A collection of ideal social studies essays. Limited vocabulary

The author raises such an important issue as good and evil. In a small text, but rich in content, D. S. Likhachev writes that kindness, unlike evil, is eternal. Good unites people, goodness: ... lives in the souls of people even when the practical need for such a unification is completed and forgotten.” About evil, the author writes: “Evil fragments society.”, “An evil deed is forgotten faster than a good one.” He also focuses on such an important feature of the sphere of good as attention to history, cultural and humanitarian values.

D. S. Likhachev’s position is unambiguous and clearly expressed voluntarily. Like a wise teacher, he talks to us about the value of goodness: “Intelligent kindness is the most valuable thing in a person, the most attractive to him and ultimately the most faithful on the path to personal happiness.” He calls us to be kind, to know and respect human history. He writes: “Following the paths of goodness and kindness is very, very important.”

I completely agree with D.S. Likhachev. Indeed, it is important to be a kind, moral and culturally educated person. Kindness is eternal, it makes a person

It’s better when evil kills everything good in a person. I can confirm my position with examples from fiction. Firstly, V. Rasputin’s story “French Lessons”. The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna was a truly kind person. When her student, the main character, admitted that he was playing for money, Lidia Mikhailovna did not complain to the director, but on the contrary, seeing that the boy was poor and hungry, she began to invite him to her place and offered to stay for dinner, but seeing that the boy was against this, secretly sent him a parcel with pasta, a rare food at that time, and other delicacies. She tried in every possible way to help the boy. I was not afraid of either the director or dismissal. This is true kindness. My second example is the story of the Swiss writer Johanna Spyri “Heidi, or the Magic Valley”. The main character, Heidi, was brought from the Alps, where she spent her entire childhood, to the city to live as a companion to a sick girl, Clara, who could not walk. Clara became very attached to Heidi, became friends with her, and Heidi loved her new friend, but despite this, Heidi missed home, her grandfather, and the Alpine air. She went out before our eyes. Heidi begged to be allowed to go home, but Clara, despite being a kind girl, resisted this; she did not want to lose Heidi. In the end, when Clara learned from Heidi that her relatives and loved ones lived there in the Alps, despite the pain, she let Heidi go. Good, huge and eternal, won in her. She even packed a lot of necessary things and food for Heidi, for Granny and for Mountain Uncle, for the trip. Clara is also kind and goodness is eternal.

In conclusion, I want to say, let us, as D.S. Likhachev calls us, let us follow the paths of goodness and kindness.

Other works on this topic:

1. What does it mean to live in the realm of goodness? To be noble in deeds and actions? Then what role does it play in a person’s life? Why this particular quality...
2. In the proposed text, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev raises such a problem as human intelligence. It continues to be relevant in modern times. The problem is revealed in the text on...
3. The problems that the author raises in this text are as follows. What kind of person can be considered intelligent? What is intelligence? Is intelligence necessary at all? It is these problems that D... raises.
4. My thoughts on the article by D. S. Likhachev “A person must be intelligent” After reading the article by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, I finally understood what it means to be intelligent and...
5. An educated and cultured person can be called intelligent. Dmitry Likhachev writes about this in the work under review: “A person must be intelligent.” In the author's work, all proposals are connected between...
6. Quite often, modern citizens use the phrase “intelligent person,” but few people are puzzled by the question related to the true meaning of this concept. We tend to confuse “intelligence” with “education”...
7. Every person is endowed with the ability to feel. He can feel joy, anger, apprehension, fear, envy and other feelings, including love. The ability to feel is a distinctive...

