Foreigners who moved to Belarus say: Facts about Belarus that will shock foreigners
Many people are interested in how the illusion of movement is created: the peculiarities of human perception determine the possibility of the existence of this phenomenon.
And here there is no need to use special computer programs and graphic processing tools to achieve such a result, which truly amazes the human imagination.
Illusion of movement
The movement itself is a mystery to many. And what can we say about those cases when an essentially stationary picture moves?
In some cases, people find it difficult to notice the movement of stationary objects, and therefore they deny the existence of such effects. Other seemingly static drawings move so obviously that it seems that special technologies are used here to achieve similar dynamics.
Of course, now technology has no limit limiting its application. And some of the drawings were actually created using special programs or file formats.
Very popular in in social networks pictures created in gif format. This is not a video, but it is not a static drawing either. In some of them, only individual elements of the image move, in others moving inscriptions appear, and some unfold almost into full-fledged stories with their own plot.
However, much more interesting are those pictures that are truly static, but some kind of movement and change are noticeable in them.
Such effects have been known for quite some time. For example, there is the Ouchi phenomenon, which was discovered back in 1977.
In this picture we see a large square, which consists of small rectangles. They are painted black and White color and alternate sequentially with each other.
In the center of the large square is a smaller circle, which also consists of black and white rectangles. Only inside the circle they are located vertically, while outside it they are located horizontally.
If you look at such a drawing, it will seem that the circle is moving. What needs to be done for this?
First of all, you should concentrate your attention at the center of the picture. Look at the ball in the center.
Then you do not need to take your attention away from this point for some time. At the same time, you should move your head a little.
You will clearly see that the rectangles inside this circle are moving. There will be a complete feeling as if the circle exists separately from the outer square.
Such phenomena and features of the perception of the psyche are studied even at the Faculty of Psychology of the Moscow state university. You can watch and familiarize yourself with some of them on his official website.
On the Internet you can also find articles that attempt to tell a wide audience about the reasons for this perception.
To create such moving elements, use the following options:
- color combinations;
- bends;
- rotation.
Many of the drawings look no different from ordinary ones. In order to notice something, a person is required to make a certain effort: for example, to concentrate attention on one point or change the angle of view by turning the head.
In addition to psychology, physiologists also study such phenomena quite seriously. Thus, it is difficult to deny their presence: their existence is fully proven at the scientific level.
Often movement is achieved through the use of numerous identical geometric shapes. In addition to squares, circles and curved lines other elements can be used.
For example, illusions using letters of the alphabet are known. Coffee beans or gears can also be used.
The most popular images are those that do not have a special composition or semantic load. However, there are also real full-fledged drawings.
For example, a drawing depicting a man walking with his dog has an optical illusion. The walk takes place against the backdrop of the landscape. We see a mountain with a snowy top.
We can see hieroglyphs on the person’s bag. But our attention should be directed in a slightly different direction: to the sky.
The sky is designed in such a way that it, like a funnel, twists towards the center where the sun is located. Looking at this work visual arts, we can notice that this celestial body constantly moving.
Moving pictures
Moving images are a known amusement. The desired effect is achieved using various color combinations, interesting shapes, angled lines, as well as geometric elements of different sizes.
As a rule, if you look for examples of such illusions on the Internet, you can immediately read all the necessary instructions for their use.
As a rule, such unique works of fine art will be collected on specialized sites.
They enjoy some popularity on social networks.
What effects might there be? There are quite a lot of options:
- rotation of elements;
- change of direction;
- ripple effect;
- shaking sensation.
You can find many examples of such images online. Some of them move as soon as you look at them. And the rest require a certain concentration.
Some people, even following the instructions, cannot feel the desired effect. Perhaps, in this case, it is necessary to change the angle of view or temporarily move away from the picture, take a little rest and, with renewed vigor, begin to solve such interesting optical riddles.
How the pictures move
Drawings created by humans without the use of special computer tools are usually stationary. How to give them dynamics? 
Many people know special iridescent patterns. There, the effect of moving individual elements or the entire image as a whole is based on the use of two images at once.
When the viewing angle changes, one image or another is visible. When moving from one picture to another, it seems that they change: an illusion of movement occurs.
However, it is not necessary to use light perception effects to achieve such effects. Some stationary images have such a structure that they are perceived by consciousness ordinary person as something changing.
The knowledge of psychology is applied here. The effect is based on the peculiarities of human perception.
In some cases, in order to understand and see some effect, it is necessary to concentrate your attention on certain points.
In other cases, you need to turn your head in different directions. Children love to have fun with such games.
Pictures and movement
Movement is life. And for many, statistical images are not enough. Dynamic effects are much more interesting.
And to create such pictures it is not at all necessary to use video file processing technologies. You can already create in one picture, in which no special graphic computer tools or animation capabilities are used, interesting options, in which a person will feel certain changes.
You can use combinations of several pictures. But the human brain will perceive them as single image, which for some reason moves.
