How many Turkic peoples are there in the world? Chuvash Encyclopedia

Türks is a generalized name ethno-linguistic group Turkic peoples. Geographically, the Turks are scattered over a vast territory, which occupies about a quarter of the entire Eurasian continent. The ancestral home of the Turks is Central Asia, and the first mention of the ethnonym “Turk” dates back to the 6th century AD. and it is connected with the name of the Kök Türks (Heavenly Türks), who, under the leadership of the Ashin clan, created the Turkic Kaganate. In history, the Turks are known as: skilled cattle breeders, warriors, founders of states and empires.

Turk is a rather ancient name. It was first mentioned in Chinese chronicles in relation to a certain group of tribes from the 6th century. AD The nomadic territory of these tribes extended to Xinjiang, Mongolia and Altai. Turkic tribes and Turkic languages ​​existed long before their ethnonym was recorded in the annals of history.

The Turkish language originates from the speech of the Turkic tribes, and from their common name the name of the Turkish nation (in Turkish “Turk”, in Russian “Turk”). Scientists distinguish the meanings of the words "Turk". and "Turk". At the same time, all peoples who speak Turkic languages ​​are called Turks: these are Azerbaijanis, Altaians (Altai-Kizhi), Afshars, Balkars, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kajars, Kazakhs, Karagas, Karakalpaks, Karapapakhs, Karachais, Kashkais, Kirghiz, Kumyks, Nogais, Tatars, Tofs, Tuvans, Turks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Khakass, Chuvash, Chulyms, Shors, Yakuts. Of these languages, the closest to each other are Turkish, Gagauz, South Crimean Tatar, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen, which form the Oghuz subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai language family.

Although the Turks are not historically a single ethnic group, but include not only related but also assimilated peoples, nevertheless the Turkic peoples are a single ethnocultural whole. And according to anthropological characteristics, one can distinguish Turks who belong to both the Caucasian and Mongoloid races, but most often there is a transitional type belonging to the Turanian (South Siberian) race. Read more → Where did the Turks come from? .

Turkic world- one of the oldest and most numerous ethnic groups. The first settlements of the ancient ancestors of modern Turkic peoples stretched from east to west from Lake Baikal to the Ural Mountains, separating Asia from Europe. In the south, their habitat covered the Altai (Altan-Zoltoi) and Sayan mountains, as well as lakes Baikal and Aral. In ancient times historical era Turks from Altai penetrated into northwestern China, and from there around 1000 BC. a significant part of them moved to the West.

The Turks then reached that part of Central Asia called Turkestan (the country of the Turks). Over time, part of the Turkic tribes migrated to the Volga, and then through the Dnieper, Dniester and Danube to the Balkans. Among those Turkic tribes that found refuge on the Balkan Peninsula in the second half of the 11th - first half of the 13th centuries were the ancestors of the modern Gagauz. Balkans (Balkanlar - from Turkish) have been used since the beginning of the 19th century and mean “impenetrable, dense, wooded mountains.”

L.N. Gumilev. Ancient Turks. Central Asia on the eve of the creation of the Turkic state, con. V century

Nowadays, the Turkic peoples are collectively called the “Turkic world”.

Reconstructions of the appearance of the ancient Turks (Göktürks)

TO beginning of XXI V. 44 Turkic ethnic groups were recorded. This is 150-200 million people. The largest Turkic state in the world with a population of 75 million people (2007) is Turkey. The Gagauz people are also a small part of the Turkic world, most of whom live in the Republic of Moldova. The disunity of the Turkic tribes and settlement over vast territories led to a significant difference in their linguistic features, although in ancient times they all spoke two or three ancient Turkic dialects. The Turkic population is divided into eight geographical regions:

1. Türkiye;
2. Balkans;
3. Iran;
4. Caucasus;
5. Volga-Ural;
6. Western Turkestan;
7. East Turkestan;
8. Moldova-Ukraine (over 200 thousand Gagauz).

About 500 thousand Yakuts (Sakha) live in Siberia, in Afghanistan the Turkic population is about 8 million people, and in Syria - over 500 thousand people, in Iraq there are 2.5 million Turkmen.

Göktürks were strong nomadic people Turkic origin and were the first people to launch a massive invasion of modern Central Asia and conquer the local Iranian-speaking, Indo-European peoples. Their people were not entirely Caucasian or Mongoloid, but were a Mongoloid-Caucasian mixed race, according to anthropologists. Read more → Turkic world - Huns (Huns), Göktürks... .

The Turkic Kaganate controlled part of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Southern Siberia, part of the Caucasus and Western Manchuria. They fought against 100% Mongoloid, East Asian, Chinese civilization. They also fought against other civilizations, Central Asia and the Caucasus, which were 100% Indo-European.

Turkic Khaganate during its period of greatest expansion

Göktürk from Altai

Göktürk V-VIII AD, from Kyrgyzstan

Göktürks from Mongolia

According to anthropologists, racially these people were 67-70% Mongoloid, and with 33-30% Caucasian admixture, from a technical point of view they are closer to Mongoloid race, but with an admixture. Also, they were often quite tall.

It is interesting that among them there were reddish and brown hair with gray and green eyes.

