What characterizes the characters in the story of one city? M.E

The vocabulary of the Russian language is rich and diverse. But common vocabulary is undoubtedly considered the most important part of it. It is the core, without which it is impossible to imagine language and conversation; it includes commonly used words denoting concepts that are used everywhere. They can be heard on the street, at work, at school, in a store, in other words, anywhere. Folk vocabulary is the basis of literary national dictionary, very important material for conversation in native language. This is the foundation that helps you continue to enrich and improve your vocabulary. Its importance cannot be underestimated. Almost all units of folk vocabulary are used actively and constantly; they can be found in every speech style.

Commonly used and stylistically neutral words

IN Russian language There are many words, known and accessible to everyone, that can be used both in conversation and in writing. As an example, we can cite the following lexical units: “river”, “soil”, “grove”, “bun”, “walk”, “eat”, “winter”, “catchy”, “work”, “read”, “ newspaper", "woman", "sentence", "person", etc. There are also neutral words that can be found both in scientific work and in ordinary conversation; they can be seen both in official paper and in a letter from a friend. There are a lot of such lexical units in the Russian language. The commonly used ones, which you now know, are distributed throughout the country. They are also used in some other countries where people speak Russian.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary

In addition to stylistically neutral lexical units, among common words there are those that can be pronounced by every person, but only sometimes. An opportunity must present itself for this. For example, the words: “zemlitsa”, “bungler”, “newspaper”, “bearded”, “square” - differ from stylistically neutral lexical units in that they can be called emotional or even expressive. This is very noticeable when pronouncing them. Emotional coloring is conveyed using all sorts of suffixes, which can be derogatory-increasing or diminutive-affectionate, and expressiveness is achieved by the unusual imagery of words used in speech. By pronouncing such lexical units, a person shows his good or bad attitude towards an event or subject. And not surprisingly, they are very rarely used in scientific works and business papers. Emotionally expressive lexical units are not used in all styles of speech. As a rule, they are actively used in ordinary conversations; they can also be read in printed publications. It is impossible to imagine how people would speak if it were not for the ubiquity of common words. Terms are something completely different, they refer to Do not confuse them with common words. This is a big mistake.

Dialectal and common

But from all of the above it does not follow that commonly used words represent a closed vocabulary that does not have any influence. You shouldn't think like that. On the contrary, terms (special or dialectal) can be added to this vocabulary, the use of which was previously curtailed. For example, the words: “motley”, “tyrant”, “boring”, “anxious”, “loser”, “regular” - still in early XIX centuries were not as widespread as they are now: the area of ​​their use was limited to the dialect or special sphere. Nowadays, these lexical units are in common use. Interesting, isn't it? Commonly used represent big interest for many researchers. In addition, foreigners who are going to Russia often seek to recognize them.

Forgotten commonly used lexical units

Also, some commonly used lexical units may disappear from time to time. colloquial speech, narrow the scope of its application. For example, the words “brezg” (dawn) and “zobat” (eat) are currently used only in a few Russian dialects. Many people no longer remember them. It happens that a lexical unit ceases to be commonly used and becomes professional jargon. The majority of people gradually forget this word, which is a little sad. Common words are lexical units that can be completely erased from people's memory. Unfortunately it's true.

The popular vocabulary has its opposite - the words limited use. They can be heard when you are among people of a certain profession or living in the same territory.

Dialectisms

It is also necessary to consider words that are dialectal. They are used in their speech by people inhabiting a specific geographical area. Dialectal lexical units are most often used in simple conversations. And this is quite understandable. After all, the dialect refers mainly to oral speech people living in villages. It will be incomprehensible to an outsider. However, village residents, of course, also know common words. It would be foolish to think that they cannot use them in their speech.

How do dialectisms differ from common words?

What is the difference between dialect and common words? The former are distinguished by a narrower area of ​​use; in addition, they are characterized by some semantic-lexical, grammatical, and phonetic features. Considering them character traits, several types of dialectisms can be distinguished. Which ones exactly?

