Biography. About the lego set based on "Sherlock"

Henry Alfred Kissinger was born as Heinz Alfred Kissinger. Born May 27, 1923 in Fürth (Bavaria, Germany). American statesman, diplomat and international relations expert. US National Security Advisor from 1969-1975 and US Secretary of State from 1973 to 1977. Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1973).

A proponent of realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in US foreign policy from 1969-1977. He was the initiator and executor of detente in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, organized the beginning of US relations with the PRC, and also concluded the Paris Peace Agreement, which was supposed to end the war in Vietnam. Other U.S. policies during that time, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain the subject of controversy.

Kissinger is the first person to be awarded the Ewild von Kleist Prize by the International Conference on Security Policy in 2009, and is currently chairman of Kissinger Associates, an international consulting firm. He is also a doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry.

Henry Kissinger was born in the Bavarian city of Fuerth (Germany) into a religious Jewish family in 1923, during the Weimar Republic.

At birth, he received the name Heinz Alfred Kissinger (which was changed to Henry Kissinger in the United States). Father, Louis Kissinger (1887-1982) was a school teacher. Mother, Paula Stern Kissinger (1901-1998), was a housewife. Younger brother name was Walter. The surname Kissinger comes from the name of the German city of Bad Kissingen.

In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, the family emigrated to the United States, settling in New York. The idea to take the family out of Germany belonged to Paula, the mother of the family. Relatives who remained in Germany were exterminated during the Holocaust. Kissinger later wrote about this period: “Before emigrating to America, I and my relatives to a greater extent experienced ostracism and discrimination...”

Arriving in New York, the Kissinger family settled in the Washington Heights area of Manhattan, where there was a large German and Jewish diaspora. Henry spent there school years. Although Kissinger quickly assimilated into American culture, he retained an East Frankish accent, due to childhood shyness that made him taciturn. After attending George Washington High School in New York for a year, Henry Kissinger continued to attend school at night and work in a shaving brush factory during the day.

After graduating high school, Kissinger attended City College of New York, where he studied accounting. As a student studying in the mode half day, he did well, continuing to work while studying.

In 1943, Kissinger was drafted into the army before completing his studies. In the same year he received American citizenship.

Kissinger completed basic training at Camp Croft in Spartanburg, South Carolina, where he became a citizen upon arrival.

The US Army sent him to study engineering at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, but the program was canceled and Kissinger was assigned to the 84th Infantry Division at Camp Claiborne, LA. There he met Fritz G. A. Kraemer, also an immigrant from Germany, who, despite the age difference, drew attention to Fluency German language and cadet intelligence. Kremer helped ensure that Kissinger was transferred to the division's military intelligence. Military historian Theodore Draper argues that Fritz Kremer left a broad mark on Kissinger's political and intellectual formation.

While serving with the division, Kissinger saw action and was volunteered on risky reconnaissance missions during the Bulge.

During the American advance into Germany, due to a shortage of German-speaking troops in the division's military intelligence unit, Kissinger was assigned to the denazification of the city of Krefeld. Relying on his knowledge of German society, Kissinger completed the task in 8 days, eliminating obvious Nazis and restoring civilian administration. Kissinger was then transferred to the Counterintelligence Corps with the rank of sergeant. He was given the command to track Gestapo officers and saboteurs in Hanover. For completing this task, Kissinger was awarded a bronze star.

In June 1945, he was appointed commander of the Counterintelligence Corps unit of the Bergstrasse area of Hesse with the main responsibility of denazification of the area. Although Kissinger had full powers to arrest citizens, he was careful to ensure that soldiers under his command did not abuse this power against the local population.

In 1946, Kissinger was transferred to teach at the European Command Intelligence School at Camp King, Oberursel, where he continued to work as a civilian employee for another year after completing his military service. army.

In 1950, Kissinger graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts degree summa cum laude ("with highest honors"). Kissinger's thesis was entitled The Meaning of History and, at 388 pages, is Harvard's longest undergraduate dissertation. Kissinger's new patron at Harvard was Professor William Yandell Elliott, a historian, adviser to several other US Presidents, vice-president of the US National Security Council, known for his anti-Soviet zeal. In 1952 and 1954, Kissinger received his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees, respectively. Harvard University. Kissinger's doctoral dissertation was entitled "Peace Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of the Peace Period 1812-1822" (Peace, Legitimacy, and the Equilibrium (A Study of the Statesmanship of Castlereagh and Metternich).

