Variable stars - a view from Earth and from space. Variable stars - a view from Earth and from space Participation in intellectual games

Humanity has existed for more than two million years, and although every year to one degree or another we (largely thanks to the unbridled media) are a little feverish about one or another end of the world, and in the history of the human race there is indeed a lot of evidence of sometimes tangible changes in living conditions on the planet - either an ice age, or earthquakes... or meteorites are annoying, nevertheless, we must admit that there were no troubles from the Sun - as it shone evenly and calmly, carefully warming us and everyone who lived on Earth before us, and it continues to shine for millions and even billions of years. The Sun is practically the standard of a stable constant star. And probably its calm and stability is the guarantee of our comfortable existence in this stormy Ocean of the Universe. But what about the character of other stars - the nearest or distant neighbors of the Sun in our Galaxy, or in other galaxies?

I would like to introduce you to a person who studies stars that are completely different from our Sun - those that change their stellar character unpredictably or whose character exhibits a stable cyclicity. In astronomy, such stars are called variables. And the first variable stars were known even to ancient scientists. For example, the winking eye of the Gorgon Medusa in the constellation Perseus is the star Algol, which fades for several hours every three days. Or Mira (“Wonderful”) from the constellation Cetus, flaring up once a year to a brightness that makes it the brightest in the constellation, but then for many months fading away so much that it is no longer visible to the eye. It happened to people to see completely amazing phenomena in the life of stars, when suddenly in one or another constellation an “extra” star flashed and became so bright that it was seen even during the day (this means that in brightness the sudden guest of the earthly skies turned out to be brighter than Venus, otherwise and competed with the Moon!) and this lasted for weeks, and then within several months the star faded and no one saw it again. Evidence of such phenomena has been preserved in the chronicles of many peoples and ancient states. Sometimes they became reference points in ancient chronology and calendars. And of course, such phenomena are of great interest to scientists of various sciences, from astronomy and history, to sociology and linguistics.

It turns out that variable stars are a convenient and rewarding object for amateur observations. It is they who clearly show that in the world of the “Fixed Stars” (in ancient and medieval times it was officially believed that the stellar world was unshakable and no changes were possible there, and therefore all kinds of evidence of the impermanence of stars seemed incredible and frightening) life is in full swing. And this is visible from Earth. Even the eye can see it. If you look at some stars from night to night and compare their brightness (astronomers also say - brightness) with the brightness of neighboring stars, over the course of several nights, it becomes clearly noticeable that the star is becoming brighter, its light is gaining strength. sometimes even a noticeable change in its color. Then the decline in stellar brightness becomes just as obvious. And if you enter your observations in a table (keep a diary of observations), you can identify the periodicity of changes in the brightness of some stars, construct a characteristic curve - a graph of changes in brightness over time, and on the basis of this classify such a variable star to one class or another - as it turns out, variable stars can “sort” by type and they are not all completely different, but are easily combined into groups that are similar to each other according to certain distinctive features of variable stars. Some of these groups are extremely important for astronomers, and for all other people too, since they allow us to learn and understand a lot about the structure of our World - something that without variable stars would be much more difficult to understand, and perhaps not possible at all.

During my school years, while still studying at the Moscow Planetarium, I considered myself a changer... Astronomy lovers tend to somehow indicate their predilections for certain observations of certain groups of objects. someone specializes in observing meteors and is called a “meteor man” among those involved in celestial science. And besides meteorologists, there are cometists, planetaries... but of course, all amateurs in one sense or another are interested in astronomy in general, and when they make collective observations, they look at everything with the same interest. And such observations happened to us regularly. Periodically we gathered on the territory of the State Astronomical Institute named after. Sternberg (although no one invited us guys there) and hung out there all night from the evening until the metro was turned on. At 6 am we left, and in the morning we went to school (although someone probably managed to find a good reason to sleep through all classes - this happened). But imagine: it’s winter, 10 degrees below zero (and there is no clear sky during the thaw), and we are running along paths trodden in snowdrifts around our tripods with binoculars and pipes, so as not to freeze to death... And the stars are shining around us, we observe them in fits and starts... and there are also towers with telescopes around - the towers are closed, no one is watching in them, although it seemed to us then that since there was a tower with a telescope, astronomers were simply obliged to use it every clear night, regardless of the light-filled street lights, the capital of the USSR (but it should be noted that in the mid-80s on the Lenin Hills (now Vorobyovy) it was quite dark to see the faintest stars on our amateur maps with the eye.

