Musical Austria. Viennese musical classics

Music and Austria are inseparable concepts

Austria has always been a renowned world music center. Each region of the country annually hosts music festivals, which attract famous musicians from all over the world. But the “most musical” city in Austria is its capital, Vienna. As Stefan Zweig so aptly put it, Vienna is “a magnificently orchestrated city.”

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The contributions of individual nations to the development of human culture are not assessed by modern artificially inflated and promoted “stars”, which everyone manages to forget before they themselves fade into oblivion. Much more valued are geniuses whose names for centuries to come are firmly associated in human perception with art and predetermine its development for a long period. It is difficult to argue with the fact that Italian masters are leading in the field of sculpture and painting, as well as with the fact that very small (now) Austria has become a leader in classical music. There are so many names on the list of Austrian composer geniuses that this fact cannot but amaze. Modern composers have no choice but to silently take off their hat to the Austrian geniuses of bygone times.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The first to be remembered among those whom musical Austria gave to the world is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) - one of the three pillars of the Vienna Classical School along with Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven. His short life flashed across the European musical sky like a bright meteor. Mozart's genius in his best works reached incredible heights. His music has been enjoyed by many generations of listeners for more than two centuries, and the level of intelligence and social status do not interfere with this enjoyment.

Mozart was an amazingly prolific composer who began composing in early childhood. By the age of 17, he had already written:

• 13 symphonies;
• 4 operas;
• 24 sonatas and many other small works.

And the number of scores at the time of his death seemed incredible. Among his most famous and frequently performed works, one can mention 6 string quartets dedicated to Haydn, the operas “Don Giovanni”, “The Marriage of Figaro”, “That’s what everyone does or the School of Lovers”, “The Abduction from the Seraglio”, “The Magic Flute”, symphonies No. 39-41, Requiem - Mozart's last brilliant creation, which he did not have time to complete, having died suddenly.

Antonio Salieri

Famous contemporary of Mozart - Antonio Salieri (1750 - 1825) achieved popularity at a fairly young age. Yes, him opera "Venice Fair", written in 1772, was enthusiastically received by the public. Therefore, after a couple of years, Salieri received the position of head of the Vienna Court Chapel and Opera House. Next opera - “School of the Jealous”(1778) was also a success. In the same year, Salieri began to study with Gluck, who even entrusted him with writing in his place intended for the Paris Academy opera "Danaids". In total, Salieri has written more than 40 operas.

Salieri's career was incredibly successful, he quickly became popular throughout Europe. Louis XVIII even awarded him the Legion of Honor. In addition to operas, Salieri also wrote symphonies, masses, a requiem, two piano concertos and one organ concerto, cantatas, oratorios and other works.

In addition to his creativity, Salieri was famous for his brilliant teacher, who raised over 60 students, among whom were Beethoven, Liszt, and Schubert. Salieri became the first director of the famous Vienna Conservatory in 1817. A big pig was planted on Salieri by the Russian genius A. Pushkin, who unfoundedly accused the innocent Italian of the villainous poisoning of Mozart in his “Little Tragedies”. In the minds of ordinary people, this stigma has firmly attached itself to the musical master worthy of all respect.

Franz Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809) left no less a musical legacy. Many generations of musicians grew up listening to his symphonies and instrumental works.

He quickly, as if casually, wrote symphonies, of which there were 104, and besides them:

52 piano sonatas;
. 83 quartets, operas;
. 14 mos.

This musical genius wrote optimistic music that lifts your spirits and gives you strength. For many generations of authors, his oratorios became the standards of musical works. "Seasons" and "Creation of the World".

Strauss family

The mention of Vienna instantly brings to mind Viennese waltzes and their “king” - Johann Strauss's son(1825 - 1899) with his incredibly musical family (father and brothers). Through their efforts, they elevated a common dance tune to the level of classical music.