Museum of the Turkic memorial complex Khushuu Tsaidam (Mongolia). Thanks to the incredible work of Mongolian and Russian archaeologists, the museum has become a genuine repository valuable exhibits ancient Turkic era.

Inner Asia and Southern Siberia – small homeland Turks, this is that territorial “patch”, which over time grew into a thousand-kilometer territory on a global scale. The geographical formation of the area of ​​the Turkic peoples occurred, in fact, over the course of two millennia. The proto-Turks lived trapped in the Volga back in the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC, they constantly migrated. The Ancient Turkic “Scythians” and Huns” were also an integral part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. Thanks to their ritual structures, today we can get acquainted with the works of ancient early Slavic culture and art - this is precisely the Turkic heritage.

The Turks were traditionally engaged in nomadic cattle breeding; in addition, they mined and processed iron. Leading a sedentary and semi-nomadic lifestyle, the Turks in the Central Asian interfluve formed Turkestan in the 6th century. The Turkic Khaganate, which existed in Central Asia from 552 to 745, was divided in 603 into two independent Khaganates, one of which included modern Kazakhstan and the lands of East Turkestan, and the other comprised the territory that included present-day Mongolia, Northern China and Southern Siberia.

The first, western, kaganate ceased to exist half a century later, conquered by the eastern Turks. The Turgesh leader Uchelik founded a new state of the Turks - the Turgesh Kaganate.

Subsequently, the Bulgars and the Kyiv princes Svyatoslav and Yaroslav were engaged in the military “formatting” of the Turkic ethnic group. The Pechenegs, who devastated the southern Russian steppes with fire and sword, were replaced by the Polovtsians, they were defeated by the Mongol-Tatars... Partly Golden Horde(Mongol Empire) was a Turkic state, which later disintegrated into autonomous khanates.

In the history of the Turks there were numerous other significant events, among which the most significant is the formation of the Ottoman Empire, which was facilitated by the conquests of the Ottoman Turks, who captured the lands of Europe, Asia and Africa in the 13th – 16th centuries. After the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 17th century, Peter's Russia absorbed most former Golden Horde lands with Turkic states. Already in the 19th century, the Eastern Transcaucasian khanates joined Russia. After Central Asia, the Kazakh and Kokand khanates, together with the Bukhara Emirate, became part of Russia, the Mikin and Khiva khanates, together with the Ottoman Empire, constituted the only conglomerate of Turkic states.

They are distributed over a vast territory of our planet, from the cold Kolyma basin to the southwestern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Turks do not belong to any specific racial type; even among one people there are both Caucasians and Mongoloids. They are mostly Muslim, but there are peoples who profess Christianity, traditional beliefs, and shamanism. The only thing that connects almost 170 million people is the common origin of the group of languages ​​now spoken by the Turks. Yakut and Turk all speak related dialects.

Strong branch of the Altai tree

Among some scientists there are still ongoing disputes over which language family belongs to the Turkic language group. Some linguists have identified it as a separate large group. However, the most generally accepted hypothesis today is that these related languages ​​belong to the large Altai family.

The development of genetics has made a major contribution to these studies, thanks to which it has become possible to trace the history of entire nations in the traces of individual fragments of the human genome.

Once upon a time, a group of tribes in Central Asia spoke the same language - the ancestor of modern Turkic dialects, but in the 3rd century. BC e. a separate Bulgarian branch separated from the large trunk. The only people who speak languages ​​of the Bulgar group today are the Chuvash. Their dialect is noticeably different from other related ones and stands out as a special subgroup.

Some researchers even propose placing the Chuvash language into a separate genus of the large Altai macrofamily.

Classification of the southeast direction

Other representatives of the Turkic group of languages ​​are usually divided into 4 large subgroups. There are differences in details, but for simplicity we can take the most common method.

Oguz, or southwestern, languages, which include Azerbaijani, Turkish, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz. Representatives of these peoples speak very similarly and can easily understand each other without a translator. Hence the enormous influence of strong Turkey in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, whose residents perceive Turkish as their native language.

To the Turkic group Altai family languages ​​also include Kipchak, or northwestern, languages, which are spoken mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as representatives of the peoples of Central Asia with nomadic ancestors. Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachais, Balkars, such peoples of Dagestan as the Nogais and Kumyks, as well as Kazakhs and Kyrgyz - they all speak related dialects of the Kipchak subgroup.

The southeastern, or Karluk, languages ​​are solidly represented by the languages ​​of two large peoples - the Uzbeks and the Uyghurs. However, for almost a thousand years they developed separately from each other. If the Uzbek language has experienced the colossal influence of Farsi and Arabic, then the Uyghurs, residents of East Turkestan, have brought over many years great amount Chinese borrowings into their dialect.

Northern Turkic languages

The geography of the Turkic group of languages ​​is wide and varied. The Yakuts, Altaians, in general, some indigenous peoples of northeastern Eurasia, also unite into a separate branch of the large Turkic tree. Northeastern languages ​​are quite heterogeneous and are divided into several separate genera.

The Yakut and Dolgan languages ​​separated from the single Turkic dialect, and this happened in the 3rd century. n. e.

The Sayan group of languages ​​of the Turkic family includes Tuvan and Tofalar languages. Khakassians and residents of Mountain Shoria speak languages ​​of the Khakass group.