Yes. Most often, observation towers on the territory of the traffic police appeared to us in a tightly closed state and thereby evoked universal sadness in our young souls. And we swore then that if we grew to the position of a professional astronomer, who is allowed into such towers, we would not let them stand idle, and we would observe until the deepest freezing. And, as you guessed, we were seriously preparing for this.

And then one day a miracle shocked us. During the next frosty observations, we heard the dome of the institute’s largest tower jerk with a creak and begin to rotate (and probably with the largest telescope, as we could only guess then!). The doors of the tower were open - observations were made from it, and they had been carried out for a long time - since the evening, but we noticed this only around midnight, because during observations the lights in the towers are not turned on, which means the tower is all dark and if the doors are turned in the opposite direction, You can go all night without noticing that someone is on night watch nearby.

We lost our conscience and, having collected our observational belongings, went to knock on the door - what if they let us in, and then we will become accomplices of a real “adult” astronomical observation... otherwise everything is childish, and childish - through binoculars, and pipe... but they themselves did not hope for the success of the adventure and were even afraid that now the police would be called and sent home - this was not a child’s time. At first no one opened the door for us, but we decided to be as impudent as we could and knocked again. Then, behind the thick door, in the silence of the night, steps were heard approaching and descending the stairs. The door opened and some guy asked us in surprise: “Who are you and what do you want?”

We... astronomy lovers... from the Moscow Planetarium... saw that the tower was open, and wanted to ask if you would allow us to see how real astronomers observe.

The astronomer pondered for some time - what to do with us? - it’s past midnight, the metro has already closed, it’s freezing outside. There was nothing to do with us - we had to save. And he looked so kind and kind, and even in the darkness of the night on the territory of the institute overgrown with apple trees and bushes, sparks of passion and indifference to those who were equally enthusiastic were visible in his eyes.

Come in - he said after a few seconds - get up, but I’m working, I have a lot of objects today. You sit quietly, I’ll show you something later.

Of course, we were happy to sit quietly in a real observatory, even without the promise of looking at anything for a snack. The very fact of being involved in the process warmed me better than boots filled with snow.

We walked up several steep staircases and found ourselves in a spacious hall with a round domed ceiling. In the center, the largest of the Moscow telescopes towered like a giant - the diameter of the tube was one meter, the length was 7 meters, the weight of such a gigantic device could not be estimated. But this telescope was a photographic one - you can’t look into it with your eyes. A photographic plate is inserted into the focus and the 70-centimeter mirror of this “universal eye”, quietly buzzing with a clock mechanism, collects starlight onto a photographic emulsion - the exposure lasts from 15 minutes to half an hour and all this time the astronomer clings to the eyepiece of the guide - a special smaller telescope mounted parallel to the main tube - controls the accuracy of the watch's movement following the visible, illusory rotation of the sky. It seems that nothing is happening, but in fact, through this very difficult labor, materials are obtained for certain scientific research and measurements. The light from the stars accumulated on the photographic plate causes the emulsion to blacken in those places where the star images are focused, and then - after development - the brightness of each star can be measured by the degree of blackening with the most accurate photometers, and micrometers will help to accurately determine the stellar coordinates.

By taking such images regularly, astronomers identify tens, hundreds and thousands of new variable stars. I was extremely happy to learn that our night patron - Nikolai Nikolaevich Samus, as he introduced himself - is studying variable stars. Also a changer!!! Nikolai Nikolaevich turned out to be talkative and in the breaks between filming and guiding the instrument behind the stars, when reloading the records, he commented on what he was doing, gladly told some interesting things about the observation method, and almost everything said became an amazing revelation for us, and we held our breath We were waiting for the next recharge of the “astronomical camera”.

After a few photographs, Nikolai Nikolaevich called us over and invited us to climb a tall stepladder to the very top to the place where the cassette with photographic plastic was located, but it had already been removed. The telescope tube was gently inclined towards the horizon and therefore it was really necessary to climb high, and in the darkness of the tower it seemed that there, below, stretched the same cosmic abyss as the one that had opened above us. The astronomer sternly warned that they should hold tight and not fall off the stepladder, after which he began to tell:

Usually one does not look into this telescope with the naked eye and there is not even an eyepiece unit; there is nowhere to insert the eyepiece. You will hold it in your hands. Heavy, don't drop it. Find focus by moving the eyepiece. I pointed the telescope at the M15 star cluster - you know that one? - in this telescope it is very well divided into stars.