While still a student at Harvard University with a bachelor's degree, Kissinger, with the support of Elliott, organized the Harvard International Seminar in the fall of 1950, the purpose of which was to unite young leaders around the world in the fight against communism during the Cold War and strengthen the influence of traditional Western values under the leadership of USA.

The International Seminar immediately attracted the attention of the CIA. The CIA supported the seminar and, with the help of financial institutions, sponsored its growing budget for a decade. Kissinger taught this seminar every summer from 1951 to 1965, and again in 1967, and served as its director from 1951 to 1971.

After receiving his PhD in 1954, Kissinger continued to work at Harvard University, serving as a member of the faculty in the Department of Government and as manager of various programs, including the International Seminar. One such program was the Defense Studies Program, created in 1954 to advise senior military officials and policymakers. From 1958 to 1971, Kissinger served as director of this program.

In 1955, Kissinger was an adviser to the Operations Coordinating Board (a committee reporting to the US National Security Council, created by the US President in 1953 and abolished in 1961).

From 1955 to 1956, Kissinger was director of nuclear weapons and foreign policy studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, during which time he left Harvard for short periods. The result of this activity was Kissinger's first book, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957). The book became a bestseller and a Book-of-the-Month Club choice, and made Kissinger famous.

From 1956 to 1958, Kissinger worked for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund as director of the Special Studies Project. The result of the work was a report entitled “International Security: The Military Aspect”. This report was so wrong that Kissinger was later forced to retract it. In 1961, his book The Necessity for Choice was published, in which Kissinger was rehabilitated and which also added to his reputation.

In 1958, the Center for International Affairs was created at Harvard, which became a direct channel of interaction between Washington and Harvard. This center trained the professionals required to carry out complex political and diplomatic missions. Kissinger was appointed assistant director of the center, and served there until 1960, playing a major role in building a network of connections between academics and politicians within the center.

Outside the academy, Kissinger worked as a consultant to several government agencies, such as the Operations Research Office (1951), Psychological Strategy Board (1952), Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the joint Chiefs of Staff (1959-1960), Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1961-1968). ), RAND Corporation (1961-1968), US National Security Council (1961-1962), US State Department (1965-1968).

In the 1960s, Kissinger was already considered one of the most recognized, respected and influential strategic experts in the world.

Kissinger supported Nelson Rockefeller, governor of New York, and served as his adviser during his Republican presidential nomination (1960, 1964, 1968). Historians call N. Rockefeller Kissinger's third patron. In late 1968, newly elected President Richard Nixon selected Kissinger as his National Security Advisor, and after Nixon's inauguration in January 1969, Kissinger officially took office, bidding farewell to Rockefeller. For his service and work done, and as a symbol of friendship and gratitude, Rockefeller rewarded Kissinger with a $50,000 bonus. From this moment on, Kissinger makes his way into the corridors of the White House and becomes independent of mentors and patrons, nevertheless continuing to maintain contact with the Rockefellers. He is a board member of the Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, an advisor to the Rockefeller-owned Chase Manhattan Bank (present-day Chase), and a member of Chase's International Advisory Committee.

Henry Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and US Secretary of State under R. Nixon. This was the first time that one person held two of these positions at the same time. Under J. Ford, Kissinger continued to serve as US Secretary of State.

A proponent of realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in US foreign policy from 1969 to 1977.

Nixon, at active participation Kissinger, centralized control foreign policy USA. Kissinger complicated the structure of the National Security Council, created a number of subordinate committees and increased staff. The National Security Council, close to the president through Kissinger, received more powers and began to replace and supplant the US State Department, which Nixon did not trust, when solving foreign policy problems. Within this system, all power and information was concentrated in the hands of National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger. President Ford removed Kissinger from his position as National Security Adviser, replacing him with General Brent Scowcroft, but this did not reduce Kissinger's real power in the administration.

During his political activity Kissinger has always been at the center of US negotiations with the USSR, China, Japan, Israel, Egypt, North Vietnam and other countries. Kissinger initiated a policy of détente, which led to a significant easing of tension in US-Soviet relations. Kissinger orchestrated the US rapprochement with China by playing important role in US negotiations with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1971. The negotiations ended with the formation of a new anti-Soviet American-Chinese bloc. Kissinger also came up with the idea of supporting anti-communist regimes in South America, in particular Pinochet's coup in Chile in 1973.