1. Plan 1. Good and evil are the most important problems of human life. 2. The concept of “kindness”. 3. A person is responsible for his actions. 4. Goodness, kindness are eternal concepts. For everything that you do, May you be rewarded... From the Bible One of the insoluble problems of humanity is the problem of good and evil. Honor and conscience, love and tenderness, patriotism and […]...
2. In the proposed text, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev raises such a problem as human intelligence. It continues to be relevant in modern times. The problem is revealed in the text on the basis of stereotypes that reign in society, as well as on the personal life experience of the author. In addition, many rhetorical questions, also used in reasoning, help develop thought. Dmitry Sergeevich in his text […]...
3. Quite often, modern citizens use the phrase “intelligent person,” but few people are puzzled by the question related to the true meaning of this concept. We tend to confuse “intelligence” with “education,” and these two concepts have completely different meanings. A truly intelligent citizen, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, strives to help his readers recognize the differences between false and true intelligence. Today […]...
4. The problems that the author raises in this text are as follows. What kind of person can be considered intelligent? What is intelligence? Is intelligence necessary at all? It is these problems that D. S. Likhachev raises. Reflecting on these issues, the author believes that intelligence is needed under all circumstances. It is necessary for others, and for the person himself. Intelligence is needed always and everywhere. A person must be [...]
5. Every person is endowed with the ability to feel. He can feel joy, anger, apprehension, fear, envy and other feelings, including love. The ability to feel is a distinctive human characteristic that distinguishes humans from animals. But you can’t live by feelings alone, otherwise you can suffer greatly from it. A person who lives only by feelings begins to obey them and live relying only on […]...
6. In a short but very informative text, the author suggests reflecting on how reading books is important for us. That a book is an incredible storehouse of knowledge that develops us as individuals, can carry us through different time periods, reveals incredible horizons to us “In a word, it makes you wise.” The author also writes that it is very important to read […]...
7. Without literature it is impossible to imagine the spiritual development of his thoughts. But what role does it play in moral education? These and other questions arise after reading the text by D. S. Likhachev. The author proposes to reflect on an important problem - the role and significance of literature. In the text, the philologist talks about the knowledge that reading instills in us: ‘Literature gives us colossal, extensive and profound experience […]...
8. Can literature change anything in a person? The famous Soviet and Russian philologist Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev reveals the problem of the role of books in people's lives. In the text proposed for analysis, the author talks about how important it is to read the right books correctly and how reading affects a person. To understand this problem, examples from the text that talk about [...] are important.
9. D. S. Likhachev is one of the remarkable masters of artistic expression. His works, dedicated to the spiritual development of the individual and the moral education of younger generations, are very important. So in the text I read, the author talks about the amazing properties of memory. What is the greatest moral significance of cultural memory? This is precisely the problem the author poses in his text. Revealing the problem, Dmitry […]...
10. The role of literature in the life of one person and in the history of all mankind is very great, it is difficult to overestimate it. It is the problem of the role of books in human life that the Soviet and Russian philologist, art critic and author of the text I read, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, reflects on. The aesthetic problem put forward by Dmitry Sergeevich is especially relevant in our time. Many people now prefer to watch […]...
11. The field of ecology is considered a very young branch of human scientific research about the world. Although it can be said with confidence that this area is acquiring great importance in human life because our planet is turning into extremely dependent on people. This conclusion was made by all readers who read D. Likhachev’s text, from which it follows that “culture...a home for man,...created by himself […]...
12. Our focus is on the text of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, a culturologist and art critic, which describes the problem of the role of memory in human life and society. Reflecting on this problem, the author tells his readers about the role of memory in the life of every person, comparing it with the roots and crown of a large tree. This is the experience gained by humanity and passed on to subsequent generations. In memory [...]
13. The peculiarity of the Central Russian landscape is formed not only due to the landscape and climate... Introduction Academician D. S. Likhachev in his article analyzes the features of the interaction between man and nature. D. S. Likhachev emphasizes that human influence on nature can be not only of a consumer nature, but also be constructive and creative. The problem raised by the author of the text The problem of the influence of nature on the state of mind […]...
14. Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev focuses on the problem of the influence of a book on a person’s inner world. This problem is very relevant. The author reveals it by recalling an incident from his childhood. A love for books was instilled in him by his literature teacher, Leonid Vladimirovich, who knew how to present children with the most interesting moments from works so that everyone would want to read the book. He knew how to be surprised by the art of the writer and [...]
15. Each person has certain qualities that characterize him as a person. But some of these qualities remain throughout life, while others change or remain in the past. Is it necessary to maintain mercy and compassion for others in our time? It is this problem that E. A. Laptev thinks about in the proposed text. The author describes the case of young doctors Artem […]...
16. The language a person speaks and the language of the people play a key role in human life. After all, using language, we develop our thinking and think about everything, therefore, our mentality is manifested through language. It is the topic concerning the importance of language for any person in each specific case, and for the nation as a whole, that was touched upon by a Russian scientist with a great name […]...
17. The problem of the impoverishment of the human soul due to embezzlement and money-grubbing in Russia has been relevant at all times. N.V. Gogol at one time, portraying “thick and thin” officials at the governor’s ball, aptly noted that among the government officials there are no decent people. Gogol wrote that “the thin ones” run and fuss, and “the fat ones... if they sit somewhere, they will sit firmly […]...
18. Our focus is on the text of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, a Soviet and Russian philologist, which describes the problem of the role of books in human life. Reflecting on this problem, the author tells readers about the important experience a book can bring. After all, it is she who opens a sense of beauty in a person and is able to transport him to other worlds. At the same time, the author clarifies that [...]
19. Many authors have devoted their works to the topic of culture. D. S. Likhachev in his text again strives to touch upon the problem associated with lack of culture and lack of spirituality in modern society. The scientist believes that the reasons for this phenomenon are the general decline in the cultural level in the world, the dominance of technology, and the aggressive influence of “popular culture.” According to Likhachev, true culture tends to turn people into [...]
20. The problem raised by the author of the text The famous Russian academician D.S. Likhachev, in one of his “Letters on the Good and the Beautiful,” discusses the importance of instilling a love of reading. The author convinces the younger generation of the benefits of literature, which makes people wise, “gives... the most extensive and profound experience of life.” Position of the author of the text The scientist believes that in reading one should not look for […]...
21. What are good and evil? And why today does a person bring more evil to others than good? It was these questions that the author of the text given to us, Dudintsev, thought about. The writer raises an important problem of the manifestation of good and evil. “...Good disguises itself as a small evil, and evil disguises itself as a great good.” It seems to me that Dudintsev’s proposed text is precisely […]...
22. Man is the most developed creature on the planet. Man is not just the highest stage of evolution, but also a unique intelligent being. Every person is unique and perfect. But at the same time, man is not only an exalted being, but also one who has fallen low. Man combines the divine and the devil within himself. B. Pascal said that a person should not equate […]...
23. The famous publicist and literary critic D.S. Likhachev discusses in his text the boundaries of lies and dishonesty. The author asks the question: can a person who considers himself intelligent and cultured allow himself to act dishonestly? Likhachev proposes to consider a seemingly ordinary case: a person took a book from someone to read and “forgot” to return it to the owner. At the same time, he doesn’t even have [...]
24. By right, the profession of a doctor is considered quite responsible, since a person completely and completely trusts his own health and life to the doctor. However, what qualities must a real professional doctor have: a cold heart or spiritual human kindness? E. A. Laptev touched upon this problem in his reasoning. To focus on this topic, the author decided to introduce us to a story dedicated to […]...
25. Previous generations left us enormous and invaluable wealth in the form of architectural monuments, parks and squares, literary and picturesque creations, streets and ancient houses, family photographs. These are all components of a person’s cultural environment. They play a huge role in instilling patriotic feelings for the Motherland, love for one’s hometown and family, among other things. They educate a person's morality. Problem, […]...
26. Friendship plays an important role in a person's life. After all, we cannot live without friends as we always need to consult with someone or share some news. What is true friendship and what role does it play in a person’s life? V.P. Astafiev reflects on this problem. The author convinces us that people undoubtedly need friends […]...