If only we didn’t know M15 in the constellation Pegasus! - this is one of the brightest globular clusters, but through our telescopes it barely glowed as a nebulous speck. What I saw, carefully moving an almost kilogram eyepiece through the opening for a 70-centimeter Zeiss photographic plate, to this day cannot be described in words. It was some kind of frozen fireworks - frozen star fireworks. Thousands of stars condensed towards the middle, where literally blinding the eye they merged into an indivisible whole, coldly flickering and making one forget about everything except them and their starlight. They could neither be counted nor sketched on a piece of paper, one could only admire them, and I wanted to admire them endlessly... but my planetary friend Albert Garnelis, who had been stuck in the same tower with me for half the night, was already pushing me in the side:

Well, stop staring, let me have a look too!

Nikolai Nikolaevich told many more interesting things while he was preparing the observatory for closing. It turned out that of all the astronomers working at the Institute, there are not so many observers conducting mandatory observations, and some of them cannot hang out in a cold tower at night for family reasons; others do not need observations and are content with theoretical research based on observations other astronomers, but he personally tries not to miss a single fine night in his schedule. For him, observation is important and mandatory.

Since for me my amateur observations of variable stars were also important and obligatory, I often took my graphs and tables, obtained during sleepless nights, but which did not have much scientific value, to show Nikolai Nikolaevich. And the whole head of the department for the study of variable stars bent over them and showed where I had an error in interpreting the data, and where the error was not taken into account when observing a poorly studied variable star of an unknown type low, low above the horizon on a full moon (the data obtained under such conditions should have been throw it out of the tables and not take it into account!). I came to the traffic police in broad daylight with a camera to re-photograph the rare American star atlas by Will Terrion, which was then in our country in only two copies and one of the bottom was with Nikolai Nikolaevich. I asked him to bring up the archives of observations of some variable stars for the 60s in order to compare them with my results. And the archives were pulled up and compared. Now I remember all this as an incredible miracle, because there was little sense in my observations through binoculars from within the city limits of Moscow. But Nikolai Nikolaevich appreciated my passion because he himself was passionate about the stars and the sky.

While studying at the Physics and Technology Institute, I had no time to travel to Astronomical Institutes, and then there was the army, years of perestroika wanderings and self-searching, and when I began to appear again in the traffic police, so much time had passed that many forgot me there. Nikolai Nikolaevich did not forget. We were no longer able to talk so long about variable stars, but when I attended astronomical conferences, I listened to his reports with pleasure and mentally returned to that dark tower, and in my hand I felt a heavy eyepiece with the sparkling cold starlight of millions of distant Suns. And Nikolai Nikolaevich stayed at the Institute until late at my concerts, which sometimes happened there, and once helped with a letter of recommendation in 2008, when I organized observations of the Perseid meteor shower (as you can see, the topic is far from variable stars, but nevertheless... ), and the leadership of the Zvenigorod Observatory did not dare to host us. After Nikolai Nikolaevich’s petition I had to accept it ;-)))

Lately, we see each other quite often - at the Moscow Planetarium - at regular lectures of the Scientist's Tribune series, where Nikolai Nikolaevich Samus always comes to support his colleagues. And this coming Wednesday - February 27, 2013 - he will give a lecture there on his professional topic: “Variable stars: Yesterday, today, tomorrow” and will tell everything about variable stars that can be told in an hour of lecture time. And I’m sure it won’t seem like much - the world of variable stars is amazing and diverse. And it begins with those stars that actually do not change their brightness, and we receive information about it at different times under different conditions - sometimes someone takes this starlight away from us - it is a dark, invisible satellite of an ordinary quiet star, and astronomers manage to learn about its existence only due to a coincidence of circumstances - when an eclipse occurs in this star system. It seems to us from Earth that this star “winked” at us, in fact, it’s just not the only one there. Of course, most of the variable stars are not of eclipsing nature, but of a physical nature - some processes inside the star lead to the fact that it swells in size several times, its color becomes richer in red hues (the spectrum of the star changes - astronomers say), the star cools down and its internal radiation can no longer keep the outer layers from falling onto the core and soon a catastrophic (by our scale) compaction of words begins, the rarefied outer shells fall onto the hot core and the star again “heats up” and goes into the expansion phase.... I describe the process simplified, but for an initial acquaintance with the amazing metamorphoses of variables, this should be enough, and on Wednesday Nikolai Nikolaevich will tell you in more detail - both about why these stars cannot live in balance, and how the existence of such stars has become an incredible success for earthly astronomers who have studied laws of changes in the brightness of some variable stars and who have learned with their help to measure distances in the Universe, both to the stars of our Galaxy and beyond. And of course, I hope to hear at the upcoming lecture the answer to the question: Is life possible on planets near such stars and whether any planets have already been discovered in orbit around variable stars.

