What did Gaidar talk about? In the niche of children's literature, Gaidar escaped censorship
Most politicians during the USSR preferred to use pseudonyms. As a rule, they were associated with historical events, character traits of the owner or carried other personal reasons. Writers, politicians, scientists became famous precisely under a pseudonym, having managed, if not kept real name secretly, then at least get rid of its use among the people.
Legendary leader of the USSR, Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, was no exception. During his life, he had more than thirty pseudonyms - first names, surnames, initials, party nicknames. All of them did not arise by chance and carried a certain meaning. The pseudonym under which the cult personality went down in history was the surname Stalin. People associate it with the difficult times of the Great Patriotic War and with the great victory that was achieved.
This name is associated with mass persecutions and executions, political repression, denunciations and oppression of the people, and at the same time with the period of recovery after the war, development and prosperity Soviet Union. Perhaps on the territory former USSR There is not a single family whose past does not have a connection with the name of Stalin. Many people think that “Stalin” is the real name of the leader.
The history of the emergence of the brightest pseudonym I.V. Dzhugashvili
Many legends are associated with the appearance of the pseudonym Stalin.
Some people believe that the source for it was the surname real person, journalist E.S. Stalinsky, who translated into Russian one of Joseph Vissarionovich’s favorite poems - “The Knight in tiger skin" At the end of the 19th century, Dzhugashvili himself was engaged in poetry, and, perhaps, decided to take a surname that was consonant with the author of his favorite work. However, this version runs counter to the character of the world leader, who is accustomed to making only balanced and deliberate decisions.
Stalin from the word "steel"?
Thus, some put forward the version that the pseudonym “Stalin” is intended to be associated among people with steel - hard and durable metal. This is how we see the character of the revolutionary - persistent and unbending.
There is a similar Arabic version of the origin, according to which the verb “istalla”, consonant with the pseudonym chosen by Dzhugashvili, is translated from Arabic as "draw the sword". Indeed, his comrades often called Stalin “the naked sword of the revolution.”
Perhaps the emergence of the last two legends is no coincidence. After all, the surname Dzhugashvili is literally translated from Georgian into Russian as "son of steel", from the ancient Georgian “dzhuga” - steel, and “shvili” - son. They characterize the politician as strong man with an unbending will and desire to fight.
Other opinions on the origin of the pseudonym
Less worth mentioning popular versions origins, also having linguistic grounds. According to one of them, if we divide the surname into sta- and –lin, we get two opposite translations: “to attack, to attack,” and “soft.” Some of the leader's contemporaries believe that such a description fits him perfectly. Courteous and gentle with family and friends, he was a tough and uncompromising ruler when it came to the interests of the party and the country. Stalin perfectly combined two opposing qualities.
Finally, one of the most rarely encountered legends is the reading of the surname Stalin as the Arabic “istalan”, which translated into Russian means "receiver of curses". The world leader probably assumed that, while admiring him during his lifetime, people would curse his reign after his death. After all, the decisions he made crippled many human destinies and destroyed millions of families. However, he continued to do his hard work, thus willing to accept the curses.
Whatever the reason for choosing a pseudonym, the surname Stalin became firmly attached to the ruler, becoming very successful and fateful for him. It was under it that he entered the history of the Soviet Union, that is what his contemporaries called him and continue to call him to this day, and it is its emergence that evokes in people greatest number questions. Why was Stalin called Stalin? The personality of the world leader is shrouded in many secrets, and this is one of the mysteries that we will never have to solve.
The birth of Koba: an underground nickname or Stalin’s conscious choice
Another pseudonym under which the head of the people is known to a wide range of people was the second most popular and beloved by Joseph Vissarionovich - Koba. History has not preserved exact information about why Stalin was called Koba, but there are several possible explanations for this.
Literary version
According to the literary version, he had a personal hidden meaning for the young Dzhugashvili, who at that time had not yet become a tough and powerful ruler and lived in Transcaucasia. Joseph Vissarionovich met the name Koba in the patriotic story of the classic of Georgian literature Alexander Kazbegi “The Patricide”. The hero of the story - Koba, a young mountaineer peasant who fights with all his might for the independence of Georgia. Courageous and persistent, he is ready to achieve his goal at the cost of any sacrifice. Perhaps Stalin saw himself the same way - a staunch and undaunted native of the people, capable of leading the masses.