Altai is the cradle of Turkic civilization; to this day, the indigenous inhabitants of these places speak Oirot, Teleut, Lebedin, Kumandin languages ​​of the Altai subgroup.

Incidents in a harmonious classification

However, not everything is so simple in this conditional division. The process of national-territorial demarcation that took place on the territory of the Central Asian republics of the USSR in the twenties of the last century also affected such a subtle matter as language.

All residents of the Uzbek SSR were called Uzbeks, and a single version of the literary Uzbek language was adopted, based on the dialects of the Kokand Khanate. However, even today the Uzbek language is characterized by pronounced dialectism. Some dialects of Khorezm, the westernmost part of Uzbekistan, are closer to the languages ​​of the Oghuz group and closer to Turkmen than to the literary Uzbek language.

Some areas speak dialects that belong to the Nogai subgroup of the Kipchak languages, hence there are often situations when a Ferghana resident has difficulty understanding a native of Kashkadarya, who, in his opinion, shamelessly distorts his native language.

The situation is approximately the same among other representatives of the peoples of the Turkic group of languages ​​- Crimean Tatars. The language of the inhabitants of the coastal strip is almost identical to Turkish, but the natural steppe inhabitants speak a dialect closer to Kipchak.

Ancient history

The Turks first entered the world historical arena during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples. In the genetic memory of Europeans there is still a shudder before the invasion of the Huns by Attila in the 4th century. n. e. The steppe empire was a motley formation of numerous tribes and peoples, but the Turkic element was still predominant.

There are many versions of the origin of these peoples, but most researchers place the ancestral home of today's Uzbeks and Turks in the northwestern part of the Central Asian plateau, in the area between Altai and the Khingar ridge. This version is also adhered to by the Kyrgyz, who consider themselves direct heirs great empire and are still nostalgic about it.

The neighbors of the Turks were the Mongols, the ancestors of today's Indo-European peoples, the Ural and Yenisei tribes, and the Manchus. The Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​began to take shape in close interaction with similar peoples.

Confusion with Tatars and Bulgarians

In the first century AD e. individual tribes begin to migrate towards Southern Kazakhstan. The famous Huns invaded Europe in the 4th century. It was then that the Bulgar branch separated from the Turkic tree and a vast confederation was formed, which was divided into the Danube and Volga. Today's Bulgarians in the Balkans now speak a Slavic language and have lost their Turkic roots.

The opposite situation occurred with the Volga Bulgars. They still speak Turkic languages, but after the Mongol invasion they call themselves Tatars. The conquered Turkic tribes living in the steppes of the Volga took the name of the Tatars - a legendary tribe with which Genghis Khan began his campaigns that had long disappeared in the wars. They also called their language, which they had previously called Bulgarian, Tatar.

The only living dialect of the Bulgarian branch of the Turkic group of languages ​​is Chuvash. The Tatars, another descendant of the Bulgars, actually speak a variant of the later Kipchak dialects.

From Kolyma to the Mediterranean

The peoples of the Turkic linguistic group include the inhabitants of the harsh regions of the famous Kolyma basin, the resort beaches of the Mediterranean, the Altai mountains and the table-flat steppes of Kazakhstan. The ancestors of today's Turks were nomads who traveled the length and breadth of the Eurasian continent. For two thousand years they interacted with their neighbors, who were Iranians, Arabs, Russians, and Chinese. During this time, an unimaginable mixture of cultures and blood occurred.

Today it is even impossible to determine the race to which the Turks belong. Residents of Turkey, Azerbaijanis, and Gagauz belong to the Mediterranean group of the Caucasian race; there are practically no guys with slanted eyes and yellowish skin. However, the Yakuts, Altaians, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz - they all bear a pronounced Mongoloid element in their appearance.

Racial diversity is observed even among peoples who speak the same language. Among the Tatars of Kazan you can find blue-eyed blonds and black-haired people with slanted eyes. The same thing is observed in Uzbekistan, where it is impossible to deduce the appearance of a typical Uzbek.

Faith

Most Turks are Muslims, professing the Sunni branch of this religion. Only in Azerbaijan do they adhere to Shiism. However, some peoples either retained ancient beliefs or became adherents of other great religions. Most Chuvash and Gagauz people profess Christianity in its Orthodox form.

In the northeast of Eurasia, individual peoples continue to adhere to the faith of their ancestors; among the Yakuts, Altaians, and Tuvans, traditional beliefs and shamanism continue to be popular.

During the time of the Khazar Kaganate, the inhabitants of this empire professed Judaism, which today's Karaites, fragments of that mighty Turkic power, continue to perceive as the only true religion.

Vocabulary

Together with world civilization, Turkic languages ​​also developed, absorbing the vocabulary of neighboring peoples and generously endowing them with their own words. It is difficult to count the number of borrowed Turkic words in East Slavic languages. It all started with the Bulgars, from whom the words “drip” were borrowed, from which “kapishche”, “suvart” arose, transformed into “serum”. Later, instead of “whey” they began to use the common Turkic “yogurt”.

