What happened to Stirlitz? Logical errors "17 moments of spring"

It seems that it is simply sinful to reduce the feeling of happiness, emotional uplift, immense joy, bliss to biochemical processes in our brain. But, nevertheless, scientists claim that this is so. We owe all these feelings to a special substance. This happiness hormone is called endorphin. Let's see what it is, where it is formed, and whether it is true that our mood depends on it.

“Hormones of Joy” were discovered in the mid-70s of the last century. It turned out that their content in brain cells is increased when a person experiences pleasure, happiness, joy. The first substances isolated were called enkephalins. They are produced in the cells of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The chemical structure of the happiness hormone is similar to morphine. It is not surprising that their effects are so similar. Now known whole group such substances. They are united under common name endorphins and have the same type chemical structure. These are hormones of a protein nature, the molecule of which necessarily contains enkephalin.

Endorphins are mediators of the so-called opiate receptors. They have an analgesic effect and cause a state of euphoria, pleasure, and joy. With their help, the body, as it were, rewards itself for achieving the goals that it has set for itself. For example, when you win a competition, when you achieve any success in life, when you eat delicious food, sweets, or when you have sex, endorphin, the hormone of happiness, increases. Thanks to this, the pleasure center located in the brain receives an appropriate signal, and the person experiences pleasure, the degree of which is determined by the level of endorphins.

In addition to endorphins, a person’s mood and vitality are influenced by serotonin and norepinephrine, neurotransmitters that communicate between brain neurons. With their pronounced deficiency, a condition develops called It manifests itself in low mood and negative worldview, sometimes leading a person to suicide.

Serotonin, produced in the pineal gland and in the cells of the digestive tract, causes a feeling of cheerfulness and joyful mood. Its predecessor, tryptophan, enters the body with food. There is a lot of it in chocolate, nuts, bananas, sweets, and milk. Isn’t it so important to know what the happiness hormone is called? What is more important is how you can increase it. In the case of serotonin, this is not difficult to do. I ate a chocolate bar and my mood improved a little!

True, this only happens with healthy person. In some cases, doctors are forced to prescribe antidepressants, mood-enhancing medications, to achieve this effect.

But let's see how else we can raise the hormone of happiness in our blood. Firstly, it depends on ourselves, on our life position. If a person is active, sets goals and achieves them, the production of endorphins increases by itself. Raises their level bright sunlight In cloudy autumn weather, it can be replaced by a trip to the solarium. Foods high in sugars and tryptophan, as well as tasty food They can also improve your mood.

New experiences, music, works of art, singing, laughter, exercise - all this naturally causes an increase in endorphin levels. The question arises: is it possible to increase it artificially? It turns out that it is possible. This is often done with the help of alcohol, drugs, and smoking. Only in this case can it happen that the hormone of happiness will cease to be produced naturally. To be in a good mood, you will have to artificially stimulate its production all the time. What could this lead to - is it worth talking about? Drug addicts, alcohol and nicotine lovers, having lost their usual doping, experience excruciating discomfort.

An active lifestyle, a change in impressions, anticipation of a pleasant event, happiness already increases the level of our endorphins. Nothing can replace what the brain can produce on its own. Always be active and cheerful!

Our memory stores moments of acute, almost physically tangible joy. We talk about it: "butterflies in the stomach." At such moments, the level of “happiness hormones” - endorphin, dopamine and serotonin - increases in the body. What to do when there are few of them?

Learning to manage happiness

It all started when in 1803 the young German pharmacist Serturner discovered the amazing properties of morphine. The feeling of euphoria that appeared in the first minutes of using the drug seemed like a miracle. True, these amazing sensations had an unpleasant by-effect: everyone who once experienced the incredible joy “given” by the powder became forever dependent on it. But this became known later. Now add to the acute feeling of happiness the complete relief of pain (both physical and mental), and the causes of lightning-fast
and the tragic popularity of the discovery will become clear.

But what was the amazement of scientists when, almost 2 centuries later, they discovered that our brain is capable of independently producing substances that are even superior to morphine in terms of potency. These are the “hormones of happiness” - endorphin, dopamine and serotonin. It turns out that feelings of pleasure, carefree and health are a complex chain of biochemical processes in which each hormone from this trinity plays a distinct and unique role.