It is worth noting that the name of the hero of the novel itself was borrowed by A. Kazbegi from the history of Georgia, and comes from the name of the Persian king Kobades, who conquered Eastern Georgia in the 5th century. Interesting fact- the tsar preached communist views, advocating an equal division of property, for which he was overthrown from the throne and placed in prison. But soon released from prison by the woman he loved, he returned to the throne again, continuing to remain an unyielding ruler. Historians trace an obvious connection between the biographies of Tsar Koba and Joseph Vissarionovich.
Criminal version
Another, less romantic explanation is associated with the times when young Dzhugashvili was engaged in robberies and was forced to wander around prison camps. Allegedly, there he was given the nickname “Koba,” which in prison circles means “indomitable.”
The pseudonym Koba was more popular in Georgia. When Joseph Vissarionovich moved to the political arena, he became Stalin, and only his close comrades called him in the old fashioned way Koba, without thinking about the origin of this nickname and without drawing any parallels. The short and succinct surname Stalin turned out to be the most worthy of a great world ruler.
Facts from the history of the reign of the world leader
Stalin took his first political steps back in Georgia, at the beginning of the 20th century, participating in rallies and organizing demonstrations. After meeting the leader of the world proletariat, he absorbed even more revolutionary ideas Lenin and became the leader of the Bolshevik Party. The years of Stalin's rule begin in 1922 with the policy of forced collectivization Agriculture and lasted until his death in 1953.
The ruler himself considers the years of the first five-year plan to be the most important in the development of the country. If at the beginning the plan was feasible and brought justified results, then Stalin, inspired by success, increased the planned indicators so much that the situation in the country escalated to the limit and, as a result, resulted in mass riots, arrests and repressions. So why did Stalin call 1929 the year of the great turning point, if the internal situation in the country was far from optimistic?
Considering the political course of the Soviet Union in the late 20s and early 30s, outwardly the picture indeed seemed rosy. Thanks to the forced industrialization, the forced collectivization of property on collective farms, the development of extractive industries, as well as the introduced regime of strict austerity, Russia turned from an agricultural country into an industrial one.
How did it happen that an ordinary teenager from the provincial Georgian village of Gori became the “head of the people”? We decided to look at what factors contributed to the fact that Koba, who lived in robbery, became Joseph Stalin.
Father factor
Father's upbringing plays a big role in a man's maturation. Joseph Dzhugashvili was actually deprived of it. Koba's official father, shoemaker Vissarion Dzhugashvili, drank a lot. Ekaterina Geladze divorced him when her son was 12 years old.
The paternity of Vissarion Dzhugashvili is still disputed by historians. Simon Montefiori, in his book “Young Stalin,” writes about three “contenders” for this role: wine merchant Yakov Ignatashvili, Gori police chief Damian Davrichui and priest Christopher Charkviani.
Childhood trauma
Stalin's character as a child was seriously affected by the trauma he received at the age of twelve: in a road accident Joseph injured left hand, over time it became shorter and weaker than the right one. Due to his withered hands, Koba could not fully participate in youthful fights; he could only win them with the help of cunning. A hand injury prevented Kobe from learning to swim. Joseph also suffered from smallpox at the age of five and barely survived, after which he developed his first “special mark”: “a pockmarked face with smallpox marks.”
The feeling of physical inferiority affected Stalin's character. Biographers note the vindictiveness of young Koba, his temper, secrecy and penchant for conspiracy.
Relationship with mother
Stalin's relationship with his mother was difficult. They wrote letters to each other, but met rarely. When the mother visited her son in last time, this happened a year before her death, in 1936, she expressed regret that he never became a priest. Stalin was only amused by this. When his mother died, Stalin did not go to the funeral, only sent a wreath with the inscription “To my dear and beloved mother from her son Joseph Dzhugashvili.”
Such a cool relationship between Stalin and his mother can be explained by the fact that Ekaterina Georgievna was an independent person and was never shy in her assessments. For the sake of her son, when Joseph was neither Koba nor Stalin, she learned to cut and sew, mastered the profession of a milliner, but she did not have enough time to raise her son. Joseph grew up on the street.
Birth of Koba
The future Stalin had many party nicknames. He was called “Osip”, “Ivanovich”, “Vasiliev”, “Vasily”, but the most famous nickname of young Joseph Dzhugashvili was Koba. It is significant that Mikoyan and Molotov addressed Stalin this way even in the 1930s. Why Koba?