The exchange of vocabulary became especially lively during the Golden Horde and the late Middle Ages, during active trade with Turkic countries. A huge number of new words came into use: donkey, cap, sash, raisin, shoe, chest and others. Later, only the names of specific terms began to be borrowed, for example, snow leopard, elm, dung, kishlak.

Where did the Turks come from?

The Huns, led by Atilla, invade Italy. . Vcentury n.uh.

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The question is not simple. It seems that the Turks consider themselves a people who have lost their roots. Ataturk (father of the Turks), the first president of Turkey, assembled a representative scientific commission and set it the task of finding the origin of the Turks. The commission worked long and hard, discovered a huge number of facts from the history of the Turks, but there was no clarity on the issue.

Our compatriot L.N. Gumilyov made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Turks. Whole line His serious works (“Ancient Turks”, “A Millennium around the Caspian Sea”) are dedicated specifically to the Turkic-speaking peoples. It can even be argued that his works laid the foundation for scientific ethnology.

However, the respected scientist makes one completely tragic mistake. He pointedly refuses to analyze ethnonyms and, in general, claims that language has no influence on the formation of an ethnos. This more than strange statement makes the scientist completely helpless in the simplest situations. Let's show this with an example.

Talking about the Kimaks, an ancient Turkic people who, on the verge of the first and second millennia, formed a strong state somewhere in the region of modern Kazakhstan that lasted about three hundred years, he cannot help but express surprise at its sudden and complete disappearance. In search of the disappeared ethnic group, the scientist documentedly searched all the surrounding areas. There were no traces of him in the sheger of the Kazakh tribes.

Perhaps, the scientist suggests, the Kimaks assimilated with the peoples who conquered them or scattered across the steppe. No, we will not explore the ethnonym. “It won’t give anything anyway,” says Lev Nikolaevich. But in vain.

Kimaki – this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters. If you read this word backwards, it turns out to be Arabicقماح To amma :X  "wheat" The connection is clear and does not require explanation. Now let’s compare the current expression “Tashkent– city ​​of grain.” And we didn’t invent jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of the part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the wordعطشجي at Ashji "stoker". If you don't light the oven, you won't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as “stone city.” But if it is a grain city, its name must be translated as a city of stokers and bakers.

In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a wheat lover.

Here is his photo and drawing in life

Only Simia can give simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym Uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards:خبز XBZ means “bake bread” and henceخباز X Abba :z “ovenmaker, baker”, “bread seller or one who bakes it.”

If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that it is all filled with ceramics. Why? Because the technology for its production coincides with the technology for baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and Arabicفخار F X A :R "ceramics" – the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is a grain city and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its karama for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.

Registan, main square Samarkand

Registan:

Here we have traced the path of the supposedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.

But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they traveled a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called “passionary explosion” (Gumilev). The final explosion was embodied in the Ottoman Empire, which ended with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.

Ataturk's task remains unsolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is planned, which forces them to look for their roots.

In the heat of passionary excitement, all sorts of theories are put forward. It sometimes comes to the point that Russians are Turks in the past, and the same applies, naturally, to the Slavs. And there can be no talk about Ukrainians. Khokhol means “son of heaven” in Turkic.

A leading position in the new pan-Turkism movement is occupied by journalist Adji Murad, who literally tries to show in just a few words that all, for example, Russian words are from Turkic languages. Judging by the method of juggling words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics. And in the topic he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long learned to distinguish between its own and someone else’s languages. Even the average person can see this in most cases. For example, in the Russian language no one tries to declare such words as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk as originally Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated. There are other signs, additional. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derivative words, a strange syllabic structure, and in their morphology they carry grammatical features of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing. In the first, the English plural indicator remains, in the second, traces of the English gerund.

Yes, word topknot is motivated in Slavic languages. It also has another meaning: “an unruly strand of hair”, “a sticking out tuft of hair or feathers”. And this was in reality. Ukrainians wore crests and were and remain stubborn by nature. Who doesn't know this?

This is consistent with Arabic: لحوح lah O: X  "stubborn, persistent", derived from the verbألح " alah X A "insist". Almost also called Poles, their eternal rivals Poles, of which the most stubborn Pole Lech Kaczynski.

But what is most surprising in the works of Adji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, okay, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, denoting the Turkic superethnos. Since I really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.

Let's help the Turks. For Simiya, this is not such a difficult task.

Let's turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.

There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to biblical text about the creation of the world, called Six Days in the Christian tradition, for God created the world for six days, and rested on the seventh day. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. Just someone Russian word read days (levels) as days (weeks).

The silhouettes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are easily recognizable behind the figures on the Egyptian fresco. You can read about them in my book “System Languages ​​of the Brain” or “World Periodic Law”. We will be interested here only in the central couple “Heaven and Earth”.

The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And under it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. What happens between them is exactly what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. The Russian language has emerged again. In Ancient Egypt, did priests write in Russian? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's move on.

If you put the sky goddess on the "butt", you get ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gym". And if Eba, the god of the earth, is placed on the sinful earth with his feet, the Arabic letter vav will be obtained ( و ).

It is clear that the Celestial Eb is China, whose residents never tire of pronouncing the name of the producing organ in Russian. Russian again? And the Goddess of the sky, Nut, is India, in which the Himalayas are mountains.