Types of dialectisms

1. Phonetic dialectisms are specific lexical units. What can you say about them? They contain the phonetic features of any dialect: “tipyatok”, “Vankya”, “bochkya” (in common vocabulary these are “boiling water”, “Vanka”, “barrel”) - belong to South Russian; “kuricha”, “tselovek”, “tsiasy”, “nemchi” (in other words, “chicken”, “man”, “clock”, “Germans”) are words pronounced rather unusually, characteristic of several northwestern dialects. To outsiders their sound may seem somewhat strange. They are closer, of course, to commonly used words.
2. Grammatical dialectisms are unique lexical units. What is known about them? They have grammatical properties that are not characteristic of a literary language, and they also do not resemble common words in their morphological structure. It is rare to hear them.
3. Lexical dialectisms are words that are not similar to commonly used ones either in meaning or form. For example, inda - even, kochet - rooster, gutarit - talk, the other day - recently, etc.

Special and professional words

Lexical units that can usually be heard while in the company of people of a certain type of activity belong to special and professional words. They are used in some areas of technology and science. These two terms need to be distinguished in order to understand which word is officially accepted and constantly pronounced (special), and which is expressively reinterpreted, rethought after being borrowed from a commonly used dictionary (professional). The latter are common in the vocabulary of people in many occupations. Thus, common words sometimes give rise to professionalisms.

Special vocabulary, as a rule, completely “covers” a certain special field of technology or science: all important ideas and concepts are denoted by strictly established terms. Professionalism is a little different from them. They are not often presented as a system, since they are taken from oral conversations of people belonging to any specialty. Professionalism can be called quite emotional and vivid words. They sound very expressive. Every person needs to know what common words, dialect and professional words are.

Many words of the Russian language are known to all the people. These words are commonly used, for example: water, earth, sky, bird; green, blue, long; walk, think, talk. Our everyday speech is primarily built from commonly used words. But there are words in the Russian language that not all people use in their speech. For example, the word yaruga (ravine) is used in the speech of rural residents of some places; chamotte (fireproof clay) - in the speech of metallurgists.

What are common words?

Granddaughter, go to the garden and bring some beetroot for borscht.

What should I bring, grandma?

Burakov.

What is it?

Well, in our village that’s what they call beets.

Why didn't the boy understand his grandmother?

Do you call beets by any other word?

The word beet is in common use; it is known to everyone who speaks Russian. The word burak is used only in the speech of residents of a certain area. This is a dialect word.

Dialect words are words used only by the inhabitants of a particular rural area.

Some of the most commonly used works of art dialect words are included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. With them, a litter of the region is given. (i.e. regional).

There are special dialect dictionaries, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects. In Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of our Motherland.

(E. Liechtenstein.)

Write down the words with highlighted spellings and explain them in writing.

7. Professional words are explained in special reference dictionaries and encyclopedias. The most common professional words are given in explanatory dictionaries. With them, a special litter is placed. (what does special mean); other marks indicate which specialties the words are associated with, for example: technical. - technical, marine - sea. One of the meanings of an ambiguous word may be professional.

Find 3-4 professional words in ““. What signs will you use to find professional words in the dictionary?

8. Copy 5-6 words from geography textbooks (botany, mathematics) that are predominantly used in the speech of geographers (botanists, mathematicians). Make up three sentences with any of them.

9. Who is shown in the pictures above? Read the words under the pictures and say if they are all placed there correctly.

Write it down by making corrections. Make up a sentence with any professional word.

10. The artist was asked to make illustrations for these proposals. He got something wrong. What mistakes did he make? What words did he mean: common or professional?

Bibliographic description:

Nesterova I.A. Common vocabulary [ Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website

Commonly used vocabulary is a layer whose use is based on the use of commonly used words, which in certain social conditions must be understandable to all speakers of this language in all cases.

The concept of common vocabulary

The vocabulary of the modern Russian language is very rich. The Russian language has a huge number of names for objects, phenomena, signs of reality, which make it possible to convey the finest shades of thought with extreme expressiveness and clarity.

Makes up most vocabulary of any language. It is vast and varied.

represents words that denote phenomena that are vitally important for all people who are native speakers of a given language.

Commonly used vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts, the fund on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. The vast majority of words included in it are stable in their use and are used in all styles of speech.

Common words are stylistically neutral and are used primarily in their direct meaning. For example, in the following excerpt from K. Paustovsky’s story “Yellow Light”, most of the words belong to commonly used ones:

“I woke up on a gray morning. The room was filled with an even yellow light, as if from a kerosene lamp. The light came from below, from the window, and brightest illuminated the log ceiling.