Literature influenced. One of the young revolutionary’s favorite books was the novel “The Patricide” by the Georgian writer Alexander Kazbegi. This is a book about the struggle of mountain peasants for their independence. One of the heroes of the novel - the intrepid Koba - also became a hero for the young Stalin, who, after reading the book, began to call himself Koba.
Women
In the book “Young Stalin” by British historian Simon Montefiore, the author claims that Koba was very loving in his youth. Montefiore, however, does not consider this to be anything special; this way of life, the historian writes, was characteristic of revolutionaries.
Montefiore claims that Koba’s mistresses included peasant women, noblewomen, and party comrades (Vera Schweitzer, Valentina Lobova, Lyudmila Stal).
The British historian also claims that two peasant women from Siberian villages (Maria Kuzakova, Lidiya Pereprygina), where Koba was serving his exile, gave birth to sons from him, whom Stalin never recognized.
Despite such turbulent relationships with women, Koba’s main business was, of course, the revolution. In his interview with Ogonyok magazine, Simon Montefiore commented on the information he obtained: “ Worthy of respect Only party comrades were considered. Love and family were expelled from life, which should have been devoted only to the revolution. What seems immoral and criminal in their behavior to us did not matter to them.”
"Exes"
Today it is already well known that Koba in his youth did not disdain illegal activities. Koba showed particular zeal during expropriations. At the Bolshevik congress in Stockholm in 1906, the so-called “exes” were banned; a year later, at the London congress, this decision was confirmed. It is significant that the congress in London ended on June 1, 1907, and the most sensational robbery of two State Bank carriages, organized by Koba Ivanovich, occurred later - on June 13. Koba did not comply with the demands of the congress for the reason that he considered them Menshevik; on the issue of “ex”, he took the position of Lenin, who approved them.
During the mentioned robbery, Koba’s group managed to get 250 thousand rubles. 80 percent of this money was sent to Lenin, the rest went to the needs of the cell.
Stalin's not-so-clean reputation could become an obstacle to his advancement in the future. In 1918, the head of the Mensheviks, Yuli Martov, published an article in which he gave three examples of Koba’s illegal activities: the robbery of State Bank carriages in Tiflis, the murder of a worker in Baku, and the seizure of the steamship “Nicholas I” in Baku.
Moreover, Martov even wrote that Stalin had no right to hold government positions, since he was expelled from the party in 1907. Stalin was furious at this article; he argued that this exclusion was illegal, since it was carried out by the Tiflis cell controlled by the Mensheviks. That is, Stalin still did not deny the fact of his exclusion. But he threatened Martov with a revolutionary tribunal.
Why "Stalin"?
Throughout his life, Stalin had three dozen pseudonyms. At the same time, it is significant that Joseph Vissarionovich did not make a secret of his surname. Who now remembers Apfelbaum, Rosenfeld and Wallach (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Litvinov)? But Ulyanov-Lenin and Dzhugashvili-Stalin are well known. Stalin chose the pseudonym quite deliberately. According to William Pokhlebkin, who devoted his work “The Great Pseudonym” to this issue, several factors coincided when choosing a pseudonym. The real source when choosing a pseudonym was the surname of a liberal journalist, first close to the populists and then to the Socialist Revolutionaries, Evgeniy Stefanovich Stalinsky, one of the prominent Russian professional publishers of periodicals in the province and translator into Russian of Sh. Rustaveli’s poem “The Knight in the Skin of the Tiger.” Stalin loved this poem very much. There is also a version that Stalin took a pseudonym based on the name of one of his mistresses, party comrades Lyudmila Stal.
In total, Stalin had more than thirty pseudonyms, each of which had its own meaning and history. It is believed that Dzhugashvili began to use the surname Stalin in connection with the bright associative series of hard and resistant metal. Steel is rigid and flexible, the steel rod is what has become an integral part historical image a great politician, he is an unbending revolutionary.
Fascism as a tool of the reactionary bourgeoisie
As an ideological and political movement, it arose in Western Europe under the influence of the crisis of bourgeois society in the first decades of the last century. The emergence of fascist ideology became possible only after capitalism entered the last - imperialist - stage of its development.
Fascism completely denies the liberal and democratic values of which the bourgeoisie is so proud.