Arabic and Aramaic letters have numerical values. The letter gim is in third place and has a numerical value of 3. The letter vav is in sixth place and has a numerical value of 6. And so it is clear that the Arabic vav is just an Arabic six.

The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.

In fact, the image of the cow belonged to the goddess of Wisdom, Isis. Between her horns she has the disk of the sun RA. Otherwise, that under it, under Heaven, was always depicted in the form of a man, sometimes with a snake's head.

This is because the Arabic name for snake, the root CUY, is similar to what is written on our fence. That's why the Celestial Empire built the longest fence for itself. Despite the fact that ZUBUR, this is a plural form. numbers Arabic word BISON

In Russian BISON is “BULL”, in Arabic it isطور TOUR.

For some time the bison was found inside China, it was necessary accessory. But for some time I realized my own importance. After all, you must agree, it is he who should be with the cow so that roof at her, and not some person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, aurochs) to say to the man: shoo, scratch, get out of here. Since then, man in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.

Let's formulate this more precisely. The Turkic word kishi "man", comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from Arabicكش ka :sh sh “drive away,” but the Russian interjection is more emotional and more accurately conveys the indignation of the tour. Word tour comes from ArabicWith aura "bull", derived from the verbثار With A :R "be angry".

From this moment, when the Russian word kysh was heard, the history of the TURKS, the bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which is why Geb becomes feminine, i.e. Celestial Empire. Like on this map:

Photo of a modern TOURIST map of Tibet.

Easy to say!!! In reality, acquiring independence, it was necessary to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, like the Chinese, but blue, like the Turkic one. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks on Uzbek palaces and mosques. But these are quite late times. At first, the new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.

What palaces are there!

Did the prince cover his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!

Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.

Although the Turks separated from China, the idea of ​​a Chinese “heavenly state” still remained. These are the roots. Simia found out that when a bull becomes sacralized, it always reflects No. 2. Compare American bison, Belarusian bison. And if this happens to a cow, then it becomes the carrier of number three. There is no brighter example than the Indian sacred cow, which walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.

The Chinese number is 6, we saw this both in the Arabic letter and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, the Turks have their own, anti-Chinese number – 5.

The union of a bull and a cow: 2 + 3 = 5. But if the addition sign is made rotating, then the five will alternate with the six, in this situation: 2 x 3 = 6. This is the cybernetic meaning of the Turkic number.

So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word as an honorific beck. "This word generally means master and is always placed after one's own name, for example Abbas Beg." (Brockhaus). It doesn’t occur to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull. Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that bulls call especially respected individuals among themselves bulls.

What's a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And from here, for example, Caucasian Albania, which is in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic wordألبان alba :n "dairy" . What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? In Azerbaijani Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.

Some might think that this could be a coincidence. Yes, a strange coincidence. But there is another Albania, Balkan. Its capital Tirana. The name is not clear to anyone. Why is it unclear? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" (ثيران you :r a:n ). Moreover, the Arab can be checked.Easily. I looked in the dictionary and made sure that the Arab had not lied.You can’t invent such parallelism on purpose. Look: One Albania is connected with the “Russian bulls”, the other with the “Arab ones”. It’s as if the Turks conspired to show the importance of RA. What does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? No one knows. Only simiya gives direct and clear answer . First part from Arabicجازر ja : h er , yea : zer " Reznik", second part - Russian. BYCHINA.

So, the topic of “cutting up a bull carcass” appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs,Pechenegs and Oguzes connected by a common historical destiny. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer specifically to the cutting of bovine carcasses. Bashkirs from the head, i.e. This refers to the front part of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver. In Arabic this concept is broader. This means not only famous organ, but also the central part of something. Oghuz, of course, from Russian. O tail, i.e. rear end. The bull's carcass is ritually divided into three parts according to the number of the cow. The numbers of the number are repeated again (2 and 3). Let's take note of this matter in our minds.

So, a Turk is a bull. The creator did his best genetically. As a rule, the neck of the Turks is short and massive, this gives them the opportunity to easily conquer in classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny - French) top places. After all, in this type of wrestling the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong “bridge”. And this is so that you have enough strength to withstand the Six pose. I know, because in my youth I studied the “classics” at that time. You come to training and stand in the Eba pose. This is called "rocking the bridge."

Sobbing is soothing. Calmness, repose of the soul in Arabic is calledرضوان read va :n . In Arab Egypt, where the ancient funeral cult is preserved, and where the newspapers are filled with obituaries, you see this word in every obituary. The second part of the ethnonym MEN comes from Ar.أمان "ama :n , "ame:n"calmness".

Dutar- a two-string instrument, to the music of which dastans (fairy tales) are sung. Fairy tales also tell the stories of that other world, world number 2. The dutar was scattered by a cultural wave throughout Central Asia, but “the dutar is an integral part of the centuries-old musical culture of the Turkmen people. If you listen to the sound of the dutar, you can feel the heat of the hot Turkmen sun, catch the polyphony of mountain rivers and the splash of the waves of the ancient Caspian Sea." This text is taken from the website سنةWith anat "year"سنة sinat “sleep” - N.V.) to get to the condition, to soak in juices of the earth, - Nazarguli continues. - If you start working with the material right away, this will subsequently lead to deformation of the dutar and distortion of the sound. When it comes term(cf. ar.أجل "A gal "deadline, end"آجلة "agila "that light". where is the Russian from? grave- N.V.), I take out logs, make blanks from them... To make a good dutar, you first need a good tree. Best fit mulberry"If Tutankhamun had heard these words, he would have turned over in his grave twice.