In 1973, Kissinger received Nobel Prize peace for his role in achieving the Paris Peace Agreement, which temporarily ended the war in Vietnam and was supposed to end it.

As National Security Advisor, Kissinger led the 1974 National Security Study Memorandum 200 project, which caused a lot of controversy.

In the 2000s, historical documents were declassified and published, revealing the essence of US foreign policy in the mid-20th century. The series of documents was called “Foreign Relations of the United States” and was published on history.state.gov (Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, US State Department). The period of activity of the Nixon and Ford administrations is presented in the form separate group entitled "Nixon-Ford Administrations" and contains 46 volumes.

As National Security Advisor under Nixon, Kissinger was the creator and ideologist of the policy of détente (détente), aimed at reducing the aggressiveness of the confrontation between the countries of the socialist and capitalist camps. One of the elements of this policy was the Strategic Arms Limitation Negotiations with Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev, which resulted in the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, signed in 1972. In the same year, the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, the Interim Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on certain measures regarding the limitation of strategic offensive weapons, and the Biological Weapons Convention. And in 1973, the agreement “Basic principles of negotiations between the USSR and the United States of America on the further limitation of strategic offensive weapons” was signed.

Negotiations on disarmament were originally planned to begin during the Johnson administration, but they were postponed in response to the events in Czechoslovakia in August 1968, called the Prague Spring. During 1969-1970 Kissinger organized a "confidential channel" with Soviet ambassador in the USA by Anatoly Dobrynin to conduct secret negotiations. Their main theme was the détente of international tension between the two superpowers. In addition, Kissinger and Dobrynin resolved potential differences between Washington and Moscow regarding Vietnam, the Middle East, Cuba and Jewish emigration.

In May 1971, Kissinger and Dobrynin reached a preliminary agreement. In the summer of the same year, a date was set for the summit in Moscow (spring 1972). Negotiations were conducted by Nixon and Kissinger. People from other agencies were not allowed into the negotiation room, and thus US Secretary of State William Rogers, ACDA Director Gerard Smith, and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird were forced out of the negotiation process. During the negotiations, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) was concluded. In addition, an agreement was concluded on the supply of grain to the USSR. The agreement “Basic principles of Soviet-American relations” was also signed there.

Negotiations between the USA and the USSR continued and in the spring of 1973 the “Basic Principles of Negotiations between the USSR and the United States of America on the Further Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms” were signed, and in the summer, at a summit in Washington, the “Treaty on the Prevention of Nuclear War” was signed.

Negotiations between Kissinger and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko led to Nixon's second visit to Moscow in 1974, at which the Preliminary Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed.

Under the Ford administration, Kissinger continued to play a major role in US foreign policy towards the USSR. He was a key link in the negotiations between Ford and at the summits in Vladivostok in 1974 and in Helsinki in 1975. In Vladivostok, Ford discussed the issue of strategic weapons limitations with Brezhnev, and in Helsinki the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also called " Helsinki Agreements".

Not all US government officials supported the Policy of Détente. There was a struggle between supporters and opponents. Thus, in 1974, through the efforts of opponents of détente, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the US Trade Act was adopted, the purpose of which was to put pressure on the Soviet Union to allow the free emigration of its citizens (at that time a wave of emigration rose in the USSR, mainly citizens of Jewish nationality emigrated , Evangelical Christians and Catholics).

In 1973, Kissinger received the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in achieving the Paris Agreement, which was supposed to end the Vietnam War.

On September 25, 2007, along with several other retired US secretaries of state, he signed a letter calling on the US Congress not to pass Resolution 106 on the Armenian genocide.

He is a member of the Bilderberg Club.

His figure aroused criticism both from leftists, liberals and pacifists, and from “hawks” cold war.

At the end of the 20th century, after the declassification of materials from the Nixon and Ford administrations, Kissinger was repeatedly accused by journalists and human rights activists (both in the United States and abroad) of involvement in the crimes of the military juntas in Chile and Argentina (Operation Condor). The Spanish court even called him as a witness, but this call was rejected by the State Department. Kissinger is also accused by Greek and American journalists and politicians of practically supporting the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the subsequent ethnic cleansing and occupation of the north of the island by the Turks.

