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On September 29, 1922, the ship “Oberbürgermeister Haken” (“Oberburgomaster Haken”), which went down in history under the code name “Philosophical Steamship,” left the Petrograd port. On board, Soviet Russia was abandoned by those who today are commonly called “color Russian science", "the best philosophers", "brilliant scientists" and much more. There is no shortage of pathos and pathos among those who do not miss the opportunity to recall the Bolsheviks to The Philosophical Steamer.

In fact, there were several real scientists among the passengers on this ship. First of all, these are sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, steam turbine designer Vsevolod Yasinsky and zoologist Mikhail Novikov. Most of those boarded the ship were publicists, writers, priests and “philosophers.”

Nowadays, the expulsion of all this brethren is often considered and presented by propaganda as an event that caused almost fatal damage to Russia. Almost any “historical” program on this topic will certainly hear lamentations about the irreparable loss that our Motherland suffered because of the damned Bolsheviks.

At the same time, we will never hear about the great discoveries made by these people abroad. For some reason, Western science and culture were not enriched at all thanks to the talent and genius of the exiled intellectuals.

Let's make this analogy. Anyone who studied more or less tolerably at school, when the name Lavoisier is mentioned, will probably remember him as a scientist. Those who studied better will probably even mention experiments with combustion reactions and the like. That Lavoisier ended his days on the guillotine during the Great french revolution, only a few will remember. The conclusion is simple: Lavoisier is a brilliant scientist and is valuable primarily for his discoveries, and not for his tragic ending.

If the subjects expelled from Russia were also great specialists, then their names would be associated first of all with their discoveries, and only secondarily with the “Philosophical Ship”. However, we do not observe such a trend. The majority of those deported are almost always spoken of only in connection with the sailing of the "Oberburgomaster Haken."

In this regard, it is interesting to remember how their compatriots, who had already settled behind the cordon, reacted to the arrival of those expelled from Russia. Here is an excerpt from the correspondence of Eurasians P.P. Suvchinsky and N.S. Trubetskoy:

“...Like a piece of turf from one cemetery to another, like a piece of dead skin, a completely obsolete cultural layer was transplanted from Russia to Berlin - for what? - Of course, in order to lead the emigration, speak on its behalf and thereby not allow anything new, living and, therefore, dangerous for the Bolsheviks to be born. After all, if Lenin, speaking and acting on behalf of Russia, essentially has nothing in common with it, then the intelligentsia, which, of course, was expelled by the Bolsheviks with calculation, does not represent anyone anymore and will only compromise the new emigrant generations.”

Insignificance " the best minds"was so obvious that the White Guard emigrants at first thought that Lenin had expelled this entire company because:

“...the Soviet government is taking all measures to disintegrate the monarchical groups crystallizing abroad.”

And then they got really worried:

“Under the captivating guise of “victims”, victims of Bolshevik dominance, there may also appear to be direct agents of the Soviet government, specially sent for propaganda among the emigration.”

Please note that if Lenin is so stupid that he deprives Russia of its best minds, then the enemies of Bolshevism should definitely rejoice at this, because it should be clear to them, knights without fear or reproach, that by depriving the country of unsurpassed thinkers, the communists are weakening themselves. However, we do not find thoughts of this kind. Instead, there is contempt mixed with disgusted skepticism.

And how could such personalities as Berdyaev, Ilyin or Bulgakov really enrich world knowledge? What philosophy could they offer that was attractive to the people who drove them away? What deep truths were revealed to them in the process of their mental work? Let's get a look.

Here, for example, is the result of the mental efforts of Nikolai Berdyaev:

“Democracy is already an exit from the natural state, a disintegration of the unity of the people, discord in it. Democracy is essentially mechanical; it says that the people as whole organism not anymore. Democracy is an unhealthy state of the people. In “organic” eras of history, no democracies exist or arise. Democracy is a product of “critical epochs” Democracy is bad in everything…. The spirit of democracy in its metaphysics, in its morality, in its aesthetics carries with it the greatest danger for the aristocratic principle of human and world life, for the noble qualitative principle... If final democracy were possible, then humanity would perish, drown in darkness. In the very idea of ​​democracy, unlimited and not subordinate to anything higher, there is no truth, there is no truth about man, human form, about his infinite spiritual nature, on which no encroachments are allowed."

Oh how! But the thinker does not stop there. He moves from contempt for democracy to outright racism:

“Culture is not the work of one person and one generation. Culture exists in our blood. Culture is a matter of race and racial selection... “Enlightenment” and “revolutionary” consciousness... obscured for scientific knowledge the meaning of race. But objective, disinterested science must admit that nobility exists in the world not only as social class with certain interests, but as a quality spiritual and physical type, like a thousand-year-old culture of soul and body. The existence of a “white bone” is not only a class prejudice, it is an irrefutable and ineradicable anthropological fact.”

Another such “fact,” according to Berdyaev, is that “history is an accomplishment that has inner meaning“, a kind of mystery that has its beginning and end, its center, its action connected with one another, history goes to the fact - the appearance of Christ and comes from the fact - the appearance of Christ.”

“The Divine Sophia is... the nature of God, ousia, understood... as revealing content, as All-Unity.”

And we didn’t even know.

Another Leninist envoy, Nikolai Lossky, seriously discussed reincarnation and whether the idea of ​​metempsychosis contradicts Orthodox dogma.

It is impossible not to mention such a colorful figure as Ivan Ilyin, who also sailed away on the “philosophical ship”. Today it is promoted with particular passion. He made humanity happy with his discussions about the machinations of the world behind the scenes, called the reform of Russian spelling in 1918 the machinations of Russia’s enemies and loved Hitler very much. Here you are:

“What did Hitler do? He stopped the process of Bolshevisation in Germany and thereby rendered the greatest service to all of Europe.” "F“Ashism was right, because it came from a healthy national-patriotic feeling, without which no people can either establish its existence or create its own culture.”

Concerning Russian people, then another passenger of the “philosophical ship”, Pitirim Sorokin, without bothering himself with patriotic delicacy, remarked:

“The degradation [of the Russian people] also occurred in a qualitative sense, because the elements that were the best in their biological and intellectual qualities perished. What remains is second-rate human material, produced, that is, “selected topsy-turvy.” And the history of the fall of large state formations teaches that such selection is one of the important factors of death. Next, we must take into account the influence of heredity on the future destinies of Russia, since a bad generation will also produce bad offspring.”

Modern propaganda smokes incense for them. They are trying to instill in the people respect and love for people who considered this very people second-rate material, praised the maniacs who wanted to destroy them, and splashed out clerical-scholastic nonsense on the pages of their books.

Isn't this crazy?

Sep 29, 2015 Kirill Volgin

All these are Russian people, thinkers and philosophers who became exiles of their homeland. They and many other representatives left Russia in the fall of 1922 under duress. Philosophical steamer - this is the collective name given to two ships that sailed from Russia to Germany, on board of which were representatives of the intelligentsia expelled from the country who did not accept the Bolshevik ideology.

Recently, publications and documentaries have appeared proving that the philosophical ship is an invention of the Bolsheviks, that in fact not many people were deported. And the main purpose of the hype is to make Western European governments believe that opponents of the Bolshevik regime have headed to Europe. But in fact, there were spies, intelligence officers who were supposed to prepare the ground for the world revolution, which the Social Democrats of Russia were then dreaming of.

Let's look at the facts. In the early 20s, Russia was established under Lenin. Political life was under complete control, high-profile trials were carried out against the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, and a unified ideological system was formed. But cultural and spiritual life seemed to go beyond the framework of this single policy. The Silver Age, marked by a surge in art, philosophical and scientific thought, continued its development by inertia. The intelligentsia, free-thinking and capable of critically assessing communist ideology, posed a danger to the emerging regime. Read “The Heart of a Dog”, a lot will become clear to you about the position of thinking people of that time.

In such a situation, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopts the law “On Administrative Expulsion”, logical conclusion which became the philosophical ship. The year 1922 was marked by the arrests of members of the intelligentsia suspected of counter-revolutionary inclinations, who were faced with a choice: either “voluntary” departure, or prison or even execution.