Russian word string comes from Arabicوتر Vatar "string", "string", derived from Arabicوتر watara "pull on". It’s just that Russians sometimes see the letter vav as the Russian s. Hence fire And shooter. And again and again wind, because he is tightening the sails. And if you read it the other way around, it turns out zealous. These are the horses that the Turks, especially the Tajiks, love. After all, there are two reasons that the strings of the dutar.

But this is also important for us: " Turkmen music is different... connection rhythmic. links of even and odd structure: 2 + 3, 3 + 2. (Website "Belkanto.ru) . Let's find out the formula for the structure of the Turkic number? Let's translate it into words: "bull + cow, cow + bull."

Sing, my dutar, cry and sing about your dear side.

In Egypt, the sleep of the pharaohs was guarded by a sphinx with the body of a lion. Here is a lioness, the silhouette of whose muzzle can be seen in the outline of the borders of modern Turkmenistan.

The lioness is numbered five. This is a common Turkic number, which is supported by the administrative division of the country. And this can be seen on the flags of Turkmenistan.

On the Soviet flag, 2 blue lines divided the red field in two. On the modern one, a green field is crossed by a brown carpet with five patterns. Flag Day is celebrated on February 19th. On this day in 2001, the leadership changed the aspect ratio of the flag, they became 2 to 3. To the rhythms of dutar? Five stars symbolize 5 regions of the country.

In general, the dutar is a descendant of the Turkic bow, adapted to territory No. 2. The transition was obviously smooth. According to ancient Arabic sources (mentioned above), in ancient times the Turkmens had wedding custom: The groom's friends shot at his ring with arrows. And then the groom himself appointed the place first wedding night throwing an arrow. I don’t know if that custom has been preserved, but the dutar player from time to time bends it with a special technique, as if showing where this instrument comes from.

There is a disease, the companion of all wars. Tetanus is called tetanus in Latin.

Tetanus (Tetanus).

A wounded warrior before death.

The Russian name is externally motivated by the verb stiffen . In fact, the name of the disease comes from the addition of the Arabic prefixاست ist "to ask" + read backwardsنبل observable"arrows", + يقي yak And "to defend oneself", literally "to ask for arrows for protection." Hence the bow-stretched pose.The Latin name for the deadly disease comes from the Russian word bowstring. (see Vashkevich “Dictionary of etymological and hidden meanings”. Issue 4).

Turks (also Turkic peoples, Turkic-speaking peoples, peoples of the Turkic language group) - ethnolinguistic community. They speak languages ​​of the Turkic group. Globalization and increased integration with other peoples have led to the widespread spread of the Turks beyond their historical area. Modern Turks live on different continents - in Eurasia, North America, Australia and in the territories of the most different states- from Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean, Southern and Eastern Europe and further east - all the way to the Russian Far East. There are also Turkic minorities in China, America, the Middle East and Western Europe. The largest settlement area is in Russia, and the largest population is in Turkey.

Turkic-speaking peoples have been known since the 3rd century. BC, but the first mentions of the ethnonym Turk appeared at the beginning of the 6th century. in the Mongolian Altai and belonged to a small people who later became dominant in Central Asia. Word Turk means strong, strong. One of traditional activities The Turks were nomadic cattle breeders, as well as iron mining and processing.

The ethnic history of the proto-Turkic substrate is marked by the synthesis of two population groups:

• · formed to the west of the Volga, in the 3rd-2nd millennium BC, during centuries-long migrations in eastern and southern directions, it became the predominant population of the Volga region and Kazakhstan, Altai and the Upper Yenisei valley.
• · appeared in the steppes east of the Yenisei later and was of intra-Asian origin.

History of interaction and merger of both groups ancient population over the course of two to two and a half thousand years is the process during which ethnic consolidation was carried out and Turkic-speaking ethnic communities. It was from among these closely related tribes that in the 2nd millennium AD. modern Turkic peoples of Russia and adjacent territories emerged

About the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex writes D.G. Savinov, according to which they “gradually modernizing and mutually penetrating each other, became common property cultures of numerous population groups that became part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. The ideas of continuity of the ancient and early medieval culture of nomads are also reflected in works of art and ritual structures."

Since the 6th century AD, the region in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and the Chu River began to be called Turkestan. The toponym is based on the ethnonym “Tur”, which was the common tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of Central Asia. The nomadic type of state was for many centuries the predominant form of organization of power in the Asian steppes. Nomadic states, replacing each other, existed in Eurasia from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. until the 17th century.

In 552-745, the Turkic Khaganate existed in Central Asia, which in 603 split into two parts: the Eastern and Western Khaganates. The Western Kaganate (603-658) included the territory of Central Asia, the steppes of modern Kazakhstan and East Turkestan. The Eastern Kaganate included the modern territories of Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia. In 658, the Western Khaganate fell to the combined forces of the Chinese and Eastern Turks. In 698, the leader of the Turgesh tribal union, Uchelik, founded a new Turkic state - the Turgesh Kaganate (698-766).