In 2001, a number of human rights organizations sued Kissinger, accusing him of involvement in Operation Condor. The Argentine judge leading the criminal investigation said Kissinger was a potential suspect and even a defendant. Kissinger immediately left France after being summoned for questioning by an investigator and refused to travel to Brazil. The United States refuses to participate in the International Criminal Tribunal.

In a 2015 survey of international relations experts conducted by Foreign Policy magazine, Henry Kissinger received greatest number votes (32%) as the most effective US Secretary of State in the last 50 years.

Memoirs of Henry Kissinger:

1979 - White House Years
1982 - Years of Upheaval
1999 - Years of Renewal

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HENRY KISSINGER

"HENRY KISSINGER"

Undoubtedly one of the most controversial Americans of the second half of the twentieth century, Henry Kissinger led his country's foreign policy through the escalation of the Vietnam War and subsequent withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam, the invasion of Cambodia, the normalization of relations with China, and détente. relations with the Soviet Union. With the exception of Chaim Solomon, Kissinger was the most powerful Jewish politician in US history. Many dispute the beneficence of his activities.

Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born in the German city of Fürth during the early years of the Weimar Republic. His father Louis was a schoolteacher who was proud to be German, an intellectual with self-respect. Paula's mother clearly passed on her wit and practical approach to her shy and studious son.

The Nazis came to power when Heinz was ten years old. His distrust of people and his gloomy view of human history are undoubtedly related to his youth spent in Jewish religious schools, when he did not dare to attend even football matches for fear of being beaten by fascist hooligans. He fled with his parents for safety in New York before his remaining relatives were killed in the Holocaust. Settling in a community of German Jews in Washington Heights on the northern tip of Manhattan, Heinz became Henry and attended W.H. High School. George Washington and then City College.

Second World War interrupted his studies, but provided him with amazingly favorable opportunities and enriched him life experience. Army officer Fritz Kramer, a German by birth but an ardent anti-fascist, recognized Kissinger's special abilities and brilliant mind, relieved him of his service in the infantry and found him a more suitable use in counterintelligence. On military service As an aide-de-camp to a general and then commandant of the German city of Krefeld, Kissinger became acquainted with the functioning of American government and military structures (and was awarded a Bronze Star).

Returning to the States after the war, Kissinger entered Harvard University.

"HENRY KISSINGER"

Under the tutelage of another powerful man, Professor William Yandel Elliott, Kissinger studied philosophy and history. Even earlier, he acquired a reputation as a man who loved pompous statements and ponderous verbosity. His senior year coursework on the importance of history broke all Cambridge records for its length and depth.

He was an exemplary student at Harvard, which became the basis of his success in the diplomatic field. While still a graduate, he organized the Harvard International Seminar, to which many of the future leaders were invited (his subsequent close ties with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, French President Valéry Giscard D'Estaing, and Israel's Yigal Allon date back to that time). Kissinger also founded the magazine Confluence, in which Hannah Arendt, John Kenneth Galbraith, Paul Nitz and McGeorge Bundy contributed.

Kissinger wrote his doctoral dissertation - not surprisingly - on Prince Metternich and the achievement of peace after Napoleonic wars. According to Dr. Kissinger, the problems after Waterloo echoed the Cold War era. While others were developing concepts for banning nuclear testing, he was reflecting on the "realpolitik" of Metternich and the Marquis of Castlereagh in 1812-1822. The Harvard professor was in awe of Metternich's understanding of diplomacy as having its roots in the limitations of the individual. Kissinger also admired the “iron” Prussian Chancellor Bismarck, who managed to humiliate the French by uniting his country into a world power. Kissinger preferred Bismarck's view that foreign policy should be based not on feelings, but on military, economic and political power.

Before his appointment in 1968 as National Security Adviser to President Richard Nixon, Kissinger built his influence at Harvard by heading the Defense Studies Program at the Center for International Affairs (where he developed academic theories of arms control) and writing a best-selling book on the tactical use of nuclear weapons (which initially brought him to Nixon’s attention).

"HENRY KISSINGER"

He worked at the Council on Foreign Relations (where he put forward the ideas of waging limited nuclear wars - the so-called theory of flexible response - and progressive deterrence) and as a special consultant to the eternal presidential candidate - New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller (to whom he suggested a new, open policy towards the defiant then hatred of China).

