Meaning of the word Aryans. Where do the “true Aryans” live?

The question of the nation and the so-called “purity of blood” concerns everyone differently. There are people who had representatives of different nationalities in their family, and they are not at all worried about this and are proud of their ancestors. And there are those who do not accept representatives of other races and despise them. They get married only after making sure of the pedigree of their future half, and, noticing even the slightest nuances in it, they immediately break off any relationship.

Fact or Fiction

Many people still argue about who the Aryans are. Translated, "Aryan" means "respected", "worthy", "noble". However, this term is not scientific. It was put forward by nationalists with the aim of dividing people living at that time into worthy and unworthy. The first included representatives of European nationalities, primarily belonging to the so-called Norman type. Traditionally, this is the name given to people from Northern Europe who have a strong build, blond hair and blue eyes. The representatives of those who, according to the nationalists, were unworthy of life, were primarily considered to be Jews.

Hitler's theory

Surely everyone knows that Hitler’s dream was not only to conquer the whole world, but also to create an ideal race, according to his theory, of fair-haired and blue-eyed people. To understand who Hitler’s Aryans are, just read his quote:

“The entire human culture, all the achievements of art, science and technology, which we are witnessing today, are the fruits of the creativity of the Aryans... He [the Aryan] is the Prometheus of humanity, from whose bright brow sparks of genius have flown at all times, kindling the fire of knowledge, illuminating the darkness of the dark ignorance, which allowed man to rise above other creatures of the Earth."

Given his character and pathological determination in achieving the goals he set himself, Hitler made demands not only on the external data of ideal people. Defining who the Aryans were, he also took into account character traits, lifestyle, principles and even characteristics of sexual development and maturation. The requirements were very strict, but the desire for a fictitious ideal was so high that those who did not meet the slightest requirement were expelled from the caste of the chosen in disgrace and could even be physically destroyed. Arguing on the topic of who the Aryans were, Hitler acted harshly: compassion was alien to him, and with equal success (if one can put it that way, of course), both children and adults were destroyed on his orders.

Making a portrait of an Aryan

To imagine who the Aryans are and what they look like, you can familiarize yourself with the supposed criteria that were applied to the appearance, character type and characteristics of the physical and sexual development of this category of people.

So, a real purebred Aryan is distinguished by:

very light, almost snow-white skin;
light, preferably blue eyes;
smooth and thin hair of light shades;
height of at least 180 cm (women may be shorter);
weight proportional to height;
refined facial features, long thin fingers;
lack of hair on the back, legs, other manifestations on the face and genital area are mild;
high forehead and regular shaped skull;
absence of brow ridges;
the presence of a sign of a metopic suture on the forehead;
evenly set eyes;
straight and healthy teeth;
late puberty and late aging;
pleasant sound of speech;
mandatory talents and (preferably) genius;
lack of desire for physical and monotonous work;
equilibrium;
independence from alcohol and drugs;
lack of susceptibility to hereditary diseases (in principle, a person should not get sick);
accuracy;
complete rejection of even the thought of an alien racial culture, religion, dislike of Jews;
selective and picky in sexual relations;
strong concepts about the value of family;
An Aryan woman is beautiful, slender, faithful to her husband, loves children, an excellent housewife, hates Jews.

Having studied these characteristics, you can imagine who the Aryans are and what they look like. A photo of everyone considered to be a worthy representative of the superior race will not give a complete impression, so all that remains is to fantasize.

Helpful information

If you believe the statistics, then most often when asked about who the Aryans are, associations arise precisely with the period of the nationalist movement during the Second World War, but such a nation actually existed and still exists. This question causes a lot of confusion in the scientific world, because the Indo-European race, some of which were called Aryans, really existed.

An artificially created nation or a nation with a historical foundation?

Most peoples of the world speak similar languages. This can only mean one thing: we all have common roots and origins. Even in ancient tribes, there was a division of people according to social status, and given natural selection, which was particularly strict in the wild, only the strongest and most dexterous survived. Tribes consisting of such people conquered territories, later their leaders became rulers, etc. The Aryan tribe was unique.

Its representatives were something of a legend at the time. They were looked up to, imitated, respected and feared. It was precisely because of their historically inherent superiority that Hitler chose them as a model. He was based not only on appearance, although of course this fact cannot be denied. High cheekbones and smooth facial features are characteristic of most Germans, but similar differences in physique are also characteristic of many representatives of the Slavic peoples, with whom the Nazis fought a fierce battle. But why should they fight if (based on external signs) they are connected with the Slavs by family ties? This dilemma is the reason why it is not possible to get a clear answer to the question of who the Aryans are.

Historical facts

A brief historical overview will help people who are interested in who the Aryans are and where they came from to understand. Tribes living in northern Europe are often called Indo-Europeans. This term is still used today, but has a broader meaning than in the last century. What the Aryans called themselves is still unknown to historians. These tribes occupied what was then fertile land and are often considered the founders of agriculture and animal husbandry.

It’s interesting, but if you believe the research, the Aryans originally lived on the territory of modern Russia, and not in Germany.

Around the second millennium BC, a large-scale settlement of representatives of this tribe occurred throughout the globe. Of course, preference was given to areas suitable for agriculture, but the harsh conditions did not frighten them in principle.

As a result of mixing with other peoples, their appearance underwent significant changes, and it became impossible to determine their origin. Even modern indigenous Tajiks have two main types of appearance. One half is dark-skinned, dark-haired and dark-eyed people, and the other half has blond hair and blue eyes. But this does not mean that they are Aryans?

A nation of kings and rulers

Even without really knowing who the Aryans were and where they lived, the ancient kings and emperors recognized belonging to this race as prestigious and were sure to look for the opportunity to find representatives of this race among their ancestors.

Perhaps this is what gave rise to what we call nationalism and fascism. After all, the concept that all people are brothers exists only in church teachings, but practically never occurs in life.

By dividing people into those who are like God (and therefore worthy of worship) and those descended from monkeys (suitable only for providing services to a superior race), our ancestors, without knowing it, laid the foundations for the age-old confrontation between peoples. Some were ready to die to exterminate other races, while others defended their lands and rightly condemned the fascists for their beliefs.

Adolf Lanz theory

At the beginning of the 20th century, the views of the Catholic monk Adolf Lanz on the origin of human races on Earth were published. He believed that initially there were two tribes - the Aryans and the animal people. He called the former heroic, and the latter monkeys. The “super talented” Aryans had divine origins and even looked like angels. Demons on earth were symbolized by monkey people: they were incapable of anything except destruction and stupidity, lies and deception. These races hated each other and tried their best to destroy the opposing tribes. The monkeys began to act by mixing blood and seduced Aryan women, and the Aryans tried to exterminate everyone who posed even the slightest danger to dilute their divine blood.

At the moment, due to the mixing of blood on Earth, there are people, each of whom belongs to a greater extent to one or another type, therefore, is closer to either God or a demon. It is from this well-known theory that the Nazis start in their discussions about who the Aryans and Slavs are.

Let's sum it up

Who are the Aryans? Where did they come from and who are they? Most likely, this issue will interest humanity for a very long time, but with full confidence we can only say that special attention to this category of people is caused by historical factors that have a serious impact on the development of world society.

Many European and Oriental languages are close to each other. They all belong to a single “Aryan” or Indo-European language family. However, historians still debate whether the “Aryans” actually existed.

Aryan etymology

Aryans are the ancient peoples of India and Iran who spoke Aryan languages, part of the Indo-European language family. The etymology of their self-name is very mysterious. In the 19th century, a hypothesis was put forward that the ethnonym “Aryan” came from the words “nomad” or “farmer.” Already in the 20th century, scientists believed that the Indo-European ar-i̯-o- means “one who is hospitable to ari,” and “ari” can be translated from ancient Indian as “friend” or, conversely, “enemy” (the opposite meaning of one and the same the same words or related words are characteristic of ancient languages).

The unifying meaning could also be “a fellow tribesman from another clan,” since he could be both a friend and an enemy. Thus, the concept of “Aryan” meant a person who was part of the ethnic totality of various Aryan tribes. The hypothesis is confirmed by the presence in the Vedic pantheon of the god Aryaman, who is responsible for friendship and hospitality.

Another vector of etymological research leads us to a different meaning of the word “Aryan” - “freeborn” and “noble”, which came from Semitic languages. It is possible that rudiments of this word survive in Old Irish, in which "aire" is translated as "noble" or "free", as well as in some others.

Where did the Aryans come from?

Recent studies show that the ancient ancestors were originally a single people, and only in the second millennium BC they divided into two branches - Iranian and Indo-Aryan. The word “Iran” itself has a connection with the word “Aryan”, and means “land of the Aryans”. It is important to take into account that modern Iran is only a small area on the map of those vast territories that were occupied by the ancient Iranian peoples: the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the steppes north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea and others. In addition, the commonality of the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches proves the similarity of the sacred texts - the Iranian Avesta and the Indian Vedas. Today, there are several versions about where the Aryans came from.

According to the linguistic hypothesis, the Aryans migrated to India and settled there around 1700-1300. BC. The version is based on the study of ancient languages and customs reflected in historical sources. Linguistics shows that India was not the homeland of the Aryans - as a rule, in the region of origin of a language family there are many different languages and dialects of the same family, and in India there is only one Indo-Aryan branch of languages. In Central and Eastern Europe, by contrast, there are hundreds of varieties of Indo-European languages. It is logical to assume that it was here that the Indo-European family of languages and peoples originated. In addition, having come to India, the Aryans encountered its indigenous population, speaking languages of another family, for example, Munda (Austroasiatic family) or Dravidian - languages from which archaic borrowings in Sanskrit were taken.

The most accepted one at the moment is the burial mound hypothesis. According to it, the ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans was the Volga and Black Sea lands, where archaeologists recorded the Yamnaya culture. Its representatives were the first to build war chariots, which allowed them to capture ever larger territories and spread their influence over the entire Eurasian continent.

Pseudoscientific speculation

In addition to academic versions, there are dozens of fantastic ones: that the Aryans are, in fact, inhabitants of the mythical Hyperborea, who came from the Arctic; that they are the direct ancestors of the Germans, Russians or anyone else. As a rule, such theories are in demand among nationalistically minded communities for building a pseudo-history of a certain people. The main goal is to “extend” the history of their country.

Aryan culture

The Aryans or Indo-Iranians left a rich cultural heritage. In addition to the most important written heritage, such as the Vedas and Avesta, the later Mahabharata and Ramayana, the Aryans also left monuments of material culture. Originally a semi-nomadic people, they focused on breeding cows and horses. The main weapon of the Aryans were arrows. These peoples were familiar with irrigation systems and forging copper and gold products.

The Aryan family was patriarchal; in addition to the head of the family, each family had other members, slaves and livestock. Families united into clans, communities and tribes, sometimes at war with each other. The three-class social system that became widespread in ancient Iranian and Indian societies was not as strongly developed among the Aryans, however, its main features were present. The top of the hierarchy consisted of priests, future brahmins, and kshatriya aristocrats who ruled the common people. The Aryans were a warlike people, mining lands in search of new lands and pastures.

Origin

The origin of races was a historical mystery before the 19th century. However, at the beginning of the century, scientists discovered the commonality of many European languages with the languages of India and Iran. All these languages were called the Aryan language family - later it would be called Indo-European. The self-name of the peoples of ancient India and Iran - Aryans, was mistakenly understood as the general name of all Indo-European tribes, and archaeologists soon found the so-called Yamnaya culture, which, thanks to the construction of war chariots, quickly expanded its linguistic, cultural and political influence from a small area within the borders of some the lands of modern Poland, Ukraine and southern Russia to the scale of an entire empire - from Portugal to Sri Lanka.
Despite the fact that no separate race of Aryans existed, and the confusion of physiological characteristics with linguistic ones was pseudoscientific (speakers of Indo-European languages included the very different peoples of Tajikistan, Persia, Gypsies and even Veddas, who are Australoids), scientists began to believe that the community of languages is equal to the community of race. The well-known mistake of the German researcher Max Müller, who accidentally referred to the non-existent “Aryan race,” led to the spread in the scientific world of the opinion about the existence of the Aryan race, and subsequently the emergence of Nazi racial theories.

Why was Hitler wrong? In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

Hitler relied on history and myths about the Nordic race. He considered the Germans to be the descendants of the Aryans as a Nordic race. From the history known at that time, the Aryans were the progenitors of European and Indo-Iranian civilization. A comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages - Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - led scientists to the idea that most European languages come from one, common, primitive language - Aryan. Even the German writer and linguist Friedrich Schlegel at the end of the 18th century called the speakers of this language Indo-Germans.

In 1883, English psychologist Francis Galton formulated the basic principles of eugenics. He proposed studying phenomena that could improve the hereditary qualities of future generations. Galton was a racist and considered Africans inferior. Here is one of his statements: The weak nations of the world must inevitably give way to the nobler varieties of humanity... In 1904, Galton defined eugenics as “the science concerned with all factors that improve the innate qualities of the race.”

In 1928, the first eugenics law was passed in Europe in Switzerland. Denmark followed in 1929. Germany, Sweden and Norway passed similar laws in 1934. Finland and Danzig - in 1935, and Estonia - in 1936. In 1932, the International Congress on Eugenics, that is, the science of improving the human race, was held in New York. The first castration carried out under eugenic law was carried out in Denmark in 1925. Hitler came to power when eugenics laws already officially existed in judicial practice in Germany. Subsequently, in Nazi Germany, sterilization was used in relation to “inferior persons”: mental patients, homosexuals, gypsies, Jews. Then, as we know, sterilization was replaced by physical destruction.

Nazi eugenic programs, which were carried out as part of preventing the degeneration of the German people as a representative of the “Aryan race”: Euthanasia T4 (destruction of the mentally ill), extermination of homosexuals, Lebensborn (conception of children from SS employees), Final Solution to the Jewish Question, Ost Plan.
All this was based on the idea of the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

Genetic genealogy

At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists answered this question. With the development of genetic genealogy using DNA tests. Each person carries within himself a kind of biological passport - this is our DNA. Genetic genealogy methods allow you to gain access to that part of DNA that is passed unchanged from father to son through the direct male line - the Y chromosome. Now the results of DNA tests and genetic genealogy are accepted as factual material in judicial practice and indisputably indicate the degree of relationship of those tested. As a result of the fusion of an egg and a sperm, the child receives genes that will be a mixture of the genes of the father and mother. But the Y chromosome is passed on only from the father, so the number of repeats in the son's markers will be the same as in his father. The Y chromosome is passed down through generations from father to son without changes over centuries and millennia. The Y chromosome can only change as a result of mutation, which occurs quite rarely after 500 generations, i.e. once every 10,000 years. This makes it possible to reliably determine when the common ancestor of two tested male individuals occurred. After checking and combining the results of Y chromosome markers from a single human genome, the haplotype is determined. Which can be represented as a sequence of the number of each token. By comparing haplotypes from different human genomes, it is possible to trace the entire path of a given person's ancestors over hundreds of thousands of years. Now the results of genetic genealogy provide results much greater than those of all archeology and anthropology combined.

Which haplogroup is Aryan? To do this, we need to compare the modern halos of the distribution of haplogroups with the history of the spread of the Aryans and the Aryan language. What is known about the Aryans?

The Aryans spoke and wrote Sanskrit. Sanskrit was the progenitor of the groups of Indian, Iranian, Persian, Eraco-Illyrian, Greek, Italic, including Latin languages. It was the language of the Celts and Slavs.

The progenitor of the Baltic and German language groups. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and unique civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, and had a significant influence on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of spiritual values of humanity is of extraordinary weight. The Indo-Iranian Aryans burst into world history at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Creto-Mycenaean world) were experiencing a deep internal crisis. Tribes of Aryan origin contributed to the renewal of ancient societies and gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. - they were the main characters in world history.

What was ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. The cornerstone of their social life was the large patriarchal family, typical of the pastoral peoples of Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure of material well-being and wealth; a cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was military cavalry and magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in importance to cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and Bactrian camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them; it was considered a lowly activity; pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.

The Indo-Iranian tribes were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which were, as a rule, not far from their previous camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel; they sculpted ceramics “by hand” and fired it not in a forge, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Indo-Iranians lived in large houses sunk into the ground, they also used dwellings on wheels - like vans or tents; they knew many metals and alloys - copper, gold, silver, bronze, and made weapons and utensils from them. The Aryans were good at the art of woodworking; it was they who perfected the technique of building chariots.

The Aryans were warlike people, and war booty - livestock, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were experienced collectors of wild honey, which was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made "sauma" - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, the intoxicating “sura” was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather pants, boots and jackets, as well as a bashlyk - clothing that later became traditional for the masses of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the elements and carrion eaters in the territory of burial grounds set aside for this purpose.

Various branches of the Aryans created great monuments of ancient religious thought, the Indo-Aryans - the Vedas, the southern Iranians - the Avesta. Judging by these monuments, they worshiped a host of gods, believing, at the same time, that behind all the diversity of life phenomena lies a single and eternal Basic Principle, the spiritual and creative principle that created this world, God the Absolute. Each of their many gods embodied different aspects of this Absolute.

There were very few female deities in the Indo-Iranian pantheon, and a harsh patriarchy reigned in it. The Aryan gods were shepherd gods. Their most frequent epithets are “lord of vast pastures”, “sender of beautiful horse wealth”, etc. The gods were asked to irrigate pastures and give herds of horses and bulls. In the Indo-Iranian hymns, the gods were depicted riding on horse-drawn chariots; their most important function was to protect livestock from demons or their servants in the earthly world.

Sacrifice was the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, they donated ghee, sauma and milk to the gods. In honor of their ancestors, mounds with stone altars were built.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians, along with it there was probably a less widespread cult of the beaver.

An essential component of the Aryan religion was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the Sun. It is possible that the name “Arya” itself goes back to the ancient name of the Sun - Svar, Svara.

Where are the descendants of the Aryans today?

Only one haplogroup R1a is suitable for such a distribution of languages and historical sources of settlement of the Aryans.

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols, Buryats, etc.

Admixtures at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b - ?
J2 - Turks.

The second center of density of haplogroup R1a in India is the upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the same ancestors of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the distribution areas of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.
In total, there are more than a hundred haplogroups (with subvariants - 169), lettered from A to R. For example, A, B and E3a (Africa), C, E and K (Asia), I and R (Europe), J2 (Middle East ; Coen modal group), Q3 (American Indians). We are interested in haplogroup R1a - Aryans. The ancestors of the Aryans descended from the same “Adam” who lived in northeast Africa and had the first common genetic marker M168. 50 thousand years ago, when approximately 10 thousand people lived on Earth, the direct ancient ancestor of non-Africans moved north and crossed the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula. He became the progenitor of all people now living outside of Africa, in addition to the Africans themselves.

In the Arabian Peninsula, just beyond the Red Sea, the first mutation changed its common marker to M89. This happened 45 thousand years ago. This marker is now present in 90-95% of all non-Africans. The ancestor of the Aryans went further to the northeast, where on the territory of modern Iraq the flow split - part of our family continued to go north, and, having passed Syria and Turkey, through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles went to the Balkans, Greece, Europe, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned right, walked along the northern part of the Persian Gulf, crossed Iran and Afghanistan, leaving the Hindu Kush Range on the right, and ran into the Pamir Mountains, into the Pamir Knot, where the Hindu Kush, Tien Shan and Himalaya mountains converge. There was nowhere to go further straight to the east. By this time, the direct ancestor of the Aryans mutated again, and became the carrier of the M9 marker, the marker of the so-called Eurasian clan. This happened 40 thousand years ago. There were several tens of thousands of people on Earth at that time. Several thousand years later, the Eurasian ancestor of the Aryans experienced another mutation, M45. This happened in Central Asia, 35 thousand years ago. Behind it is the next mutation, M207, already in the south of Siberia, 30 thousand years ago, on the way to the north. After this, the flow divided again, and at the latitude of the future Moscow, the Aryans turned west, to Europe, soon undergoing the M173 mutation. The rest of the tribe went further north into the glaciers, eventually becoming the Eskimos, some crossed overland to Alaska and became American Indians. But they already had other genetic markers.

Approximately in the area of the future Novgorod-Pskov, the flow divided again. Some continued their journey to the west and came to Europe, bringing there marker M173, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned south and settled along the way to the Black and Caspian Seas, in the territory of present-day Ukraine and southern Russia, earning the last mutation M17, 10- along the way. 15 thousand years ago. M17 mutation preserved among the Slavs. In the steppes of Ukraine and Russia, the ancestors of the Aryans thousands of years ago left a mass of burial mounds, in which a lot of gold and silver jewelry was later found. Here the Aryans first domesticated the horse many thousands of years ago. They were the first to speak a language that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages, including English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, several Indian languages such as Bengali and Hindu, and many others. Now about 40% of men living in Europe, especially in the north of France and in England and Germany, and as far as Siberia, are descendants of this haplogroup R1a. Aryan haplogroups.
4,500 years ago, the Proto-Slavs-Aryans appeared on the Central Russian Upland, and not just any Proto-Slavs, but precisely those whose descendants live in our time. 3800 years ago they built the settlement of Arkaim and the “country of cities” in the Southern Urals. 3600 years ago the Arkaim left Arkaim and moved to India. Indeed, according to archaeologists, the settlement, which is now called Arkaim, lasted only 200 years.

What about the Germans themselves? Modern Germans are not only not Aryans, but for the most part they are not even historical Germans. In this sense, Swedes, Danes and Norwegians are more Germanic than the Germans themselves, and Austrian Germans can only conditionally be classified as a Germanic ethnic group.
As part of the modern German ethnos, groups I1a and I1c constitute a minority of about 30%, and the majority is the population with haplogroup R1b - 46% and represents the heirs of the historical Celts. In addition, a significant proportion of the modern German ethnic group, more than 8%, are descendants of Aryan-Slavs with haplogroup R1a.

Or did Hitler know?

German ethnographers considered the Slavs to be Aryans, this is clearly visible on a 19th century map from the bibliographic museum of the city of Leipzig:

Aryans

(Sanskrit aryja, i.e. faithful; Persian airja and arija, hence Airjana - Iran, i.e. country of the Aryans) - a generally accepted name for the linguistic family of peoples inhabiting, with very minor exceptions, almost all of Western Asia and Europe and moved individual members to several tables. to America, Australia, Africa and Polynesia. The close relationship of the individual branches and members of this large tribe, dating back to ancient times, is already reflected in the similarity of physical type and in many character traits, which are especially pronounced in the intellectual, moral and religious creativity of individual peoples, as well as in their history. A comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages - Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - led scientists to the idea that most European languages come from one, common, primitive language - Aryan. This issue of the relationship of languages was dealt with primarily by German scientists at the beginning of this century, among others Friedrich Schlegel (who introduced the name Indo-Germans), Franz Bopp and his school. Bopp and English scientists call these all related peoples Indo-Europeans, German scientists call them Indo-Germans, while the French simply call them Aryans. The latter name has now been given to the right of citizenship almost everywhere. According to the latest research, all living and dead branches of the large Aryan root language can be counted eight. Two of them form the Asian group, while the remaining six form the European group of the Aryan indigenous language. The Asian group is embraced by: 1) Indian languages, led by the Sanskrit language in its ancient form (the language of the Vedas), the oldest and most important language for linguistic research; 2) Iranian languages, also called Persian after their main language; their oldest branches are ancient Persians. language Achaemenian wedge-shaped inscriptions and ancient Bactrian, or Zendian. The European group is embraced by: 3) the Herako-Illyrian family of languages, from which we have very weak remains. The Armenian language is considered a remnant of the Erakian languages, and the current Albanian language is considered to be a remnant of the Illyrian languages; 4) Greek family; 5) Italic languages, the most important representative of which is the Latin language. This latter, again like Vulgar Latin, i.e., like the language of the Roman colonists, is the ancestor of the new Romance languages; 6) endangered languages of the Celts; 7) Slavic languages, the oldest form of which is the Church Slavonic language, together with the very related family Lithuanian and Latvian or Baltic, to which, in addition to Lithuanian and Latvian, the Old Prussian language also belongs; 8) Germanic languages. Where to look for the location of the primitive Aryan people is a rather controversial issue and in this regard scientists disagree; while earlier scientists indicate its location in the country near the upper Oxus and Jaxartes, the newest scientists (for example, Benfey, L. Geiger, F. Müller, etc.) speak in favor of Eastern or Central Europe, some even in favor of Scandinavia (Penka) . According to the latest critical research (O. Schrader), the latter opinion has a b O greater probability than the first. In any case, primitive A. had already reached a fairly high degree of culture: they lived, as the studies of Kuhn, Max Müller, and Schrader showed, in a fairly regular family organization, were engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, and led a sedentary lifestyle. Their religion, based on the adoration of light, was a simple cult of nature. Likewise, regarding the question of how the branching of an entire primitive tribe into separate tribes occurred, different opinions prevail. Schleicher claims that first the main branch separated from the Aryans, which in turn split into Germans, Lithuanians and Slavs. The second main branch, which separated from the Aryans, embraced the later families of the Celts, Greeks (with Eraco-Illyrian tribes) and Italians. The last group to leave the original common residence were the Hindus and Iranians. The first descended through the Himalayan mountains to the Punjab valley, where the first Vedic hymns originated, and then spread along the entire coast of the Ganges. The Iranians, leaving old Bactria, occupied the entire Iranian plateau. Schleicher therefore accepts three groups: North-East European, South-West European and Asian. But the majority of modern linguists, contrary to Schleicher, are of the opinion that the indigenous language first split into two groups: Asian (Indians and Iranians) and European, the latter then branched out again (cf. A. Fick, “Die ehemalige Spracheinheit der J. Europas” ", Gettin., 1873). But still, the starting point for both opinions is the assumption that individual groups and families arose as a result of migration and actual separation from the primitive people or part of it. In modern times, the famous German linguist Johann Schmidt, in his work “Die Verwandschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen” (Weimar, 1872), expressed the opinion that there were no sharp breaks between individual Aryan families, but only gradual transitions. This opinion found few adherents. We owe a detailed and in-depth study of the common indigenous Aryan language mainly to Bopp and Schleicher, who with their writings laid the foundations of the newest science - Comparative Grammar. The main work of the first: “Vergleichende Grammatik” (6 parts. Berl., 1833-52; 3rd ed. 3 vols., Berl., 1868-71); the second - "Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik" (4th ed. Weimar, 1876). Pictet's work "Les origines indoeuropéennes ou les Aryas primitifs" (Paris, 1878) is considered an important work on the issue of the Aryans. The development of individual branches of languages was carried out mainly by: Jacob Grimm (Germanic languages), Miklosic (Slavic languages), Schleicher (Lithuanian and Slavic), Ebel (Celtic languages), Benfey, Pott, Curtius (Greek), Spiegel, Gaug, Justi, F. Müller (Iranian) and others. Since 1850, Kuhn published "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der deutschen, griechischen und lat. Sprachen") from 1856-76 together with Schleicher he published in Berlin " "Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, kelt. und slav. Sprachen." Since 1876, both of these publications have been combined into one under the title "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischer Sprachen". Wed. Pesce, "Die Arier" (Jena, 1878).

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

See what “Aryans” are in other dictionaries:

See Arias... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ARYANS, Aryans, units. Aryan, Aryan, husband. (from Sanskrit arya noble). 1. Common name for the Indian and Iranian groups of Indo-Europeans. 2. Same as Indo-Europeans. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ARYANS, ev, units. Aryan, yitsa, husband. 1. The name of the peoples belonging to the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages. 2. In the terminology of racism, a representative of the “higher racial type” of white people. | wives Aryan, I. | adj. Aryan, aya, oh. Intelligent... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ARIES, ARYANS (Sans.). The same as the Indo-European peoples. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Aryans of the Aryans, units. Aryan, Aryan, m. [from Sanskrit. arya – noble]. 1. Common name for Indian and... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Ev; pl. 1. The name of the peoples belonging to the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages (mainly Indians, Iranians). 2. According to racist ideas: representatives of the superior white race (in Nazi Germany, the Germans). ◁ Aryan, Aryan; m.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Aryans- ARYANS, ev, pl (single Aryan, yitsa, m) and ((stl 8)) ARIES((/stl 8)), ev, pl (single Aryan, i, m). A group of peoples and tribes of the Indo-European linguistic community who spoke the Indo-Iranian languages of the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages; people belonging to... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

An obsolete name for the Indo-Iranian peoples; see Arias... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Mn. The name of the peoples belonging to the Indo-European (primarily Indo-Iranian) linguistic community; arias II (in the predominantly racist German literature of the pre-war period, declared the superior race). Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T.F.... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

- ... Wikipedia

Aryans- Aryans, ev, units. h. Aryan, Aryan, creative. n. Aryan... Russian spelling dictionary

Books

Aryans. The first encyclopedia of the "Higher Race", Burovsky Andrey Mikhailovich. There has never been such a book in Russia, and there cannot be one in the West! This is the first encyclopedia of the Aryans to recognize their leadership and decisive contribution to the development of humanity. All about the Higher Race of "blond...

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In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

All this was based on the idea of the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

Genetic genealogy

Aryans

Sanskrit was also the progenitor of the Baltic and German language groups. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and unique civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, had a significant influence on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of spiritual values of humanity is of extraordinary weight. The Indo-Iranian Aryans burst into world history at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Creto-Mycenaean world) were experiencing a deep internal crisis. Tribes of Aryan origin contributed to the renewal of ancient societies and gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. - they were the main characters in world history.

The Aryans were warlike people, and war booty - livestock, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were experienced collectors of wild honey, which was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made “sauma” - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, the intoxicating “sura” was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather pants, boots and jackets, as well as a bashlyk - clothing that later became traditional for the masses of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the elements and carrion eaters in the territory of burial grounds set aside for this purpose.

Sacrifice was the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, ghee, sauma and milk were donated to the gods. In honor of their ancestors, mounds with stone altars were built.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians.

An essential component of the Aryan religion was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the Sun.

Aryan expansion from 4000 to 1000 BC

Where are the descendants of the Aryans today?

Only one haplogroup R1a is suitable for such a distribution of languages and historical sources of settlement of the Aryans.

One of the centers of high density of haplogroup R1a is located in Russia. .

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols.

Admixtures at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b -?
J2 - Turks.

The second center of density of haplogroup R1a in India is the upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the same descendants of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the distribution areas of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.

On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit / On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit

Year of manufacture: 1853
Author: A. Gilferding / A. Gilferding
Publisher: St. Petersburg, Printing Houses of the Imperial Academy of Sciences
Format: DjVu
Language: pre-reform Russian
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 321
Description: The famous work of A. Hilferding, in which, perhaps for the first time, a comparison of two languages - Russian and Sanskrit - was made.
Add. information: I'm not a linguist, so sorry if the description is not entirely accurate.
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