Classic fascism was given by one of the leaders of the Communist International, Georgi Dimitrov. He called fascism an open and terror-based dictatorship of the most reactionary circles of finance capital. This is not a power that resides over classes. It does not represent the interests of the entire bourgeoisie, but only that part of it that is closely connected with the financial oligarchy.
Unlike Stalinism, which to some extent guarded the interests of the proletariat, fascism set itself the goal of dealing with the workers and the most progressive representatives of other sectors of society. What both regimes have in common is that both fascism and Stalinism are based on total terror and the merciless suppression of dissent.
If during Stalin's rule there were partial retreats from classical Marxist ideology, then fascism in all its forms is an ardent and open enemy of communist ideas. Therefore, it is impossible to put an equal sign between these phenomena.
Video on the topic
As a rule, a person has 5 physical qualities - strength, endurance, agility, speed and flexibility. The last one is almost the most important of all of the above. So why is it important to be flexible? Let's try to find the answer to this question.
Instructions
Surely everyone has had the feeling: it seems like nothing has happened all day, but the feeling of tiredness is still present. As a rule, our muscles have 2 states - contraction and relaxation. And when a person is always in the first state, that is, in tension, then that strange feeling of fatigue arises. This is because when muscles contract, they therefore need energy to maintain their working condition. Hence, they take all the last energy that we have. This is why you need to do all kinds of stretches. They will help release lactic acid, which is found in the muscles and keeps us in constant tension and stress. Well, this ultimately affects your health.
Also, stretching is that it helps a person develop movements. This is that he will be able to learn any new movement for the body much faster than an inflexible person. The thing is that overstrained muscles distract the brain at its core. literally this word. They give extra unnecessary signals, and he, accordingly, loses the picture of the new exercise. This is what stretching is for, so that the brain does exactly what is asked of it.
Contracted muscles exhaust a person’s consciousness much faster. This happens because they are constantly signaling nervous system about your overstressed state. Stretching, as a rule, gives complete relaxation to all muscles, and they cease to distract and focus attention on themselves. Thanks to this, not only the excess load on the muscles is removed, but also the endurance of our nerves and concentration of attention improves.
No matter how strange it may sound, the vessels have their own muscles, thanks to which they help drive blood throughout the body. But do not forget that the vessels consist of two components. Therefore, in addition to muscles, they also have an elastic, so to speak, component. So, when blood is directed, for example, from the heel to the thigh, it first moves through the muscle fibers of the blood vessels, then gets stuck in special elastic pockets. After which it begins to move again when these pockets return to their shape. If the elastic component is poorly developed, varicose veins may occur. Stretching not only helps to make blood vessels elastic, but also relieves excess stress from the heart.
For hypertensive patients, stretching will help normalize blood pressure. It turns out that a person who does not exercise at all has a lot of spare vessels in his body. Therefore, if you use them by stretching, then blood will flow not only through the old vessels, but also through new ones, thereby increasing blood pressure.
Typically, stretching helps move blood throughout the body. And if so, it means that it supplies blood to everyone else internal organs, which has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the body as a whole.
Video on the topic
The role of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin in the creation of the state of Israel, proclaimed in 1948, was certainly one of the most important. According to many historians, journalists and publicists, it was Stalin who, when creating the Israeli state in 1947, provided it with serious support at the UN.
After the end of World War II, Jews who during the Nazi Germany were subjected to severe persecution in many European countries ah, they did not want to return to where their loved ones were killed, robbed and burned in. The entire liberal world community sincerely sympathized with them and believed that the restoration of the Jewish state in Palestine should become a natural process.
However, the question future fate Jews and Palestine were decided by British and politicians, public opinion had no influence on their decisions. The absolute majority of Western politicians opposed the emergence of an independent Jewish state in the world. Therefore, almost all researchers this issue agree that it was Stalin and Soviet diplomacy who played decisive role in the creation of Israel.
According to the Bible, the Land of Israel was bequeathed to the Jews by God in order to become the Promised Land - everyone is here sacred places Jewish people.
Goals of Stalin and the USSR
Close cooperation between Zionist political figures led by Ben-Gurion and the Soviet leadership began in pre-war years, the first meeting took place in 1940 on Soviet territory in London. After the war it continued. The Middle East, under the threat of a new world war, has become a strategically important region. Realizing that it would not be possible to get support from the Arabs, Soviet political leaders in general and Stalin in particular saw the prospect of increasing influence in this region only through the Jews.