From the memoirs of Nikolai Berdyaev, it is clear that the processing of “voluntary” emigrants was carried out. After spending a week in prison, Berdyaev signed a receipt stating that he would not return to his homeland. Otherwise he would have been shot. Many of Nikolai Alexandrovich’s companions underwent similar treatment.

All over Russia, lists of those objectionable to the new government were formed. Among them were doctors, agronomists, engineers, artists and philosophers. The latter made a special contribution to the development of world philosophy, sociology, and political science.

In total, the philosophical ship took away from Russia about 200 of its best representatives. Having traced life path many, we will understand that these were honest people, far from rich, for most of them emigration was not easy, and until the end of their days they remained Russian in spirit. The difficult ordeal that befell Russia in 1941-1945 did not leave those expelled from the country indifferent. To the best of their ability, they helped the Motherland and Soviet army in the fight against fascism.

The ship on which the emigrants were expelled was called the “philosophical steamer.” 1922 was their last year in Russia. The only exception is the historian Lev Karsavin. At the end of the 20s, he moved to Lithuania, which soon ended up in In 1950, Lev Platonovich was arrested at the age of 68 on charges of anti-Soviet conspiracy and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Died in custody.

These are the facts. Perhaps the philosophical steamer was carrying several people who played the role of double agents. However, this does not change the essence of the matter. It is important to understand that the philosophical steamship was the result of a struggle to control society, as a result of which the best minds in Russia were eliminated.

On September 29, 1922, the “Philosophical Steamship” sailed from Petrograd, its passengers were outstanding Russian thinkers. Who was that? Why were they on board? We will tell you about seven of the most famous passengers on this memorable flight.

Nikolay Berdyaev

What was I thinking about
Despite the fact that in his youth Berdyaev experienced a serious passion for Marxism (like any educated person of that time), he did not escape expulsion, since he showed himself primarily to be a religious thinker. Berdyaev's main theme is freedom, which for him has a pre-divine origin and is rooted in Nothing. Berdyaev understands Christianity, first of all, as a religion of freedom, a religion that for the first time affirms the role of the individual in history. According to Berdyaev, man is a co-worker with God, and his main task is to bring the Kingdom of God closer.

Why were they expelled?
Berdyaev was one of the central figures of the Vekhi movement, whose program collection Lenin described in 1909 as “an encyclopedia of liberal renegadeism.” In 1920, Berdyaev was personally interrogated by Dzerzhinsky in the case of the so-called Tactical Center, to which the philosopher had no direct connection. However, during interrogation, he openly expressed his attitude towards communist ideology. Berdyaev criticized communism, first of all, from a religious standpoint, as a teaching that denies personality, but he saw the revolution as a historical inevitability and noted the correctness of Marxism in many socio-economic issues.

Outside Russia
Berdyaev organically joined the intellectual life of Europe: he took part in international philosophical congresses, gave lectures, and published in German and French publications. On his initiative, the Religious and Philosophical Academy (RFA) was opened in Paris, from 1925 to 1940. The religious and philosophical magazine “The Path” was published. Berdyaev was the main ideologist of the Russian Student Christian Movement (RSCM), headed the publishing house “YMCA - Press” (“Christian Youth Union”), and participated in the creation of the League of Orthodox Culture. During World War II, Berdyaev took an active pro-Soviet position.

Ivan Ilyin

What was I thinking about
In 1918, Ilyin’s main work before his expulsion from Russia, “Hegel’s Philosophy as a Doctrine of the Concreteness of God and Man,” was published. N. O. Lossky noted that Ilyin refuted the false idea of ​​Hegel’s philosophy as a system of abstract panlogism and proved that for Hegel an idea is a concrete principle. This expressed the characteristic tendency of Russian philosophy towards concrete ideal-realism. Ilyin saw the meaning of philosophy in the comprehension of God and divine manifestations in the world. One of Ilyin’s most famous books is “Resistance to Evil by Force,” where he polemicizes against the teachings of Leo Tolstoy.

Why were they expelled?
Ilyin is one of the most original representatives of conservative thought in Russia. He openly supported the white movement, opposed the spelling reform of 1918, and consistently criticized the Bolshevik government.

Outside Russia
From 1923 to 1934 Ilyin worked at the Russian Scientific Institute in Berlin. Being the main ideologist white movement(from 1927 to 1930 he published the magazine “Russian Bell”), actively participated in the public life of Germany: he spoke at anti-communist rallies, and at first actively supported the spread of fascism in Europe, seeing in it protection from communism. In 1938 he moved to Switzerland, where he settled thanks to the help of Sergei Rachmaninoff.

Semyon Frank

What was I thinking about
In his youth he was a convinced Marxist, but later moved to the camp of Christian idealism. Frank belongs to the philosophical movement of intuitionism. He explored the nature of human knowledge and its boundaries. In the book “The Soul of Man,” Frank developed the philosophical foundations of psychology. He developed the ideas of Platonism and sought to combine rational knowledge and religious faith.

Why were they expelled?
Frank was a participant in the Vekhi movement, published in the collections “Problems of Idealism” (1902), “Vekhi” (1909), “From the Depths” (1918). He did not hide his critical attitude towards socialism, in which he saw an ideology that denies individual freedom and completely turns a person into a cog in the social machine.

Outside Russia
Abroad, Frank first settled in Berlin and participated in the activities of the Religious and Philosophical Academy, organized by Berdyaev. Later he moved to France, then to London. In exile he continued to study creative activity: gave lectures, participated in international philosophical congresses, published in European journals.

Nikolai Lossky

What was I thinking about
Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky is a Russian religious thinker, one of the founders of intuitionist philosophy. Lossky calls intuitionism “the doctrine that a cognized object, even if it forms part of the external world, is included directly by the consciousness of the cognizing subject, so to speak, into the personality and is therefore understood as existing independently of the act of cognition.” The philosopher distinguishes three types of intuition - sensual, intellectual and mystical. Lossky's most important contribution to Russian culture is considered to be his translation of Critique pure reason» Kant.

Why were they expelled?
Since 1916, Lossky was a professor at St. Petersburg University. However, after the revolution he was deprived of his chair for his Christian worldview. After the ban on teaching activities, expulsion from Russia followed.

Outside Russia
Until 1942, Lossky lived in Prague, where he stayed at the invitation of the philosopher, sociologist and first president of Czechoslovakia Tomas Masaryk. From 1942 to 1945 he was a professor of philosophy in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Then he moved to New York, where he taught at the Russian Theological Academy. Lossky died in 1965 in Paris.

Boris Vysheslavtsev

What was I thinking about
The most important problem that Vysheslavtsev dealt with was the so-called “philosophy of the heart.” According to Lossky, he, following Christian mysticism, “understands the heart not just as the ability to emotions, but as something much more significant, namely as an ontological super-rational principle that constitutes the real “self” of the individual.”

Why were they expelled?
Back in 1908, Vysheslavtsev passed his master's exam in philosophy. After a three-year stay abroad, he lectured on the philosophy of law at Moscow University. After the revolution, he participated in the work of the Free Academy of Spiritual Culture, founded by Berdyaev.

Outside Russia
Vysheslavtsev stayed in Berlin, where until 1924 he taught at the Religious and Philosophical Academy. Together with the academy he moved to Paris. There, until 1947, he taught at the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute. Participated in the creation of the YMCA-Press publishing house.

Sergei Trubetskoy

What was I thinking about
Sergei Evgenievich Trubetskoy is the son of the religious philosopher Evgeniy Nikolaevich Trubetskoy. In 1912 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. To the First world war tried to volunteer, but was not allowed due to health problems. After the February Revolution, he was engaged in anti-Soviet activities. In 1919, he became one of the initiators of the creation of the Tactical Center - an association of underground anti-Bolshevik organizations.

Why were they expelled?
Sergei Trubetskoy was arrested in February 1920 on charges of aiding the counter-revolution. The Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sentenced him to death, but the punishment was commuted to 10 years in prison. At the end of 1921, Trubetskoy was released from serving his sentence, and on September 29, 1922, he was sent abroad.