27. For thousands of years, humanity has been accumulating useful information, carefully storing it, and passing it on from generation to generation. In the text by Roman Sergeevich Savinov we talk about human memory, the author invites the reader to think about this important topic. Analyzing the question of the significance of the past, the narrator refers to an example from his own experience, when he directly had to face the fact of the significance of memories for a person who had gone through a considerable […]...
28. In this text, Sergei Ivanovich Sivokon raises the problem of qualities characteristic of a talented person. Sentences 1-2 say that the main quality of a talented person is love for people and their work. Indeed, without these qualities it is impossible to discover your talent, it is not even possible to know about its existence. These are two big whales on which everything rests […]...
29. Callousness is a terrible vice of humanity. He turns a blind eye to people's pain and makes his heart hard. To be callous is to be dead. Even though the heart is still beating, there is emptiness inside. In Kuprin's story we see a terrible picture. The whole family, hearing the voice of prayer, remained in their bed. They had everything. A cozy house, large gates and strong locks guarded […]...
30. Man and nature have always been interconnected with each other. But why do many people show cruelty towards wild or stray animals? In this text, V. Astafiev touches on the problem of the relationship between man and nature. We are inextricably linked with the world around us. Nature is the only source of our existence. People enjoy all the benefits of nature, satisfying their living [...]
31. The problem associated with the memory inherent in old things is touched upon by the Russian publicist Leonid Aronovich Zhukhovitsky in his reflections. Currently, it is impossible to deny the emergence of a trend towards increasing the relevance of this topic. Modern youth tend to live in the present, that is, without unnecessary thought, throwing away old things. However, many of them tend to carry a whole story within themselves. L. Zhukhovitsky’s reflections are devoted […]...
32. Writer and publicist G.I. Andreev in his text discusses the question: do the mother and father remain the closest people to their child? Analyzing the problem of children's attachment, Georgy Ivanovich tells the story of a girl who was once left without a father. He left the family, so the girl tried to convince herself that from now on her dad was a complete stranger to her. […]...
33. There is a profession in the world - giving your heart to children! School years are a time that we always remember with a smile on our faces; this is a period that will live in our memory forever. Those hours, days, weeks, years dragged on for a long time, but at the same time flew by very quickly. School is the place where you met your best friends for the first time […]...
34. How a person should relate to nature is the question that G. Chernikov discusses. The author reveals this problem using examples from everyday life, when a person is punished by the forces of nature through his own fault. The publicist is convinced that most disasters occur due to man's sloppiness and negligent attitude towards nature. G. Chernikov encourages us to think about our […]...
35. Human memory is a unique mechanism, the structure of which defies explanation. Writer Daniil Granin in his text discusses the questions: why is memory given to man, what is its meaning? Emphasizing the inexplicability of the ability to selectively store information, the author draws attention to the fact that the very first 3-4 years of life do not remain in a person’s memory, although they play an important role in the formation of […]...
36. What is memory for us? Is it so important to remember events that happened in the past and may never happen again? What would we have achieved without the experience of previous generations? Dmitry Likhachev invites us to think about these and other questions. Surely, each of us has heard the expression “Only good things are remembered” more than once. And indeed, this is so. Much […]...
37. Patriotism is one of the best traits inherent in a person. Loving your Motherland, appreciating it, caring about its future - this is the task that every true patriot sets for himself. However, this quality has a line, crossing which you cease to be a patriot, but become a Nazi who loves not his homeland, but himself in it. In the text Likhachev […]...
38. A versatile person has many values ​​in life: moral, cultural, socio-political, material. All of them are important for life, but the most important are moral values, the basis of which is family. Surrounded by the closest people, a person grows, is educated, learns the first truths of life: love, kindness, respect. Subsequently, he creates his own family and repeats this important chain. The proof of this statement can be [...]
39. The journey of life is impossible without obstacles. Some believe that problems and obstacles in a person’s life path should be overcome by resorting to direct and decisive action. Others are confident that any problems can be solved calmly and slowly, without entering into open confrontation with opponents, but looking for other ways. My view on this problem: How should a person act […]...
40. A person must be intelligent! What if his profession does not require intelligence? And if he was unable to get an education: did that happen? What if this intelligence made him a “black sheep” among employees, friends, family, and becomes an obstacle to getting closer to other people? No no and one more time no! Intelligence is needed under any circumstances. You need it […]...

