What plays did Prokofiev write about the funeral of a doll? Analysis of the three-part form of the musical work "new doll"

Classicism.

Music in the period 1750 - 1820.

The term "classical" in music is mainly used to define serious, artistic music, i.e. music that is not folk, popular, jazz, rock, etc. But there is also "classical" period in the history of music, called classicism, prominent representatives classicism were Haydn and Mozart.

Classicism began in Age of Enlightenment- a time of radical change in the awareness of human and social values and rules of behavior in society. The concepts of human rights, the protection of these rights and freedom of religion and speech reappeared, there was a turn towards simplicity and naturalness, which was reflected in pure architectural style, reminiscent of the style Ancient Greece and Rome - hence the term "classical".

Fundamental changes have taken place in orchestras; there is no longer a need for the harpsichord or organ as the main musical instruments, wind instruments- clarinet, flute, trumpet, etc., on the contrary, took their place in the orchestra and created a new, special sound.

The new composition of the orchestra led to the emergence of the symphony - the most important type of music, according to the standard, consisting of three tempos - a fast beginning, a slow middle and a fast ending. One of the first composers to use the symphonic format was J. S. Bach's son, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach.

Along with the new composition of the orchestra, a band appears, consisting of two violins, a viola and a cello. The works are created specifically for a string quartet with its own standard of four tempos, reminiscent of a symphony.

During this same era, the pianoforte or pianoforte was created ( correct name). This allowed keyboardists to perform music in various variations, both softly (piano) and louder (forte), depending on the keys used.

The most important of the solo works of the classical period were the sonatas, they were created for any solo instrument, but primarily for the piano. Like , sonatas have become a way to unite many various types instrumental music into one type.

The most prominent composers of classicism were the great Austrians - Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Haydn created fantastic choral, operatic, orchestral and instrumental music, but his greatest achievement was his symphonies, of which he wrote more than a hundred.
Mozart - most brilliant composer of all times and peoples. Having lived short life, he left an incredible musical legacy (for example, 41 symphonies). Operas are considered his greatest achievement, in which he showed himself and how great musician and as a talented playwright, some of his most beautiful operas are Don Giovanni, The Marriage of Figaro, and The Magic Flute.

At the end of the eighteenth century another star rises classical music— Ludwig Van Beethoven, composer who began composing music in the classical style inherited from Mozart and Haydn, but eventually outgrew it and literally split classic style, marking the dawn new era, known as the Romantic period in music.

The classical era was a time when composers introduced a sense of elegance into music. This one is clear and pure music, bringing peace and relaxation, is actually much deeper and in it you can find a dramatic core, touching feelings and boundless drive.

Great works of the Classical era:

Mozart "Requiem", "Don Giovanni", "The Magic Flute", Piano Concerto No. 21, Clarinet Concerto
Haydn "Creation of the World", Symphony No. 101 "The Hours", String Quartet op.76 No. 3 "Emperor"
Gluck "Orpheus and Eurydice"
Beethoven Symphony No. 3 "Eroica"

In music, like in no other art form, the concept of “classic” has an ambiguous content. Everything is relative, and any yesterday’s hits that have stood the test of time - be it the masterpieces of Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Prokofiev or, say, The Beatles- can be attributed to classical works.

May lovers forgive me early music for the frivolous word “hit,” but great composers once wrote for their contemporaries popular music, without aiming at eternity at all.

What's all this for? To the one, that it's important to share broad concept classical music and classicism as a direction in musical art.

The era of classicism

Classicism, which replaced the Renaissance through several stages, took shape in France at the end of the 17th century, reflecting in its art partly the serious rise of the absolute monarchy, partly the change in worldview from religious to secular.

IN XVIII century has begun new round development public consciousness- The Age of Enlightenment has arrived. The pomp and pomp of Baroque, the immediate predecessor of classicism, was replaced by a style based on simplicity and naturalness.

Aesthetic principles of classicism

The art of classicism is based on cult of reason – rationalism, harmony and logic . The name "classicism" in origin is associated with the word from Latin language– classicus, which means “exemplary”. The ideal model for artists of this trend was ancient aesthetics with its harmonious logic and harmony. In classicism, reason prevails over feelings, individualism is not welcomed, and in any phenomenon the general, typological features. Each work of art must be built according to strict canons. The requirement of the era of classicism is the balance of proportions, excluding everything superfluous and secondary.

Classicism is characterized by a strict division into "high" and "low" genres . “High” works are works that refer to ancient and religious subjects written in solemn language (tragedy, hymn, ode). And “low” genres are those works that are presented in vernacular language and reflect folk life(fable, comedy). Mixing genres was unacceptable.