Outside Russia
Sergei Trubetskoy settled in Berlin. Until 1938, he worked in the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS), the most massive organization of Russian emigrants, created by P. N. Wrangel; was engaged in journalism and translations. The most famous work Sergei Trubetskoy - book of memoirs “The Past”.

Lev Karsavin

What was I thinking about
Lev Platonovich Karsavin is not only a religious philosopher, but also a medievalist historian. Graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. Defended his master's thesis "Essays religious life in Italy of the 12th-13th centuries” and a doctoral thesis – “Fundamentals of medieval religiosity in the 12th-13th centuries, mainly in Italy.” In addition to numerous works on the history of religious movements, Karsavin developed his own version of the philosophy of All-Unity.

Why were they expelled?
In 1918 – 1922 participated in the activities of the Brotherhood of Hagia Sophia, was one of the founders of the Petropolis publishing house and the Theological Institute.

Outside Russia
In Berlin, Karsavin was elected fellow chairman of the Bureau of the Russian Academic Union in Germany. He participated in the creation of the Russian Scientific Institute and the Obelisk Publishing House. In 1926 he moved to Paris, where he became a participant in the Eurasian movement. In 1927, Karsavin was invited to take a chair at the University of Lithuania in Kaunas. He taught there until 1940, then became a professor at Vilnius University. In 1949, Karsavin was arrested for participation in the anti-Soviet Eurasian movement and sentenced to 10 years in prison. In 1952, he died of tuberculosis in one of the camps in the Komi Republic.

Alexander Slavich

September marks the 95th anniversary of the expulsion of the flower of the Russian intelligentsia from Petrograd by the Bolsheviks

Today, a modest granite obelisk erected near the Annunciation Bridge in St. Petersburg reminds us of this dramatic event in our history. There is a laconic inscription on it: “From this embankment in the fall of 1922, outstanding figures of Russian philosophy, culture and science went into forced emigration.”

In this very place stood the steamship "Oberburgomaster Hagen", which would later be called "philosophical".

More precisely, there were two such ships: “Oberburgomaster Hagen” left Petrograd at the end of September 1922, the second, “Prussia” - in November of the same year. They brought more than 160 people to Germany - professors, teachers, writers, doctors, engineers. Among them were such brilliant minds and talents as Berdyaev, Ilyin, Trubetskoy, Vysheslavtsev, Zvorykin, Frank, Lossky, Karsavin and many others, the flower of the nation. They were also sent by trains and ships from Odessa and Sevastopol. “We will cleanse Russia for a long time!” – Ilyich rubbed his hands contentedly, on whose personal orders this unprecedented action was taken.

The deportation was rude and demonstratively humiliating: you were allowed to take with you only two pairs of underpants, two pairs of socks, a jacket, trousers, a coat, a hat and two pairs of shoes per person; all money and other property, and most importantly, the books and archives of those deported were subject to confiscation. The artist Yuri Annenkov recalled: “There were about ten mourners, no more... We were not allowed on the ship. We stood on the embankment. When the ship set sail, those leaving were already sitting invisibly in their cabins. I couldn’t say goodbye..."

On the ship - it was German - the exiles were given the “Golden Book”, which was kept on it, for the memorial records of eminent passengers. It was decorated with a drawing by Fyodor Chaliapin, who left Russia a little earlier: great singer depicted himself naked from behind, wading across the sea. The inscription said that the whole world is his home.

Participants on the first voyage recalled that a bird was sitting on the mast during the entire voyage. The captain pointed it out to the exiles and said: “I don’t remember this. This is an extraordinary sign!”

This has never happened in history - for the state itself to expel not terrorists, criminals or dangerous political opponents of the regime, but its best minds.

The expulsion operation was entrusted to the GPU, which compiled lists of exiles.

Trotsky, with his characteristic cynicism, explained it this way: “We deported these people because there was no reason to shoot them, and it was impossible to tolerate them.” The main goal of the Bolsheviks was to intimidate the intelligentsia into silence. But we must admit that those who left were still lucky. Later, all the dissenters, including the most famous people Russia, began to be mercilessly shot or sent to camps.

The majority of the Russian intelligentsia did not accept the revolution, as they realized that a violent coup would result in a tragedy for the country. That is why she posed a threat to the Bolsheviks, who seized power by violence. For this reason, Lenin decided to liquidate intellectuals through first expulsions, and then merciless repressions and purges. M. Gorky, the “petrel of the revolution,” was severely disappointed. He wrote in Novaya Zhizn: “With today Even for the most naive simpleton it becomes clear that not only about any kind of courage and revolutionary dignity, but even about the most elementary honesty in relation to the policy of the people's commissars. Before us is a company of adventurers who, for the sake of their own interests, for the sake of delaying a few more weeks, the agony of their dying autocracy, are ready for the most shameful betrayal of the interests of the homeland and the revolution, the interests of the Russian proletariat, in whose name they are committing outrages on the vacant throne of the Romanovs.”

Intellectuals who did not accept the Bolshevik regime came under heavy censorship pressure in the 1920s, and all opposition newspapers were closed. Philosophical articles written from non-Marxist or religious positions were not subject to publication. The main blow fell on fiction; on orders from the authorities, books were not only not published, but were confiscated from libraries. Bunin, Leskov, Leo Tolstoy, Dostoevsky disappeared from the shelves...

The Russian intelligentsia had already become very small in number by 1923, it accounted for about 5% of the urban population, therefore intellectual capabilities and the potential of the state have weakened. Children of the intelligentsia were not accepted into universities; workers' faculties were created for workers. Russia has lost a huge number of thinking and educated people. O. N. Mikhailov wrote: “The revolution tore away from Russia, from Russian soil, tore the most important writers from the heart of Russia, bled and impoverished the Russian intelligentsia”...

Russian Atlantis

As a result of the deportation of the best Russian minds and talents abroad, and primarily the United States, they received as a “gift” from Russia a whole cohort of brilliant specialists, which allowed them to greatly advance their science and technology and develop culture.

Igor Sikorsky, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, built the world's first helicopter in the USA, Russian engineers Mikhail Strukov, Alexander Kartveli, Alexander Prokofiev-Seversky actually created American military aviation, engineer Vladimir Zvorykin invented television in the USA, chemist Vladimir Ipatiev created high-octane gasoline, thanks to Why during the war American and German planes flew faster than German ones, Alexander Ponyatov invented the world's first video recorder, Vladimir Yurkevich designed the world's largest passenger airliner "Normandy" in France, Professor Pitirim Sorokin became the creator of American sociology overseas, the brilliant actor of the Moscow Art Theater Mikhail Chekhov - the founder of American psychological theater, Vladimir Nabokov - a famous writer, and the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky in the USA is considered American genius music. The names of all the geniuses and talents lost by Russia are simply impossible to list.

Due to the disaster of 1917 and the dramatic events of subsequent years, a total of about 10 million Russian people ended up living abroad.

Some were expelled, others fled to escape prison and execution. The color of the nation, the pride of Russia, the whole lost Atlantis. The names of these Russian geniuses and talents, our involuntary “gift” to other countries and continents, were hidden from us for many years in the USSR, they were called “renegades”, and few people in our country know about some of them to this day.

To this terrible tragedy of the loss of the best minds and talents was added another, the consequences of which we still feel. In our country, there was a defeat, a “genocide of minds,” the deliberate destruction of the Russian intelligentsia, and other people took their place in universities, scientific institutes, design bureaus, and art. There was a destruction of the continuity of traditions of honor, nobility, and high ideals of faithful service to the Fatherland and people that had developed in Russia for centuries, which has always been a distinctive feature of the Russian creative intelligentsia.

Perhaps it is precisely for this reason that this Russophobic liberal crowd has now been able to form in our country - the descendants of “commissars in dusty helmets” - which today only pretends to be the intelligentsia.

But in fact, he doesn’t like Russia, he openly despises our history and people, and at the first opportunity he strives to leave for the West.