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) No matter how pleasant it is to remember the good, it is forgotten faster than the bad.

2) Good is the basis for the emergence of sympathy, friendship, love.

3) According to the observations of zoologists, fights often occur among wolves over their place in the hierarchy of the pack.

4) A good deed is the result of practical necessity, and as soon as this necessity disappears, the good deed loses its meaning.

5) Likhachev considers fine arts, literature, music, architecture, urban planning and the natural landscape to be humanitarian values.

Explanation.

1) No matter how pleasant it is to remember the good, it is forgotten faster than the bad. No, sentence 4 refutes this idea.

2) Good is the basis for the emergence of sympathy, friendship, love. Yes, that's right. Suggestion 12.

3) According to the observations of zoologists, fights often occur among wolves over their place in the hierarchy of the pack. There is no such information.

4) A good deed is the result of practical necessity, and as soon as this necessity disappears, the good deed loses its meaning. There is no such information; Proposition 18 states the opposite.

5) Likhachev considers fine arts, literature, music, architecture, urban planning and the natural landscape to be humanitarian values. Yes, that's right. Proposition 29.

Answer: 2, 5.

Answer: 25|52

Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers. Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 1–2 provide a description.

3) Sentence 15 contains a description.

4) Sentence 28 presents a narrative.

5) Proposition 32 presents the reasoning.

Explanation.

1) Sentences 1–2 provide a description. No, they are reasoning.

3) Sentence 15 contains a description. Yes, this is a description of the pack included in the reasoning.

4) Sentence 28 presents a narrative. No, this is reasoning.

5) Proposition 32 presents the reasoning. Yes, that's right.

Answer: 2, 3, 5.

Answer: 235

Difficulty: normal

From sentence 32, write down synonyms (synonymous pair).

Explanation.

(32) That’s why the job of everyone individually and everyone together is to increase goodness, honor and keep traditions, know and respect native history and the history of all humanity.

Answer: honor, respect.

Answer: honorrespect|respecthonor

Relevance: Used since 2015

Among sentences 28–33, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

(30) And without morality, in turn, social and economic, historical and any other laws that create the well-being and self-awareness of humanity do not apply.

(31)AND V this(= the content of sentence 30) a huge practical result of a good that is “impractical” in nature.

Answer: 31.

Answer: 31

Relevance: Used since 2015

Difficulty: normal

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by theme and main idea are called text (from the Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of a text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between sentences.

The task could be worded like this:

Among sentences 11-18, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the required sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There may be 1 or more answers. Point for successfully completing the task - 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often we use this model of text construction: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called a chain link. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into text using simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must be about the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into a text, they can be used several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell in detail on each of the types.

23.1. Communication using lexical means.

1. Words from one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical concepts.

Example words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves They ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words connected by the relation genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Example words: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.

Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch. I have so many memories associated with this tree...

Field daisies are becoming rare. But this is unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of a sentence is the main feature of a chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden there was a forest. The forest was deaf and neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is a science. Science must use the dialectical method- “model predicate - subject”; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model “circumstance - subject” and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. Lexical repetition in Unified State Examination tasks will be considered the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Let's look at examples. We are not yet taking additional means of communication into account; we are looking only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It was scary, very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he it was scary.

(15) As a teacher, I had the opportunity to meet young people yearning for a clear and precise answer to the question about higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different type of connection. For more information about the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Similar words

Cognates are words with the same root and common meaning.

Example words: Homeland, be born, birth, generation; tear, break, burst

Example sentences: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship was necessary break, but couldn't do it myself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.

Example words: be bored, frown, be sad; fun, joy, jubilation

Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad from our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... Jubilation there seemed to be no boundaries: Lina answered, finally answered!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for connections only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a conjunction Same , this connection will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning only in a given context, since they relate to the same object (feature, action).

Example words: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Example sentences: Kitty has been living with us for quite some time. My husband took it off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed to escape the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to remain silent, despite all efforts on my part to get her to talk.

These words are even more difficult to find in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes the search easier.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.

Example words: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Example sentences: I pretended that I liked this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They choked me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings only in a given context.

Example words: mouse - lion; home - work green - ripe

Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.

Ripe The berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green It’s better not to put them in, they are usually bitter and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means can serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the reference rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication using morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is and what categories of meaning there are.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), denote persons, indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.

Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (self);

3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessives also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),their (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);

5) definitive(himself, most, all, everyone, each, other);

6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how many? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, therefore, “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no one”, “everyone” are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in the specified period there are no other pronouns that act as LINKING elements. You need to clearly understand that NOT EVERY pronoun that appears in the text is a connecting link.