Johann Strauss son wrote:

168 waltzes;
. 73 quadrilles;
. 117 poles;
. 31 mazurkas;
. 43 marches;
. comic opera;
. 15 operettas and ballets.

But it was the waltzes that made him great. You can endlessly listen to his best things: “On the Beautiful Blue Danube”, “Tales of the Vienna Woods”, “The Life of an Artist” and many others - they are still heard in the world and remain incredibly popular.

Franz Liszt

The best pianist of the 19th century, composer, conductor and sought-after music teacher - Franz Liszt (1811 - 1886) not only masterfully performed other people's works (he brilliantly transcribed all of Beethoven's symphonies on the piano), but also left 647 of his own, many of which are heard today days and are well known to listeners.

Christoph Gluck

Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714 - 1787) more worked on operas (more than 50), ballets and sideshows. His famous operas are “Orpheus”, “Semiramis”, “Paris and Helen”, “Alcestes”, “Armida”, “Iphigenia in Aupida”, “Iphigenia in Tauris”. Some of Gluck's operas have not survived, others he reworked several times, so the exact number of his operas is unknown.

Franz Schubert

Franz Peter Schubert (1797-1828) one of the first representatives of the romantic movement, wrote many songs for voice and piano, organ and piano music, including 15 operas, 7 symphonies and 6 masses who immortalized his name.

Gustav Mahler

Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) - wonderful symphonic and opera composer, as well as conductor. During his lifetime, Mahler was better known as a conductor, one of the famous “post-Wagner five”. At the same time, his talent as a composer was appreciated only by a few devoted admirers.

Real recognition of Mahler's music came very late, coming half a century after his death - his descendants recognized him as the most prominent symphonist of the 20th century. He didn’t write that much - mostly symphonies and songs, but they quickly became entrenched in the performing repertoire. Mahler's music is one of the most performed today.

Carl Ditters

August Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739 - 1799) - Austrian violinist and composer. He worked in the direction of classicism and was significantly influenced by the Italian school. Currently, his most famous works are a pair of concertos for double bass and orchestra and one for viola and orchestra, although during his lifetime he was better known as the author of German singspiels and opera bouffe with Italian text (“The Doctor and the Pharmacist”, “Little Red Riding Hood or neither harm nor benefit"). This author also wrote about 120 symphonies.

Mozart, Beethoven, Johann Strauss, Johann Strauss (son), Vivaldi, Schubert, Brahms, Lanner, Gluck, Salieri, Mahler, Schoenberg, Haydn, Zemlinsky, Chopin -Great composers with whose names Vienna is associated!!

Vienna and its Geniuses!

WOLFGANG MOZART...

On January 28, 1756, in the Salzburg Cathedral, Mozart was baptized with the name: Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus. Johannes Chrysostomus Mozart receives in honor of St., Patriarch of Constantinople and protector of preachers. The name Wolfgang is in honor of Wolfgang's grandfather Nikolaus Pertl (1667-1724) and Theophilus in honor of Johann Gottlieb Pergmayer.

Mozart's father, Johann Georg Leopold Mozart, was born in Augsburg and was the son of a master bookbinder, Johann Mozart. In addition to his liberal arts education, he receives cello and organ lessons. Afterwards he goes to Salzburg, where, after studying at Benedictine University, he receives a bachelor's degree in philosophy.

Due to irregular attendance at lectures, he was expelled from the university and in the person of Count Canon Turn Valsassina (servant of the Cathedral of Salzburg) he finds help, becomes a musician and composer for the count (his first works were dedicated to the count).

A few years later he becomes the fourth violin of the Archbishop of Salzburg and receives a position as a cello teacher for the children of the music workshop at the cathedral. Translations of his “Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule“ (basics of a cello school) are published in Holland, France and Russia as a textbook.

In 1763, he received the title of Vice-Capellmeister of the Salburg Palace Chapel, where he actually worked until the end of his life. Anna Maria Walburga Mozart, nee Pertl, Mozart’s mother devoted her life to her children and husband and even in the most difficult situations remained calm, which was reflected in the whole family.