Especially for "Century"

The article was published within the framework of the socially significant project “Russia and the Revolution. 1917 - 2017" using state support funds allocated as a grant in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 8, 2016 No. 96/68-3 and on the basis of a competition held by the All-Russian public organization « Russian Union rectors."

On September 29, 1922, the steamship "Oberburgomaster Haken" departed from the Petrograd pier, on November 16 - "Prussia", on September 19 - the steamship from Odessa moored, on December 18 - the Italian steamship "Zhanna" from Sevastopol. Sea vessels, like trains going abroad, with light hand famous physicist and philosopher Sergei Khoruzhy entered History under collectively philosophical ship.

Article by L.D. Trotsky’s “Dictatorship, where is your whip?”, published in the newspaper “Pravda” N121 for 1922, became one of the signals for the expulsion of dissidents.

He took the future of Russia to a foreign land.

This special operation of the Soviet government took place under the personal control and on the instructions of its leader, who gave the fatal order on May 19, 1922. Three days before I suffered my first stroke.

Comrade Dzerzhinsky!

On the question of the expulsion abroad of writers and professors who help the counter-revolution. We need to prepare this more carefully. Without preparation we will become stupid...
All of these are obvious counter-revolutionaries, accomplices of the Entente, an organization of its servants and spies and molesters of student youth. We must arrange things in such a way that these “military spies” are caught, and caught constantly and systematically, and sent abroad.
I ask you to show this secretly, without duplicating it, to the members of the Politburo, with return to you and me, and to inform me of their reviews and your conclusion.
Lenin".

What did Russia lose by issuing one-way tickets to only a few dozen passengers? "Motherland" will remind you of some of them...

ONE WAY TICKET

Things must be arranged in such a way that these “military spies” are caught and captured constantly and systematically and sent abroad.”

IN AND. Lenin

We expelled these people because there was no reason to shoot them, and it was impossible to tolerate them.”

L. D. Trotsky

Steamship flights from Petrograd were not the only ones: deportations were also carried out on ships from Odessa and Sevastopol and by trains from Moscow to Latvia and Germany

It was allowed to take per person:

• two pairs of long johns
• two pairs of socks
• two pairs of shoes
• blazer
• trousers
• coat
• hat

It was forbidden to take with you:

• money
• jewelry
• securities

197 people were included in the list of deportees (67 from Moscow, 53 from Petrograd, 77 from Ukraine). Including:

• 69 scientific and pedagogical workers
• 43 doctors
• 34 students
• 29 writers and journalists
• 22 economists, agronomists and cooperators
• 47 politicians, scientists, writers, engineers, as well as members of their families (at least 114 people in total) were expelled from Soviet Russia in the fall of 1922 on the ships "Oberburgomaster Haken" and "Prussia"

A total of 75 people were actually expelled from the country in 1922-1923 (35 scientists and teachers, 19 writers and journalists, 12 economists, agronomists and cooperators, 4 engineers, 2 students, a politician, an employee and a priest). More than a third of them were previously members of non-Bolshevik parties.

Steamships:

from Petrograd to Stettin (Germany):

Trains:

Religious and political philosopher, nominated seven times for the Nobel Prize in Literature

What did you do before 1922?

While a student at the Faculty of Science at the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, he was arrested for participation in the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” and deported to Vologda. Here, as he would later write, “I returned from the social teachings that I was at one time keen on, to my spiritual homeland, to philosophy, religion, and art.”

He actively participates in the public life of the Silver Age, becoming a regular at literary associations in St. Petersburg, published in magazines and collections together with A. Blok, A. Bely, D. Merezhkovsky, V. Ivanov, L. Shestov, V. Bryusov. He publishes magazines himself and gathers like-minded people on Tuesdays for “worldview evenings” at home.

Already at that time, his philosophical views attracted the attention of prominent contemporaries. V. Rozanov alone will write 14 articles about one of his books.

In the first years of Soviet power, taking advantage of the patronage of Lev Kamenev, he made an unexpected career: he entered the leadership of the Moscow Writers' Union and even led it for some time, founded the Free Academy philosophical culture, elected professor at Moscow University.

FIRST PERSON

Epochs so filled with events and changes are considered interesting and significant, but these are also unhappy and suffering eras for individuals, for entire generations. History does not spare the human personality and does not even notice it...

There were too many events for a philosopher: I was imprisoned four times, twice in the old regime and twice in the new, was exiled to the north for three years, had a trial that threatened me with eternal settlement in Siberia, was expelled from my homeland and, I will probably end my life in exile.

Reasons for expulsion

Having received from the Bolsheviks safe conduct for an apartment, a library and own life, however, did not want to have anything to do with them: “Bolshevism is rationalistic madness, a mania for the final regulation of life, based on the irrational element of the people.”

He went to prison twice, which he described in his autobiographical notes “Self-Knowledge”:

“The first time I was arrested was in 1920 in connection with the case of the so-called Tactical Center, to which I had no direct connection. But many of my good friends were arrested. As a result, there was a big trial, but I was not involved in it.”

Berdyaev especially noted that during this arrest he was personally interrogated by Felix Dzerzhinsky and Vaclav Menzhinsky. And further:

“For some time I lived relatively calmly. The situation began to change in the spring of 22. An anti-religious front was formed, anti-religious persecution began. We spent the summer of 22 in Zvenigorod district, in Barvikha, in a charming place on the banks of the Moscow River, near Arkhangelsk Yusupov, where Trotsky lived at that time... Once I went to Moscow for one day. And it was on that night, the only one during the whole summer when I spent the night in our Moscow apartment, that they came with a search and arrested me. I was again taken to the Cheka prison , renamed Gepeu. I spent about a week. I was invited to the investigator and told that I was being expelled from Soviet Russia abroad. They made me sign that if I appeared on the border of the USSR, I would be shot...

When they told me that I was being expelled, I felt sad. I did not want to emigrate, and I had a repulsion from emigration, with which I did not want to merge. But at the same time there was a feeling that I would find myself in a freer world and would be able to breathe freer air. I didn’t think that my exile would last 25 years. While I was away there was a lot of painful things for me..."

What did you do abroad?

He gained incredible popularity for his book “The New Middle Ages. Reflections on the fate of Russia and Europe,” which was instantly translated into many languages. He created the magazine "The Path", which was published until 1940 and published the most prominent representatives of European philosophy.

In his best book, “The Russian Idea” (1946), he formulated hope, which became his testament and support of his last days. Berdyaev hoped that a more just system would be created in post-Soviet Russia, and that it would be able to fulfill its intended mission - to become a unifier of the eastern (religious) and western (humanistic) principles of history.

In 1947, in Cambridge he received the honorary title of Doctor honoris causa, awarded without defending a dissertation on the basis of significant services to world science and culture.

He spoke bitterly about his popularity:

“I constantly hear that I have a “world name”... I am very famous in Europe and America, even in Asia and Australia, translated into many languages, a lot has been written about me. There is only one country in which they hardly know me , - this is my homeland..."

He died in Clamart, near Paris, from a broken heart. Two weeks before his death he completed the book “The Kingdom of the Spirit and the Kingdom of Caesar.” He was buried in Clamart, in the city cemetery of Bois-Tardier.

Director-reformer, playwright, musician, artist

What did you do before 1922?

“Evreinov, one might say, was born with a dream that turned into magic, into an ideological obsession about a theater that transforms life into something much more convex and brighter than life,” the poet Sergei Makovsky said about him.

It didn’t take long for him to achieve this dream. After graduating from the privileged Imperial School of Law in St. Petersburg, he became an official in the Chancellery of the Ministry of Railways with brilliant career prospects. But I decided to devote my life to creativity. In 1908, his three-volume work was published. dramatic works. And a year earlier, Evreinov created and headed a theater that had never existed in Russia - the Ancient Theater.

The task was set to be extraordinary: “We must study everything<...>theatrical eras, when the theater was in its heyday, and practically implement them: then a rich set of stage techniques and skills will be compiled, the effectiveness of which will be tested and which will form the basis of the new art of theater."