Let's look at the examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, different, not mine....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If it's a pronoun I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school" from the first sentence. We conclude: connection using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. The second is connected only by a pronoun They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest do not correlate in any way with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the third with the pronoun They.

What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? The fact is that pronouns can and should be used instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not abuse, since the abundance of words “he”, “his”, “their” sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is and what categories of meaning there are.

Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote an action and refer to a verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Example sentences: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: I couldn’t work as a team, I had no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around There were only the treetops of us. Near The clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Example sentences: Last summer I was on holiday in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to make a call, let alone surf the Internet. The adverb “from there” replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb “so” summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn’t have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not fold; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Communication using conjunctions is the most common type of connection, thanks to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the conjunction.

Communication using coordinating conjunctions: but, and, and, but, also, or, however and others. The assignment may or may not indicate the type of union. Therefore, the material on alliances should be repeated.

More details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Example sentences: By the end of the day off we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication using the adversative conjunction “but”.

It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me...Connection using the disjunctive conjunction “or”.

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one conjunction is involved in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating conjunctions: because, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences within a complex sentence. In our opinion, with such a connection there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The conjunction for has the meaning because, because, indicates the reason for the hero’s condition.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The conjunction “so” has the meaning of consequence.

4. Particles

Particle Communication always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, same add additional shades to the proposal.

Example sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult - to love....

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only Grandma muttered quietly: she always read prayers before going to bed, asking the heavenly forces for a better life for us.

After my husband left, my soul became empty and my house deserted. Even the cat, who usually rushed like a meteor around the apartment, just yawns sleepily and keeps trying to climb into my arms. Here whose arms would I lean on...Please note that connecting particles come at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• If adjective - gender, number and case
• If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
• If verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and gerunds are considered different words.

Example sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise I felt uneasy.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me together, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: the assignment may say “word forms”, and then it is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

There is a particular difficulty in the difference between word forms and lexical repetition.

Information for teachers.

Let's consider as an example the most difficult task of the real Unified State Exam 2016. Here is the full fragment published on the FIPI website in the “Guidelines for Teachers (2016)”

Difficulties for examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases where the task condition required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the versions of the Unified State Exam 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer."

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!

(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional case form, controlled by a verb, and non-prepositional form, controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the word forms in question does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to sentence 16 by word forms (“on the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) using lexical repetition (the word “he”).

It should be noted that there is no consensus among the authors of various manuals, What is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house “National Education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasilyev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very complex cases in which words in different cases have the same form are treated differently in the manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees this as a form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on materials from a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time it undoubtedly has the same stylistic task that I.P. writes about. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution to this issue, we will outline the position of RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no matching forms in the tasks on RESHUEGE: if the linguist specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then school graduates cannot do it.

3. If you come across tasks with similar difficulties during the exam, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies and complements any other connection, adding shades of meaning characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone or anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.

Let us give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text.

(1) We met Masha several months ago. (2) My parents had not seen her yet, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me somewhat.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are connected.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 using a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: “she” is a nominative case form, “her” is a genitive case form.

In addition, sentence 3 also has other means of communication: it is a conjunction Same, introductory word it seemed, series of synonymous constructions didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.

Andrey Dimitriev 20.01.2019 12:17

what about sentence 29?

Tatiana Statsenko

The connection with the previous one is not carried out in it with the help of a coordinating conjunction and a demonstrative pronoun.

Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Prose D.S. Likhacheva has her own style, distinguished by its recognizable brevity of form and unique depth of content. The author in the presented text, as in most of his works, uses very few tropes. And this is quite natural. He talks about complex things - eternal values ​​- and strives to make his reflections accessible, understandable, honest, and devoid of excessive formal pathos. Of the tropes found in the text, perhaps only (A)_____ (in sentence 15) is worth noting. But the text very often contains such a lexical device as (B)_____ (good, kind in sentences 1–3), and a syntactic device such as (B)______ (in sentences 3, 24, 29, etc.) . In the syntax it is also worth noting (D)_____(sentences 6, 18): this adds expression and conveys the author’s emotions.”