Classicism in music - Viennese classics

Development of a new musical culture in mid-18th century century gave rise to the emergence of many private salons, musical societies and orchestras, holding open concerts and opera performances.

Capital musical world in those days there was Vienna. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven are three great names who went down in history as.

Composers of the Viennese school masterfully mastered a variety of genres of music - from everyday songs to symphonies. A high style of music in which rich figurative content is embodied in a simple but perfect artistic form, - Here main feature creativity Viennese classics.

Musical culture classicism, like literature, as well as art, glorifies the actions of a person, his emotions and feelings, over which reason reigns. Creative artists in their works are characterized by logical thinking, harmony and clarity. The simplicity and ease of the statements of classical composers might seem banal to the modern ear (in some cases, of course), if their music were not so brilliant.

Each of the Viennese classics had a bright, unique personality. Haydn and Beethoven gravitated more towards instrumental music - sonatas, concertos and symphonies. Mozart was universal in everything - he created everything with ease. He had a huge influence on the development of opera, creating and improving its various types - from opera buffe to musical drama.

In terms of composers’ preferences for certain figurative spheres, Haydn is more typical of objective folk-genre sketches, pastoralism, gallantry; Beethoven is close to heroism and drama, as well as philosophy, and, of course, nature, and to a small extent, refined lyricism. Mozart covered, perhaps, all existing figurative spheres.

Genres of musical classicism

The musical culture of classicism is associated with the creation of many genres of instrumental music - such as sonata, symphony, concert. A multi-part sonata-symphonic form (a 4-part cycle) was formed, which is still the basis of many instrumental works.

In the era of classicism, the main types of chamber ensembles emerged - trios and string quartets. The system of forms developed by the Viennese school is still relevant today - modern “bells and whistles” are layered on it as a basis.

Let us briefly dwell on the innovations characteristic of classicism.

Sonata form

The sonata genre existed back in early XVII century, but the sonata form was finally formed in the works of Haydn and Mozart, and Beethoven brought it to perfection and even began to break the strict canons of the genre.

The classical sonata form is based on the opposition of two themes (often contrasting, sometimes conflicting) - the main and secondary - and their development.

The sonata form includes 3 main sections:

1. first section – exposition(carrying out the main topics),
2. second - development(development and comparison of themes)
3. and the third - reprise(a modified repetition of an exposition, in which there is usually a tonal convergence of previously opposed themes).

As a rule, the first, fast parts of a sonata or symphonic cycle were written in sonata form, which is why the name sonata allegro was assigned to them.

Sonata-symphonic cycle

In structure, the logic of the sequence of movements, symphonies and sonatas are very similar, hence common name their whole musical form– sonata-symphonic cycle.

Classical symphony almost always consists of 4 parts:

• I – fast active part in its traditional sonata allegro form;
• II – slow part (its form, as a rule, is not strictly regulated - variations are possible here, and a three-part complex or simple shape, and rondo sonatas, and slow sonata form);
• III – minuet (sometimes scherzo), the so-called genre movement – ​​almost always complex three-part in form;
• IV is the final and final fast movement, for which the sonata form was also often chosen, sometimes the rondo or rondo sonata form.

Concert

The name of the concert as a genre comes from Latin word concertare – “competition”. This is a piece for orchestra and solo instrument. Instrumental concert, created during the Renaissance and which received a simply grandiose development in the work of the Viennese classics, acquired a sonata-symphonic form.

String Quartet

The composition of a string quartet usually includes two violins, a viola and a cello. The form of the quartet, similar to the sonata-symphonic cycle, was already determined by Haydn. Mozart and Beethoven also made great contributions and paved the way for further development this genre.

The musical culture of classicism became a kind of “cradle” for the string quartet; in subsequent times and to this day, composers do not stop writing more and more new works in the concert genre - this type of work has become so in demand.

Music of classicism amazingly combines external simplicity and clarity with deep inner content, which is not alien to strong feelings and drama. Classicism, moreover, is a style of a certain historical era, and this style is not forgotten, but has serious connections with the music of our time (neoclassicism, polystylistics).

The term "classical" in music is mainly used to define serious, artistic music, i.e. music that is not folk, popular, jazz, rock, etc. But there is also a “classical” period in the history of music, called classicism.

THE ERA OF CLASSICISM - Classicism, which replaced the Renaissance through several stages, took shape in France at the end of the 17th century, reflecting in its art partly the serious rise of the absolute monarchy, partly the change in worldview from religious to secular. In the 18th century, a new round of development of social consciousness began - the Age of Enlightenment began. The pomp and pomp of Baroque, the immediate predecessor of classicism, was replaced by a style based on simplicity and naturalness. The art of classicism is based on the cult of reason - rationalism, harmony and logic. The name "classicism" in origin is associated with the word from the Latin language - classicus, which means "exemplary". The ideal model for artists of this trend was ancient aesthetics with its harmonious logic and harmony. In classicism, reason prevails over feelings, individualism is not welcomed, and in any phenomenon, general, typological features acquire paramount importance. Each work of art must be built according to strict canons. The requirement of the era of classicism is the balance of proportions, excluding everything superfluous and secondary. Classicism is characterized by a strict division into “high” and “low” genres. “High” works are works that refer to ancient and religious subjects, written in solemn language (tragedy, hymn, ode). And “low” genres are those works that are presented in vernacular language and reflect folk life (fable, comedy). Mixing genres was unacceptable.

CLASSICISM IN MUSIC - VIENNA CLASSICS

The development of a new musical culture in the middle of the 18th century gave rise to the emergence of many private salons, musical societies and orchestras, and the holding of open concerts and opera performances. The capital of the music world in those days was Vienna. The most prominent composers of classicism were the great Austrians - Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Haydn created fantastic choral, operatic, orchestral and instrumental music, but his greatest achievement was his symphonies, of which he wrote more than a hundred.

Mozart is the most brilliant composer of all times. Having lived a short life, he left an incredible musical legacy (for example, 41 symphonies). Operas are considered his greatest achievement, in which he showed himself both as a great musician and as a talented playwright, some of his most beautiful operas are “Don Giovanni”, “The Marriage of Figaro”, “The Magic Flute”.

The late eighteenth century saw the rise of another classical music star - Ludwig van Beethoven, a composer who began composing in the classical style inherited from Mozart and Haydn, but eventually outgrew it and literally split the classical style, marking the dawn of a new era known as Romantic period in music.
Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven are three great names that have gone down in history as Viennese classics. Composers of the Viennese school masterfully mastered a variety of genres of music - from everyday songs to symphonies. The high style of music, in which rich figurative content is embodied in a simple but perfect artistic form, is the main feature of the work of the Viennese classics. The musical culture of classicism, like literature, as well as fine art, glorifies the actions of man, his emotions and feelings, over which reason reigns. Creative artists in their works are characterized by logical thinking, harmony and clarity of form. Each of the Viennese classics had a bright, unique personality. Haydn and Beethoven gravitated more towards instrumental music - sonatas, concertos and symphonies. Mozart was universal in everything - he created with ease in any genre. He had a huge influence on the development of opera, creating and improving its various types - from opera buffa to musical drama. In terms of composers’ preferences for certain figurative spheres, Haydn is more typical of objective folk-genre sketches, pastoralism, gallantry; Beethoven is close to heroism and drama, as well as philosophy, and, of course, nature, and to a small extent, refined lyricism. Mozart covered, perhaps, all existing figurative spheres.

Haydn. Symphony No. 45.

GENRES OF MUSICAL CLASSICISM

The musical culture of classicism is associated with the creation of many genres of instrumental music - such as sonata, symphony, concert. In the era of classicism, the main types of chamber ensembles emerged - trios and string quartets. The system of forms developed by the Viennese school is still relevant today. The sonata genre existed at the beginning of the 17th century, but the sonata form was finally formed in the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.

Mozart. Piano Concerto No. 13.

Beethoven. Sonata No. 5 for violin and piano op.24

The classical era was a time when composers introduced a sense of elegance into music. This clear and pure music, bringing peace and relaxation, is actually much deeper and can reveal a dramatic core and touching feelings.

Text from various sources.

Classicism, which replaced the Renaissance through several stages, took shape in France at the end of the 17th century, reflecting in its art partly the serious rise of the absolute monarchy, partly the change in worldview from religious to secular. In the 18th century, a new round of development of social consciousness began - the Age of Enlightenment began. The pomp and pomp of Baroque, the immediate predecessor of classicism, was replaced by a style based on simplicity and naturalness.

AESTHETIC SETTINGS OF CLASSICISM. The art of classicism is based on the cult of reason - rationalism, harmony and logic. The name “classicism” is associated in origin with the word from the Latin language – classicus, which means “exemplary”. The ideal model for artists of this trend was ancient aesthetics with its harmonious logic and harmony. In classicism, reason prevails over feelings, individualism is not welcomed, and in any phenomenon, general, typological features acquire paramount importance. Each work of art must be built according to strict canons. The requirement of the era of classicism is the balance of proportions, excluding everything superfluous and secondary.

Classicism is characterized by a strict division into “high” and “low” genres. “High” works are works that refer to ancient and religious subjects, written in solemn language (tragedy, hymn, ode). And “low” genres are those works that are presented in vernacular language and reflect folk life (fable, comedy). Mixing genres was unacceptable.

CLASSICISM IN MUSIC – VIENNA CLASSICS. The development of a new musical culture in the middle of the 18th century gave rise to the emergence of many private salons, musical societies and orchestras, and the holding of open concerts and opera performances. The capital of the music world in those days was Vienna. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven are three great names that have gone down in history as Viennese classics. Composers of the Viennese school masterfully mastered a variety of genres of music - from everyday songs to symphonies. The high style of music, in which rich figurative content is embodied in a simple but perfect artistic form, is the main feature of the work of the Viennese classics. The musical culture of classicism, like literature, as well as fine art, glorifies the actions of man, his emotions and feelings, over which reason reigns. Creative artists in their works are characterized by logical thinking, harmony and clarity of form. The simplicity and ease of the statements of classical composers might seem banal to the modern ear (in some cases, of course), if their music were not so brilliant. Each of the Viennese classics had a bright, unique personality. Haydn and Beethoven gravitated more towards instrumental music - sonatas, concertos and symphonies. Mozart was universal in everything - he created with ease in any genre. He had a huge influence on the development of opera, creating and improving its various types - from opera buffa to musical drama. In terms of composers’ preferences for certain figurative spheres, Haydn is more typical of objective folk-genre sketches, pastoralism, gallantry; Beethoven is close to heroism and drama, as well as philosophy, and, of course, nature, and to a small extent, refined lyricism. Mozart covered, perhaps, all existing figurative spheres.

GENRES OF MUSICAL CLASSICISM. The musical culture of classicism is associated with the creation of many genres of instrumental music - such as sonata, symphony, concert. A multi-part sonata-symphonic form (a 4-part cycle) was formed, which is still the basis of many instrumental works. In the era of classicism, the main types of chamber ensembles emerged - trios and string quartets. The system of forms developed by the Viennese school is still relevant today - modern “bells and whistles” are layered on it as a basis. Let us briefly dwell on the innovations characteristic of classicism.

SONATA FORM The sonata genre existed at the beginning of the 17th century, but the sonata form was finally formed in the works of Haydn and Mozart, and Beethoven brought it to perfection and even began to break the strict canons of the genre. The classical sonata form is based on the opposition of two themes (often contrasting, sometimes conflicting) - the main and secondary - and their development. The sonata form includes 3 main sections: the first section is exposition (presentation of the main themes), the second is development (development and comparison of themes) and the third is reprise (a modified repetition of the exposition, in which there is usually a tonal convergence of previously opposed themes). As a rule, the first, fast parts of a sonata or symphonic cycle were written in sonata form, which is why the name sonata allegro was assigned to them.

SONATA-SYMPHONY CYCLE In terms of structure and the logic of the sequence of parts, symphonies and sonatas are very similar, hence the common name for their integral musical form - sonata-symphonic cycle. A classical symphony almost always consists of 4 movements: I – a fast active movement in its traditional sonata allegro form; II – slow movement (its form, as a rule, is not strictly regulated - variations are possible here, and three-part complex or simple forms, and rondo sonatas, and slow sonata form); III – minuet (sometimes scherzo), the so-called genre movement – ​​almost always complex three-part in form; IV is the final and final fast movement, for which the sonata form was also often chosen, sometimes the rondo or rondo sonata form.

CONCERT The name of the concert as a genre comes from the Latin word concertare - “competition”. This is a piece for orchestra and solo instrument. The instrumental concerto, created in the Renaissance and which received a simply grandiose development in the musical culture of the Baroque, acquired a sonata-symphonic form in the work of the Viennese classics.

STRING QUARTET A string quartet usually consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. The form of the quartet, similar to the sonata-symphonic cycle, was already determined by Haydn. Mozart and Beethoven also made great contributions and paved the way for the further development of this genre. The musical culture of classicism became a kind of “cradle” for the string quartet; in subsequent times and to this day, composers do not stop writing more and more new works in the concert genre - this type of work has become so in demand. The music of classicism amazingly combines external simplicity and clarity with deep internal content, which is not alien to strong feelings and drama. Classicism, in addition, is the style of a certain historical era, and this style is not forgotten, but has serious connections with the music of our time (neoclassicism, polystylistics).