Evreinov’s creative quests were surprisingly in tune with the era of the Silver Age. Vasily Kamensky did not consider it an exaggeration to call him “a fiery philosopher-director-musician, a theatrical Columbus spoiled by the crowd.” And another bright representative of his time, professor-linguist and theater expert B.V. Kazansky believed that it was precisely to Evreinov’s theoretical research and creative experiments that “the entire ideology of the new theater goes back.”

In the fall of 1920, Evreinov staged a mass revolutionary action, “The Capture of the Winter Palace,” for the third anniversary of the October Revolution. It became the largest "mass spectacle" of the century. More than eight thousand extras, several hundred soldiers and sailors of the active army took part in it, many of whom took part in the revolutionary events.

FIRST PERSON

When I think about myself, about my life, I imagine a torn cloud and its lonely path. It is far from the earth, from people, and at the same time so close to both the earth and people, because they created it! Indeed, often, when it is orange-sultry, red, it seems that the evaporation of human blood, sweat and tears of people formed this terrible mass! - that, saturated with irritation, fatigue and grief, she must break someone, destroy, do something terrible. At other times, it’s the opposite! - it looks like it’s made of opals, mother-of-pearl, moonstones, frivolous, beautiful, a little funny...

Reasons for fleeing

Evreinov was not interned. He simply refused to maintain creative relations with the ideologists of Soviet art. And he took advantage of the fact that the authorities allowed - for a short time - their enemies to leave the country of their own free will. In his last article, “There Were Four,” written shortly before his death, Evreinov explained his choice:

“Because everything that previously delighted in our new theater and infected the advanced theaters of Europe and America with its ideas became persecuted in the USSR as something alien - in the opinion of the “bosses” - of the Soviet public and distorting revolutionary reality, as well as incomprehensible with its “decadent” currents to the "mass audience".

What did you do abroad?

In Paris he staged opera performances at the famous Russian Private Opera M.N. Kuznetsova, created the Russian Drama Theater, staged performances at the J. Copeau Vieux-Colombier Theater, and organized the Association of Russian Artists. Directed operas and dramatic performances in Prague national theater, participated in the preparation of programs for emigrant theaters of miniatures - “The Bat” and “Wandering Comedians”, taught Sorbonne students to reconstruct performances of medieval theater. Theater ideas Evreinov anticipated the theory and practice of European theater of the 20th century and had a great impact on creativity Nobel laureate Luigi Pirandello and Bertolt Brecht.

Died in New York. He was buried near Paris in the cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois.

Passengers of the Philosophical Steamship: Valentin BULGAKOV (1886-1966)

writer, educator, last secretary of L.N. Tolstoy

What did you do before 1922?

24-year-old Bulgakov spent perhaps the most difficult year of his life next to Leo Tolstoy. The daily notes of the secretary, yesterday's student, reflect in detail and meaningfully the inner world of the great writer, the torment that led to the tragic outcome. Alexander Kuprin responded to the release of the first edition of the diaries: “The book is truly wonderful. It will be read and re-read for many years to come: it impartially and lovingly reflected the last days of our unforgettable Old Man.”

Involvement with Tolstoy changed the purpose of Bulgakov’s own life.

After the death of the writer, he becomes one of the inspirers of the “Society of True Freedom in the Spirit of L. Tolstoy.” This choice became fatal for him.

Reasons for expulsion

The GPU drew attention to the activities of the "Society..." when from the fronts Civil War About three million red fighters, former peasants, deserted. Many of them professed Tolstoyism in its most accessible understanding: you cannot use force and weapons against your brothers. Soviet propaganda quickly created a terrifying image of a Tolstoyan subversive, a class enemy.

Here are just a few excerpts from the reports of a certain E.A. Tuchkov, an employee of the “organs”: “Speaking in August 1920 at the Polytechnic Museum with a report “Leo Tolstoy and Karl Marx,” V.F. Bulgakov said that any socialism that promises heaven on earth is a fantasy devoid of any meaning”; “At a meeting of Tolstoyans on December 25, 1920, speaking about the dispute with Lunacharsky, he said that now the people’s attraction to the teachings of Leo Tolstoy is becoming more and more obvious, and therefore one can think that the current violent government will be overthrown, since the people are beginning to wake up and see, what road did he take"; "On August 19 of this year at a meeting of Tolstoyans ( Gazetny Lane, 12) V.F. spoke Bulgakov on the topic: “Down with war and the shedding of brotherly blood”...

FIRST PERSON

There are times when it is a sin to remain silent, when all the injustice, all the horror, all the madness of the life of the world reaches extreme, incomprehensible proportions, destroying any possibility of silent observation and patience, when suffocation comes to the throat from a terrible nightmare and - you want to scream out loud! Then there is no need to remain silent. And a sincere person will always say that silence at such a moment is a betrayal of the duty of a person and a Christian. You have to shout: the person feels that otherwise he will lose self-respect. You have to shout without even thinking about the consequences of this shout: first - duty, and then everything else...

What did you do abroad?

He opened the Russian Cultural and Historical Museum in Zbraslav, a suburb of Prague. This event shook up the entire Russian emigration. Bulgakov was sent the most valuable materials from France and Germany, Yugoslavia and China, the USA and other countries where fate had thrown exiles from Russia.

The result of his trips to France, Italy, and the Baltic states was the addition of priceless works to the museum’s collection by Benois, Goncharova, Korovin, Grigoriev, Vinogradov and other Russian artists, sculptors, and architects.

In 1937, Bulgakov received the Society's Continental Prize New story in the USA" for his thoughts "How to achieve general disarmament." In 1938, at the suggestion of N.K. Roerich, he was elected an honorary member of the Flamma League for the Promotion of Culture (Indiana, USA).

After the invasion of fascist troops into the territory of the USSR, the German occupation authorities arrested Bulgakov and placed him first in the Prague prison Pankratz, and then in an internment camp in Bavaria. But even here he worked hard on the manuscript, the next book will be called “Friends of Tolstoy.”

In 1948, as stated in notebook Bulgakov, he sent “home” to the Soviet Union, “25 boxes with books, manuscripts, Russian antiquities and more than 150 works by Russian artists: paintings by Repin, 15 paintings by Roerich, works by Bilibin, Dobuzhinsky.”

In the fall of 1948, he returned with his family to his homeland, where until the end of his life he worked as the chief curator of the museum-estate in Yasnaya Polyana. There her master's last secretary died at the age of eighty.

Philosopher, writer and publicist, enemy of Marxism and Bolshevism

What did you do before 1922?

He graduated from high school with a gold medal, which gave him the opportunity to enter any university in Russia. He chose the Faculty of Law at Moscow University, received an excellent knowledge of law, which he studied under the guidance of the outstanding legal philosopher P.I. Novgorodtseva.

In 1918, he defended his dissertation on the topic “Hegel’s philosophy as a doctrine of the concreteness of God and man” and at the same time became a professor of jurisprudence.

“Do they leave a sick mother’s bedside? And even with a feeling of guilt for her illness? Yes, they leave - perhaps only to get a doctor and medicine. But when leaving for medicine and a doctor, they leave someone at her bedside. And so - at this bedside "We stayed. We believed that everyone who does not go to the whites and who does not face direct execution should remain in place."

FIRST PERSON

The coming Russia will need new, objective nutrition for the Russian spiritual nature, not just in “education” (now denoted in the Soviet Union by the vulgar and hateful word “study”), for education, in itself, is a matter of memory, ingenuity and practical skills in isolation from spirit, conscience, faith and character. Education without upbringing does not shape a person, but unbridles and spoils him, for it puts at his disposal vital opportunities, technical skills, which he - unspiritual, unscrupulous, faithless and characterless - begins to abuse. It must be established and recognized once and for all that an illiterate but conscientious commoner is a better person and a better citizen than an unscrupulous literate person; and that formal “education” outside of faith, honor and conscience creates not a national culture, but the depravity of a vulgar civilization.

Reasons for expulsion

In the list of intellectuals expelled from Russia, approved by the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) dated August 10, 1922, it appears under No. 16: “In the spring of 1920, he was arrested in the case of the Tactical Center in connection with meetings of members of the National ] center. I am definitely anti-Soviet. In the spring of this year, I attended illegal meetings at the apartment of Professor Avinov, where abstracts and reports of a counter-revolutionary nature were read. Arrest, deport abroad. The head of the professional department for deportation."