The daughter of Judge Bishop Wolfgang Nikolaus Pertl was born in St. Galgen, very close to Salzburg On December 25, 1720, after the early death of her father, she and her mother went to Salzburg and led a more than modest lifestyle until her marriage. Of the seven children from his marriage to Leopold Mozart, two remain alive – Mozart’s sister Maria Anna (Nanerl) and Wolfgang.

She died in Paris on July 3, 1778 at the age of 57, accompanying her son to Paris, from a fever. At the age of 4, Wolfgang had already learned Allegro, one day before his 5th birthday, he learned minuet and trio in half an hour..

The first compositions appeared when Mozart was not yet 5 years old. Both Mozart and his sister Nanerl never attended school and their teacher, not only music, was their father Leopold Mozart.

Leopold Mozart taught children history, geography, and mathematics in Latin, French or Italian, and, if necessary, in English. Nanerl was not given as much attention as Wolfgang and she only received clavier lessons when she was 7 years old and in Nanerl’s memories, Mozart sat at the clavier sometimes nights and days, until he was sent to rest..

He was a little dreamer, an excellent card player, his abilities were not only in the field of music.. The authoritarian character of his father and the gentle character of his mother, smoothing out conflict situations, allowed an almost always harmonious atmosphere to reign in Mozart’s house..

Mozart wrote about 23 works for the theater, about 15 operas, including the brilliant “The Magic Flute”, “Don Giovanni”, “Figaro”, “The Abduction from the Seraglio”, “La Clemenza di Titus”.

Joseph Haydn

The great composer spends his last days in the town of Gumpendorf, one of the former suburbs of Vienna, already a widower and weak to accompany him, but still full of strength to receive diplomats, musicians, writers, and actors.

Carl Maria von Weber, having visited Haydn because of his great desire to be a student of the Great Master, later writes in his diary “... it is so touching to see gray-haired men kissing Haydn’s hands and calling him “Papa.” Haydn’s biographer Albert Christophe Dies writes about Haydn’s appearance, according to the recollections of the ladies, is “short in stature and his face is scarred from smallpox,” “Papa” himself responds, “My appearance is by no means seductive..”.

But Haydn’s fame and glamor fascinated women no less.

Who was this GREAT COMPOSER Haydn Joseph??

Joseph Haydn was born on March 31 in a small estate, the residence of the count family of Harrach, not far from the border with Hungary, “a calm place, not without energy, but without much temperament,” writes the German publicist Heinrich Jacob.

Father Matthias Haydn was a carriage maker, Councilor and later judge Rohrau. Mother Anna Maria, cook in the kitchen in the palace of the Counts of Harrach. My father, who played the harp a little, often played music, and music and singing were heard in the Haydn house on weekends.

At the age of six, little Haydn left home and fell under the care of his relative and director of the educational institution Matthias Frank in the town of Hainburg. Little Haydn’s musical abilities were exceptional and when the conductor of the Vienna Cathedral, Reutter the Younger Georg, while in search of gifted offspring, heard Haydn’s voice, he was pleased surprised and it was proposed to transfer him to the church choir at the cathedral.

From the age of eight, little Haydn sang in the choir. Young Maria Theresa ascends the throne and young Haydn now appears quite often at the court of the Great Empress and soon young Haydn is universally called a Genius.

The impoverished Vivaldi, Mozart's eternal debts and the impoverished existence of many great composers may have served as an example for Haydn that he sought to obtain a position at the court of a noble family.

Haydn's cheerful nature quite often led to funny things. While still a soloist at the cathedral, he cut off the braid of one of the choir soloists because of an offense against the bandmaster, when he was about to expel Haydn from the choir due to the loss ("break") of his voice.

Mother, as befitted virtuous parents at that time, sends Haydn to spiritual service, to which Haydn protests, but temporary service along this path played an important role in Haydn’s life.