In the V-VIII centuries, the Turkic nomadic tribes of the Bulgars who came to Europe founded a number of states, of which the most durable were Danube Bulgaria in the Balkans and Volga Bulgaria in the Volga and Kama basin. In 650-969. in the territory of the North Caucasus, the Volga region and the north-eastern Black Sea region there was the Khazar Khaganate. In the 960s he was destroyed prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav. The Pechenegs, ousted in the second half of the 9th century by the Khazars, settled in the northern Black Sea region and posed a threat to Byzantium and Old Russian state. In 1019, the Pechenegs were defeated by Grand Duke Yaroslav. In the 11th century, the Pechenegs in the southern Russian steppes were replaced by the Cumans, who were defeated and conquered by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. West Side The Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde - became a predominantly Turkic state in population. In the XV-XVI centuries. it broke up into several independent khanates, on the basis of which a number of modern Turkic-speaking peoples. At the end of the 14th century, Tamerlane created his own empire in Central Asia, which, however, quickly disintegrated with his death (1405).

IN early middle ages On the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, a settled and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking population was formed, which was in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian populations. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Sogdian symbiosis.

Back at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. individual Turkic groups began to penetrate into Transcaucasia. The penetration of the Turks into the territory of Western Asia (Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Anatolia) began in the middle of the 11th AD. (Seljuks). The Seljuk invasion was accompanied by devastation and destruction of many Transcaucasian cities. In the 11th-14th centuries, the population of eastern Transcaucasia was subjected to Turkization due to the invasions of the Oghuz Turks and Mongol-Tatars. As a result of the conquests by the Ottoman Turks in the XIII-XVI centuries. territories in Europe, Asia and Africa, a huge Ottoman Empire was formed, but from the 17th century it began to decline. Having assimilated the majority of the local population, the Ottomans became the ethnic majority in Asia Minor. In the 16th-18th centuries, first Moscow State, and then, after the reforms of Peter I, Russian empire, includes most of the lands of the former Golden Horde, on which Turkic states existed (Kazan Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde. IN early XIX century, Russia annexed a number of Azerbaijani khanates of Eastern Transcaucasia. At the same time, China annexes Central Asia (Dzungar Khanate). After the annexation of the territories of Central Asia and the Kazakh Khanate and Kokand Khanate to Russia, the Ottoman Empire, along with the Khiva Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate, remained the only purely Turkic states.

For the first time the ethnonym (the name “Turk”) was mentioned in Chinese written sources in 542. According to some researchers, translated from Mongolian “Turk” means a helmet shaped like a tukoetau. Initially, the term “Turk” also meant a representative of the nobility or military aristocracy, i.e. had purely social significance. Subsequently, it became a symbol of the dominant “royal” tribe and the tribes subject to it, which their neighbors also began to call Turks. In the second half of the 6th century. this term became widespread among the Byzantines, Arabs, Syrians, and found its way into Sanskrit, various Iranian languages, and Tibetan. Before the creation of the Khaganate, the word “Turk” meant only an alliance of ten (later twelve) tribes that formed shortly after 460 in Altai. This meaning was preserved by the term in the era of the Khaganates. It is reflected in the ancient Turkic texts in the expression “Turk hangover” (hangover union of tribes). Back in the middle of the 8th century. sources mention "twelve-tribal Turkic people." The same word also denoted the state created by the Turkic tribes-unions themselves - Turkel (Turkic country, state). Both of these meanings are reflected in ancient Turkic epigraphic monuments and Chinese sources. In a broader sense, the term began to denote the belonging of various nomadic tribes to the power created by the Turks. This is how the Byzantines and Iranians, and sometimes the Turks themselves, used it. Last value term received further development among Arab historians and geographers in the 9th-11th centuries, where the word “Turk” appears as the name of a group of peoples and languages, and not as the name of any one people and state. It is in Arabic scientific literature arose general concept about the genetic relationship of the languages ​​spoken by the Turkic tribes, and the geneological relationship of these tribes themselves. Outside the sphere of Muslim education, such a broad interpretation did not appear. For example, Abulgazy Bahadur Khan in his “Turkic Chronicle” notes that there are five most famous clans in the Turkic state. These are: Uyghurs, Kanglys, Kipchaks, Kalashes, dwarfs. And in the Russian chronicles of 985 the tribe of Torks is mentioned - i.e. Turks, but this is only one of many nomadic associations of the Great Steppe, called together with the Berendeys, Pechenegs, Black Cloabuks, Polovtsians. This is approximately the situation with the meaning of the term “Turk”. After clarifying the basic concepts associated with the name "Turk", it will be possible to move on to the process of formation of the steppe empire.

The beginning of the ethnogenesis of the Ashina Turks is associated with the Turs. According to genealogical legend, the first ancestor of the Turks was a ten-year-old boy, the only one who survived the extermination of the people. He was nursed by a she-wolf, who later became his wife. The descendants of the ten sons of the she-wolf, having received the name Ashina, subsequently united all the local tribes and gave them the name Turk.