Ilyin was arrested six times and tried twice (November 30, 1918 at the Presidium of the Board of the Department for Combating Counter-Revolution and December 28, 1918 at the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal). During his last arrest on September 4, 1922, he was accused of having “not only failed to reconcile with the Workers’ and Peasants’ power existing in Russia from the moment of the October Revolution until now, but not for a single moment had he stopped his anti-Soviet activities.”

What did you do abroad?

Became one of the organizers, professor and dean of the Russian Scientific Institute. Elected corresponding member of the Slavic Institute at the University of London. He organized the magazine "Russian Bell" in continuation of the traditions of the "Bell" published by Herzen, gave lectures on Russian culture, and became the main ideologist of the White movement.

In a political sense, he took right-wing positions, not always of a moderate nature. He openly sympathized with fascism. "What did Hitler do? He stopped the process of Bolshevisation in Germany and thereby rendered the greatest service to all of Europe."

Until the end of his days he did not give up hope for the collapse of communist ideology in Russia, he dreamed of restoration nation state. This explains the abundance of his works on the future state structure of Russia. “Everything that I have already written and am still writing, and will write again, is all dedicated to the revival of Russia, its renewal and its flourishing,” he admitted in 1950. The appointment of the future government was linked to its ability to protect Russian interests. “We don’t know,” Ilyin wrote, “how state power will develop in Russia after the Bolsheviks. But we know that if it is anti-national and anti-state, subservient to foreigners, dismembering the country and patriotically unprincipled, then the revolution will not stop, but will enter into phase of new destruction."

The creative heritage includes more than four dozen books and brochures, several hundred articles and great amount letters.

Died in Switzerland. In October 2005, the ashes of I.A. Ilyin and his wife were reburied in the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow, next to the grave of A.I. Denikin.

Passengers of the Philosophical Steamship: Mikhail NOVIKOV (1876-1965)

Outstanding zoologist, public and statesman, Rector of Moscow University

What did you do before 1922?

He completed a course at the Faculty of Science at the University of Heidelberg in Germany, where he specialized under A. Kossel (future Nobel Prize laureate). Upon completion of the course, he received the degree of Doctor of Natural Philosophy with the grade summa cum laude ("with highest honor"). The topic of the dissertation, which Novikov defended already at Moscow University, immediately glorified his name. He discovered in some animals... the third “parietal” eye.

The famous scientist also succeeded in public life. For ten years he was elected as a member of the Moscow City Duma. He perceived the February Revolution as a process of liberation of life and science. In July 1917, he was nominated as a candidate for deputy of the Constituent Assembly from the Congress of the Cadet Party. He was involved in issues of public education; on Novikov’s initiative, new universities were opened - Kiev and Kharkov Commercial Institutes, Tiflis University.

In 1918 he became dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, and in March next year elected rector of Moscow University.

Reasons for expulsion

Already in his declining years, Novikov will write in his memoirs “From Moscow to New York: My Life in Science and Politics”:

“I did not voluntarily go into exile, but waited until the Soviet government itself forced me to leave my homeland. But this was accompanied by two more important points. Firstly, I did not feel the right to leave the Motherland when it was in a cruelly painful condition and when it seemed to me that I, at least to a small extent, could alleviate her suffering. And secondly, we, members of the opposition to the previous government regime, saw that the new government had adopted the methods of arbitrariness with which we were familiar before, but which she elevated to a much higher level.”

"Heard: Case No. 15600 of Mikhail Mikhailovich Novikov, accused of anti-Soviet activities. Arrested on August 16 of this year. Held in the internal prison of the GPU. Resolved. Based on clause 2 of lit. E of the regulations on the GPU of 6/11 of this year, expel from within the RSFSR abroad."

“My life in my homeland, dedicated to science and Russia, is over,” he wrote about these days. “It began new life in a foreign land, which was often darkened by all sorts of refugee sorrows and difficulties. But I tried to fill it and revive it with scientific work and service to the Russian people."

What did you do abroad?

In Berlin, he took an active part in the organization of the Russian Scientific Institute, which united talented emigrant scientists. Once in Prague, he headed the Russian People's University for 16 years. He continued to feel like a part of the great Russian culture, and considered his scientific achievements as a success “for the sake of the Russian name.” This is the expression of D.I. He repeated Mendeleev often.

In August 1949, he and his family moved to the USA, where he headed the Russian academic group, participated in the activities of the Pirogov Society, gave public lectures. At the end of 1954, Professor Novikov headed the Organizing Committee for the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Moscow University in New York. At the same time, the University of Heidelberg awarded him a “golden doctoral diploma.”

In 1957, Novikov was elected a full member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He is the author of 120 books and articles of a natural science and journalistic nature, published in many European languages. Including books of the most valuable memoirs “From Moscow to New York: My Life in Science and Politics.”

He died at the age of 89 in Nyack, near New York. Buried in the cemetery of the Orthodox Novodiveevsky Monastery

FIRST PERSON

Teachers, students and university employees were constantly under the sword of Damocles of search and arrest. And it must be said that this sword often fell on members of our academic family, and especially often, of course, on professors. The efforts to free them were the usual reason for my visits to the People's Commissariat for Education. I remember that on one of these visits I reproached M.N. Pokrovsky (Lunacharsky’s deputy at the Ministry of Public Education. - Author) of injustice and excessive cruelty towards loyal citizens. To this he answered me: “You, as a biologist, should know how much blood and dirt happens at the birth of a person. And we give birth to a whole world.”

Scientist, educator, classic of sociology

What did you do before 1922?

Graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. During his studies he published about 50 works and was retained by the faculty to prepare for a professorship.

In 1917, he edited the Socialist Revolutionary newspaper "The Will of the People", was elected as a delegate to the First All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies, and worked as secretary to the Chairman of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky.

He perceived the Bolshevik coup as a counter-revolution, believing that the “Praetorians” had come to power. On January 2, 1918, he was first arrested by the Bolshevik government. Announces a departure from politics and a return to “the real work of his life” - the cultural education of the people. Nevertheless, he gets involved in the so-called “Arkhangelsk adventure” (an attempt to convene a new Constituent Assembly to overthrow the power of the Bolsheviks in the Northern Territory). Once in the dungeons of the Veliky Ustyug Cheka, he was sentenced to death. What saved him from death were the energetic efforts of his friends and Lenin’s article “Valuable Confessions of Pitirim Sorokin,” where the leader appreciated with satisfaction the fact of Sorokin’s “renunciation” of political activity.

In 1919, he became one of the organizers of the Department of Sociology at St. Petersburg University, professor of sociology at the Agricultural Academy and the Institute of National Economy. In 1920, together with academician I.P. Pavlov organizes the Society for Objective Research of Human Behavior. Since 1921 he has worked at the Brain Institute, the Historical and Sociological Institutes.

FIRST PERSON

Whatever happens in the future, I know for sure that I have learned three lessons... Life, even if it is difficult, is the most beautiful, wonderful and delightful treasure in the world. To follow duty is so wonderful that life becomes happy, and the soul acquires unshakable strength to uphold ideals - this is my second lesson. And the third is that violence, hatred and injustice will never be able to create a mental, moral or even material kingdom on Earth.

Reasons for expulsion

Wrote a devastating review of the book by N.I. Bukharin "The Theory of Historical Materialism".

In the first list of enemies of the Soviet regime subject to deportation (compiled on July 22, 1922 by the Deputy Chairman of the Cheka-GPU Joseph Unshlikht for Lenin), he received the following characteristics:

"The figure is undoubtedly anti-Soviet. Teaches students to orient their lives towards St. Sergius. The last book was hostile and contained a number of insinuations against the Soviet regime."

What did you do abroad?