For some time he was a soloist in the Mariacel church, where he received a good salary and this decisively affected his desire: “To work as professionally as possible, thereby earning as much as possible.”

Renting an apartment on Kohlmarkt, today the street of the most expensive shops, he meets the tenants of this house, Maria Octavia Esterhazy, Nicola Porpora, Metastasio!! and since Vienna at that time was the metropolis of music, as it is today, Haydn quickly became popular among aristocratic circles. Music at that time was not necessarily academic everywhere and the mixing of folklore and classical was a completely normal phenomenon, and Haydn’s first opera “The Crooked Devil” was just like that, unfortunately today no one hears this opera.

Musical Austria. Viennese musical classics

1. Austria is the largest music center in Europe.
2. Composers are Viennese classics: J. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. Beethoven.
3. The flourishing of a number of genres in their work.
4. Introduction to the quartet genre.
5. The combination of drama and lyricism in the works of W. A. ​​Mozart (using the example of the Queen of the Night aria from the opera “The Magic Flute”).

Musical material:

1. J. Haydn. Quartet in D minor, Op. 76 No. 2. Part IV (hearing);
2. W. A. ​​Mozart. Aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera “The Magic Flute” (listening);
3. L. Beethoven. Symphony No. 9 “Choral”, 4th movement (listening, at the request of the teacher);
4. J. Haydn, Russian text by J. Sinyavsky. “We are friends with music” (singing).

Description of activities:

1. Analyze the genre and stylistic features of musical works.
2. Observe and evaluate the intonation richness of the musical world (using the example of works by Viennese classic composers)

In the context of history

Austria was a multinational empire. Along with the Austrians, whose native language is German, there lived Hungarians and various Slavic peoples, including Czechs, Serbs, and Croats. Their song and dance melodies could be heard in villages and cities. In Vienna, folk music sounded everywhere - in the center and on the outskirts, at street intersections, in public gardens and parks, in restaurants and taverns, in rich and poor private houses.

Vienna, the center of a huge country, absorbed these inexhaustible folklore riches. The Viennese common people were very musical. In the houses and on the streets of the city, at numerous folk festivals, along with Austrian songs, the sounds of the Hungarian Csardas and the melodies of the heart of Europe - the Western Slavs, full of deep feeling, were heard. Austrian dances flourished - ländlers and waltzes. Folk melodies and musical genres flowed into the music of Viennese composers quite naturally, often unnoticed by them, and at the same time by their aristocratic listeners.

Austria has become the largest music center in Europe. The names of many outstanding composers, conductors, and performers are associated with this country.

The work of Austrian composers Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven is of great importance for world musical culture.

The life and work of each of them lasted for a long time in the capital of Austria - Vienna. That's why Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are called Viennese classics. Classics - because the works they created received worldwide recognition as outstanding and exemplary. The works of composers of the Vienna Classical School still remain an unsurpassed example.

Music of the classical period is characterized by objectivity and elegance of form. Composers did not write for the church, but rather for the drawing rooms and balls that became popular at this time. During this period, the clarinet became an equal instrument in the orchestra, and the harpsichord was replaced by the newly invented piano.

The legacy of the Vienna Three composers constitutes one of the pinnacles of world musical art. It had a huge influence on all subsequent development of classical music. The works of composers of the Vienna Classical School still remain an unsurpassed example.

The creativity of the Viennese classics is associated with the flourishing of such genres as opera, symphony, sonata, concerto, and quartet. Some of them are already known to us, others we will meet for the first time.

Haydn. Brief biographical information

The founder of the classical Viennese school was Franz Joseph Haydn.

Haydn was born in the village of Rohrau, Austria. His parents were not professional musicians, although his father loved folk songs and played the harp without knowing the notes. At the age of five, Haydn sang with his father at family musical evenings.