The strange light - dim and motionless - was unlike the sun. It was shining autumn leaves. During the windy and long night, the garden shed its dry leaves; they lay in noisy heaps on the ground and spread a dim glow. From this radiance, people’s faces seemed tanned, and the pages of the books on the table seemed to be covered with a layer of wax..."

Composition of common vocabulary

Common vocabulary has a heterogeneous composition, which includes several sections. According to Borisoglebskaya, first of all, common vocabulary includes the following:

• names of the most important objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality (city, river, forest, mountain),
• names of seasons (spring, winter, summer, autumn),
• names of the most common professions (teacher, doctor, builder, engineer),
• designation of actions (work, talk, watch),
• name of features (tall, hot, white), etc.

The vocabulary of any language includes words that are known and understood by everyone and can be used both orally and in writing. Among these words, words that stand out are stylistically neutral, i.e. such words that can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation, which can be read in a business document and in a friendly letter. There is an overwhelming majority of such words in the Russian language. They can also be called commonly used in in every sense words.

For example: “During the day, according to research National Institute statistics and economic research, men and women allocate the same number of hours to physiological everyday problems (sleep, food), which is approximately 13 hours a day...”

Common vocabulary is by no means a closed group of words, not subject to any influences. It can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialectal or professional) scope of use, which in turn shows that the boundaries between commonly used vocabulary and various terminology are poorly defined.

Commonly used vocabulary is enriched due to the fact that time introduces new current realities, which become so popular that they are used by the absolute majority of native speakers.

The role of common vocabulary in the Russian language

Common vocabulary in the Russian language plays an important role in both communication and social role. Interpenetration of words from various types vocabulary into common usage and vice versa allows speech flows not to stagnate and develop progressively.

The role of common vocabulary in the Russian language is that it allows people working and existing in different areas understand each other without problems and interact successfully.

Literature

1. Konstantin Paustovsky. Stories - M.: Iskatel, 2014
2. Borisoglebskaya E.I., Gurchenkova V.P., Kurbyko A.E. and others. Russian language: A guide for applicants to universities. – M.: Vysh. school 1998.
3. Garbovsky N.K. Comparative stylistics of professional speech: (Based on the material of Russian and French). – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1988.

The Russian language has several lexical layers, each of which differs in its scope of use and purpose. First of all, lexicon language is divided into two large groups: nationwide and having a limited area of ​​use. Let's get acquainted with examples of commonly used words in the Russian language. Such vocabulary is used both in written and oral speech in a wide variety of situations.

Terminology

Common words, examples of which will be given below, are the main wealth of the language. They are understandable to everyone, regardless of place of residence, type of activity or profession. Without such a layer, which makes up the lexical core of a language, its very existence would be impossible.

Examples of words in common vocabulary are: cat, apartment, illusion, literature, walk, run, beautiful, smart, wide, green, we, they, fast, fun. As you can see, this includes words of various parts of speech, using which you can describe any life situation.

Varieties

Examples of commonly used words are quite varied. First of all, a group of stylistically neutral ones is distinguished, which can be used by native speakers in any style of speech. Features of styles and examples of vocabulary are presented in the table.

So, regardless of the style of speech, the main purpose of popular words is to organize communication. Thanks to them, native speakers understand each other and can express their thoughts both in oral dialogue and in writing.

There are several difficult points. Thus, the words inherent in the scientific style, in particular terms, may not be clear to everyone, but nevertheless, they relate specifically to the national layer. Why? Because the possibility of understanding one or another of them depends on a person’s education, and not on his belonging to any profession or occupation. So, literary term“epithet” may be unclear only to those who did poorly at school.

Expressing emotions

In terms of use, commonly used words, examples of which are given below, are divided into the following groups:

• neutral (mom, peace, run, good, emotion, cat, apartment, like, green, quality and many others);
• stylistically colored (pretty, some water, little time, old lady).

If the first group of words simply conveys information, then the second expresses the author’s attitude. Let's compare:

• The water in the source was cool.
• The water in the spring was cool.

The first sentence has a neutral stylistic connotation, while the second is more emotional - the author shows that the water he drank from the source is very good.

Also, through the use of words, negative shades of meaning can be conveyed. Let's compare:

• His eyes sparkled menacingly.
• He flashed his eyes menacingly.

Differences from dialectisms

Let's look at examples of common words and dialect words, as well as their differences. For ease of perception, the data is placed in a table.