Matthew McConaughey says he can't live a day without jogging, Jessica Alba confesses her love for chocolate cake, and Nicole Kidman collects coins. At first glance, there is no connection between these people. But the endocrinologist will immediately guess: Hollywood stars have become dependent on “happiness hormones.”
Hormone No. 1 Dopamine

Dopamine, which is produced not only in humans but also in animals, is called the king of hormones. It can both give you a feeling of an easy and joyful life, and push you into the deepest depression, from which you cannot get out without outside help. Any action or thought from which we receive, or rather anticipate, pleasure stimulates an increased release of dopamine into the blood. And then it begins to work somewhat like the mechanism of “drug addiction.” The body, as it were, “asks to repeat” the sensations received and even tells us exactly how to do it. This is how hobbies (especially sports), eating habits appear in our lives, tastes are formed and change.

• • A hobby will make you happier, but how do you choose the right one?**

On physical level the flow of dopamine is manifested by a feeling of lightness. The expression “light at heart” - best illustration action of the hormone, because it is he who is responsible for the regulation of cardio-vascular system. In addition, dopamine reduces unpleasant symptoms and reduces pain. Hence - “lightness in the body.”
What to do?

First of all, consume more foods containing the substance tyrosine (also called “fuel of happiness”). Its deficiency leads to disturbances in the production of dopamine. Tyrosine is found in soy products (such as tofu), fish, meat, dairy products, almonds, avocados, bananas, beans, sesame seeds and pumpkin seeds. You can stimulate its production in the brain using physical activity: Jogging, swimming and cross-country skiing will help.

Another way to increase dopamine levels is through collecting. Every new item, getting into your “meeting” will contribute to the release of an additional portion of the pleasure hormone.

40-50 minutes physical activity enough per day to maintain dopamine levels at optimal levels

Expert opinion Natalya Lvova, PhD, endocrinologist

If you take the ready-made pharmaceutical drug “Dopamine”, you should not expect pleasant sensations and pleasure. Natural dopamine is produced by the brain and enters the blood, but way back No. It practically does not penetrate from the blood into the brain. But there are substances that enhance the production of dopamine or block its breakdown, thus prolonging the feeling of pleasure. However, I would not recommend abusing them. For example, this is how alcohol works: a pleasant feeling of relaxation occurs quickly, but with each new intake, an increasingly larger dose is required to achieve pleasure. And this is a direct path to alcohol addiction.
Hormone No. 2 Serotonin

Serotonin has many romantic names, for example, “the hormone of happiness” or “the hormone of light.” The production of serotonin requires sunlight, the lack of which in our climate is especially acute in the autumn-winter period (hence the fairly common seasonal depression).

5% of serotonin is synthesized by the pineal gland (epiphysis) from the amino acid tryptophan. The remaining 95% are localized in the intestines. Therefore, in addition to lack of sun, the enemies of the hormone are diseases of the pineal gland or intestinal dysbiosis.

Serotonin affects not only the functioning of cells responsible for mood, sexual desire and appetite, but also the functioning of the endocrine system, the condition of muscle tissue and pain sensitivity.

! There are many symptoms of serotonin deficiency, in addition to the obvious - apathy and depression. When the hormone in the blood decreases, pain sensitivity increases: a small scratch in this case causes the same unpleasant sensations as deep wound. Serotonin, among other things, normalizes blood clotting: when it is not enough, there is a tendency to bleed.
What to do?

If possible, take a vacation (even if short) in the fall or winter and go somewhere where there is no shortage of sun. Does not work? Catch sunny days in your city, spend more time on fresh air and indulge yourself with sweets. Sugar entering the blood causes the release of insulin, which in turn triggers processes leading to the production of the hormone. But the most important thing is the scientifically proven “two-way” connection of serotonin with body functions: its increased level guarantees good mood, and a good mood, in turn, stimulates additional production of serotonin. In general, watching funny comedies in the company of friends will definitely not be a bad thing.

! Hugging a loved one or pet for 10 seconds stimulates the pituitary gland to produce the “love hormone” oxytocin. It gives us no less pleasure than serotonin

Expert opinion Ksenia Selezneva, Ph.D., nutritionist, expert on the “Wedding Size” show on the Domashny TV channel

What are the dangers of the “serotonin diet”? Despite the fact that foods high in carbohydrates increase serotonin levels, you should not constantly eat chocolates and sweets to eat your sadness. This is fraught overweight and health problems. It is better to choose foods high in tryptophan, an amino acid that stimulates the production of serotonin. This substance is in durum varieties cheese, peanuts, almonds, soybeans, fish, seafood and meat. Tryptophan is also included in many quite effective medications that are prescribed to patients suffering from depression, insomnia and irritability. But it is strictly forbidden to take them without consulting a doctor.
Hormone No. 3 Endorphin

Endorphin literally translates as “internal morphine.” It knows how to stimulate the pleasure center in the brain and gives us carelessness and bliss.