Henry Cabot Lodge recommended him to Nixon, who had already read the professor's books and journal articles. Nixon and Kissinger, two very emotional and shy people, over the course of five turbulent years, directed US foreign policy from the White House, bypassing the State Department. Both men clearly felt that they did not have the support that Lyndon Johnson's war policies had among the American people. During their tenure, foreign policy decisions were closed to the public, as they often chose to rely on deception and obstruction. Both felt that the Vietnam War could not be won, but that the American presence in the region was intended to ensure an honorable peace. What was more important was that an “honorable” peace (empty words for the millions of Cambodians and Vietnamese who were yet to die) would prove that America was the credible and reliable defender of freedom that it claimed to be.

The following Kissinger's opinion (first clearly formulated during the Vietnam conflict) had a great influence on American foreign policy: before involving the country in any major foreign policy action, it should first calculate its long-term consequences and enlist as much support as possible. more citizens. He felt that great tragedy The Johnson administration's problem was that it failed to define such long-term goals.

Nixon and Kissinger's reliance on force coupled with trust proved effective in normalizing relations with China.

"HENRY KISSINGER"

Nixon's historic visit to China was perhaps the most important and sensible step in American foreign policy since the Truman administration's approval of the Marshall Plan. However, the dispassionate realism of Kissinger's worldview led to a diplomacy driven by power but not marked by American idealism and morality. Kissinger viewed international relations only in terms of their consequences for the balance of power and influence, and not as a factor for good or American values.

His personality and ideals gave rise to a unique negotiating style that soon became known as “shuttle diplomacy.” His paranoia and fear of the American public opinion led to the fourteen-month secret bombing of Cambodia, the horrific Christmas Day bombing of Hanoi, and the creation of a "plumbing unit" to identify leaks in the State Department. His denial of his Jewish nationality (Nixon never forgot Kissinger's religion and called him, according to leaked White House tapes, "my little Jew") may have caused him to delay aid to Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Nixon, frightened by the limited air bridge between the Soviet Union and Syria, ordered the urgent delivery military equipment to the Israelis.

Kissinger admits others major successes Nixon in the first Strategic Arms Limitation negotiations (SALT I) and in the signing of a peace treaty with North Vietnam (although the war would drag on until the withdrawal of American troops in 1975, despite the appointment of Kissinger - the first Jew to hold this post - Secretary of State and to receive the Nobel Peace Prize). Yet their legacy remains troubling. Most of their political attitudes reflected their characters. Outwardly brilliant strategists and tacticians, they both did not support the human rights movement, which was based on unfettered democratic values that these essentially authoritarian individuals could not understand.

The secretive Kissinger refused to give news conferences throughout much of Nixon's first term for fear that journalists would make fun of his thick German accent and call him Dr. Strangelove.

Having survived Nazi persecution, Kissinger strove for order, but often at the expense of American values and morals. The secret war, followed by the invasion of Cambodia, widened the Vietnam conflict and created a power vacuum that the killers, who called themselves the Khmer Rouge, filled with bloody terror and death camps.

Kissinger too often failed to understand the importance of local political and ethnic trends and therefore supported, for example, the Shah of Iran in an attempt to protect US interests, while neglecting the rapidly growing movement of Islamic fundamentalists led by Ayatollah Khomeini.

Kissinger was the first conductor of official American diplomacy in European style. His too cold realism led to a very widespread opinion that the foreign policy power of the United States has its limits. Detente in relations with the Soviet Union most often meant cooperation, based mainly on a strategy of containment and intimidation. Kissinger's clear position, expressed in the concept of the balance of power, although alien to open democracy, retains great, if controversial, influence.

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American statesman, diplomat and international relations expert. US Secretary of State from 1973 to 1977, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1973). In 2002, Henry Kissinger topped the list of the world's 100 leading intellectuals.

Heinz Kissinger was born into a religious Jewish family that immigrated to the United States in 1938. Relatives who remained in Germany were exterminated during the Holocaust.

Henry Kissinger played a major role in American foreign policy from 1969 to 1977, until 1973 as Richard Nixon's foreign policy assistant, then, at the start of his second term, as Secretary of State. In 1974, he accepted Nixon's resignation and continued to serve under Gerald Ford.

Kissinger was a supporter and one of the main implementers of the policy of détente in relations with the USSR and the People's Republic of China (1972).