How to differentiate between the commonly used lexical layer and dialect words?

• Scope of use. If common words are understandable to everyone and are used everywhere, then dialect vocabulary is present in the speech of certain groups of people living in villages and villages, that is, it is territorially limited. So, educated person Those who study dialects can know well what the words “guska” (goose), “tsibulya” (bow), “drobina” (ladder) mean, and even use them in their lectures. But these words will still be dialectal, since they are not used in live colloquial speech, being replaced by literary synonyms.
• Lexical dialectisms characteristic of a particular area have a literary synonym and can be replaced with it: “sash” - belt, “pyatry” - attic, “veksha” - squirrel.

There are also ethnographic dialectisms that do not have synonyms - commonly used words, examples are as follows: “manarka” - this is what they call in Tatarstan woman coat; “Shanezhki” - potato pies. These words, as well as the phenomena they signify, are found only in certain dialects.

The meaning of dialectisms

Why do native speakers need local dialects? The use of such words often helps authors of literary texts create special poetics, convey mood, and more vividly express the image of a character. At the same time, writers try not to oversaturate their text with dialectisms, otherwise readers will not understand much. Similar vocabulary was actively used:

• Turgenev (Biryuk is an unsociable person, the top is a ravine).
• Mamin-Sibiryak (feet - shoes, raft - fence, battle - torment).
• Sholokhov (clean - pasture, cut - hit).
• Yesenin (sled of the lake - edge).
• Prishvin (Elan - a swampy area of ​​the swamp).

Most often, dialect vocabulary is used in the speech of characters and is supplied with author's comments and explanations so that the reader understands what is being said.

Jargonisms

We looked at what words are called commonly used. Examples were also given. Now let’s figure out what jargon is, what its role is and the specifics of its use.

This is a special layer of vocabulary that is used in the speech of certain circles of people:

• Youth: “diskach” (party, disco), “dude” (girl), “dude” (young man), “ancestors” (parents).
• Computer scientists: “buggy” (works with problems), “prog” (PC program), “clave” (keyboard), “hack” (crack).
• Prisoners: “lean back” (free yourself), “ksiva” (passport), “fraer” (a former prisoner who is outside the prison walls), “absentee” (a girl who is waiting for a prisoner).
• Schoolchildren: “teacher” (teacher), “couple” (grade “2”), “nerd” (excellent student, diligent student), “spur” (cheat sheet).

Many of these words are understandable to native speakers, others remain a mystery to them, but distinctive feature jargon is their use in speech by a certain circle of people.

Meaning of jargons

Such words have a bright emotional coloring, therefore they are often used by writers to create bright image character. In oral speech, they help people in a certain circle to better understand each other.

Let's give examples of commonly used words and jargon: “hawk” - food, “donkey, donkey” - Internet Explorer browser, “teapot” - an inexperienced PC user, “mesaga” - message.

This vocabulary makes communication between representatives of a certain circle more convenient and simpler.

Professionalisms

Let us give examples of commonly used and non-commonly used words, professionalisms present in the speech of representatives of certain professions:

• In the field of printing, you can find “legs” - quotation marks, “heading” - a title.
• Hunters use the words “hang on the tail” - to pursue prey with hounds, “pest” - an old bear, “log” - the tail of a wolf.
• Police officers also use professionalisms: “lost” - a missing person; “hanging fruit” is a case that cannot be investigated.

This vocabulary is understandable only to a certain circle of people united by professional activities.

Variety of words

Here are examples of sentences with common words (grade 5):

• On the table there was a vase with beautiful flowers: roses, carnations and lilies.
• Everyone who wants to be happy must study well.
• Mom cooked delicious salad and baked buns.

Every word in these sentences is understandable to any native speaker. Without them, communication, both oral and written, would be impossible. That is why such a lexical layer represents the richness of the language, its foundation. Of course, dialectisms, jargons and professionalisms are interesting in their own way, but without them the Russian language could exist. And without commonly used words, examples of which were given above, this would have been impossible - people would have ceased to understand each other.

Common vocabulary includes great amount words of all parts of speech, both independent and functional. They are used in written and spoken communication, to create scientific documents and journal articles. The more such words a person knows, the more rich and interesting his vocabulary is, the brighter and more expressively he can express his opinion.

We looked at common words, example words and their meanings. This lexical layer is very important, since it is thanks to such words that native speakers have the opportunity to freely communicate and understand each other. There are a lot of similar words, they refer to various parts speeches can be either neutral or have a certain stylistic coloring, making communication richer and more interesting.

1. Common vocabulary.

The most important part of the Russian language dictionary in all its diversity

is a commonly used vocabulary. She represents that

lexical core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, its

make up words that are expressions of the most necessary vital

important concepts.

National vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary,

the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian,

the fund on the basis of which further developments primarily take place

improvement and enrichment of vocabulary. The vast majority of incoming

in it the words are stable in their use and commonly used in all styles

The vocabulary of the Russian language includes words that are known and understandable

everyone and can be used both orally and in writing.

For example: water, earth, forest, bread, go, eat, eat, winter, bright,

words that are stylistically neutral are highlighted, i.e. words that

can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation,

which can be read both in a business document and in a friendly letter. Such

There is an overwhelming majority of words in the Russian language. They can also be called

commonly used in the full sense of the word.

In addition to stylistically neutral words in common vocabulary

words are also highlighted that can be used by everyone, but not in

anyway. So, the words water, simpleton, magazine, mustachioed, courtyard,

word, etc., in contrast to words that are stylistically neutral, or

have expression or are emotionally colored. Shades of emotional

colors are created by various diminutives and

increasing and derogatory suffixes (vod-its-a, magazine-chik, yard-ik,

words-echk-o), and expressiveness is conveyed by the special figurativeness of words

speech (simpleton, mustachioed, reckless, dodgy). By using such words, the speaker

expresses his positive or negative attitude towards the subject,

phenomenon. Therefore, these words almost never appear in a scientific report, in

business document. Use of expressive-emotional words

limited to certain styles of speech: they are more often used in

conversational style, often in journalistic.

However, the above does not mean that commonly used vocabulary

forms a closed group of words, not subject to any influences.

On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited

(dialectal or professional) sphere of use. Yes, words

burning, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, boring and

no. etc. back in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all speakers

Russians: the scope of their use was limited to professional

(anxious, motley) or dialectal (loser, tyrant,

regular, boring) environment. In modern Russian, these words

are part of the commonly used vocabulary.

On the other hand, some common words over time

may go out of general circulation and narrow the scope of their use:

for example, the words goiter, i.e. there is, disdain, i.e. dawn, now

found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when

the word from the national dictionary disappears into professional jargon.

Common vocabulary can be contrasted with limited vocabulary

usages – words that are used by people related by gender

occupations, professions, or territorial boundaries.

2. Uncommon vocabulary.

This vocabulary includes special, slang and dialect

vocabulary Moreover, dialect and slang vocabulary, in contrast to special,

lies outside the Russian literary language.

2.1. Dialectal vocabulary

Words whose use is typical for people living in a certain

localities, constitute dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used

mainly in the oral form of speech, since the dialect itself is the main

image of the oral colloquial speech of rural residents.

Dialectal vocabulary differs from commonly used vocabulary not only more

narrow sphere of use, but also a number of phonetic, grammatical and

lexical and semantic features. According to these features

There are several types of dialectisms:

1) phonetic dialectisms - words that reflect phonetic

features of this dialect: barrel, Vankya, tipyatok (instead of barrel,

Vanka, boiling water) – southern Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsyasy, kisser,

Germans (instead of chicken, watch, man, Germans) - dialectisms,

reflecting the sound characteristics of some northwestern dialects;

2) grammatical dialectisms - words that have different meanings than in

literary language, grammatical characteristics or different

from common vocabulary according to morphological structure. So, in

in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used

as nouns female(the whole field, such a thing, smells

a cat whose meat she ate); in northern dialects, forms in

cellar, in the club, in the table (instead of in the cellar in the club, in the table);

instead of the common words side, rain, run, hole, etc.

in dialect speech words with the same root are used, but different in

morphological structure: side, dozhok, bech, hole, etc.;

3) lexical dialectisms - words, both in form and meaning

different from words in common vocabulary: kochet - rooster,

the other day - the other day, gutar - talk, inda - even, etc. Among

lexical dialectisms, local names of things and

concepts common in a given area. These words are called

ethnographisms. For example, the word paneva is ethnographic - so

in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions

called special variety skirts.

A dialectal word may differ from a commonly used word not in form, but

meaning; in this case we talk about semantic dialectisms. So,

the word top in some southern dialects is called a ravine, the verb to yawn

used in the meaning of shouting, calling, guessing – in the meaning of recognizing someone

or in the face, etc.