In fact, the fate of Israel was of interest to Stalin, who was guided in matters foreign policy personal ambitions to expand the international influence of the USSR insofar as. The support of Jewish leaders was primarily aimed at weakening British influence and preventing the expansion of US influence in the Middle East. The Soviet leadership, through its actions, tried to create conditions under which they would become dependent on the USSR. In addition, one of most important tasks, facing Stalin, was to ensure the security of the southern borders of the Soviet Union.
Actions taken
In order to “squeeze” Great Britain, which has a mandate to manage part of the territories of the Middle East, out of Palestine, the Soviet leadership made all possible moves. In the second half of the 1940s, Palestinian Jews actually fought against England, where they received material and moral support from the USSR. When the question of placing a huge number of Jewish refugees on the territories of European countries became acute, the Soviet Union made a proposal to send flows of immigrants to Palestine, which did not suit Great Britain.
Under the current conditions, Palestine became a serious problem for London, which led to the decision of the British government to refer the issue to the UN. This was the first victory of the Soviet and Zionist leadership on the path to creating a Jewish state. The next step was for Soviet diplomats to formulate the opinion of the international community about the urgent need for the creation of Israel. The USSR foreign policy department coped with this task successfully.
After Great Britain introduced the Palestinian issue to the UN General Assembly, London stepped aside, and further struggle for the fate of these territories unfolded between the USSR and the USA. As a result of the sessions, the US political leadership was unable to outplay the Soviet diplomats and win over the majority of the states participating in the meetings to their side. In addition, in the decisive vote, 5 countries of the Soviet bloc provided the required number of votes, which resulted in a UN mandate for the creation of the State of Israel. On May 14, 1948, the day before the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the creation of an independent Jewish state on the territory allocated according to the UN plan.
The day after the proclamation of the creation of an independent Jewish state, the Arab League declared war on Israel, called in Israel the “War of Independence.”
The role of the Soviet Union and Stalin personally in ensuring the required number of votes was decisive. Arab countries were extremely outraged by the position of the USSR and categorically did not accept the UN decision. Stalin was no longer interested in the Arab reaction; now his goal was to do everything possible to quickly join the future independent Jewish state among its allies.
Sources:
- Why did Stalin create Israel or Stalin's Jewish divisions.
People are not born cynics, they become cynics. And this is due to modern foundations and traditions, which are beginning to harm common sense. A cynic is a person who is disillusioned with the social mechanisms of life and has lost all trust in certain authorities.
Who are the cynics?
Cynical people are realists who vehemently despise pessimism and optimism. They accept everything as it comes. They are never sad and never happy if the reason for this is some little thing. And a “trifle” for them can be anything: cynics are not worried about the death of people - there are still many of them on Earth. Cynical people are not worried about the death of children, since they are just another human offspring who have not yet achieved anything. According to psychologists, only adults and psychologically mature individuals can be called cynics.
Such people have their own own point view on the world, which distinguishes them from the absolute majority. The psychology of a cynic is such that everything around is for sale, and spiritual and moral values never existed. Cynics never value anything: everything lost can be easily returned, but there are no irreplaceable things and people. This is exactly how these individuals reason. In principle, their behavior can be explained: a cynic is a person who is disillusioned with life or with people, and therefore communicates with them only with harsh calculations.
There is also back side medals. Life is very difficult for cynical people. The fact is that they see right through some people, do not hesitate to make statements addressed to them, voice this or that inconvenient truth etc. All this leads to the fact that the cynic encounters resistance from the majority of those around him and loses the ability to adequately critical thinking and looks like a real outcast in their eyes. Psychologists give such “outcasts” a corresponding definition. Princeton University professor Charles Issawi calls such people “intolerable cynics.”
Why do people become cynics?
Any character traits of a future personality are formed in childhood. Children and teenagers are very susceptible to certain actions of others: to insults, to betrayal, to humiliation, to coldness. Of course, at first there are no inclinations of cynicism in a child, but as soon as he is faced with a serious problem at least once, he begins to isolate himself from everyone around him, trying to prove to everyone that he cares about absolutely nothing. A child in childhood tries to hide his own pain, demonstrating his indifference.
Already in adolescence some of the future cynics are deprived of certain human feelings, inherent in the majority. For example, they may have a complete lack of sentimentality because they believe that it simply dumbs people down. Future cynics do not feel envy and evaluate the surrounding reality objectively, i.e. not with the heart and soul, but with the brain. An already formed cynic basically does not adhere to any religion. Psychologists note one curious fact: cynical people identify Jesus Christ with themselves, thinking that he is the same cynic as they are.