List of terms:

1) epithets

2) antonyms

3) parcellation

4) spoken words

5) series of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) exclamatory sentences

7) lexical repetition

9) alliteration

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“Prose D.S. Likhacheva has her own style, distinguished by its recognizable brevity of form and unique depth of content. The author in the presented text, as in most of his works, uses very few tropes. And this is quite natural. He talks about complex things - eternal values ​​- and strives to make his reflections accessible, understandable, honest, and devoid of excessive formal pathos. Of the tropes found in the text, it is perhaps worth noting only epithets(in sentence 15). But the text very often contains such lexical means as lexical repetition(good, kind in sentences 1–3), and such a syntactic device as rows of homogeneous members(in sentences 3, 24, 29, etc.). It is also worth noting in the syntax exclamation sentences(sentences 6, 18): this adds expression, conveys the author’s emotions.”

Let's write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer: 1756

Relevance: Used since 2015

Difficulty: normal

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomena, characteristics, actions).

The villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

Instrumental case form of nouns:

Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,

Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypress trees darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:

Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

On the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Using comparative clauses:

Golden leaves swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond,

Like a light flock of butterflies

Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND blue, bottomless eyes

They bloom on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves curled up, and the half-withered flowers are enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:

Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);

Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);

From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8.Hyperbole(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)

And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousands only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE

Note: In assignments it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen dexterous and awkward,

Prudent and reckless,

Intoxicating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);

2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive connotation ( to store like the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head - disapproved, small fry - disdained, worthless - despised.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotional-expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/

2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, frills, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);

The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms are outdated words naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He who comprehended people from a young age?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);

Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but rather to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)

19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.

Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.

Anaphora(translated from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Lazy the hazy noon breathes,

Lazy the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

Clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely.

What is a day or an age?

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)

Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

He fell down on the cold snow,

On the cold snow, like a pine tree,

Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look at the future with fear,

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was a ringing string for you,

I was your blooming spring,

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);

22.Parcellation(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the point where the sentence is divided, a period, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. The rifle regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why isn't anyone outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); The state needs to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.

Drumming, clicks, grinding.

The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)

25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes,

And now everything is looking sideways,

Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,

All larks these days are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a characteristic. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:

I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);

Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought mortal resin

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)

27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and the speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...

In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:

-exclamation sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-and-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.

Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.

These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

(1) A person must radiate kindness and live in the realm of goodness. (2) This sphere of good is largely created by himself. (3) It is created from his good deeds, good feelings, good influences on the environment, and memory for good.

(4) An evil deed is forgotten faster than a good one. (5) Maybe this happens because remembering good things is more pleasant than bad things? (6) Of course, it’s more pleasant! (7) But the point is different. (8) Evil fragments society. (9) It is “separate” in nature. (10) Good is social in the broad sense of the word. (11) It connects, unites, brings together. (12) It evokes sympathy, friendship, love. (13) Therefore, evil associations are short-lived. (14) They are based on a commonality of temporary interests.

(15) “The wolf pack,” angry, wild, cruel, merciless, baring its teeth, with raised fur, with bloodshot eyes, sooner or later ends in a fight of wolves. (16) Unification on the basis of a good deed, good feelings, kindness lives even when the good deed itself, which served as the reason for its creation, is completed. (17) Good unification lives in the souls of people even when the practical need for such unification is completed and forgotten.

(18) Good is higher than practical needs! (19) Therefore, in life, goodness and, accordingly, kindness are perhaps the most valuable, and at the same time, kindness is smart, purposeful. (20) Intelligent kindness is the most valuable thing in a person, the most attractive to him and, ultimately, the most faithful on the path to personal happiness. (21) Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while. (22) This is an “unchangeable ruble.”

(23) Here we turn our attention to another feature of the sphere of good. (24) It is closely connected with the traditions of the native culture, with the culture of humanity in general, with its past and future. (25) The sphere of good is large. (26) The sphere of good is strong, indestructible, although it is more difficult to achieve than the sphere of evil is formed. (27) The sphere of good is closer to eternity.