But that's not all: endorphins have powerful analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. They control the activity of all endocrine glands, blood pressure and influence the functioning of the immune system. For example, the hormone is sharply released into the blood during injuries and thus relieves pain shock. For the same purpose (to help the body cope with stress), excess doses of endorphins begin to be released into the blood during pregnancy. However, after childbirth this process stops, and stopping it often provokes the development of postpartum depression.

! Frequent colds Bad mood and joint pain may be the first signal of a decrease in the level of endorphins in the body. More serious symptoms are the development of nervousness, depression and chronic pain syndromes.
What to do?

The easiest way to trigger the release of endorphins into the blood is to have sex or go to a museum or conservatory. Scientists have proven that the euphoria of orgasm and the pleasure of close contact with works of art have the same endorphin nature. At this point you have to decide for yourself what you like best.

Another opportunity to increase endorphin levels is through sports. Moreover, if serotonin is released during fairly light loads (running, swimming, tennis), then endorphins are released only during heavy loads, so get ready for marathon running or strength training.

! Canadian scientists have proven that dosed exposure to low temperatures (for example, a short walk on a frosty day) stimulates the production of “happiness hormones.”
Substitute players

In fact, a much larger number of hormones are responsible for our reactions and well-being:

✓Adrenaline, entering the blood, increases the frequency and strength of contractions of the heart muscle, accelerates metabolic processes and increases muscle performance. A real superman hormone.

✓Thyroxine, which controls the functioning of the liver, gallbladder and kidneys, is also responsible for mood swings: from causeless laughter to unreasonable sadness.

✓Oxytocin and vasopressin perform not only such prosaic functions as the regulation of lactation and water-salt metabolism in the body. It's also hormones." family happiness" They begin to develop in lovers when the relationship becomes stable. By the way, it is oxytocin and vasopressin that reduce the production of “sexual hunger” hormones. As a result, ardent passion gradually gives way to tender affection.
5 signs of hormonal imbalance

Often the reason feeling unwell is a hormonal imbalance. What symptoms should alert you?

✓ Weight loss due to increased appetite, irritability, increased sweating and sleep problems may indicate a malfunction of the thyroid gland.

✓ Excessive hair growth, acne and dandruff are reasons to check your testosterone levels.

✓ The appearance of purple stretch marks on the skin, increased blood pressure and sudden weight gain indicate problems with the balance of hormones produced by the adrenal glands.

✓ Changes in appearance: enlarged brow ridges, lips, oily skin and joint pain indicate a problem in the production of the hormone somatotropin.

✓ Visual impairment and headaches are indications for checking the functioning of the pituitary gland, which produces many important hormones.
Text: Anastasia Bykova
Source lisa.r

A post about the Great Scout, whose name is.... But you know the rest. Ladies and Gentlemen.
Maxim Maksimovich Isaev - Stirlitz - Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov. There is a story that once, Ernst Neizvestny asked Yulian Semenov why Stirlitz received the title of Standartenführer. Semenov did not find anything to answer, and the two Great Authors did not speak to each other for several years.

Max Otto von Stierlitz (German: Max Otto von Stierlitz; aka Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, real name Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov) - literary character, hero of many Russian works Soviet writer Yuliana Semyonova, SS Standartenführer, Soviet intelligence officer- an illegal immigrant who worked in the interests of the USSR in Nazi Germany and some other countries. The all-Union fame of the image of Stirlitz was brought by Tatyana Lioznova’s serial television film “Seventeen Moments of Spring” based on novel of the same name, where his role was played by Vyacheslav Tikhonov. This character has become the most famously intelligence officer in Soviet and post-Soviet culture.

Contrary to popular belief, Stirlitz’s real name is not Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, as one might assume from “Seventeen Moments of Spring,” but Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov. The surname Isaev was presented by Yulian Semyonov as the operational pseudonym of Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov already in the first novel about him - “Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat.”

Maxim Maksimovich Isaev - Stirlitz - Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov - was born on October 8, 1900 (“Expansion - II”) in Transbaikalia, where his parents were in political exile. If you believe Stirlitz himself, he spent some time as a child in the vicinity of the ancient Russian town of Gorokhovets. It should be noted that Yulian Semyonov does not say that his hero was born here: “Stirlitz realized that he was drawn to this lake because he grew up on the Volga, near Gorokhovets, where there were exactly the same yellow-blue pines.” . Gorokhovets itself stands on the Klyazma River and is far from the Volga. But Isaev could have spent his childhood “on the Volga near Gorokhovets,” since the Gorokhovets district that existed at that time was 4 times larger than the current Gorokhovets district and reached the Volga in the northern part.