Historian Olga Edelman told why revolutionaries got their party nicknames, how they came up with them, and how Koba turned into.
Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky - people who bore these names are very familiar to us. But we rarely remember that not one of them was born with such an entry in their passport, because all of these are pseudonyms.
However, they became so entrenched with their bearers that famous revolutionaries remained in history under fictitious names: school textbooks are full of them, they are engraved on monuments, and, after all, they are the names of streets and cities.
IN AND. Lenin and I.V. Stalin in Gorki. 1922
But why did Dzhugashvili become Stalin, and Ulyanov - Lenin? Did the Bolsheviks only need intricate nicknames for secrecy? Who were the role models for future leaders and whose names did they borrow? The candidate spoke about this and much more in an interview with the History.RF portal historical sciences, Leading Specialist State Archives RF Olga Edelman.
To confuse the gendarmes
- Olga, tell us why revolutionaries in Russia needed nicknames?
Nicknames were needed for conspiracy. For the same reason - conspiratorial - a revolutionary could simultaneously use several nicknames: one was used for communication in the underground environment, another served as an author's pseudonym, some more for one-time communication, so as not to “expose” the main one, another one was used at a party congress, etc. d. They were deliberately separated to make it more difficult for the gendarmes to identify the actor in certain place underground worker with a participant in the congress and the author of articles in party periodicals. In addition, illegal immigrants used fake or other people’s passports, so sometimes they called themselves a false name.
L.D. Trotsky at a military parade
Why did many former underground fighters keep their pseudonyms even when they no longer needed to hide from the police? This is what the most famous party leaders did: Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky...
After the revolution, those pseudonyms by which a person became known were preserved, and most often these were author's pseudonyms. Lenin and Trotsky became widely known as publicists, so they preferred to keep these names as surnames. Thus, “Lenin” is, first of all, an author’s pseudonym, and this is how Vladimir Ulyanov signed articles. Similarly - Maxim Gorky, whose real name and patronymic (Alexei Maksimovich) were completely stuck together with his pseudonym surname.
From Soso to Stalin
Tell us a little about Stalin. After all, the leader of the peoples did not always use this surname? What other pseudonyms did Joseph Vissarionovich have?
Joseph Dzhugashvili on early stages of his illegal work was simply called Soso. This is a friendly, homely form of the name Joseph, that is, something like Kolya and Sasha for Russian names. Then he came up with the nickname Koba, by which he became known in the Transcaucasian party underground (Koba, the hero of Alexander Kazbegi’s adventure story “The Patricide”, is considered a favorite literary character Stalin. - Note ed.). Lived with false passports in the name of Kayos Nizheradze and so on. After the revolution of 1905, when relatively many freedoms appeared, he began to sign articles “Koba”, “Ko...”, “K.” - readers guessed who wrote it. Since 1910, Dzhugashvili began to sign articles with variants - “K. St.", "K.S."
I.V. Stalin. 1902
- When did Koba finally turn into Stalin?
Nickname "K. Stalin” gained a foothold only at the beginning of 1913, shortly before Dzhugashvili’s arrest and exile to Turukhansk. At the 4th and 5th congresses of the RSDLP he was “Ivanovich”, and in St. Petersburg in 1912 the party nickname was Vasily, Vasiliev, and only a narrow circle knew that “Vasily” was “Koba”.
Romantic image of a fighter
I heard that sometimes the party nickname was a kind of key to the code and was used in secret correspondence. This is true?
I haven’t seen them used as a key to a cipher, and it’s unlikely that such a thing has happened. But it is true that party nicknames were used in correspondence. Moreover, sometimes Lenin and Krupskaya used two nicknames in the same letter, so that the gendarmes would see double. For example, in a letter addressed to “Vasiliev”, instructions were given to “Vaska” in the third person, as if he were another person. Or a letter to Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky (Russian revolutionary, Bolshevik, historian. - Note ed.) Lenin addressed his real name as Krivobokov and in the third person mentioned Spitsa - one of Nevsky’s nicknames (Nevsky is also a nickname).
IN AND. Nevsky
- On what basis were pseudonyms chosen?