(28) That is why the sphere of good requires each of us to pay attention to history – our own and the world’s, to the cultural values ​​accumulated by all humanity, to humanitarian values ​​in the first place. (29) Fine arts, literature, music, architecture, urban planning and the natural landscape created by nature alone or nature in union with man - the study of all these humanitarian values ​​multiplies, strengthens, and improves the morality of the individual and the entire society. (30) And without morality, in turn, social and economic, historical and any other laws that create the well-being and self-awareness of humanity do not apply.

(31) And this is a huge practical result of a good that is “impractical” in nature.

(32) That is why the job of everyone individually and all together is to increase goodness, honor and preserve traditions, know and respect their native history and the history of all humanity. (33) Knowing this, remembering this always and following the paths of goodness and kindness is very, very important.

(according to D.S. Likhachev*)

* Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906–1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, cultural scientist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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In the text proposed for analysis, D.S. Likhachev poses the problem of the role of good in the life of a person and society. How is the importance of good manifested? How are good and happiness related?

To attract readers' attention to this problem, the author discusses the importance of kindness. D.S. Likhachev says that goodness “causes friendship, sympathy, love.” The culturologist also writes that goodness is the most important thing for a person “on the path to personal happiness.” In addition, the philologist emphasizes that increasing goodness is “the business of everyone individually and everyone together.”

The author’s position becomes clear after a careful reading of the text. According to D.S. Likhachev, goodness is very important for a person and society, because it “connects, unites, brings together.” Moreover, the art critic believes that happiness and goodness are interconnected, because Only the one who “strives to make others happy and is able to forget about his interests and himself, at least for a while,” is happy.”

Let us remember the story by A.P. Platonov “Yushka”. The blacksmith’s assistant Efim Dmitrievich, whom everyone calls Yushka, receives a salary from the owner of the forge, with which he must buy himself tea, sugar and clothes. However, Yushka does not spend money, since he drinks only water , and wears the same clothes. Every summer he leaves the city for a month to a remote village, but no one knows who he visits there. Only after Yushka’s death do people learn that he gave away all the money he earned

Criteria

• 1 of 1 K1 Formulation of source text problems
• 3 of 3 K2

D.S. Likhachev reveals the problem by discussing the “spheres” of good and evil. First, he emphasizes that “the good is social in the broadest sense of the word.” It unites and makes people closer, evokes friendship and love. The author places special emphasis on the fact that goodness is eternal and indestructible. Secondly, D.S. Likhachev contrasts the sphere of good with the sphere of evil. It draws readers' attention to the fact that evil, unlike good, divides people and fragments society. Also worthy of attention is the statement that “evil associations do not last long.” Thus, the author criticizes evil and extols good.

D.S. Likhachev’s position is clearly formulated and reasoned: a person must live in the sphere of good and do good himself. This quality is the most valuable in a person.

To confirm D.S. Likhachev’s thoughts, let’s turn to the image of Natasha Rostova, one of the main heroines of L.N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace.” Natasha is a sympathetic and kind girl, capable of compassion and ready to help. The key to revealing the character of the heroine is the episode when she decides to help the wounded soldiers who were transported through Moscow after the Battle of Borodino, sacrificing the property of her family. Natasha understands that the wounded will not have the opportunity to get out of Moscow, where French troops will soon arrive, so she provides carts designed to transport the Rostov family's belongings to transport the wounded. We can conclude that Natasha shows kindness and mercy, thereby saving the lives of many soldiers.

The theme of goodness and selflessness is also raised in A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor”. The image of Matryona serves as an example of a person capable of demonstrating these important qualities of the soul. Matryona is a character, this woman has a difficult fate, she survived the death of six children, but she did not become embittered and continued to do good deeds. The heroine provides assistance to any resident of the village free of charge. He keeps the small potatoes for himself, and cooks the large ones for his guest-storyteller. At the request of Thaddeus, Matryona gives her upper room to Kira, her adopted daughter, although this could destroy the entire hut. A.I. Solzhenitsyn ends his work by saying that Matryona is the very righteous man without whom the village, the city and our entire land cannot stand.

In conclusion, we can conclude: good deeds and deeds make us better, help us survive life’s difficulties and unite people.

Essay based on the text by D.S. Likhacheva updated: August 19, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru