Who was the winner vote 5 adults. The fifth season of the show “The Voice” was won by Daria Antonyuk

Risk appetite- This personal qualities individual, associated with such character traits as independence, tendency to dominate, impulsiveness, desire to achieve success, independence. This is a person’s ability to make non-standard (risky) decisions, not to be afraid of losing existing material (spiritual) benefits for the sake of something more.

Risk appetite in investing– the willingness of a market participant (trader, investor) to work with high-risk assets in order to increase their profits. Such people prefer more profitable and risky stocks, stable and low-yielding bonds.

Types of risk appetite

Today we can distinguish two main types of risk appetite, which differ in types of manifestation:

1. The first type is a tendency to take motivated risks.. In this case, a person acts based on the situation (according to circumstances). He is fully aware of the state of affairs, potential risks, goals and persistently moves towards solving the task. The result of such a risk is the receipt of some benefit - the approval of colleagues, praise loved one, career growth, monetary rewards, and so on.

2. The second type is the tendency to take unmotivated risks. This risk is of a different nature. Here, a person’s task is not to adapt to danger and obtain a specific benefit, but to eliminate and counteract it. Such an individual will choose the second of two options - to avoid risk or to meet it “face to face”. Thanks to this quality, a person can reveal his potential much faster, achieve great success, and shift existing limitations and fears.

Risk appetite very useful in investing, when working with various low-liquid instruments today you can achieve big profits in the future. Naturally, we are not talking about a blind risk - it must have a certain basis and analysis.

Numerous studies have shown that the tendency to take unmotivated risks is not the path to self-affirmation, as many believe. Here we are talking about something more - the desire to cross the line, to experience new possibilities, to get something more from life.

Methods for determining risk appetite

Over the past hundred years, scientists around the world have focused on Special attention risk appetite and its assessment. Almost everyone had their own methods in this regard:

1. In 1957, A. Gora, a well-known scientist from Australia, developed his method. Several objects took part in his test - heavy balls and glass. The point was this. The subject was asked to perform any task with balls over a glass surface. People who were risk-takers manipulated without thinking and acted extremely carelessly. As a result, they often broke glass. In turn, people who were less risk-averse acted cautiously and rarely let items fall onto the glass surface.

2. In 1963, F. Merz was actively involved in the issue of determining risk appetite. He used the following method for evaluation. The person taking the test was asked to work with one of the sharp objects at will. One was made of glass, and the second was made of wood. Those participants in the experiment who chose any object without thinking about its nature were considered by F. Merz to be more risk-prone. If a person began to analyze which of the objects was more effective and safer (wood or glass), then the risk-taking ability of such a person was recognized as minimal.

3. In 1967, two scientists from the USA (M. Wallach and N. Kogan) developed an original technique based on playing dice. The peculiarity of the experiment was that the subjects were asked to play not just like that, but with monetary bets. Moreover, the larger the bet a person made, the greater the risk appetite he was “diagnosed.”

4. In 1969, D. Klebelsberg used a special method to assess risk appetite. For a certain premium, a person had to stop the moving index as close as possible to the control point. If the subject stopped too early, he did not receive a bonus. If, on the contrary, he stopped above the control point, then a penalty was imposed on him.

5. In Russia, the methodology for determining risk appetite was more “strict”. For example, M. Kotik used a special device in his experiments - an electric millisecond watch. After turning on the device, the subject had to leave the arrow near the “five seconds” indicator. If he did this later, he was punished with an electric shock (not strong, of course). Using this method, the scientist determined how strong the risk appetite of a particular individual is and whether it exists at all.

6. V.A. Smith and F. Irwin used a card-based technique. The subject's task was to estimate the number depicted on a special plate as quickly as possible. If a person assessed the drawing as quickly as possible (at the expense of the accuracy of the readings), then he was considered risk-prone. In the case when an individual was convinced of a number and only after that gave an answer, such a character trait was excluded from him.

In general, many have been developed today various techniques risk appetite assessments. As a rule, they are of a survey type, that is, they look like regular test. A person’s task is to answer several questions. After this, scores are calculated and certain conclusions are drawn.

Assessing risk appetite in investing

A person’s ability to take risks and the desire to do so are highly valued when working in the stock market. Thus, many investment companies, when working with a client, try to determine his propensity for risky transactions. Based on the results obtained, certain tools are recommended to the person.

Schubert's Risk Readiness (RSK) technique

The technique is aimed at identifying an assessment of one’s courage and willingness to take risks.

2 – completely agree, unconditional “yes”;

1 – more likely “yes” than “no”;

O – neither “yes” nor “no”;

– 1 – rather “no” than “yes”,

– 2 – completely disagree, unconditional “no”.