Parents:
The father is Russian, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Vladimirov, “a professor of law at St. Petersburg University, dismissed for freethinking and closeness to social democratic circles.” Brought into revolutionary movement Georgy Plekhanov.
His Ukrainian mother, Olesya Ostapovna Prokopchuk, died of consumption when her son was five years old.
The parents met and got married in exile. At the end of their exile, father and son returned to St. Petersburg, and then spent some time in exile, in Switzerland, in the cities of Zurich and Bern. Here Vsevolod Vladimirovich showed his love for literary work. In Bern he worked part-time at a newspaper. Father and son returned to their homeland in 1917.

It is known that in 1911, Vladimirov Sr. and the Bolsheviks diverged. After the revolution, in 1921 - while his son was in Estonia - Vladimir Vladimirov was sent on a business trip to Eastern Siberia and there he died tragically at the hands of the White Guards.

Relatives on maternal side:
Grandfather - Ostap Nikitich Prokopchuk, Ukrainian revolutionary democrat, also exiled to Transbaikal exile with his children Olesya and Taras. After exile, he returned to Ukraine, and from there to Krakow. Died in 1915.
Uncle - Taras Ostapovich Prokopchuk. In Krakow he married Wanda Kruszanska. In 1918 he was shot.
Cousin - Ganna Tarasovna Prokopchuk. Two children. Professional activity: architect. In 1941, her entire family died in Nazi concentration camps(“Third Card”) She died in the Auschwitz concentration camp.

In 1920, Vsevolod Vladimirov worked under the name of captain Maxim Maksimovich Isaev in the press service of the Kolchak government.

In May 1921, the gangs of Baron Ungern, having seized power in Mongolia, tried to strike at Soviet Russia. Vsevolod Vladimirov, under the guise of a White Guard captain, entered Ungern’s headquarters and conveyed to his command the enemy’s military-strategic plans.

In 1921, he was already in Moscow, “working for Dzerzhinsky” as an assistant to the head of the foreign department of the Cheka, Gleb Boky. From here Vsevolod Vladimirov is sent to Estonia (“Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat”).

In 1922, a young underground security officer, Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov, on instructions from the leadership, was evacuated with white troops from Vladivostok to Japan, and from there moved to Harbin (“No Password Needed,” “Tenderness”). Over the next 30 years, he was constantly working abroad.

Meanwhile, in his homeland, he remains with his only love for life and his son, born in 1923. The son’s name was Alexander (operational pseudonym in the intelligence of the Red Army - Kolya Grishanchikov), his mother was Alexandra Nikolaevna (“Major Whirlwind”), or Alexandra Romanovna (“No password needed”) Gavrilina. Stirlitz first learned about his son in 1941 from an employee of the Soviet trade mission in Tokyo, where he went to meet Richard Sorge. In the fall of 1944, SS Standartenführer von Stirlitz accidentally meets his son in Krakow - he is here as part of a reconnaissance and sabotage group (“Major Whirlwind”).

From 1924 to 1927 Vsevolod Vladimirov lived in Shanghai.

In connection with the strengthening of the National Socialist German Workers' Party and the increasing danger of Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany in 1927, it was decided to send Maxim Maksimovich Isaev from the Far East to Europe. For this purpose, the legend was created about Max Otto von Stirlitz, a German aristocrat robbed in Shanghai and seeking protection at the German consulate in Sydney. In Australia, Stirlitz worked for some time in a hotel with a German owner associated with the NSDAP, after which he was transferred to New York.

From the party profile of a member of the NSDAP since 1933, von Stirlitz, SS Standartenführer

(VI department of the RSHA): “ True Aryan. Character - Nordic, seasoned. Supports workmates a good relationship. Fulfills his official duty impeccably. Merciless towards the enemies of the Reich. An excellent athlete: Berlin tennis champion. Single; he was not noticed in any connections that discredited him. Recognized with awards from the Fuhrer and commendations from the Reichsfuhrer SS..."