Some pseudonyms have a distinct “working” style: Kamenev, Molotov, and even Stalin. In addition, there is a reference to romantic image a strong, unbending fighter. Trotsky assured in his memoirs that he came up with this surname by chance, when, during his escape from exile, he needed to enter some name into a false passport (according to most historians, Leiba Bronstein chose a pseudonym for himself after Nikolai Trotsky, the senior warden of the Odessa prison where he was imprisoned in 1898. - Note ed.). Georgy Ordzhonikidze from the very beginning of his participation in revolutionary movement used the nickname Sergo, and Stepan Shaumyan - Suren and Surenin, in both cases it is just a name. There is a legend about the origin of the nickname Kamo, going back to himself, as if at the beginning of his career Soso Dzhugashvili nicknamed him that way, because Semyon Ter-Petrosyan spoke Russian poorly and once said “kamo” instead of “to whom”. “Oh, you “kamo”,” Soso teased him.
It is worth noting that aliases for famous people- quite a common thing, and in different times they were widely used by writers, musicians, actors and other representatives creative professions. Moreover, in most cases, pseudonyms have become so attached to their owners that many generations of fans of their talent perceive only these names, and some are even sure that they were given at birth.
L.D. Trotsky, V.I. Lenin, L.B. Kamenev
Meanwhile, such famous poets, like Anna Akhmatova, Sasha Cherny, prose writer Mark Aldanov, writer and screenwriter Ilya Ilf, poet and playwright Mikhail Svetlov and many others whose names you know are all pseudonyms. They can be perceived in different ways, since pseudonyms are always masks, and their purposes vary depending on the goals of the bearer. Sometimes this mask is designed to hide some secret sides of a personality or obscure part of its history, sometimes to embellish the truth, create an atmosphere of mystery, sometimes to emphasize some key qualities of a person with the help of which he wants to stand out. One way or another, each person has the right to choose a name for himself, under which he will become known to his contemporaries and descendants. While the name given at birth remains with him forever.
Everyone knows that Stalin is just one of the pseudonyms of I.V. Dzhugashvili. Many people know that his fellow fighters sometimes called him Koba. Were there other pseudonyms? At one time, an entire Institute was studying this issue, counting about 30 party nicknames, oral and printed pseudonyms related to the party activities of Joseph Vissarionovich.
Lifestyle of revolutionaries late XIX- the beginning of the twentieth century forced me to change passports and party nicknames quite often. Such a person escaped from prison or exile, received a fresh (false) passport - changed his “last name”. Subsequently, the document was simply thrown away, and the name on it was forgotten. In such a serious matter, they naturally used pseudonyms similar to their real names (sometimes they were even the names of acquaintances).
Stalin's nickname
For example, Stalin had an acquaintance from Batumi, Nizharadze - his last name became one of the nicknames of young Joseph. And Stalin escaped from exile in Vologda using Chizhikov’s real passport. At the IV Party Congress, a certain Ivanovich was registered as a representative from the Tiflis branch of the party - also the working pseudonym of Dzhugashvili. However, all these were just small episodes in the life of the Bolshevik, who later became a great politician.
Stalin's party nickname
When choosing nicknames and pseudonyms, Stalin showed particular predilection for two letters of the Russian alphabet - “S” and “K”; as a rule, his “names” began with them. Perhaps this was partly due to his native name Soso. This is where pseudonyms such as Sozeli and Soselo came from - diminutives. But it’s not good for a politician to be little Osenka (that’s how these names are roughly translated into Russian). “Kote”, “Kato” - the mother’s name as a pseudonym also did not last long. As Stalin grows, his thirst for greatness awakens. That is why Koba became one of his favorite pseudonyms. What is its origin?
For example, there is this option. This was the name of the hero of the novel “The Patricide,” written by the then popular writer in Georgia Alexander Kazbegi, noble robber, who was the idol of young Soso. According to V. Pokhlebkin, this pseudonym comes from the name of the Persian king Kavad (in another spelling Kobades), who conquered Georgia and made Tbilisi the capital of the country; in Georgian the name of the Persian sounds like Koba. Kavad was known as a supporter of Mazdakism, a movement that promoted early communist views. Traces of interest in Persia and Kavad are found in Stalin’s speeches of 1904-07.