In the summer of 1924 he began lecturing at the University of Minnesota. In 1931 he founded the sociology department at Harvard University and headed it until 1942. Among his students were future President John F. Kennedy, Secretary of State Dean Rueck, and presidential consultants W. Rostow and A. Schlesinger. In the West he is recognized as a classic of sociology of the 20th century, on a par with O. Comte, G. Spencer, M. Weber.

In 1941, he published the book “The Crisis of Our Society,” which immediately became a bestseller (and seven decades later has not lost its relevance). He completed work on the fundamental four-volume work “Social and Cultural Dynamics” (1937-1941), which is now ranked on a par with K. Marx’s “Capital”. American students and colleagues in recognition scientific achievements mentors conducted in 1963 a campaign unprecedented in the history of science to elect Sorokin as president of the American Sociological Association.

Among “reading America,” especially among the students of the 60s, Sorokin’s ideas were extremely popular.

The correspondence published after his death (among the scientist's correspondents were Einstein and Schweitzer, Hoover and J. Kennedy) indisputably testifies: Pitirim Sorokin was the center of the intellectual and socio-political life of the West in the middle of the last century. Russian emigrants turned to him for help, famous American politicians accepted his advice, researchers who made a huge contribution to the development of world science became his students.

He died at the age of 79, after a serious illness.

Fyodor STEPUN (1884-1965)

Religious philosopher, cultural historian, writer

What did you do before 1922?

After graduating from a private real school in Moscow, he studied philosophy at the University of Heidelberg and defended his doctoral dissertation. He fought with the rank of ensign on the fronts of the First World War. Awarded with orders Anna and Stanislav, was presented to the St. George's Arms. He wrote a book about this, “Notes of an Ensign-Artilleryman,” published in 1918.

He greeted the February Revolution with enthusiasm and considered it a “national mystery tragedy” that raised Russian life “to unknown heights.” The political orientation was close to the Social Revolutionaries. From this party he was elected as an army representative to the All-Russian Council of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, and was later appointed head of the political department in the War Ministry of the Kerensky government.

After October he was drafted into the Red Army and was wounded.

He was the literary and artistic director of the Demonstration Theater of the Revolution in Moscow. He did not accept the concept of class (proletarian) culture and was removed from office. Collaborated with the created N.A. Berdyaev "Free Academy of Spiritual Culture", published the literary collection "Rose Hip", published in the magazines "The Art of Theater", "Theater Review", taught at theater schools.

During the hungry years of war communism, he went to the village and was engaged in subsistence farming. He created a theater in which peasants from surrounding villages became actors.

FIRST PERSON

One of the last Russian emigrants was asked about his political program, he replied that, in the end, it boils down to one point, the demand for the “right to silence.” In addition to its external meaning, a Soviet person “is silent - that means he is a contrarian, a saboteur, a Trotskyist,” this demand also conceals another, deeper thought. An attack on the freedom of silence means, therefore, an ax to the very roots of the human self. It is unlikely that the state order will be stable in which, during the period acute crises, citizens would be allowed freedom of speech up to the point of preaching the revolutionary overthrow of power; but the prohibition of silence is a completely special phenomenon, and to some extent a new order in the history of mankind. It shows with equal force both the metaphysical character of Bolshevism and the fanaticism of its metaphysics, which fundamentally denies personality and freedom.

Reasons for expulsion

Stepun was sent Oswald Spengler's book "The Decline of Europe", which had just been published in Germany. The book impressed Fyodor Avgustovich strong impression, on his initiative, a completely educational collection “Oswald Spengler and the Decline of Europe” is being published with the title article by Stepun himself. However, Lenin saw in the collection “a literary cover for the White Guard organization.”

At the same time, Zinaida Gippius introduced the gloomy saying “Step on your tongue!”

In the list of intellectuals expelled from Russia, Stepun was characterized as follows: “A philosopher, mystically and Socialist-Revolutionary-minded. In the days of the Kerensky regime he was our ardent, active enemy, working in the newspaper of right-wing socialist-revolutionaries “The Will of the People.” Kerensky distinguished this and made him his political secretary. Now he lives near Moscow in a labor intellectual commune. Abroad he would feel very good and among our emigration he could turn out to be very harmful... The characterization was given by the literary commission. Comrade Sereda for expulsion. Comrade Bogdanov and Semashko is against."

“The day of our departure,” he wrote about last day in his homeland - he was windy, damp and brainy. The train left in the evening. Two dim kerosene lanterns burned sadly on the wet platform. Friends and acquaintances were already standing in front of the still unlit second-class carriage..."

What did you do abroad?

In 1926 he received a position as professor of sociology at the Dresden Technical University. He gave public lectures in cities in Germany, Switzerland and France. He headed the "Society named after V. Solovyov" in Dresden, which became one of the centers of the spiritual life of Russian exiles in Europe.

In 1937, the Nazis deprived Stepun of the right to teach - “for Jewish philosophy and Russophilism.” He sees the finger of God in this and writes to his friends:

“We live a good and internally focused life. Father John Shakhovskoy, who came to us, persistently suggested to me that it was God who sent me times of silence and silence in order to burden me with the duty to express what I need to express, and not to be scattered in all directions in lectures and articles... I started a big and very difficult work of a literary order and am very happy that I am now living in my past and more in art than in science." This is how Fyodor Stepun’s two-volume book of memoirs, “The Past and the Unfulfilled,” appeared, which became an outstanding monument of Russian culture of the 20th century.

In 1947, he headed the department of history of Russian culture, created especially for him, at the University of Munich, where he taught a unique subject - the history of Russian thought. Stepun's lectures were held in crowded classrooms. His popularity was so high that sometimes after lectures students carried Fyodor Avgustovich home in their arms.

Was awarded the highest distinction of Germany for his contribution to the development of Russian and European culture. It was called "the bridge between Russia and Germany."

He was friends with Ivan Bunin, who believed that the best articles about his work were written by Stepun.

The eightieth anniversary of Fyodor Stepun was celebrated in Germany on a fantastic scale. A year later he died, he died easily.

Astrophysicist, dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, discoverer of star clouds

What did you do before 1922?

In 1886, Vsevolod Stratonov graduated from the Odessa gymnasium with a gold medal. I studied at the Faculty of Law of Novorossiysk University for a year and became disillusioned with the “much talk on issues that seemed already clear.” Transferred to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

Apparently, it was no coincidence that his surname contained the root “strato”, clearly pointing to the sky...

The student’s mentor was the head of the astronomy department, Professor Alexander Kononovich, one of the first astrophysicists in Russia. And Vladimir interned at the Pulkovo Observatory under the guidance of the leading astronomer, Academician F. Bredikhin. As a result, in 1894 Stratonov was appointed to the post of astrophysicist at the Tashkent Observatory, where he worked for ten years. Here all his most important observations were made, the processing of which would take the rest of his life.

Using specially ordered foreign photographic equipment, he took 400 photographs of the starry sky, the Milky Way, star clusters and nebulae, variable stars, the small planet Eros during its approach to the Earth, the solar surface. He studied the nature of the rotation of the Sun, the connection of open star clusters with the nebulae surrounding them, and discovered star clouds in our Galaxy. His colossal tirelessness is evidenced by the fact that he determined the positions of almost a million celestial bodies for the star atlas!

In 1897, Stratonov published a “memoir” on the rotation of the Sun, in which he concluded: there is no single law of rotation of the Sun, and each latitude zone has its own rotation speed. "Memoir" was awarded a prize from Emperor Nicholas II. In 1914, Vsevolod Viktorovich received a prize from the Russian Astronomical Society for his best book “The Sun”. His textbook "Cosmography" is published in three editions; Stratonov publishes "Abridged Course of Cosmography" especially for children's gymnasiums and theological seminaries.

In 1921, V. Stratonov was a member of the Organizing Committee and the Astrophysical Meeting under it for the construction of the Main Russian Astrophysical Observatory. Later it will be transformed into the Russian Astrophysical Institute (RAFI) and Stratonov will become its first director.

He is also a professor at Moscow University and a favorite of students.