During World War II, Stirlitz was an employee of the VI department of the RSHA, which was headed by SS Brigadefuhrer Walter Schellenberg. In his operational work at the RSHA he used the pseudonyms “Brunn” and “Bolzen”. In 1938 he worked in Spain (“Spanish version”), in March-April 1941 - as part of Edmund Weesenmayer’s group in Yugoslavia (“Alternative”), and in June - in Poland and in the occupied territory of Ukraine, where he communicated with Theodor Oberlander, Stepan Bandera and Andrey Melnik (“The Third Map”).

In 1943 he visited Smolensk, where he demonstrated exceptional courage under Soviet shelling.

At the end of the war, Joseph Stalin entrusted Stirlitz with a responsible task: to disrupt separate negotiations between the Germans and the West. Beginning in the summer of 1943, Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, through his proxies, began to make contacts with representatives of Western intelligence services with the aim of concluding a separate peace. Thanks to the courage and intelligence of Stirlitz, these negotiations were disrupted (“Seventeen Moments of Spring”). Of the Americans who conducted behind-the-scenes negotiations with the leaders of the Third Reich, Yulian Semyonov points to Allen Dulles, who headed the American headquarters in Bern, the capital of Switzerland.

The head of the IV Department of the RSHA was SS Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller, who exposed Stirlitz in April 1945, but the combination of circumstances and the chaos that occurred during the storming of Berlin thwarted Müller’s plans to use Stirlitz in the game against the command of the Red Army (“Ordered to Survive”).

Stirlitz's favorite drink is Armenian cognac, his favorite cigarettes are Karo. He drives a Horch car. Unlike James Bond, Stirlitz treats women with composure (which does not exclude short-term bed episodes, as in the novel “Ordered to Survive”). When asked by prostitutes, he usually replies: “No, coffee is better.” Speech characteristics, repeated from work to work: phrases often end with the question “No?” or “Isn’t it?”

Before the end of the war, Stirlitz was awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. After the end of World War II, Stirlitz was unconscious, wounded Soviet soldier, exported by the Germans to Spain, from where it ends up in South America. There he uncovers a secret network of Nazis who escaped from Germany.

During and after World War II he worked under several pseudonyms: Bolzen, Brunn and others. As a name, he usually used variations of the name “Maxim”: Max, Massimo (“Expansion”).

In Argentina and Brazil, Stirlitz works together with the American Paul Rowman. Here they reveal a conspiracy Nazi organization"ODESSA", which is led by Muller, and then identify the intelligence network and capture Muller. Realizing that after Winston Churchill's Fulton speech and Hoover's witch hunt, Mueller can escape punishment for his crimes, they decide to hand him over to the Soviet government. Stirlitz goes to the Soviet embassy, ​​where he reports who he is, as well as information about Mueller's whereabouts. MGB officers arrest Stirlitz and transport him by boat to the USSR. Isaev goes to prison (“Despair”). There he meets Raoul Wallenberg and plays his own game. Meanwhile, his son and wife are shot by order of Stalin. After Beria's death, Stirlitz is released.

A month after being awarded the Golden Star, he begins working at the Institute of History on the topic “National Socialism, Neo-Fascism; modifications of totalitarianism." Having familiarized himself with the text of the dissertation, the Secretary of the Central Committee Mikhail Suslov recommended that Comrade Vladimirov be awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Science without defense, and that the manuscript be confiscated and transferred to a special depository...

One more time he would meet with his old acquaintances from the RSHA, former Nazis, in West Berlin in 1967 (“Bomb for the Chairman,” 1970). This time, aged, but not losing his grip, Isaev managed to prevent the theft of nuclear technology by a private corporation and clash with a radical sect from Southeast Asia...

In addition to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, awarded in 1945, as of 1940 he was awarded two more Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner (“Major Whirlwind”). He also received awards from France, Poland, Yugoslavia and Norway (“Bomb for the Chairman”).

In 1984, Radio Mayak created a multi-part radio show, Ordered to Survive, based on the novel of the same name. Director - Emil Wernick; the author of the dramatization is Sergei Karlov. The production was conceived as a radio continuation of the famous television film “17 Moments of Spring”: it featured the same music as in the film by Mikael Tariverdiev, and the main roles were played by the same actors: Vyacheslav Tikhonov (Stirlitz), Leonid Bronevoy (Müller), Oleg Tabakov (Schellenberg). The text from the author was read by Mikhail Gluzsky.

Stirlitz is a character in one of the largest cycles of Soviet jokes, usually they parody the voice of the narrator, constantly commenting on Stirlitz's thoughts or the events of the film. In the series “Seventeen Moments of Spring” this was the voice of BDT actor Efim Kopelyan. On this basis, Efim Zakharovich was called Efim Zakadrovich behind his back.