For example, such an optical illusion as is widely known. She even received a special award in 2005. 
Sometimes such illusions delight, and sometimes even frighten or irritate. But all illusions are based on psychological characteristics human perception.
In the push-pull example, it is quite unpleasant for a person to look at such an image. It seems like the picture is moving back and forth. It would seem, what’s wrong with this?
But these movements occur very abruptly and frequently. The nervous system quickly gets tired of looking at such an image.
It feels like you are driving a car or other vehicle on a rough road. Perhaps for some viewers the psychological effect of coming into contact with this kind of art can reach the point that they even feel sick as a result of motion sickness.
The 360 TV channel figured out that some pictures can deceive a person.
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Seeing is believing. We are used to completely relying on our eyes, because it seems that they cannot be fooled. But despite the importance of vision, it is not so perfect. Some pictures can trick us and make us see movement where there is none, or feel dizzy when standing on a painted but absolutely flat surface. And all because we see not with our eyes, but with the neurons of the brain, which is only happy to be deceived. The 360 TV channel figured out perception errors and why they happen.
"Face on Mars"
Perhaps the most shining example illusions on a cosmic scale - the famous “face on Mars.” The image, similar to a human face, caused a lot of noise and gave rise to hypotheses about alien origin. In fact, clearly visible face It turned out to be just a play of light and shadow.
Human consciousness is designed in such a way that it completes the picture.
“The combination of dark and light spots creates the illusion of volume, a perspective change in scale and contrast creates the illusion of depth, the presence of symmetry and asymmetry makes the picture static or dynamic,” says photographer Stanislav Rzhevsky.
Unlike hallucinations, illusions of perception are inherent in every person with normal condition psyche. Speaking in simple words, illusion is a distortion of shape, color, position in space. But each of these signs is not perceived independently, but only in combination.
Movement Illusions
“When an image is artificially modified, such as when adjacent images are noticeably different from each other, the illusion of movement occurs. This is achieved through contrast, the brain begins to think that the picture is moving,” says psychotherapist Mark Sandomirsky.
The proof is the famous illusion of the Japanese psychology professor Akioshi Kitaoka, “The Rotating Kite,” which gave its creator world fame. Look, the picture is absolutely static. This is easy to check; fix your gaze in the center of one of the circles.
The Kitaoka illusion activates areas of the brain designed to observe objects that are actually moving, such as the scenery from a train window.
“This effect is achieved due to hyper-contrast images, details, and, most importantly, due to micro-movements of the eyes. This is physiology. The eyes are always in motion,” says neurophysiologist Ilya Khanykov.
Information about contrast and changes in brightness is extremely important for our brain; it is by these parameters that we recognize shades of color and shapes, therefore most illusions of movement are built on the repetition of multi-colored fragments.
“We can say that we generally interpret reality through contrasts. There is an effect of enhancing contrast to more convincingly search for differences and create meaningful signals for our activities,” explained neurophysiologist Ilya Khanykov.
This, for example, can be seen in such an illusion.
“If you light a candle in complete darkness, it will blind you. In this case, sensitivity increases, which is formed at the neuronal level. And this effect is also caused by the search for contrasts,” said neurophysiologist Ilya Khanykov.
Illusion of shadow and light
The human brain has no doubt that if an object is in the shadow, it means it is less well lit. Just look at the optical illusion of the Massachusetts professor Institute of Technology Edward Adelson. Published in 1995, it still makes us wave our hands and say: “Yes, okay, it can’t be!”
Maybe. The trick of this picture is that the cells chessboard, designated by the letters A and B, of the same shade gray, but thanks to the shadow and environment, seem completely different.
It is easy to prove that the cells are the same color. Print out the picture, cut out the squares along the outline and attach them to each other.
“A light square surrounded by darker ones will be perceived as lighter than usual, and vice versa,” Adelson himself explains this effect, “In the figure, a light chess square (B) in the shadow is surrounded by darker ones. This causes cell (B) to appear lighter to us. Dark chess squares, surrounded by light ones outside the falling shadow, seem darker to us.”
The perception of colors depends on the surrounding reality. The same tone can look different depending on the background on which it is depicted. Plus, lighting plays a big role in the perception of color.
“A gray spot, surrounded by colored spots, in an illusory perception acquires a certain tone that in reality did not exist,” notes the artist Stanislav Rzhevsky
Which figure is darker? Surely you will answer without hesitation. Now close the middle with your finger and make sure you are wrong. The figures are the same color.
These illusions show how important the brain's response to color perception is in the presence of shadows. It is how the brain perceives background, shadow, lighting and object placement that shapes what we see. Remember, the ill-fated dress. Some saw white and gold, others blue and black. The solution to the mystery was on the surface - lighting and background. This is an example of a difference in visual perception.
So is the picture below. Are you sure these dogs different color? But in reality they are the same.
And if you don’t believe us, see for yourself: upload a picture of horses to graphics editor and remove the background.