FIRST PERSON

Having rested our souls on the ship, after the trials we had experienced, we thanked the kind captain for his attitude towards the exiles with an address that said:

“Having suffered an everyday disaster on the mainland, in Moscow, we finally found a quiet pier among the waves of the Baltic Sea, on your ship. We personally found a quiet pier, although we weren’t looking for it. And returning to our homeland is closed to us, under the threat of execution.” .

Reasons for expulsion

In February 1921, the situation at the university became sharply complicated. The new charter of universities, adopted by the People's Commissariat for Education, low salaries for professors, and the lack of equipment in laboratories caused a wave of professorial strikes in Moscow universities. The organizer of the strike at Moscow State University was Stratonov. He himself recalled this in his autobiographical notes:

“Declare a strike! This is a terribly unusual situation. To stop voluntarily the most dear work of his life for a professor... But the motives are too compelling! The mathematicians believed that only such a demonstration could draw attention to the plight in which the communist government had placed scientists. The faculty's judgments were made in a very serious mood, recognizing the full gravity and responsibility of the step being taken... Finally, I put it to a vote:

Should we go on strike or not?

The strike was adopted almost unanimously..."

In October 1922, Stratonov was included among those who were subject to expulsion from the Soviet Union "for their counter-revolutionary views." The astronomer was not forgiven for voting for the earthly rights of scientists:

"One of the leaders and leaders of the February (1922) strike at the university. When admitting students, he opposed the bourgeoisie and the White Guards. A definite anti-Semite. At one time he worked as a consultant in the academic center and was considered one of his own, in fact he is a malicious opponent of the Soviet regime. As a scientific value of value does not constitute itself. Carry out a search, arrest and deport abroad. The commission with the participation of Comrades Bogdanov, Sereda, Khinchuk and Likhachev spoke in favor of deportation. The head of the professional department is in favor of deportation."

What did you do abroad?

He gave lectures on astronomy in the cities of Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, collaborated with the Prague Russian national university. For some time he worked as a consultant in the directorate of a large Czech bank. He was processing the results of his Tashkent observations.

At the age of 69 he shot himself.

He was buried in Prague, at the Olsany cemetery.

Process engineer, designer of steam turbines, professor at Moscow Higher Technical University

What did you do before 1922?

Little information has survived. It is known that before the First World War, Yasinsky taught at the Imperial Moscow Technical School, the current Moscow Higher Technical School. Bauman. During the war, he was interned by the Germans and forcibly held in Germany as a “civilian prisoner” - designers of steam turbines at that time were valued as the current developers of rocket engines. After returning to Russia, he continued to work at IMTU, which achieved international fame under Yasinsky.

This fact is evidenced by this fact. President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology J. Runkl, having received a method specially made at the request of the Americans for training engineers using the Russian method, wrote in delight to the rector of IMTU V.K. Della-Vossu:

“Russia has been recognized as a complete success in solving such an important task of technical education... In America after this, no other system will be used.”

After the Bolsheviks came to power, Yasinsky was appointed chairman of the board of the House of Scientists in Moscow, and a member of the Editorial Council of the journal "Bulletin of Engineers". In 1921, at the invitation of A.M. Gorky took part in the work of the All-Russian Committee for Famine Relief.

Reasons for expulsion

In 1922, the Glavprofobr appointed his appointee as rector of the former Imperial School. The school went on strike. The scandal has reached senior managers states. On February 21, 1922, Lenin in a note to L.B. Kamenev and I.V. Stalin demands "...it is imperative to dismiss 20-40 professors. They are fooling us. Think it over, prepare and hit hard."

In the “List of Active Anti-Soviet Intelligentsia of Moscow” dated July 31, 1922, Yasinsky is listed as No. 4. The Cheka investigator speaks bluntly:

“A survey of citizen Yasinsky and a review of the material on his case led me to the following: Prof. Yasinsky undoubtedly belongs to the number of citizens who are completely alien to Soviet power, Soviet construction, who cannot sympathize with it even in the slightest and “neutrality” and the apoliticality of which is subject to the greatest doubts."

In the “Unshlikht list”, which was placed on Lenin’s desk, Yasinsky is listed among the professors already under No. 3: “3. Vsevolod Ivanovich Yasinsky. Lives at Bolshoi Kharitonyevsky lane, 1/12, apt. 28, entrance to the apartment from Myshkovsky per. Leader of the right side of the professoriate. Always speaks out with anti-Soviet agitation, both at meetings of the teaching board and in conversations with students. Former member of the All-Russian Committee for Famine Relief. Leader of the strike of professors. Thanks to leadership in KUBU (distribution of food and other benefits to the teaching staff. - Author) holds in his hands economic power over the non-party part of the professoriate and uses this influence to settle scores with those who sympathize with the Soviet government. In scientific terms, it is nothing serious. Produce search, arrest and deportation abroad. The commission with the participation of Comrades Bogdanov, Sereda, Khinchuk and Likhachev spoke in favor of deportation. The head of the professional department was in favor of deportation."

FIRST PERSON

Those elements that we are expelling or will expel are in themselves politically insignificant. But they are potential tools in the hands of our possible enemies. In the event of new military complications, all these irreconcilable and incorrigible elements will turn out to be the military-political agents of the enemy. And we will be forced to shoot them according to the laws of war. That is why we preferred now, in a calm period, to send them out in advance.

Leon Trotsky

What did you do abroad?

In Berlin, he was elected chairman, “headman” of the united bureau of the intelligentsia expelled from Russia. He became the first rector of the Russian Scientific Institute, which opened in Berlin on February 17, 1923. The department of spiritual culture of the institute provided for the study of Russian history (V.A. Myakotin, A.A. Kizevetter); lectures were given and seminars on Russian literature (Yu.I. Aikhenvald); history of Russian philosophical thought (N.A. Berdyaev).

He died in Berlin and was buried in the Tegel Orthodox Cemetery.

Student

What did you do before 1922?

It is only known that Ruben was from the nobility of the Tiflis province and studied at the “preparatory faculty for scientific activity in the study of anthropology and material cultures." He did not graduate from the Moscow Archaeological Institute, where he studied.

Reasons for expulsion

How could a 22-year-old student be disliked by the Soviet authorities?

On August 10, 1922, on the initiative of Joseph Unschlicht, one of the leaders of the GPU, at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the question of deporting abroad along with the “counter-revolutionary intelligentsia” and “counter-revolutionary elements of the student body” was raised. Unschlicht himself also acted as a speaker on the issue “On hostile groups among students”:

“Both students and anti-Soviet professors in higher educational institutions are conducting counter-revolutionary work mainly in two directions: a) the struggle for “autonomy” high school and b) for improvement financial situation professors and students..."

The speaker's proposal was unanimously approved. By a resolution of the meeting of the GPU Collegium on September 6, 1922, Ruben Leonovich Kherumyan was sent abroad among 33 other students from educational institutions in Russia.

About total number student youth who find themselves outside the country can be judged by this figure: in Prague alone in the 1920s - early 30s, about 7,000 Russian students studied. This was the future of Russia, which she deprived herself of.

What could I do in Russia?

We are unlikely to ever know how the fate of the unknown student Ruben Kherumyan and his peers turned out in a foreign land. We can only imagine how they could have remained and strengthened their homeland. They thought about her when they loaded onto ships, left by train, disappeared alone, and did not return from business trips abroad.

One of their mentors, MVTU professor Vasily Ignatievich Grinevetsky, did not leave and died of typhus in 1919. But he managed to leave his testament to future generations of students:

“Conclusions regarding the economic future are, however, not in such a gloomy light as might be inferred from current state Russia. The natural resources of Russia, its space, the labor of its population, the rapid correction by cultural and spiritual creativity of the defects of ignorance and disorganization of the masses represent such real opportunities that can quickly restore our productive forces, raise our economy, and with it gradually the lost political power. This requires a solid economic policy that operates on real opportunities, and not social aspirations; for this, from ideological heights, you need to descend into the thick of life and take it as it really is, and not as the imagination wants it to be. This requires action, not slogans, even of very high content.

If the Russian intelligentsia is able to get down to business, is able to understand and appreciate reality, without weakening or distracting itself with dreams, then in this way it will at least partially atone for its sin before the Motherland.”