Test questions(some questions from the original text have been replaced with ones that are similar in meaning, but more relevant to the specifics of life in Russia):

1. Would you exceed the speed limit set by the traffic police in order to quickly provide the necessary medical care to a seriously ill person?

2. Would you agree to participate in a dangerous and long expedition for the sake of good money?

3. Would you stand in the way of a dangerous burglar escaping?

4. Could you ride on the running board of a boxcar at speeds over 100 km/h?

5. Would you jump into water from a 5-meter tower?

6. Would you be the first to cross a very cold river?

7. Would you lend a large amount of money to a friend, not being entirely sure that he would return the money to you?

8. Would you and your handler enter a lion cage with assurances that it is safe?

9. Could you climb a tall factory chimney?

10. Could you, without knowing how to sail a sailboat, go for a walk on it?

11. Would you risk grabbing the bridle of a racing horse?

12. Could you ski down a very steep mountain?

13. Could you do a parachute jump for fun?

14. Could you often travel by car as a “hare”?

15. Would you drive a car if it was driven by a person who recently had an accident due to his own fault?

16. Could you jump onto a fire tent from the third floor?

17. Could you go to dangerous operation to get rid of a serious illness?

18. Could you jump off the running board of a train traveling at a speed of 50 km/h?

19. Could you get into a crowded elevator, knowing that due to overload, the elevator could be stuck between floors for a long time?

20. Could you run across the street at a red light if a policeman is standing nearby and you need to take the bus that is coming to the stop?

21. Would you take on a life-threatening job if you paid well for it?

22. Could you enter the courtyard of the house, despite the sign: “Caution, angry dog»?

23. Do you agree with the statement that “risk is a noble cause”?

24. Do you have the courage to object to your superiors?

25. Would you put strangers in your car who “vote” on the road?

Processing the results. The sum of points is calculated taking into account the sign (“+” or “-”).

Conclusions. If the respondent scores less than 20 points, he is too cautious, if from -10 to +10 points - he is moderately cautious, and over +20 points - he is very prone to risk and courage.

Test “Are you able to take justifiable risks?”

The test is taken from the American magazine Fortune and primarily concerns the risk of investing in various projects and securities (cited from: Shchebetenko A.I., 1995).

Instructions. Choose the answer to each question that matches your inclinations.

Questionnaire text:

1. You are the winner of a television game show. What prize will you choose for yourself:

a) $2 thousand in cash;

b) a fifty percent chance of winning $4 thousand in the future;

c) twenty percent chance to win $10 thousand;

d) a two percent chance of winning $100 thousand.

2. You lost $500 in poker. How much would you bet on the game to win back your $500:

a) more than $500;

e) nothing, did you decide to accept the loss right away?

3. A month after you bought the shares, their price unexpectedly rose by 15%. What will you do without additional information:

a) I will hold these shares without additional acquisitions or sales;

b) sell them and get the difference;

c) I will buy even more of the same shares, perhaps their price will increase even more.

4. The price of your shares began to fall unexpectedly a month after you purchased them. But the fundamentals of the corporation whose shares you bought look convincing. What are you going to do:

a) I’ll buy more; if these shares looked attractive at the previous price, then at a lower price they became even more profitable;

b) I will only hold these shares and wait until the price returns to its previous level;

c) I will sell them to avoid even greater losses.

5. You are a leading specialist in a newly formed company. You can choose how you receive your annual bonuses; Which of the following methods will you choose:

a) $1500 in cash;

b) instead of cash, I will take an option (a document giving the right to purchase new shares) to purchase company shares as a bonus, which can bring me dividends of $15 thousand. next year, if the company does well (but these shares will do nothing if the company fails).

Processing the results. Using the key, determine the number of points for the answer options you marked and sum them up. Divide the resulting amount by 30 and multiply by 100%.

Diagnosis. The higher your score, expressed as a percentage, the higher your risk appetite. If you score from 81 to 100%, then you have a very high risk appetite, from 61 to 80 - high, from 41 to 60 - average, from 21 to 40 - low, from 20% and below - very low.

Methodology for determining risk appetite by Kogan Wallach

(Quoted from: T. V. Kornilova. Psychology of risk and decision making. M., 2003)

Instructions. The purpose of this questionnaire is to determine how a person makes decisions in risky situations. There are twelve simplified life situations, each of which can be solved in two ways: the first does not bring much benefit, but guarantees something lasting; the second brings financial gain, the best social status at work, increasing prestige, card winnings, etc., but it contains a certain risk, significant losses if failure occurs. The likelihood of success varies. For simplicity, we will assume that in all situations it is relatively easy to estimate the chances of success.