He also came up with the idea of an anti-Soviet bloc with the PRC, support of anti-communist regimes in South America, in particular Pinochet’s coup in Chile in 1973. At the end of the 20th century, after the declassification of materials from the Nixon and Ford administrations, Kissinger was repeatedly accused by journalists and human rights activists (both in the USA and and abroad) in involvement in the crimes of the military juntas in Chile and Argentina (Operation Condor). The Spanish court even called him as a witness, but this call was rejected by the State Department.

In 1973, Kissinger received the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in reaching the Paris Agreement, which was supposed to end the Vietnam War.

During his political activity, Kissinger was a prominent media figure, participated in social life, posed for reporters with famous actresses of that time, etc. In the press he was called a sex symbol and Henry the Kiss.

His figure in

It was criticized both by leftists, liberals and pacifists, and by Cold War hawks.

On September 25, 2007, along with several other retired US secretaries of state, he signed a letter calling on the US Congress not to pass Resolution 106 on the Armenian genocide.

Currently a member of the Bilderberg Club.

Keywords: When was Henry Kissinger born? Where was Henry Kissinger born? How old is Henry Kissinger? Which Family status from Henry Kissinger? Why is Henry Kissinger famous? What is Henry Kissinger's nationality?

Henry Alfred Kissinger (English Henry Alfred Kissinger, at birth bore the name Heinz Alfred Kissinger, German: Heinz Alfred Kissinger, b. May 27, 1923, Fürth, Franconia, Bavaria), American statesman, diplomat and expert in the field of international relations.

US Secretary of State from 1973 to 1977, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1973). In 2002, Henry Kissinger topped the list of the world's 100 leading intellectuals.

Heinz Kissinger was born into a religious Jewish family that immigrated to the United States in 1938. His hometown of Fürth traditionally had a large Jewish community; the surname comes from the name of another German city, Bad Kissingen. Relatives who remained in Germany were exterminated during the Holocaust.

Kissinger was a supporter and one of the main implementers of the policy of détente in relations with the USSR and the People's Republic of China (1972).
He also came up with the idea of an anti-Soviet bloc with the PRC and support of anti-communist regimes in South America, in particular Pinochet’s coup in Chile in 1973.

In 1973, Kissinger received the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in reaching the Paris Agreement, which was supposed to end the Vietnam War.

During the period of his political activity, Kissinger was a prominent media figure, participated in social life, posed for reporters with famous actresses of the time, etc. The press called him a sex symbol and Henry the Kiss.

His figure attracted criticism both from leftists, liberals and pacifists, and from Cold War hawks.

Kissinger immediately left France after being summoned for questioning by an investigator and refused to travel to Brazil. The United States refuses to participate in the International Criminal Tribunal.

On September 25, 2007, along with several other retired US secretaries of state, he signed a letter calling on the US Congress not to pass Resolution 106 on the Armenian genocide.

Currently a member of the Bilderberg Club.

Name: Henry Alfred Kissinger

State: Germany, USA

Field of activity: Politician

Greatest Achievement: He served as Secretary of State under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973

The United States of America has always been able to choose smart people to govern the country - rarely did anyone turn out to be unsuitable for his position, be it a president or an ordinary minister. The name of Henry Kissinger is inscribed in US history. He did a lot for his second homeland. An international relations expert since the 1950s, Henry Kissinger served as Secretary of State under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. His impressive career also includes winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973. So who was he really? Let's take a closer look at his personality.

early years

The future politician was born on the other side of the Atlantic - in Germany, on May 27, 1923. At birth, the boy received the name Heinz Alfred Kissinger. He was the eldest of two sons of Paula Stern (a housewife) and Louis Kissinger (a schoolteacher). The family was of Jewish origin and quite religious. His father was left without a livelihood when the persecution of the Jewish people in Germany began. As a child, Heinz loved sports, but did not achieve impressive results in this field. He was more occupied with his studies. As German anti-Semitism intensified, the family decided to leave Germany in 1938, traveling first to England and then to the United States a few months later. The family settled in New York, where the boy graduated from high school and entered college as an evening student with the intention of studying to become an accountant. While studying, he worked at a factory during the day. For convenience, he began to call himself in the American manner - Henry Kissinger.

During World War II, Kissinger was drafted and joined the military, serving in Germany working in Army intelligence. In 1943, he received American citizenship. After the war, Kissinger remained in Europe as an instructor at the European Command Intelligence School in Germany. In 1947, he returned to the United States and entered Harvard. He graduated from it in 1950, but did not want to leave his native walls and continued his studies - first as a graduate student, then a master's degree (in 1952) and a doctor in 1954. He also taught at the university.