Today there is still an opportunity

SAMUS, Nikolai Markovich, genus. June 28, 1935, p. Singers (Ukrainian Pivtsi) of the Kagarlyk (formerly Rzhishchevsky) district of the Kyiv region, - mind. October 23, 2011, Moscow, - Soviet and Russian guitarist, performer and teacher. Graduated from the Music College named after. Gnessins in the class of seven-string guitar with L. A. Menro (1966). Laureate of the 1st and 2nd competitions of performers on folk instruments named after. V.V. Andreeva in Moscow (1961, 1964). Since 1967 he worked in the orchestra of the choir named after. M.E. Pyatnitsky as a performer on folk instruments: balalaika-double bass, Vladimir horn, guitar. In 1990-2005 taught guitar and balalaika at the studio school at the State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble named after Igor Moiseev. Author of over 800 arrangements, arrangements and original compositions for seven-string and six-string guitar, compiler of 11 collections for guitar. In 2003, he published the reference book “Russian Seven-String Guitar” at the Kompozitor publishing house in Moscow.

Nikolay Samus (left) and Anatoly Shavyrin.
Moscow. Column Hall of the House of Unions of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions. February 20, 1961

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Guitarist Nikolai Markovich Samus

Sergey SEVOSTYANOV

Nikolai Markovich Samus was born on June 28, 1935 in the village of Pevtsy, Rzhishchevsky district, Kyiv region. He began his career in 1951 as a worker at the Kiev meat processing plant. In 1954-57. served in the ranks of the Soviet army, and from 1957 to 1962 worked as a musician in the brass band of the paramilitary guard of the USSR Ministry of Finance.
Nikolai Samus began his musical career in the amateur performance center of the builders' center of the Izmailovsky district of Moscow, where he studied in the seven-string guitar class with teacher Ivan Nazarovich Fefelov, a former artist of the choir orchestra named after. M.E. Pyatnitsky. He began his teaching career in 1963 as the leader of the guitar ensemble of the Central House of Culture for Vocational Education, where he worked until 1966. In 1966-67. taught seven-string guitar at the correspondence People's University of Arts.
The first achievements of Nikolai Markovich as a performer on the seven-string guitar date back to this time. In 1957, he became a diploma winner at the VI World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, and then a laureate of the First (1961) and Second (1964) All-Union Competitions for Performers on Folk Instruments named after. V. V. Andreeva.
In 1966, N. M. Samus graduated from the Music College named after. Gnesins in Moscow in the seven-string guitar class of teacher Lev Aleksandrovich Menro. He studied in the evening department. According to the memoirs of E. N. Noskova, Nikolai Mikhailovich was very sorry that due to his age he did not have the opportunity to study full-time, and, when visiting the school during the day, he always asked full-time students with interest about what works they play and study in now, how their lessons are structured (Elena Nikolaevna Noskova says that L.A. Menro always came to classes with his guitar, a very good instrument, and he obliged his students to be in class with their own instrument; he always studied with each individual individually, very carefully and patiently explained and showed everything. It happened that he invited all the students to his home, and then it turned into a home concert, where L.A. himself played a lot for his students).
In 1967, N. M. Samus became an artist in the orchestra of the State Academic Russian Folk Choir. M.E. Pyatnitsky in Moscow (performer on balalaika-double bass, Vladimir horns and guitar). In addition, he also worked as a shoe designer. In the choir, over the years, he also held the positions of deputy director and acting director; was the chairman of the gardening association of the choir named after. Pyatnitsky "Bylina", chairman of the trade union committee of the collective, member of the party bureau. Graduated from the University of Marxism-Leninism. In 1990-2005 part-time taught playing the guitar and balalaika at the school-studio of the Folk Dance Ensemble named after I. Moiseev. Among Nikolai Markovich's guitar students, the most famous are Yuri Andrianov (Tula) and Rosconcert soloists, authors of the gramophone record ("Melody", 1982) Anatoly Kosenko and Valentin Sychev.
Nikolai Markovich Samus prepared and published at the Composer publishing house in Moscow a voluminous (336 pages) reference book “Russian seven-string guitar” (2003), which presents three main sections: notography, bibliography and discography. In addition, N. M. Samus is the author of more than 800 works for seven-string and six-string guitar (arrangements, arrangements, original compositions), 11 collections for guitar, and a sheet music page in the magazine "Musical Life".
He was awarded the Certificate of Honor of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, diplomas of the union republics of the USSR, as well as the medals “850 Years of Moscow” and “Veteran of Labor”.
N. M. Samus passed away on October 23, 2011. Buried in the cemetery with. Perkhushkovo, Odintsovo district, Moscow region. The musician's name will forever remain in the history of the seven-string guitar, to which he dedicated his entire life.