As a child, Joseph was endowed with a beautiful clear voice, thanks to which he was accepted as a singer in the choir of the Vienna Cathedral of St. Stefan. He learned a lot at choir school, but when his voice began to break, he had to leave. By the age of 17, the future musician had received almost complete education as a performer and composer.

Haydn earned his living by teaching music and playing the harpsichord, organ and violin. Gradually, under the tutelage of the Italian composer Nicola Porpora, he began to compose his own music, including his first string quartets.

In 1761, the wealthy Hungarian prince Pal Antal Esterházy invited Haydn to Eisenstadt as vice-kapellmeister. From that moment on, Haydn began his service with the Esterhazy family, which lasted for three whole decades.

The composer had at his disposal one of the best orchestras in Europe, for which he wrote many operas, spiritual compositions, symphonies and string quartets.

Haydn spent the last years of his life in London.

During his long life, Haydn gave the world a huge number of brilliant creations. And although much of his legacy was lost and what is known to posterity today, it was enough for Tchaikovsky to say about Haydn: “If it weren’t for him, there would have been neither Mozart nor Beethoven.”

Sounds of music

One of the creators of the classical quartet is Joseph Haydn. A classical (string) quartet includes four instruments - two violins, viola, cello. Despite the fact that each member of the quartet performs an independent part, its overall sound is distinguished by unity and harmony.

Quartet. The word "quartus" means "fourth" in Latin. From him came the name of the ensemble of four performers, vocalists or instrumentalists. Most often, quartets combine related instruments, either only strings, or only woodwinds, or only brass. A quartet is also called a piece created for an ensemble of four performers, for example: “Quartet” by Beethoven, “Quartet” by Borodin...

Quartets op. 76 Haydn created at the zenith of his fame and mastery as a composer. They were the result of a long period of improvement by the composer, who was already 65 years old at the time of their creation. The second quartet of the opus stands apart - it is the only work written in a minor key.

No quartets were as beloved by performers as Haydn's quartets. Likewise, Haydn’s quartets continue to remain of great interest to both performers and listeners.

Listening: J. Haydn. Quartet in D minor, Op. 76 No. 2. Part IV.

Mozart. Brief biographical information

The highest rise of the Viennese school is associated with the work of the brilliant Mozart.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born into the family of composer Leopold Mozart. Gifted with phenomenal hearing, the boy began learning to play the harpsichord and violin under the guidance of his father from early childhood.

Soon, Leopold Mozart demonstrated the miracle child at the court of the Archbishop of Salzburg, and at the age of 6 the boy was already touring with concerts throughout Europe. By the age of twelve, Mozart was the author of three operas.

The trips broadened his musical horizons and brought him many vivid impressions. Wherever the family arrived, young Mozart’s playing on the clavier was greeted with enthusiasm. The little genius was the talk of all Europe.

In 1770, Mozart and his father went to Italy, where the premieres of his operas, including the new one, “Mithridates, King of Pontus,” were a triumphant success. In the Sistine Chapel, Mozart listened to Allegri's choral work Miserere, which was forbidden to be published or performed outside the chapel. The young composer amazed everyone by recording the piece from memory after just one listening.

However, young Mozart was not admired by everyone; many musicians envied him or treated him with distrust. So, in the city of Bologna, local musicians gave Mozart a real test - they offered to compose a fugue. This usually took several hours. Mozart completed it in just half an hour. After this, the young composer was elected a member of the Bologna Music Academy.

After triumphant trips through France and Italy, he returned to Salzburg and became conductor in the archbishop's orchestra, where his father served. However, Mozart was not at home there. Other musicians were jealous of him, and the despotic archbishop was not satisfied with his proud character. Nevertheless, Mozart worked hard and it was in Salzburg that he became a mature, independent master of symphonic music. Finally he got tired of being in service and resigned.

In 1781 he went to Vienna and began to make a living from his creativity. There he composed a lot and gave concerts. The formation of Austrian opera is associated with his name: before Mozart, the Austrian stage featured mainly operas by Italian composers or their imitators.

