s feet were placed on a bench held by two lions.

— Four dancing Nikes were made on the legs of the throne.

— Centaurs, the exploits of Theseus and Hercules, frescoes depicting the battle of the Amazons with the Greeks were also presented

— Base of the sculpture: 6m. wide, 1m. in height.

— The height of the statue of Zeus itself, including the pedestal, with different sources from 12m. up to 17m.

“Zeus’s eyes are the size of an adult’s fist.

5. The fifth wonder of the world is the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.

Reliable facts about the Mausoleum in Halicarnassus:

— Construction of the Mausoleum began in 353. before our era.

— The construction was managed by Mavsol’s wife, Artemisia.

— Two famous architects were involved in the construction: Leochara, Skopas.

— The mausoleum stood for 19 centuries.

— the mausoleum was destroyed in the 13th century by an earthquake.

6. The sixth wonder of the world is the Colossus of Rhodes.

About the statue of the Sun God Helios:

— The height of the statue is 36 m.

— The sculpture stood for 65 years

- In 222 BC. e. the statue is destroyed by an earthquake.

— Thumb it was hard to grasp the hands of the sculpture with both hands

7. The seventh wonder of the world is the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

— Built in the 3rd century BC. e. in the town of Alexandria.

— The lighthouse was built entirely for the purpose of preventing ships from running into reefs. At night, the ships were helped by the reflection of flames, and during the day by a column of smoke.

— The very first lighthouse in the whole world.

— The Alexandria Lighthouse existed for almost 1000 years.

— Like almost all the wonders of the ancient world, it was destroyed by an earthquake.