The article was prepared on the basis of a short autobiography,
written by N. M. Samus on February 8, 2011. The author expresses deep gratitude to the guitarist’s son, Stanislav Nikolaevich Samus,
for providing materials from my father’s archive.

Saturday, January 21, 2017, 16.00, Moscow, Star Hall of the Planetarium of the Cultural Center of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation named after. M. V. Frunze.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Senior Researcher INASAN
"Variable stars - a view from Earth and from space."

The study of variable stars is a fairly traditional area of ​​astronomical science. People have noticed new (and supernovae) stars in the sky since ancient times; variable stars of other types began to be discovered at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. The entry of observational astronomy into space did not initially lead to radical changes: the HIPPARCOS spacecraft discovered about 5,000 new variable stars, while the number of discoveries of variable stars as a result of ground-based robotic programs goes to many tens of thousands. However, in recent decades the situation has changed dramatically. It’s not just that many variable stars are found from space: it is possible to confidently discover stars with record-breaking small amplitudes of brightness changes, identify new types of stellar variability, and discover new properties in variable stars of known types.

The lecture will talk about the causes of stellar variability, the interesting results of traditional studies of variable stars, and the new things that space research has given to the science of variable stars.

Co-chairman of the International Public Organization "Astronomical Society", Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, leading researcher at the Department of Nonstationary Stars and Stellar Spectroscopy of the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the variable stars group at INASAN, editor-in-chief of the General Catalog of Variable Stars. Area of ​​research - variable stars, radial velocities of stars, globular star clusters

Nikolai Nikolaevich Samus- astronomer, laureate of the F. A. Bredikhin Prize

Biography

In 1973 he graduated from graduate school at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University (scientific advisor - the outstanding Russian astronomer Professor of Moscow State University B.V. Kukarkin).

In 1973-1978 - assistant at the Department of Stellar Astronomy and Astrometry at Moscow State University.

In 1978, he moved to his main job at INASAN (formerly the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences). For many years he has led a joint group of researchers of variable stars INASAN and SAI.

Scientific activity

Main scientific interests in the field of studying variable stars and globular star clusters.

The candidate's thesis was devoted to star clusters.

Together with his colleague and friend A.V. Mironov, he showed that there are at least two populations of globular clusters in the Galaxy, which formed with a significant difference in age.

Under his leadership, work was carried out on the interpretation of color-magnitude diagrams of globular star clusters, constructed from photographic and CCD data obtained at different telescopes in Chile. For them, the main physical characteristics of clusters are determined: age, interstellar extinction, distance and chemical composition. These works became the basis for his doctoral dissertation, which was defended at the State Aviation Institute in 1995.

Responsible editor of volumes 4 and 5 of the fourth edition of the General Catalog of Variable Stars. The modern electronic version of the GCVS is one of the most cited astronomical publications.