Dialectisms are often used as means of expression V

works fiction- For speech characteristics

characters, to convey local color, for a more accurate point of view

2.2. Professional and special vocabulary

Words whose use is typical for people of certain professions

having as their sphere of use any special branch of science

or techniques, constitute professional and special vocabulary. These two

definitions are necessary so that in the general layer identified by such

in the way of words to distinguish, firstly, officially accepted and regularly

used special terms, i.e. special vocabulary and, secondly,

characteristic of many professions, expressively rethought,

altered words and expressions taken from general circulation.

The difference between technical terms and professional words can be

show in the following examples. In metallurgy, the term plating denotes

the remains of frozen metal in a ladle, workers call these remains

a goat, i.e. V in this case nastyl - official term, goat -

professional. Physicists jokingly call the synchrophasotron a saucepan,

sandpaper is the official, terminological name, and the skin

– professionalism, widely used in the non-professional sphere and

Special terminology usually “covers” the entire given special

field of science or technology: all basic concepts, ideas, relationships receive

its terminological name. Terminology of a particular industry

knowledge or production is created by conscious and purposeful

through the efforts of people who are experts in this field. Valid here

the tendency, on the one hand, to eliminate doublets and polysemous

terms, and on the other hand, to establishing strict boundaries of each term and

its clear relationships with the other units that form this

terminological system.

Professionalisms are less regular. Because they are born in spoken language

people engaged in one profession or another, they rarely form a system. For

some objects and concepts have professional names, and for

there are no others. The relationship between different professionalisms is also

characterized by a certain randomness and uncertainty. Values

professionalism, usually arising on the basis of a metaphorical

rethinking a word or phrase, often intersects with the meanings

other professionalisms. Finally, unlike special terms,

professionalisms are brightly expressive, expressive, and this is their property with

is revealed with particular clarity in the vicinity of the official, bookish

a special term, the meaning of which is duplicated by this professionalism.

In some cases, professionalisms can be used as

official terms; their expressiveness is somewhat erased,

however, the underlying metaphorical nature of the meaning is felt quite

Fine. For example, a lever arm, a gear tooth, a pipe elbow, etc.

Although specialized and professional vocabulary has a limited scope

usage, between it and the commonly used vocabulary there is

constant communication and interaction. Literary language masters many

special terms: they begin to be used in ways that are not typical for them

contexts, be rethought, as a result of which they cease to be terms,

or are determinologized.

IN artistic prose professionalisms and special terms

are used not only for speech characterization of heroes, but also for more

accurate description of production processes, relationships between people in the workplace

and professional environment.

2.3. Slang vocabulary

Words whose use is characteristic of people who form separate

social groups, constitute slang vocabulary. So, the jargon of the ofeni -

wandering traders who existed in Russia in the 19th century were inherent

words: rym - house, melekh - milk, sary - money, zetit - talk,

to tinker - to build, etc. In the jargon of bursaks - students of bursa (school,

which combined cramming and cane discipline) - were the words

bond - steal, bug - strictly exact, etc. Some

lexical elements that penetrated in the past from social jargons into

commonly used vocabulary are still preserved in it today. These include,

for example, the words swindler, nimble, linden - fake and nek. etc.

In addition, the youth vocabulary is preserved and constantly updated -

school and student jargon. For current state

characteristic, for example, are numerous anglicisms, often intentionally

distorted: gerla - girl, friend - boy, white - white, truzera -

trousers, trousers.

Slang words are some re-interpretations of common words.

vocabulary: wheelbarrow meaning car, slip away - leave unnoticed, ancestors -

parents, etc., expressive formations such as stipa, stipuh -

scholarship, amazing – very good, branded – highest quality, fashionable and

Slang vocabulary has a narrow scope of use: it is used in

mainly among “our own” people, i.e. in communication with people of the same social

circle as the speaker. In works of art slang words

can serve for speech characterization of characters, used in

for styling purposes. So, for example, in Granin’s novel “After the Wedding” in the speech

There are heroes - young people who are slangy in nature,

words and phrases: “This is me in the order of chatter”; “I would go myself instead of Igor, and

tips"; “She dances - shine!” and etc.

However, the use of jargon in literary text there must be

justified both by the general concept of the work and stylistically.