Your task is as follows: read each situation carefully and imagine that you are working in a psychological counseling center. People will come to you with situations described in the questionnaire and requests for advice on what to do in each situation. You must responsibly and in good conscience offer one of the possible solutions. Try to advise as you would act in this situation yourself. Don't think about abstract or theoretical solutions that you could deduce from larger ethical or other theories.

Having chosen one of the possible solutions, write its number on a piece of paper indicating, if necessary, the probability of success that you consider necessary to recommend the risky solution.

Make a decision in every situation, without going back and trying not to succumb to previous decisions. Do not compare individual situations, but solve each independently.

Situation 1. Citizen A. is a chemical engineer and can change his job. Now he receives a low, but sufficient salary for him. In the new place the salary will be higher, but it cannot be ruled out that the work will be beyond his strength and after a while he will have to leave it. Both places suit his interests and professional background. What should he do:

a) citizen A. must under no circumstances change his place of work;

b) it would be good for him to change jobs, even if the probability of success is 0.1;

c) he should change his job if the probability of success is 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9.

Situation 2. Citizen B., aged 40, was diagnosed with severe heart disease. He must decide: either to radically change his life habits (retire, work less, follow a strict diet, etc.), or undergo a risky operation, which, if successful, will restore his health completely, but which may end tragically. What should he do:

a) citizen B. should under no circumstances undergo surgery;

b) go for surgery if the probability of success is 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1.

Situation 3. Citizen V. is the sole breadwinner of a family of four, and he has a relatively small salary. The apartment will undergo serious repairs and re-equipment, which will be very significant for the family budget. He won a large sum in sports lotto. Perhaps he should carry out only the most urgent work on the apartment and use the money to buy antiques, the selling price of which will increase significantly over time, and expect that in a year he will sell them for a significant profit. After that, he could afford all the desired repair costs. The possibility of using money partly there and partly there is excluded. What should citizen V. do:

a) do not buy antiques;

b) buy if the probability of a significant increase in price during the year is 0.1;

c) buy if the probability of a price increase is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9.

Situation 4. Citizen G. works as a coach of a hockey team, which takes second place in its group before the last round. IN last meeting One minute remains and the score is tied. You can replace the goalkeeper with a field player and play a power play, having a numerical majority. If this tactical move succeeds and the team scores a goal, it will come out on top and receive a large sum. If the opponent manages to score the puck into an empty net, then Coach G.’s team will drop to fourth place. If the score remains the same, the team remains in second place. Give advice to the coach:

a) under no circumstances replace the goalkeeper with a field player;

b) replace if the probability of success is 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1.

Situation 5. Citizen D. receives a very good salary at his job, but relations with employees are bad and spoil his nerves. There are no prospects for improving relations. A good relationship they are very important to him, and he endures tense relationships very painfully. He can move to another place where the salary is 5-10% less, but he doubts that human relations will be better. He asks for advice:

a) do not change your place of work;

b) change place if the probability of a better relationship is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9.

Situation 6. Citizen E. has a son who graduates from school with generally good results, but it is clear that he is not one of the best students. E. can send her son to college, but there is a chance of entering a technical university. However, there is a danger that his son will not be able to graduate from college. What advice would you give to your father?

a) send my son to college;

b) send to college if the probability of graduation is 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1.

Situation 7. Citizen J. loves chess very much. He participates in a chess tournament, where he meets an opponent of approximately equal strength to him. After the start of the game, the opportunity arose for J. to carry out a maneuver that, if successful, would lead to a quick win, but if unsuccessful, would lead to a quick loss. What should he do:

a) do not undertake this maneuver;

b) undertake if the probability of success is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9.

Situation 8. Citizen 3 is finishing school this year. He has, according to school results, good math skills, and everyone, including him, knows that he can go to a technical university, graduate from it and get a good place work. But he also plays the violin extremely well and would like to study at a conservatory and become a soloist. However, only a few, the best violinists, become soloists. What do you recommend:

a) enter a technical university;

b) enter the conservatory if the probability of becoming a soloist is 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1.

Situation 9. Citizen I. was captured during the war and interned in a camp. He can escape from a camp where living conditions are generally tolerable, but if the escape fails, the commandant will then bully him. What should he do:

a) stay in the camp;

b) try to escape if the probability of success is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9.