A tradition has developed that the humor of many jokes about Stirlitz is based on the use of puns - some words (or their word forms or phrases) in the meaning of other words that sound the same (or their word forms, phrases). For example: “Stirlitz shot at point blank range. The emphasis has fallen." Or “Stirlitz opened the window - there was a blast from the window. Stirlitz closed the window - the barrel disappeared.”

Prototypes
Semyonov, in an interview with Don magazine, admitted that when creating Stirlitz, he was inspired by one of the very first Soviet intelligence officers, whom Dzerzhinsky, Postyshev and Blucher sent to Japanese-occupied Vladivostok. But he absorbed and melted into himself the best features of later famous Soviet intelligence officers, such as Kuznetsov, Sorge, Abel and others. As Semyonov himself described it:

“If a writer got to know them all well and through them deeply and fully felt his hero - he believed in him with all his being! - then he, the hero, although fictitious, is collective, having absorbed living soul and the author’s blood also becomes alive, concrete, individual.
Yulian Semyonov »
Below are other possible prototypes that to one degree or another influenced the creation of Stirlitz:

A possible prototype of the early Isaev is Yakov Grigorievich Blumkin (real name - Simkha-Yankev Gershevich Blumkin; pseudonyms: Isaev, Max, Vladimirov; date of birth unknown (around 1900), exact date death unknown (1929, Moscow)) - Russian revolutionary, security officer, Soviet intelligence officer, terrorist and statesman. One of the founders of the Soviet intelligence services. In October 1921, Blyumkin, under the pseudonym Isaev (taken by his grandfather’s name), travels to Revel (Tallinn) under the guise of a jeweler and, acting as a provocateur, reveals the foreign connections of Gokhran employees. It was this episode in Blumkin’s activities that Yulian Semyonov used as the basis for the plot of the book “Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat.”
Another possible prototype Stirlitz - Willy Lehmann, SS Hauptsturmführer, employee of the IV department of the RSHA (Gestapo). The German, a passionate horse racing gambler, was recruited in 1936 by Soviet intelligence, whose employee lent him money after losing, and then offered to supply secret information for a good fee (according to another version, Willy Lehman independently contacted Soviet intelligence, guided by ideological considerations). He bore the operational pseudonym "Breitenbach". At the RSHA he was involved in countering Soviet industrial espionage.
Willy Lehman failed in 1942, under circumstances close to those described by Yulian Semyonov: his radio operator Bart, an anti-fascist, during a surgical operation, under anesthesia, began to talk about codes and communications with Moscow, and the doctors signaled to the Gestapo. In December 1942, Willy Lehman was arrested and executed a few months later. The fact of the SD officer's betrayal was hidden - even Willy Lehmann's wife was told that her husband had died after being hit by a train. The story of Willy Lehmann is told in the memoirs of Walter Schellenberg, from which Yulian Semyonov apparently borrowed it.
The probable prototype of Stirlitz could be Sergei Mikhalkov’s brother, Mikhail Mikhalkov. Yulian Semyonov was married to Ekaterina, the daughter of Natalya Petrovna Konchalovskaya from her first marriage. Here are the facts of the biography of Mikhail Mikhalkov: at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War served in the special department of the Southwestern Front. In September 1941, he was captured, escaped and then continued to serve behind enemy lines as an illegal agent, supplying the Red Army intelligence agencies with important operational information. In 1945, during the battle in German uniform crossed the front line and was detained by military counterintelligence agencies SMERSH. On charges of collaborating with German intelligence, he served five years in prison, first in Lefortovo prison, later in one of the camps on Far East. In 1956 he was rehabilitated. Perhaps (and most likely) Yulian Semyonov learned part of the Stirlitz story from family stories Mikhail Mikhalkov

[to the 40th anniversary of the wonderful film]

How I love this movie! I watched it from the very first release on the screen, back in August 1973. Available in black and white and colored versions. Probably ten times. It is impossible to logically explain this love - the film is absolutely ahistorical, its plot is far-fetched, the film language is completely archaic. "And, nevertheless, knowing all your shortcomings - I love you, dear..."
.