In the late 1980s, together with colleagues from SAI and INASAN, he began systematically measuring the radial velocities of stars using a spectrograph-radial velocity meter designed by A. A. Tokovinin. With his active participation, many observations were carried out in Moscow, Crimea, Bulgaria, and at the Maidanak Observatory (Uzbekistan). Based on the results of observations, an extensive database was created containing tens of thousands of measurements of the radial velocities of Cepheids, and SAI and INASAN became world leaders in the study of their kinematics and distance scales. Using the radial velocities of red giant stars, together with A. S. Rastorguev, the masses of a number of globular star clusters were determined for the first time.

Social activity

Member of the International Astronomical Union. President of Commission 6 of the International Astronomical Union and co-chairman of the Public Organization International Astronomical Society, at the origins of which he stood together with other astronomers in the 1990s.

Among the activists trying to return astronomy to schools and pedagogical universities in Russia and defend the holding of astronomical Olympiads at all levels. Member of the Scientific Council of the Moscow Planetarium.

He teaches at Moscow State University, gives popular science lectures to astronomy enthusiasts, in the planetarium of the Cultural Center of the RF Armed Forces, and in the lecture hall of the Polytechnic Museum.

Participation in mind games

A great erudite and repeated winner of His game, champion of the Automobile Cup 2009.

Awards

Prize named after F.A. Bredikhin (together with L.N. Berdnikov, A.S. Rastorguev, for 2007) - for the series of works “Comprehensive studies of classical Cepheids”

Nikolai Nikolaevich Samus- astronomer, laureate of the F.A. Bredikhin Prize

Biography

In 1973 he graduated from graduate school at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University (scientific advisor - the outstanding Russian astronomer Professor of Moscow State University B.V. Kukarkin).

In 1973-1978 - assistant at the Department of Stellar Astronomy and Astrometry at Moscow State University.

In 1978, he moved to his main job at INASAN (formerly the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences). For many years he has led a joint group of researchers of variable stars INASAN and SAI.

Scientific activity

Main scientific interests in the field of studying variable stars and globular star clusters.

The candidate's thesis was devoted to star clusters.

Together with his colleague and friend A.V. Mironov, he showed that there are at least two populations of globular clusters in the Galaxy, which formed with a significant difference in age.

Under his leadership, work was carried out on the interpretation of color-magnitude diagrams of globular star clusters, constructed from photographic and CCD data obtained at different telescopes in Chile. For them, the main physical characteristics of clusters are determined: age, interstellar extinction, distance and chemical composition. These works became the basis for his doctoral dissertation, which was defended at the State Aviation Institute in 1995.

Responsible editor of volumes 4 and 5 of the fourth edition of the General Catalog of Variable Stars. The modern electronic version of the GCVS is one of the most cited astronomical publications.

In the late 1980s, together with colleagues from SAI and INASAN, he began systematically measuring the radial velocities of stars using a spectrograph-radial velocity meter designed by A. A. Tokovinin. With his active participation, many observations were carried out in Moscow, Crimea, Bulgaria, and at the Maidanak Observatory (Uzbekistan). Based on the results of observations, an extensive database was created containing tens of thousands of measurements of the radial velocities of Cepheids, and SAI and INASAN became world leaders in the study of their kinematics and distance scales. Using the radial velocities of red giant stars, together with A. S. Rastorguev, the masses of a number of globular star clusters were determined for the first time.

Social activity

Member of the International Astronomical Union. President of Commission 6 of the International Astronomical Union and co-chairman of the Public Organization International Astronomical Society, at the origins of which he stood together with other astronomers in the 1990s.

Among the activists trying to return astronomy to schools and pedagogical universities in Russia and defend the holding of astronomical Olympiads at all levels. Member of the Scientific Council of the Moscow Planetarium.

He teaches at Moscow State University, gives popular science lectures to astronomy enthusiasts, in the planetarium of the Cultural Center of the RF Armed Forces, and in the lecture hall of the Polytechnic Museum.

Participation in mind games

A great erudite and repeated winner of His game, champion of the “Car Cup 2009”.

Awards

Prize named after F.A. Bredikhin (together with L.N. Berdnikov, A.S. Rastorguev, for 2007) - for the series of works “Comprehensive studies of classical Cepheids”

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Notes

Links

• on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• . astronet.ru. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
• . planetarium-moscow.ru. Retrieved April 22, 2016.

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