Ideals of Stalin
Some facts of Stalin's biography (ideals, prison, escape from it with the help of a certain woman) surprisingly coincided with the biography of Joseph Vissarionovich himself. And the fact that this was the name of a tsar, and even a conqueror, could not leave Stalin indifferent due to his ambition. It is not for nothing that the word “satraps” was one of Stalin’s favorite expressions. However, the pseudonym Koba was suitable only while Dzhugashvili’s field of activity was Transcaucasia, where people were well acquainted with the local color and history. After entering a wider arena, transferring his aspirations to Russia, the pseudonym Koba became inappropriate, since it ceased to evoke the necessary associations among his party comrades: well, what Russian knew about some Georgian king?
Stalin is a pseudonym that the best way reflected inner essence Koby. The king, shrouded in Eastern mysticism and a certain amount of magic, is replaced by a specific, clear symbol: steel. Brief, succinct, unbending, simple and inevitable - that’s how this word sounds. It is tougher than iron, clear and understandable to everyone. In addition, it has a clear indication of the “Russianness” of the owner. Lenin - Stalin - it looks like it, doesn’t it? For some time the initial “K” reminds me of Kobe. in the signature: K. Stalin - this is how the future leader has signed since 1913. And it is not surprising that this particular pseudonym later became a surname. After all, this has often happened in Russian history: the surname should reflect the inner essence of the owner. “Dzhugashvili” - what’s so great about that? Although there is a version that the word “juga” is translated from ancient Georgian as “steel”. But this version still seems unfounded. After all, it was the presence of this very steel in the character of Joseph Vissarionovich that made the heirs of his pseudonym so unhappy, who did not have the necessary firmness.
How did the name "Stalin" come about?
They say that this pseudonym was invented by Stalin himself, who relied only on the fact that the pseudonym should have been:
- sounding Russian and Russian in design;
- extremely serious, significant, impressive in content, not allowing any interpretations or misunderstandings;
- he had to have deep meaning, and at the same time not particularly conspicuous, not trying to achieve effect, be calm;
- it should be easy to pronounce in any language and phonetically be close to Lenin’s pseudonym, but in such a way that the similarity is also not felt directly.
How many years did Stalin rule?
Actually, Joseph Dzhugashvili finally became Stalin in 1912. Before that, he “tried on” many consonant pseudonyms - Solin, Salin, Soselo, Stephin. In his communication with Lenin, the future head of state did not skimp on compliments, giving Vladimir Ilyich the enthusiastic epithet “mountain eagle.” Lenin responded with the nickname “wonderful Georgian,” which he used more than once. In addition, the leader of the world proletariat called Stalin “a fiery Colchian.” It is curious that after Lenin’s death Stalin himself began to be called the “mountain eagle”.
During the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union, Stalin was usually addressed not by his first name or patronymic military rank(“Comrade Marshal (Generalissimo) of the Soviet Union”), but simply “Comrade Stalin.” During the war, the Allied leaders naturally also had their own nicknames. Churchill and Roosevelt, while officially addressing the leader of the USSR as “Marshal Stalin,” called him “Uncle Joe” among themselves. However, with the beginning " Cold War“This nickname has gone down in history.
"The Great Helmsman" For the first time, the official Soviet press called the leader of the USSR this way in September 1934. The very combination “Great Helmsman” is of Christian origin, like many other epithets and slogans of Soviet propaganda. Obsolete Russian word“helmsman” means the person sitting at the stern of the ship, in other words, the helmsman. Thus, the epithet in relation to Stalin meant nothing more than “standing at the helm of the country.” Later, the leader of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, began to be called this, and, as a rule, this epithet is associated with him today.
Stalin - Father of Nations
Perhaps the most famous of the epithets applied to Stalin appeared long before the emergence of the USSR and is of Western European origin. The kings of France, such as Louis XIII or Henry IV, were called “Fathers of Nations.” This nickname was assigned to Stalin thanks to Soviet publicists from the mid-1930s. It is noteworthy that it was this image that was reinforced by the public appearances of the head of state: from 1935, photographs depicting Stalin with small children and sometimes their parents from different corners Soviet Union. Thus, he figuratively became the “father” of children with very different national roots.
Beginning in the 1930s, the image of Stalin began to take shape especially dynamically in the Soviet media. Then they appeared in public consciousness and the famous pipe, and a green overcoat with tapered trousers. And the press described Stalin a huge amount epithets, one more colorful than the other - “great leader and teacher”, “wise father”, “architect of communism”, “locomotive of the revolution”, “fighter and falcon”.