Entry into politics

While still a student, Henry became concerned with the issue of US foreign policy and created the Harvard International Seminar discussion club. For 20 years, various leaders from Europe and some up-and-coming American politicians spoke here and called for fighting communism by all means.

In 1962, Henry received the title of professor and continued his teaching career. As an expert in the department of government, senior military and political officials turn to him for advice or advice. Kissinger is a member of the National Security and Nuclear Weapons Safety Research Council. In 1965, he became a consultant to the State Department on Vietnam.

From 1965 to 1967 he visited this place several times Asian country. In 1968, he tried his hand at organizing a presidential program for the Republican candidate, Nelson Rockefeller. Despite the defeat of Rockefeller and the victory of his rival Richard Nixon, at the insistence of the former new president considered Kissinger's candidacy and appointed him head of the NSC (National Security Council).

Henry also did not agree with US policy towards the Soviet Union, considering the latter the country's main enemy. All programs former presidents, according to Henry, were too soft and comfortable for the USSR. However, in fairness, it is worth noting that Kissinger respected the role of the USSR as one of the leading superpowers in the world. Therefore, enemy or not, relations between countries must be at the required (and proper - forgive the tautology) level. One of Kissinger's first successes during this period was the completion of negotiations on the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT). The discussion lasted almost three years and ended with the signing of an agreement in Moscow. President Nixon and USSR Secretary General Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev put their signatures.

Kissinger also played a major role in the settlement of the Berlin Quadripartite Agreement in September 1971. The future capital of a united Germany has been a source of problems between East and West for many years, with relations becoming particularly strained after its construction. Berlin Wall in 1961. Through official negotiations led by American Ambassador Kenneth Rush and secret negotiations directly involving Kissinger, an agreement was reached to facilitate travel between East and West Berlin.

Another success of Kissinger was the agreement between the United States and China. The United States refused to recognize the Chinese people's republic after the civil war, which elevated the Communist Party to the rank of the ruling and only one in the country, and all power ended up in the hands of Mao Zedong alone. Early in Nixon's first term, steps were taken to ensure cooperation between China and the United States. Taking advantage of the international situation, Henry flew to China and organized an invitation to Nixon to make an official state visit. During his eight years at the State Department, Kissinger flew to China a total of nine times. And we note that Chinese-American relations have become a little better.

But such a wonderful politician also had failures. Moreover, those for which the people did not forgive him until the end of his life. These include America's participation in the Vietnam War (1965-1974). This was a war in which the South Vietnamese government, assisted by the United States, fought against the communist takeover of North Vietnam. Kissinger's approach was to negotiate from a position of strength (reminds me of something, doesn't it?).

All US politics South-East Asia was aimed at ensuring that the participating countries quickly agreed to go to peace. Of course, the States also pursued their own goals - to prevent the spread of communism in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Kissinger successfully negotiated a truce with his North Vietnamese counterpart Le Duc Tho, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973. Experience and successful negotiations led Nixon to offer Kissinger the position of Secretary of State, which Henry retained until 1977, when he decided to resign.

After his appointment as Secretary of State in 1973, he changed his policy towards the Middle East. During the three years that he held this post, he served as a mediator in negotiations to restore peace between Middle Eastern countries. Kissinger frequently flew back and forth from Egypt to Israel to Syria or other countries to help craft agreements to secure peace. In total, Kissinger completed eleven missions, the longest of which lasted almost a month.

In 1977, Henry leaves the White House. However, the new presidents were not going to refuse Kissinger's services and constantly turned to him for advice. However, he is no longer interested in politics as much as he was before. He starts a consulting business and writes books about his experiences in foreign policy. After the publication of some secret documents proving Kissinger's involvement in the establishment of Pinochet's dictatorship in Chile and the destruction of the opposition in Latin American countries, Argentina brought charges of political crimes against the former Secretary of State. But the United States zealously defended the legend of the US political arena.

Henry Kissinger continues to advise senior officials America, is a member of the Bilderberg Club, lives with his second wife in his own house in Connecticut.

﻿Biography. About the lego set based on "Sherlock"

HENRY KISSINGER

early years

Entry into politics

Biography. About the lego set based on "Sherlock"