Color comes up with the brain
It's worth noting that technically color doesn't exist at all. There is a concept of light, the signals of which the brain receives and tries to recognize by coloring it electromagnetic radiation in different tones. By and large, the world is monochrome, and colors are solely a creation of the brain. Such perception, physiologists say, was necessary for survival in order to distinguish a pile of stones from a sleeping bison or bear. That is why natural selection and evolution supported it.
The human eye has the so-called property of color constancy - within a wide range of lighting brightness, the perception of tones practically does not change.
“For example, colored objects look almost the same in indoor and outdoor lighting. However, as the light intensity decreases, the ability to maintain color constancy weakens,” notes photographer Stanislav Rzhevsky.
In very low light, individual colors become indistinguishable. And then this very optical illusion, that is, a perception error, helps us. An image is formed on the retina that is different from the object that created it.
“For example, in a dark park on a path we see movement and perceive, for example, a fallen leaf as a bird or a mouse, that is, a living object. Only later do we realize that he is not alive. This perception was evolutionarily advantageous, because everyone who assumed a living object was more likely to survive a collision with it,” notes neurophysiologist Ilya Khanykov.
Illusion of volume and depth
Artistic techniques that make it possible to create three-dimensional objects on a plane, taking into account their location in space, were discovered back in ancient times. They are still used for this purpose different kinds perspectives and light and shadow accents.
Perspective in itself is already a deception, because it creates the illusion of space on a plane. For example, a road or rails stretching into the distance are always depicted as lines tending to converge at one point. And it seems that two identical segments are different in size. And all because the brain perceives the upper segment as located further, therefore, it imagines it to be larger in size.
The Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo was one of the first to demonstrate this to the world at the beginning of the 20th century: he proved that the perception of the size of objects is influenced not only by adjacent objects, but also by the depth of the background, and developed classic illusion, which bears his name.
A striking example of the illusion of volume is a movement in art called op art (from the English. optical art - “ optical art"). Victor Vasarely is considered one of its founders, French artist and sculptor.
Such images, says psychotherapist Mark Sandomirsky, are artificially modified: “The illusion of volume or space arises by changing the proportions of these pseudo-volume images. They are modified very subtly and make the brain think that the picture is three-dimensional.”
One of these modified paintings even made it into the Guinness Book of Records. Artists from 13 countries around the world created a giant 3D drawing on the asphalt - 150 meters long and about 15 meters wide, with a total area of more than two thousand meters.
In most cases, such drawings are made on horizontal surfaces. And it is precisely thanks to the distorted proportions that when viewing from a certain point we do not see flat image, but volumetric. By the way, there is a whole museum in Moscow optical illusions. So if you are not afraid of fainting and dizziness, go to the world of distorted reality. And if you get motion sickness, train your vestibular apparatus, because all the discomfort is associated with it.
“The eyes see one thing, different signals are received from the position of the body, and because of this discrepancy, discomfort arises. But the best thing about this is that the vestibular apparatus can be trained,” neurophysiologist Ilya Khanykov shares his observations.
Psychotherapist, trainer at the Institute of Group and Family Psychology and Psychotherapy Mark Sandomirsky clarifies that such pictures are designed for a person with a normal state nervous system, eyes, brain and connections between them.
“If a person has problems with vision, brain or coordination, and this may be coupled with problems with the balance organs, then the perception of such pictures either fails or becomes an excessive burden on the brain and causes various kinds of discomfort - headaches, pain in the eyes, visual fatigue,” explained Sandomirsky.
Obviously, such people can’t even go to a 3D movie...
Distortion illusion
Artists and designers in the 21st century have learned to incorporate optical illusions into the interior. Furniture and decorative items are created based on them. For example, the author of the “180°” shelf was inspired by the illusion of the German astrophysicist Johann Zellner, discovered by the scientist in 1860. Horizontal lines distorted by the particular arrangement of the squares, and although they are parallel to each other, each appears to be set at an angle.
In Zellner's drawing the long lines do not appear to be parallel, but in reality they are not. The trick is that the short lines form an angle with the long ones, and this is what creates the impression that one end of the long line is closer to us than the other.
The brain takes us back to childhood
Any optical illusions cause a violent flow of emotions in a person.
“All these effects, the discrepancy between perception and reality, the discrepancy between the visual impression and habitual experience, cause age regression, that is, they force the brain to switch to a childish state,” says psychotherapist Mark Sandomirsky.
According to him, in the very early age, in the first weeks and months of life, the brain was just learning to process the information transmitted by the eyes, recognize objects and capture the whole picture. And when viewing distorted and modified pictures, the usual skill is disrupted, the brain finds itself in an unusual state, believing that it needs to be relearned.
“The picture attracts attention, an adult, like a child, perceives objects with greedy curiosity, which is why the effects evoke children’s emotions, because in a child they are more lively and vivid than in an adult. The same thing underlies optical illusions and 3D cinema,” concluded Mark Sandomirsky.
Olga Lisakova
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