In this film, the intelligence officer is an intellectual, not a cast-iron gunner/pilot/motorcycle racer/boxer/etc. from endlessly monotonous " action". Stirlitz here, as a character, is closer to John Le Carré than to Ian Flemming. Wonderful direction by Tatyana Lioznova, great game most actors: Vyacheslav Tikhonov, Leonid Bronevoy, Rostislav Plyatt, Oleg Tabakov, Lev Durov! And how many jokes the series generated! Of course - at the very end of the film, when Stirlitz, walking along the side of the road and pondering whether to return to Berlin - once! and a Zhiguli and a ZIL-131 dump truck with a trailer rush past, reflected in the window of a captured Mercedes - which means victory is very close. And the scene of Stirlitz-Isaev’s meeting with his wife is a classic of cinema, only the shower scene in Hitchcock’s is better.” Psycho ". And Tariverdiev's music in the film - how much improvisation there is!

And yet my irony is stronger than love:

No. 1. Go to work like it's a holiday!
For most of the film, Max Otto von Stirlitz wears a black uniform. SS , perfectly fitting on actor Vyacheslav Tikhonov. Well, remember - 100 snow-white shirts, oak leaves in the buttonholes. Only one thing" Nein!" is SS -ovsky uniform of the 1934 model and go to service in it after the introduction new form after 1939 it’s like wearing a tailcoat to the beach.
Food for thought: your black uniform SS -ov’s fashionistas stopped wearing it after the formation of their own military divisions - the black uniform became a sign of a “rear rat” evading the front line. Everyone quickly changed into a Wehrmacht field uniform in the gray-green color of the classic German feldgrau, which differed from the other branches of the military only in the buttonholes, the color of the edges and the signature skull on the cap. Policemen in the occupied territories were dressed in unclaimed uniforms, and their insignia was completely discredited.

No. 2. UniformSD.
Stirlitz's everyday uniform should be bluish-gray, like that of a very frightened mouse.

True, he appears in it once, but only for a few seconds: “Black is style!”

No. 3. For veterans only.
On the right sleeve of the black uniform of Muller and Stirlitz - V -shaped chevron. Such a chevron was reserved only for the eagles of the “old guard” who had joined SS until January 30, 1933, Müller entered the SS in 1934, when transferred from the political department of the Munich police to Berlin, he automatically became an Untersturmführer.
Stirlitz at the beginning of 1933, according to documents in general, Maxim Maksimovich Isaev.

No. 4. Party badge.
Both Stirlitz and Müller wear "Golden" party member badges NSDAP , They bigger size and has a rim of bay leaves.

It was awarded to veterans NSDAPwho joined the party before 1933 (according to other sources - the first 100 thousand party members), less often - for party services. Stirlitz, according to the novel by Yulian Semyonov, has been in Germany since 1933, but it is known for sure about Heinrich Müller that he joined NSDAPIn general, in 1939 he hardly wore such a sign.

No. 5. Iron crosses of Stirlitz.
When Stirlitz is not in civilian clothes, he always wears the Iron Cross. More precisely, on the left pocket we see a first class cross, a second class cross was not worn, sometimes it is present in the form of a ribbon threaded through the buttonhole of the uniform, sometimes on an award block.
According to Yulian Semyonov: Stirlitz is not a sent Cossack with fake documents- Maxim Isaev has been infiltrating Germany since 1933, joining the ranks NSDAP, then to SS , makes a career in intelligence, rises to the rank of Standartenführer (Colonel - in our opinion) and it seems like he receives his Iron Cross from the hands of Hitler, which is a rarity for the 1st class. I wonder when, while fighting at the front, he managed to make a career in political intelligence?
Because the Iron Cross is an award given exclusively for merit on the battlefield, and in order to receive it, you have to kill a bunch of people. The question for the Nuremberg Tribunal is where and for what price did defendant Max von Stirlitz receive his hardware?

No. 6. An excellent athlete.
Another sign is visible on Stirlitz’s uniform - the DR sports badge L (Imperial Union of Physical Culture) .

Wearing a sports badge at the end of the war is the same as hanging a “Ready for Labor and Defense” badge next to the Hero’s Star.

No. 7. Muller award block.
If you look closely, the award block above the left pocket of the uniform is assembled incorrectly on the Gestapo chief. Of the 5(!) ribbons visible on it, two are the first
apparently for long service(?), then a ribbon for a commemorative medal for a participant in the First World War, then - apparently for the Anschluss of the Sudetenland and something else striped. Heinrich Müller's real awards were different.

Father Muller's awards were different: Iron Cross 1st class (for the First World War, repeated award), Cross of Military Merit 1st class, Knight's Cross of Military Merit (with swords). Block: ribbons of the Iron Cross 2nd class (re-award), Military Merit Cross 2nd class (with swords), World War Cross of Honor 1914/1918 (with swords), Anschluss of Austria, Anschluss of the Sudetenland, Order of Military Merit "(Bavaria, World War I) and 5 more awards.
By the way, most German awards are Soviet films 60-70s - authentic, they were transferred to the Mosfilm base after the war.

No. 8. So that's the meeting!
When Heinrich Müller, walking along the corridor, meets Walter Schellenberg and Max Stirlitz, he is very surprised - Bah! You wouldn't be surprised! The Gestapo is at Prinz Albrechtstrasse 8 and 9, and Schellenberg's service is at Berkaerstrasse 32. This is generally at the other end of Berlin.

No. 9. Food for thought.
The certificate about Joseph Goebbels states that he was appointed Gauleiter of Berlin in 1944 for his services in suppressing the “Conspiracy of the Generals.” In fact, he held this position from October 26, 1926, long before the Nazis came to power, and remained in this position until his death on May 1, 1945.
Further it says: “Secondary education.” In fact, Goebbels was a doctor of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, and in 1922 he defended a dissertation on the history of drama - this is almost his specialty.
About Goering: "Education - secondary." Well, you know?! He graduated Military Academy in Karlsruhe and military school in Berlin "Lichterfeld" - with the highest possible sum of final grades, for which he received personal congratulations from Kaiser Wilhelm.

№10. This is a failure, Kat!
When asked by the imaginary “insurance agent” in the maternity hospital, where Katya Kozlova (radio operator Kat) ends up after the bombing: “Where was the insurance taken out, Frau Kien?”, she replies: “On the corner of Kurfürstendamm and Kantstrasse.”

These streets are parallel to each other.

No. 11. What kind of interrogations can there be?
Stirlitz takes the arrested radio operator Kat from the Gestapo. Meanwhile SD , Schellenberg’s department did not have the right to make arrests on German territory. Later in the film, Stirlitz interrogates radio operator Kat. The Political Intelligence Service, where Stirlitz worked hard, had no right to conduct investigative activities at all. Including interrogations of those arrested.

No. 11. Who are you, Pastor Schlugg?
Pastor is the name of a Protestant priest and he conducts services in a church (Protestant church). However, in Switzerland, the pastor meets with his Catholic colleagues; Gestapo documents indicate that the pastor is a Catholic priest. Come on Gestapo, come on confusion!

No. 12. Come on, put my suitcase down!
The principle of operation of the Reich intelligence services is that each one deals with his own narrow area, and no contacts between departments are possible in principle. According to the film, all the special services are sitting in one building, like spiders in a jar. Stirlitz ( SD ) sees a familiar suitcase with a walkie-talkie being carried by soldiers in the corridor and follows it into Rolf’s (Gestapo) office: “Sleeping pills, danke schön!” What a sleeping pill, all the special services moan that they sleep three hours a day!

No. 13. Secret development of the NKVD?
Using a felt-tip pen, Stirlitz draws four caricatures of Himmler, Bormann, Goebbels and Goering. Where did Stirlitz get such an instrument in the most mysterious way in 1945? The first markers went on sale in Japan on March 17, 1960.

No. 14. It doesn't burn, piece of iron!

The Siemens brand voice recorder that Stirlitz uses when recording his chat with Borman is actually a poorly disguised Soviet Elektron-52D voice recorder made in 1969, it is transistor. The first transistor was created in 1947, after the war. Stirlitz burns a magnetic tape in the kitchen with recordings of the informer Klaus - in tape recorders of that time, recording was made on a wire coated with a magnetic composition.

No. 15. You will never be accepted into SS.
Blonde SS woman Barbara Krain could not serve in the rank of Unterscharführer SS in the 4th department of the RSHA. Women were recruited to serve only in special auxiliary units of the Wehrmacht, with their own rank system. No female officers or female sergeants in SS there was no way to imagine a situation where a woman orders a man, even a junior in rank...

When the film was shown in the GDR, they say that the Germans fell from their chairs in this place.

No. 16. What time is it, Gruppenführer?
The clock hanging in Muller's office is easily recognizable. Soviet stamp"Glory", apparently captured. Stirlitz also has a craving for domestic products - he kills Agent Klaus with a Makarov pistol. Of course, the German "Walter" is not suitable for an accurate shot.

No. 17. Edith Piaf.
While traveling with Pastor Schlag Stirlitz in the car, a song performed by Edith Piaf - “My Lord” - is heard from the radio. The song was written in 1959, but the filmmakers, knowing this, deliberately distorted the truth - it sounds very appropriate there.
"This singer will outlive herself. She will be remembered even after death."

Just like the film itself.

Original.