Situation 10. Citizen K. is a person with a strongly expressed need for civic activity. He may be elected to an important position in civic government and carry out his plans for improving living conditions in his part of the city. But he is not sure that, having been elected, he will be able to fulfill his plans, and if he fails, he will be very upset. What should he do:

a) refuse this position and related functions;

b) accept this position if the probability of carrying out your plans is equal to 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1.

Situation 11. Citizen L. is a physicist. He entered a three-year postgraduate course at a research institute. He can work on one important topic, difficult and voluminous, but with the risk that his long-term efforts will not be crowned with success. Or, during these three years, he can deal with a number of smaller problems that he will solve, but whose significance for the main development of science is not so important. Which way to choose:

a) solve easy problems;

b) take on the difficult, but important work with a probability of success of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9.

Situation 12. Citizen M. Decides whether to marry girl K. He loves her, but knows that their views on many things differ significantly. In a consultation on family issues, it was explained to him that a happy marriage under such circumstances is possible, but there is no guarantee. What should he do:

a) not marry K.;

b) marry her if possible happy marriage 0,9, 0,8, 0,7, 0,6, 0,5, 0,4, 0,3, 0,2, 0,1.

Methodology “Study of risk appetite” by A. G. Shmelev

Instructions. Here is a set of statements. Read each statement carefully and decide whether it is true or false about you. If true, write “yes”; if false, write “no”.

Questionnaire text:

1. I often speak before I think about what I said.

2. I like driving fast.

3. I often change my interests and hobbies.

4. The best way making real friends is telling people what you think about them.

5. In many cases, a question in an exam can be posed in such a way that it turns out to be completely unrelated to the program and all preparation turns out to be useless.

6. Life without dangers does not seem too boring to me.

7. If you want to take a high position in your service, follow the proverb “the slower you go, the further you will go.”

8. Gambling prevents a person from developing a sense of responsibility to make thoughtful decisions.

9. I get bored more quickly from an activity than most people doing the same thing.

10. I’d rather walk two or three stops when I’m in a hurry and there’s no bus for a long time, although I know that the bus will catch up with me instead of waiting.

11. I'm interested in doing something to provoke someone.

12. Only unexpected circumstances and some sense of danger allow me to mobilize my strength.

13. I don't enjoy the feeling of risk.

14. Only truly courageous actions allow a person to gain fame and recognition.

15. I dislike those people who, because of their own whim, turn serious matters into frivolous games.

16. When I'm working out specific plan action, I am almost always confident that I will be able to implement it.

17. When the sun is shining in the sky, I never take an umbrella with me for a walk, even if the forecast predicts rain.

18. I often strive to feel excited.

19. I hate it when a bet is forced on me, even if I am completely confident in my opinion on this issue.

20. In some cases, I will not hesitate to lie if I need to make a good impression.

21. For real clever man avoids hasty decisions, he knows how to wait for such moments when he can act for sure.

22. I don’t think that the tricks performed by circus acrobats without a safety belt look more impressive.

23. I prefer a job that involves change and travel, even if it may be unsafe.

24. I always pay for luggage transportation on transport, even if I am not afraid of being checked.

25. I think it’s worth believing in your chance, even when the odds are not on my side.

26.V creative work the main thing is a daring plan, even if the result is failure due to absurd accidents.

27. I will not spare money in order to look like a wealthy and attractive person at the right time.

28. When my acquaintance does not look at me during a meeting, I will not impose my communication on him and greet him first.

29. Most people do not understand to what extent their fate depends on chance.

30. If, when buying a car, I have to choose between speed and comfort, on the one hand, and safety, on the other, I will choose safety.

31. I feel best when I feel passionate about something.

32. I prefer to buy clothes that I know for sure are reliable and look good regardless of fashion trends.

33. When I play various games, I like to take the initiative, even knowing that the enemy is just waiting for it.

34. When traveling, I like to deviate from known routes.

35. I often find myself in situations from which I want to get out as quickly as possible.

36. If I make a promise, I almost always keep it, regardless of whether it’s convenient for me or not.

37. If my immediate boss suppresses my innovative ideas, I will have the courage to bring them to the attention of a higher-ranking manager.

38. Gambling develops a person’s ability to make bold decisions in difficult life situations.

39. When I read an action-packed book, I am never in a hurry to find out how it will end, and I enjoy reading in order.

40. I would like to jump with a parachute.

41. The best way to call sincere attitude to yourself - to trust people.

42. I feel best when I experience a happy feeling of peace and comfort.

43. It can be much more difficult for me to buy one. expensive thing than a number of cheap things for the same amount.

44. I prefer to play or bet on something.

45. People too often waste their own health recklessly, overestimating its reserves.

46. ​​If I don’t face a fine, then I cross the street where it’s convenient, and not where I’m supposed to.