Bumyn Kagan, who ruled in the country of the Ashina Turks in the middle of the 6th century, was a descendant of Nadulushe (according to legend, the man who brought fire to people). In the 4th-5th centuries, when the Turkic ethnos was being revived in the historical arena of Central Asia, they were surrounded by the Chinese from the east, the Tungus-Manchus from the north, the Iranians from the west, and the Tocharian population from the south. Until the middle of the 6th century, the Turks were dependent on the Juan-Juans (Zhuan, Avars). The beginning of hegemony is associated with the subjugation of the Tele tribes living in Dzungaria (possibly the Oguzes). During the period of self-assertion, the Turks sent an embassy to the Avar Kagan, demanding a princess. To which the Juran ruler responded with the following indignant challenge: “You are my smelter - a vassal. How dare you do such a thing?

As a result of the war that began (551-555), the Rourans were completely defeated and, for the most part, physically exterminated. On lands in Northern Mongolia a new Central Asian empire arose - the Turkic Khaganate (551-744). The founder of the Turkic state is considered BuMyn (Tumyn), who in 551 took the title of kagan. His successor Kara Kagan (552-553) and Mukan Kagan (553-572) completed the defeat of the Jurans.

In connection with activity in the west, a new stage in the ethnogenesis of the Turks moves to the territory of the Great Steppe and covers the oases of Turkestan. This stage determined a new level of ethnic contacts and economic symbiosis with the Eastern Iranian world. Within the framework of a single power there appear literary language and writing, and then general imperial standards in culture, especially expressed in material culture (dwellings, clothing, saddle with stirrups, harnesses, jewelry). These processes reflected the beginning of a new ethnic order. All this culminated in the formation of a common Turkic ethnic identity and pan-Turkic ideology. The Turkic Kaganate included such peoples as the Kyrgyz, Kipchaks, Oguzes, tribes of Avars, Kais, Khitans, etc.

In the ancient Turkic kaganates, the solution to many economic problems depended on trade. Neither raids, nor wars, nor booty from them, but constant barter trade served as a source of well-being for the nomads. During the period of the empire, the Turks became masters of most of the Great Silk Road. Sogdian merchants became the trusted representatives of the Turkic khans in this matter, concentrating in their hands a huge amount of silk fabrics of their own and Chinese production. Through Sogdian merchants, the nomads sold their livestock products, as well as military spoils. Merchants delivered them through Iran to Byzantium. The fate depended on the relationship between the three great states Silk Road. This partnership led to the conclusion of a military alliance between the Turks and Byzantine Empire against Iran (in 567). Iran's refusal to improve relations forced the Turks to look for new territories for the export of silk. Thus, a road was built through the Volga region. Other routes connecting Siberia and the Volga region with Central Asia also passed through the steppes of Kazakhstan. One of the most ancient routes of communication was the meridian route between Turkestan and Siberia, through the steppes of Kazakhstan. Perhaps this route is much older than others (for example, the Great Silk Road), since the south and north of the Great Steppe were in the same economic and cultural system. Even in ancient times, some nomads went to the south for winter camps, and the main urban centers were located there. During the Bronze Age, copper and other metals were transported along the Great Meridian Route.

The urban culture of the Western Turkic Kaganate was created with the participation of the Sogdians. In the V-V1II centuries, with the support of the Turks, the Sogdians created a large number of trading settlements in Semirechye, Dzungaria, in East Turkestan, Southern Siberia. A significant part of the population was engaged in farming, trade and crafts.

In general, we can talk about a common Turkic complex, which included widespread throughout the territory in the second half of the 1st millennium AD material culture, ideological ideas and spiritual thoughts. The culture of nomadic tribes and sedentary regions appears in organic integrity and constitutes a single cultural system. Various cults were widespread among the Turks sacred mountains, rivers, caves, snakes and the progenitor wolf. The Kimako-Kylchak tribes held the cult of the river in great veneration. They talked about the Irtysh - “the river is the god of man” (Gardizi). The banners of the ancient Turks were decorated with a wolf's head. Along with their own beliefs, the nomadic Turks were also interested in other religious systems: Buddhism, Manichaeism, Christianity, Judaism. The most remarkable thing in the culture of the ancient Turkic period is the appearance of runic writing and rich written literature. Runic texts in honor of Bilge Kagan, Kultegin and other outstanding figures of the Turkic ale are at the same time both outstanding literary works, and historical evidence of the era.

In the ancient Turkic era, the population of the Great Steppe gradually switched from the runic alphabet to the Arabic alphabet. The largest monuments on this graphic are “Divan-lugat-at-Turk” (Dictionary of the Turkic Language) by M. Kash Gari, “Kutadgu-bi Lik” (Blessed Knowledge) by Y. Balasaguni and others. A book about kimakaz was also compiled in Arabic graphics Zhdanakh-Kimaki. It is interesting that the author of this book was the heir of the Kimak ruler. This book was subsequently used by Arab-Persian travelers, merchants and scientists traveling to the Great Steppe. Ancient Turkic time is the time of the appearance, as the Chinese say, of a “reasonable book”, i.e. philosophical literature, various treatises devoted to epistemological problems, theory of music, art, etc. The most prominent figure in the scientific world was al-Farabi.