The composer was never able to achieve great wealth, was constantly in debt and was forced to take on any orders. In addition, a serious illness undermined his strength.

True, in the last years of his life, Mozart created another opera - the bright and joyful fairy tale “The Magic Flute”. The music of this opera is dominated by cheerful tones and clear, unclouded lyrics. At the same time, there are many scenes in it, saturated with passion, mental turmoil, and drama.

Mozart's last work, the brilliant "Requiem", remained unfinished. Work on it was interrupted by death on December 5, 1791 in Vienna. Mozart was buried in a cemetery for the poor, and his grave was lost.

Now Mozart's operas are staged on the best stages in the world, and his works are included in the repertoire of the greatest musicians of our time.

Sounds of music

The operatic genre in the works of Viennese classics is represented mainly by the works of W. A. ​​Mozart. We are going to listen to the aria of the Queen of the Night from his opera-fairy tale “The Magic Flute”.

Two worlds are at war in The Magic Flute: the kingdom of the formidable mistress of the night and the solar kingdom of the sage Sarastro. In the world of Sarastro, bright sunlight is poured, the solemn sounds of trumpets and trombones are heard, peace and tranquility reign.

The mistress of darkness and evil, the treacherous Queen is obsessed with the idea of ​​power over the world. She seeks to defeat the wise ruler Sarastro and capture his talisman - the sacred solar disk. She expresses her rage in a fiercely virtuosic aria. “My heart thirsts for terrible revenge! I'm merciless! - exclaims the Queen of the Night. She commands her own daughter to destroy Sarastro.

Listening: W. Mozart. Aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera The Magic Flute.

Beethoven. Brief biographical information

Another great representative of the Viennese school is Ludwig van Beethoven.

Beethoven spent his childhood in Bonn. The boy did not choose his profession by chance: his father and grandfather were professional musicians, so he naturally followed in their footsteps. His childhood was spent in material need, it was joyless and harsh. At the same time, Ludwig had to devote most of his time to studies: the boy was taught to play the violin, piano, and organ.

He quickly made progress and already from 1784 he served in the court chapel. Ludwig went through a good school in the court orchestra, where many outstanding musicians trained him - K. Nefe, I. Haydn, I. Albrechtsberger, A. Salieri. There he began composing music, and also managed to take the place of organist and cellist.

In 1787, Beethoven decided to go to Austria to meet his destiny. Its capital, Vienna, was famous for its great musical traditions. Mozart lived there, and Beethoven had a long-standing desire to study with him. Hearing the young Bonn musician play, Mozart said: “Pay attention to him. He will make everyone talk about himself!”

Influential friends helped Beethoven, and he soon became a fashionable pianist and teacher. Since 1792, Beethoven has lived permanently in Vienna. He soon gained fame as a wonderful pianist and improviser. His playing amazed his contemporaries with its depth of passion, emotionality, and extraordinary instrumentation.

However, the composer, who was in the prime of his life, was struck by a serious illness. From 1796 he began to go deaf and by the end of 1802 he was completely deaf. At first he fell into despair, but, having overcome a severe psychological crisis, he was able to pull himself together and began composing music again. Beethoven reflected difficult experiences and a great love for life and music in his compositions, but now they have acquired a dramatic tone.

At the center of almost all of Beethoven's works is a bright, extraordinary character of a struggling personality, possessing genuine optimism. At the same time, heroic images are intertwined with deep, concentrated lyricism and images of nature. Beethoven's ability to combine elements of different genres in one work became not only a discovery, but also a feature of the music of his followers. The composer's work had a great influence on European music.

A serious illness that required several operations undermined his powerful body. Ludwig van Beethoven died on March 26, 1827. On the day of his funeral, classes were canceled in all Viennese schools. A crowd of twenty thousand people followed the coffin of the great musician.

Sounds of music

The last of the symphonies Beethoven created was the Ninth, which sounds like a hymn to the power and strength of the human spirit, rising above illness. After all, the last years of Beethoven’s life were overshadowed by severe hardships, illness, and loneliness.

For the most grandiose implementation of the theme of heroic struggle and victory, Beethoven in his Ninth Symphony found the expressive means of the orchestra insufficient. And he acted in a completely unusual way before - he introduced a choir and solo singers into the finale of the symphony. He took the words from “Ode to Joy” by his contemporary, the German poet Friedrich Schiller. With these words, Beethoven created a majestic hymn to crown the work, calling the peoples of the whole world to joyful fraternal unity.

It's as if a huge sun is rising in the sky. “Hug, millions, merge in one joy!” This is the future! In the unity of all people striving for peace, freedom, happiness.

The premiere of the symphony took place on May 7, 1824 in one of the Viennese theaters. Beethoven stood at the conductor's stand and waved his arms. He had long been unable to lead an orchestra because he was deaf. In fact, another conductor, standing next to Beethoven, conducted.

When the music stopped, such applause began that it seemed as if the roof of the theater would collapse. Only Beethoven did not hear them. He stood with his back to the audience. Then one of the singers turned him to face the audience. And he saw the success of his symphony. Beethoven was greeted with five standing ovations. But even the emperor was then supposed to be greeted three times. To stop this disruption of the ceremony, the police ordered the audience to leave the hall.

This melody is currently adopted as the anthem of the European Union.

In terms of power of thought, breadth of concept, and perfection of execution, the Ninth Symphony has no equal. The Ninth Symphony with its final call became an ideological testament to humanity and had a profound impact on symphony in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Listening: L. Beethoven. Symphony No. 9 “Choral”, 4th movement (fragment).

Questions and tasks:

1. Which of the great composers is called the Viennese musical classics?
2. What explains this definition?
3. The flourishing of which musical genres is associated with the work of the Viennese classics?
4. Name the composition of a classical (string) quartet.
5. What distinguishes the sound of J. Haydn's quartet - unity, coherence or lack thereof?
6. Are the features of singing, dancing or marching obvious in the music of J. Haydn?
7. The Queen of the Night's aria is an aria of revenge. Listen to the aria. Is it only the dramatic character that is inherent in it? Think why?
8. What work crowned the work of L. Beethoven?
9. Who is the author of the poems used as the basis for the finale of the Ninth Symphony?
10. What is the nature of the finale of the Ninth Symphony?

Presentation

Included:
1. Presentation, ppsx;
2. Sounds of music:
Beethoven. Ode to joy. Symphony No. 9 (final), mp3;
Haydn. String Quartet op. 76 No. 2, IV part, mp3;
Mozart. Aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera The Magic Flute , mp3;
3. Accompanying article, docx.

The contribution of each nation to the development of human culture is assessed not by artificially lit and promoted “stars” and “stars”, the memory of which is short-lived even in one generation. And by the number of geniuses, whose names have evoked associations in people for centuries with entire movements in art. And if in terms of painting and sculpture Italy became famous for its achievements, then in the field of music the undoubted primacy belongs to Austria, which is “miniature” in area and population. The list of the most talented Austrian composers and musicians is not only impressive, but amazing in the number of world-famous names. And in front of a dozen names, the most skilled craftsmen of our time take off their “hat” with reverence.
The leading position among the geniuses “gifted” by Austria to humanity is undoubtedly occupied by one of the representatives of the Viennese classical school of composition, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart), who lived a short but bright life of a genius (born January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, and died on December 5 1791 in Vienna). The genius of the composer is so great that the surviving records of his abilities border on unreality, and the music he wrote has no limitations in perception. They listened to Mozart with pleasure in the 18th century. XIX, XX centuries, regardless of social status and level of intellectual development. His music evokes the same admiration even now. The main theme of the 40th Symphony in G minor is heard from mobile phones and performed by highly professional orchestras in philharmonic societies. Today they “hum” Mozart, sometimes without even knowing the name of the genius himself. Countless “remakes” of his works in a modern way by many musical groups are essentially blasphemous, but very popular today are not able to drown out the genius and beauty of Mozart’s music. And although many true connoisseurs of art perceive them as an outrage against the great works of genius, they provide their effect of aesthetic education of young people in the modern period of decline and “rollback” of culture. By the age of 17, Mozart had composed four operas, 13 symphonies, 24 sonatas and a lot of smaller compositions. And by the time of his mysterious death, the number of works written by Mozart was simply enormous. The most significant and famous were the six famous string quartets dedicated to Joseph Haydn, the operas “The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, “Cosi fan tutte”, “The Magic Flute”, “The Abduction from the Seraglio”, symphony No. 39 in E-flat major , No. 40 in G minor, No. 41 in C major (“Jupiter”) and a majestic requiem, not completed due to the sudden death of the composer.
An equally significant contribution to the development of classical music was made by Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), whose instrumental works and symphonies raised more than one generation of bright, talented musicians. 104 symphonies, composed in an incredibly short time, 83 quartets, 52 piano sonatas, 14 masses and operas were left behind by this genius, an optimist in music, striking with his irrepressible energy and positivity. Haydn's oratorios "The Creation of the World" (1798) and "The Seasons" (1801) became the standard of classical writing for many composers.
The “elite” of classical music of the world deservedly includes:
- composer, pianist, teacher and conductor Franz Liszt (October 22, 1811 - July 31, 1886), rightfully considered the greatest pianist of the 19th century, who left 647 works as a legacy to his descendants. The most significant of them are 63 for orchestra, about 300 arrangements for piano, 14 symphonic poems, the symphonies “Faust” and “Divina comedia”;
- creator of the operatic movement Christoph Willibald Gluck (July 2, 1714—November 15, 1787), who wrote more than 50 operas, interludes and ballets, the most significant of which are the operas Semiramis (1748), Orpheus, Alcestes, Paris and Helen "(1761-1764), "Iphigenia in Aulis" (1774), "Armida" (1777) and "Iphigenia in Tauris" (1779);
- Franz Peter Schubert (January 31, 1797 - November 19, 1828), recognized after death for his unforgettable 6 masses, 7 symphonies, 15 operas, etc. for his thoughtfulness and skill;
- Leopold de Meyer (December 20, 1816 - March 6, 1883), who wrote and performed virtuoso plays. His “contribution” to world art is “The Moroccan March”, fantasies on the themes of popular operas (“Norma” and “The Puritans” by Bellini, “Elisir of Love” and “Lucia di Lammermoor” by Donizetti, “Semiramide” by Rossini), the cycle “Russian Songs” ", piano compositions and arrangements;
- Karl Czerny, known to any pianist (February 21, 1791, Vienna - July 15, 1857), whose piano etudes cannot be avoided by either beginners or experienced masters.
It would be a sin not to remember the waltz king Johann Strauss (October 25, 1825 - June 3, 1899), who, together with his father and brothers, raised dance music to the level of symphonic music. Strauss left behind 168 waltzes, 117 polkas, 73 quadrilles, 43 marches, 31 mazurkas, 15 operettas, comic opera and ballet. And the composer's waltzes are simply the limit of perfection. “Songs of Love” (Liebeslieder, 1852), “On the Beautiful Blue Danube” (An der schönen blauen Donau, 1867), “The Life of an Artist” (Künstlerleben, 1867), “Tales of the Vienna Woods” (G'schichten aus dem Wienerwald, 1868 ), “Wine, Women and Songs” (Wein, Weib und Gesang, 1869), “A Thousand and One Nights” (Tausend und eine Nacht, 1871) and many others have been heard in many countries of the world for the second century and do not lose their popularity.