47. I don’t risk buying clothes without trying them on.

48. Only brave man capable of a truly noble attitude towards people, regardless of how they treat him.

49. B team game The most important thing is mutual safety net.

50. In life, people actually very often have to play the dangerous game of “hit or miss.”

Establishing diagnosis. For each “yes” answer, one point is awarded. The points scored are summed up. If the accumulated amount is less than 11 points, the risk appetite is low; 11-29 – average risk appetite; 30 points or more – high risk appetite.

Card game "Point"

Two subjects play. By taking three cards blindly, you need to score a sum greater than that of your partner, but not more than 21 points. The risk is that when you take the third card, you can score more than 21 and “burn out.”

Questionnaire “Personal factors in decision making” (LFR-25)

Instructions. A number of statements are offered to you. If the statement mainly characterizes you, then in the “Protocol” form you put “+1”, if it characterizes you only half - “0”, if it does not correspond to you - “-1”.

Questionnaire text:

1. In preparation for test work(exam, test, etc.) I try to get all the information, all the necessary knowledge.

2. When solving a problem, I consider and evaluate all possible options, even if some of them are unrealistic or unacceptable.

3. It is actions, not thoughts, that help me achieve the desired results.

4. In situations that require a decision, I am always so passionate or disappointed in the matter that the choice does not make it difficult for me.

5. I can only affirm or deny what I am definitely aware of.

6. I am careful in my plans and actions.

7. I am reluctant to put anything on the line; I prefer to act for sure.

8. I always take care to be thorough and precise in my plans and actions.

9. I'm timid.

10. I do not make decisions at random, but only after thorough reflection.

11. I act according to the motto: “If you don’t know the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water.”

12. I prefer to think about decisions repeatedly so as not to make mistakes.

13. I willingly and boldly take big risks.

14. Only after realizing the correctness of the foundations of my action do I make a decision.

15. I express my opinion even if most other people take the opposite position.

16. I decide to take on a job that seems uninteresting even when it is unclear to me whether I can handle it.

17. I easily talk to strangers with whom I would like to start a conversation.

18. I would willingly replace my boss to show what I can achieve, even at the risk of making mistakes.

19. I don’t make a decision until I have thought through all its consequences.

20. I would be burdened by the situation self-management negotiations

21. Even if I know that my chances are slim, I will still try my luck.

22. In a situation of uncertainty of choice, I am still inclined to make a deal.

23. It is not difficult for me to make independent decisions.

24. I trust my partner only if I have sufficient information about him.

25. What leads me to success in business is tirelessness of attempts rather than scrupulous calculations.

Methodology “Measuring Rationality”

The methodology consists of two parts (A and B) and is constructed as an element of a mass sociological survey technique. Designed to assess the way the subject accepts and sets goals.

Part A.

At work and at home, each of us has to solve some problems, but we do it in different ways. How do you make decisions?

Instructions. A number of statements are given. If you agree with a statement, next to its digital designation, put a “+” (“yes”) sign on the answer form.

Questionnaire text:

When I make a decision, then:

1) a) first of all, I think about what this will lead to, what results; b) I often don’t think about the consequences and results, I just follow my desire;

2) a) I consult with friends or family and usually do as advised; b) sometimes I take advice, sometimes I don’t, but I don’t really take advice into account;

3) a) I usually hesitate, I can’t accept it before last moment; b) I usually accept it without hesitation;

4) a) even before deciding a not very important issue, I must think carefully; b) I prefer to take it on the fly, by inspiration;

5) a) I think that it is not always necessary to accept it, because many things are solved by themselves; b) I prefer not to rely on circumstances, but to solve my problems myself;

6) a) it’s very difficult for me to decide on something if I don’t know exactly what it will lead to; b) I accept it without much difficulty even when the situation is unclear;

7) a) often, instead of thinking about it, I begin to dream about what is unlikely to come true; b) I don’t dream about things that are unlikely to come true;

8) a) I often refuse it later; b) I rarely give it up afterwards.

Part B.

People build theirs differently daily life, and everyone has their own opinion on this matter.

Instructions. Below are some opinions. Answer whether they reflect your point of view. If you agree with a statement, next to its digital designation (item), put a “+” (“yes”) sign on the answer form; if you disagree, put a “-” (“no”) sign.

Processing of results and conclusions. The results obtained indicate the following human qualities: independence from external circumstances – if the answer is “yes” to item 1; determination - with the answers “yes” to clause 5 and “no” to clauses 2 and 11; impulsiveness in decision making – if the answer is “yes” to item 3; the desire to predict the future - with the answers “yes” to clauses 7 and 8 and “no” to clause 4; pragmatism - with answers “yes” to items 6, 9, 10 and 12.

Opposite answers to the same points indicate the opposite characteristics of a person, which manifest themselves when choosing a goal and making a decision, i.e., in constructing a behavioral strategy.

Test “Need for Sensation Seeking”

Instructions. You are offered a number of statements, which are combined in pairs under the letters a) and b). From each pair you need to choose only one statement that is most characteristic of you, and mark the corresponding letter with a tick.

Questionnaire text:

1) a) I would prefer a job that requires extensive travel; b) I would prefer to work in one place;

2) a) a fresh, cool day invigorates me; b) on a cool day I can’t wait to get home;

3) a) I don’t like perfume smells; b) I like the smells of certain perfumes;

4) a) I would risk trying some drug to experience new sensations; b) I wouldn’t try the drug because I don’t feel the need for any special sensations;

5) a) I would prefer to live in a stable society, without revolutions and upheavals; b) I would prefer to live in the troubled days of the country's history;

6) a) I can’t understand people who drive at high speed; b) I like to drive fast because it excites me;

7) a) I love risk, excitement; b) I don’t like risky activities and act on the principle “measure twice, cut once”;

8) a) debates on political or ideological issues do not interest me; b) I like to argue, it excites me;

9) a) I don’t like monotonous activities, it puts me to sleep; b) I am calm about monotonous work;

10) a) I would not like to be hypnotized; b) I would like to try to be hypnotized;

11) a) the most important goal in life is to live to the fullest and get as much out of life as possible; b) happiness is a calm life;

12) a) c cold water I go in gradually to give myself time to get used to it; b) I like to immediately dive into cold water to feel the burning sensation;

13) a) I can listen with pleasure to popular songs broadcast on the radio again and again; b) I quickly get bored with popular songs;

14) a) the worst flaw of a person is to always be cheerful and frivolous; b) the worst flaw of a person is to be boring, boring;

15) a) I would like to ride a motorcycle with the wind; b) people riding a motorcycle at high speed are suicides;

16) a) I prefer calm, even “regulated” people; b) I prefer emotionally expressive people, even if they are somewhat unstable.

Now transfer the obtained data to the table below: write down the corresponding letter next to each number.

Processing the results. The answers received correspond to the key:

Only answers that match the key are taken into account. Each match is worth one point, and the points received are summed up. Write down the result (sum).

Test results. A high level of need for sensations (11-16 points) means the presence of a strong, almost uncontrollable attraction to new, nerve-wracking experiences. Carefully! You are easily provoked to participate in risky activities and adventures, but you have no control over the degree of risk and danger. The consequences of such behavior can be very sad. In fact, interesting communication, emotionally significant events, interesting leisure time and creativity can give a feeling of fullness of life.

The average level of need for sensations (6-10 points) indicates the ability to control this need. Such people, on the one hand, are open to new experiences, but on the other, at certain moments in life they can show restraint and prudence.

Low level of need for sensations (0-5 points). Such people prefer stability and orderliness to everything unknown and unexpected. The results indicate increased forethought and caution, even at the expense of gaining new experiences and information.

Methodology “Self-assessment of propensity for extreme risky behavior” (M. Zuckerman)

Instructions. Here are statements that relate to various kinds of behavioral orientations associated with the needs for risk, novelty, and extremeness. Your task is to choose the answer option that suits you:

a) yes, that's right;

b) no, incorrect;

c) I find it difficult to answer.

Mark your choice on the protocol form with a cross in the appropriate box. Avoid intermediate answers unless there is truly no other answer.

Questionnaire text:

1. In an unclear situation, I prefer to wait until it clears up rather than scout it out.

2. I would like to go far out to sea on a small but reliable sea vessel.

3. In my work, I prefer to ignore everything that is not directly relevant.

4. I am attracted to traveling around the country by hitchhiking.

5. I am not interested in watching the same film over and over again.

6. I'm wary of foods I haven't tried before.

7. My motto: “The smart one won’t go up the mountain, the smart one will go around the mountain.”

8. I would prefer to live in periods of history that are full of changes.

9. I hate seeing extravagant hairstyles.

10. I would like to jump with a parachute.

11. I don't like people who get into trouble.

12. I would like to ride a sports motorcycle.

13. I would like to learn how to fly a hang glider.

14. It’s stupid to try to do crazy things just to see how others will react to it.

15. I find it tiring to watch amateur films and slides.

16. People who disagree with me are less interesting to me than like-minded people.

17. I like to swim far from the shore.

18. I absolutely can’t imagine myself as a climber.

19. All other things being equal, I act along the line of least resistance.

20. I like to dress unusually.

21. A person needs to change jobs from time to time to avoid stagnation.

22. I have enough patience to communicate with tedious and boring people.

23. B unfamiliar city I prefer to find my own way rather than use a guidebook.

24. I avoid friends whose actions are unpredictable.

25. Sometimes I want to do something scary.

26. I would like to live the life of wandering gypsies, traveling artists.

27. I experience a surge of strength if serious obstacles arise in the implementation of any task.

28. It’s hard for me to get along in a team with a bore.

29. I'm scared to dive from a cliff.

30. I like to provoke people into unreasonable displays of power and despotism.

31. It’s a pity to spend so much time sleeping.

32. I take on difficult tasks only if circumstances force me to do so.

33. I would be hesitant to try drugs that cause hallucinations.

34. I can’t even think about skiing down a high mountain.

35. I don't like combinations contrasting colors And irregular shapes modern painting.

36. A person whose actions are predictable is a bore.

37. I would like to go scuba diving.

38. I really enjoy overcoming difficulties.

39. Those people are right who choose untrodden paths fraught with possible failure.

40. I like to listen to new and unusual music.

Note. POOR scale – sensation seeking; NO scale – intolerance of monotony; MNS scale – search for new experiences; NST scale – maladaptive striving for difficulties.

For each scale, the range of points is from 0 to 10. Levels of severity of the scales studied: 3.1 points - low; 3.2-6.2 – average; 6.3 points or more – high.

Test “Entrepreneur's Risk Appetite” (Robert D. Hisrich, Candida G. Brush, 1986)

Ability to take risks – financially, socially and psychologically– is part of the entrepreneurship process. You can determine to what extent this property is inherent to you personally using a questionnaire. There are two possible answers – “yes” and “no”.

1. Are you able to take risks with money, that is, invest it without being sure that these costs will pay off?

2. When you go on a trip, do you take an umbrella (heating pad, thermometer) with you?

3. If you are afraid of something, do you try to overcome your fear?

4. Do you like to try new dishes, go to new places, and generally do something new?

5. Do you prefer to ask questions to which you know the answers?

6. Have you taken any risks during the last six months?

7. Can you approach completely to a stranger and start a conversation with him?

8. Do you have a desire to get to a place by a new route?

9. Do you use only proven methods?

10. Have you ever gone on a date with a stranger?

The blue abyss closing over a scuba tube, paragliding, the drive of night disco-tech - this is the perfect sketch on the topic “How I spend the summer.” Some people cannot imagine their life without adrenaline; they set off again and again to conquer new snow-capped peaks. The propensity to take risks as a character trait is inherent in many people, and this “sins” many more people than you think. Are you one of them too?..

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Photo gallery: Risk-taking as a character trait

Activity, pressure, huge risk, but also a considerable jackpot - this is the trend today. What, you’ve never skied before? Have you ever jumped with a parachute? Have you entered into a fight without rules for the position of authority? Sometimes it seems that a negative answer to these questions can call into question our very right to be called a person - bright and courageous, worthy of admiration and the proverbial glass of sparkling wine.

Risk is the spice of a quiet life. Psychologists think so. When everything is relatively safe, a fashion for extreme sports arises. But naturally brave people have a great tendency to take risks, since for them danger and excitement are positive categories. However, not everyone is close to this style of behavior. Many people copy offensive tactics, as well as extreme hobbies, to prove their toughness.

Shall we add pepper?

According to psychologists, being a risk-taker does not always mean being brave and strong. Often behind the desire for thrills there is dissatisfaction with oneself or a desire to hide from problems. Do not forget that often adrenaline addiction is the so-called post-traumatic syndrome. A typical example is the search for thrills by military personnel returning from “hot spots”. Therefore, when an ordinary person who has not gotten into serious trouble cannot imagine his existence without any kind of extreme, it is possible that he has a serious internal discord.

Theory of relativity

Risk is a relative concept. For some, taking out a hundred thousand dollars on credit is a common thing, while others are afraid to dye their hair. Most often, risk is defined as acting at random, in the hope of luck and the possibility of a happy outcome. Psychologist from the Center for Technological Research in Stuttgart Ortwin Renn identifies four main images of risk, varying in the degree of real threat. If you just can’t decide on a particular action, try to assess the degree of danger on this scale.

1. SWORD OF DAMOCLES

To put it simply, it’s hit or miss. Risk takes on the force of fate, the consequences of which are unpredictable. And there is no longer time to cope with the danger.

WHO WILL NOT BE LUCKY. Paradoxically, overly indecisive people. Since proactive measures were not taken (they were afraid to explain it to someone or see a doctor), the situation got out of control.

2. PANDORA'S BOX

Dubious acquaintances, super earnings on the Internet, ill-conceived trips and other adventures. And although the effect is usually distant in time, the risk threatens health.

WHO WILL NOT BE LUCKY. Thomas the Unbeliever. It is better to learn about such things from others than to experience them yourself.

3. LIBRA ATHENS

This type of risk can also be called 50/50. Risks can be calculated and even a balance of dividends and losses can be drawn up. This is useful not only when calculating finances, but is also quite applicable to situations of psychological risk. For example: “Tomorrow at a meeting I will criticize project N. Possible costs are to ruin relations with Mr. A and Mrs. B. Possible dividends: Mr. C and Mr. D will support my project.”

WHO WILL NOT BE LUCKY. If you think through your tactics carefully, the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is low. As for the costs, you have already mentally prepared for them.

4. LABRITS OF HERCULES

There is no danger as such. But there is a desire to experience thrills. This type of risk includes all types of leisure activities that require experience and skill to overcome critical situations. Such risks are always voluntary.

WHO WILL NOT BE LUCKY. Unless those who like to overestimate their capabilities.

You drive more slowly...

The degree of our propensity to take risks as a character trait depends on temperament, which in due course consists of mental characteristics (mental agility and balance). Thus, a choleric person who is quick to make decisions in dangerous situations feels like a fish in water, and this helps him bring to life the most daring projects. However, he is ready to take unjustified risks, for example, during a showdown with his wife, he jumps into a car in the middle of the night and rushes wherever his eyes look. But an active, but fairly balanced sanguine person will not look for adventures out of grief: if he takes risks, it is for the sake of feeling the fullness of life. There is no need to worry about phlegmatic people at all: they prefer dosed adrenaline. But a sensitive and unstable melancholic person avoids even the smell of risk. It is useless to drag a melancholic person into adventures that are dubious from his point of view. At first he will weigh all the pros and cons for a long time, then he will suffer, in the end he will refuse and, in addition, will begin to reproach himself for cowardice

Temperament is the boundaries set by nature, and there is no point in arguing with this. A person who is busy fighting with his psyche will not come to anything good. In addition, determination and courage are not needed everywhere and not always.

A noble cause?

“Weighed risk is the most praiseworthy aspect of human prudence,” believed the Englishman and 17th-century politician George Saville Halifax. And although suspiciousness and indecision can be a very useful resource, you should not make these qualities your life motto. After all, sometimes you need to take risks. Of course, this does not mean that you need to force yourself to jump with a parachute or climb a sheer cliff. It's about risk psychological nature, that is, about making decisions in situations whose outcome we do not know for sure. These include exams, a job interview, meeting the parents of a loved one, an explanation with a friend, and the decision to finally come out of the shadows and make yourself known. Of course, you can never do anything and console yourself with the fact that you didn’t want to hurt. However, it is important to be aware that behind this “I don’t want” there is often hidden “I can’t”.

To separate unnecessary bravado from necessary determination, psychologists advise answering two questions: “What am I risking?” and “For what?” After all, according to Friedrich Nietzsche, when you firmly know why, you can withstand any how.

By the way, the validity of this aphorism is confirmed by scientists. Psychologist, professor at the Cleveland Medical Center (USA) Marvin Zuckerman as a result many years of research I came to the conclusion that all of us, regardless of temperament and personal preferences, are more prone to risk in conditions of arbitrary actions (when we ourselves determine the situation) than when the rules of the game are imposed by circumstances. Only the impulse of one’s own idea and a decision made independently encourages bold, even risky actions. Because in this case, a person seeks to test his strength and realize all his plans and plans.

A person may not have an appetite for risk as a character trait. But this does not mean that in certain circumstances he will not be able to take decisive action. Courage and risk-taking are not an end in themselves, but a means to achieve success. However, the chances of a favorable outcome depend not only on our willingness to take risks. Equally important are motivation, composure and organization. By the way, real extreme athletes never forget about this. Therefore, before setting bold goals or testing yourself extreme situations, listen to the voice of reason. And don't neglect your intuition. After all, it is nothing more than an unconscious repository of our deep knowledge and experience.

Risk appetite

Risk appetite

Risk appetite is the level of risk acceptable to the company. In material terms, risk appetite is the amount that a company can safely afford to lose.

In English: Risk tolerance

See also: Investment risks

Finam Financial Dictionary.

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Books

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