Distorted words in the work are left-handed. Dictionary of allegorical words based on N.S. Leskov’s tale “Lefty”
6th grade students
The compilation of this dictionary is a project of 6th grade students based on the work “Lefty”. In it you will find required material about the tale “Lefty”, and also collected words that are puns. Leskov's language this work- this is his wealth.
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“Lefty” (full title “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”) - storyNikolai Leskov , written and published in1881 . The author included the story in his collection of works “The Righteous”.
First published in the magazine "Rus". Published in a separate edition in 1882.
The story “Lefty” is an example of a Russian tale, the traditions of which were laid backGogol . Tale - epic genre based on folk legends and legends. The narration is told on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and style of speech.
The narration looks like oral history, in which the author, unfamiliar with foreign words, distorts them in the most unexpected way. Immersing himself in folk life, the writer wanted to portray it as it really is, and with its language. Therefore, his heroes express their thoughts with those irregularities, speech distortions, and purely folk turns of speech that are characteristic of to the common people. Leskov eavesdropped on the speech of different segments of the Russian population and turned to folklore. The famous Leskov tale was compiled from different layers of language. And this one special language story, which is peppered with puns and words that arose in the writer’s imagination, a kind of folketymology and there is the real richness of the work.
The main character of the story is a left-handed craftsman. He is extraordinarily talented and gifted unusual abilities. And at the same time, he does not know the basics of science, he acts by intuition.
Leskov laments that the people, although infinitely talented, are uneducated and unenlightened. The writer dreams that the talent of the people will be combined with broad scientific knowledge. And he also thinks that the people are endlessly humiliated, that they do not listen to him and do not delve into his feelings and thoughts. Talent and lack of education ordinary people- this is the main problem of Russia.
“Dictionary of allegorical words based on N.S. Leskov’s tale “Lefty”
Abolon Polvedere - Apollo Belvedere
Anticipation - endurance
Aglitsky - English
Storm gauge - barometer
Bufta - bay
With a boilie - with beatings
Beliefs - variations
Grandevu – rendezvous (meeting, date)
Sepulchral icons - myrrh-streaming, exuding fragrant liquid
Twelve languages – twelve languages
Double carriage – double
Multiplication dolbit - multiplication table
Slander - from the words feuilleton and slander
Root tube - a tube made from the root of a tree
Ceramides - pyramids
Melkoscope - microscope
Boots - socks
Nymphosoria - from nymph and ciliate; something strange, microscopic
Ozyamchik - peasant clothing like a coat
Pistolya – pistol, weapon
Prelamut - mother of pearl
Nasty - on the opposite side of the street
Pubel - poodle
Chicken with lynx – with rice
Studing - pudding
Symphon – siphon for water
Tugament - document
Solid Earth Sea - Mediterranean
With a repeater - with a repeater (fight)
Couch – couch
By I'll tell you a story
One of the most bright images in the gallery of Leskov’s “righteous people” became Lefty (“The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”, 1881). Subsequently, critics noted here, on the one hand, the virtuosity of the embodiment of Leskov’s “tale”, game-filled words and original neologisms (often with a mocking, satirical overtone), on the other hand, a multi-layered narrative, the presence of two points of view: open (belonging to the simple-minded character) and hidden, the author’s, often the opposite. N. S. Leskov himself wrote about this “cunning” of his own style:
Several other people supported that in my stories it is really difficult to distinguish between good and evil, and that sometimes it’s even impossible to tell who is harming the cause and who is helping it. This was attributed to some innate cunning of my nature.
As biographer B. Ya. Bukhshtab noted, such “cunning” was manifested primarily in the description of the actions of Ataman Platov, from the hero’s point of view - almost heroic, but hiddenly ridiculed by the author. "Southpaw" was subjected to devastating criticism from both sides. Liberals and “leftists” accused Leskov of nationalism, while “rightists” considered the depiction of the life of the Russian people to be overly gloomy. N. S. Leskov replied that “to belittle the Russian people or to flatter them” was in no way his intention.
When published in Rus, as well as in separate publication The story was accompanied by a preface:
I cannot say where exactly the first breeding of the fable about the steel flea was born, that is, whether it started in Tula, Izhma or Sestroretsk, but, obviously, it came from one of these places. In any case, the tale of the steel flea is a specifically gunsmith legend, and it expresses the pride of Russian gunsmiths. It depicts the struggle of our masters with the English masters, from which ours emerged victorious and the English were completely shamed and humiliated. Here, some secret reason for military failures in Crimea is revealed. I wrote down this legend in Sestroretsk according to a local tale from an old gunsmith, a Tula native, who moved to the Sister River during the reign of Emperor Alexander the First.
Dictionary
« Lefty »
A ___________________
Agitation is a combination of nouns: agitation (excitement, excitement - from the French agitation) and expectation. Kunstkamera - a collection of rarities, a museum.
Abolon Polvedere - instead of: Apollo Belvedere (famous ancient statue, kept in Rome, in the Vatican).
Alexey Fedotov-Chekhovsky is a priest of the Taganrog Cathedral Church, to whom Alexander I confessed before his death.
“Ay lyuli - se tre zhuli.” - Cest très joli (French) - this is very cute.
B__________________ _ Busters - a combination of words: busts and chandeliers.
Canopy - instead of: canopy.
Storm meter is a combination of words: barometer and storm.
I would make him noble. - “Noble” - here it means: nobleman.
Recklessness is a combination of words: prejudice and recklessness.
Bobrinsky plant. - The refinery plant of Count A. A. Bobrinsky existed in the town of Smela, Kyiv province. from the 30s of the 19th century.
Bufta - instead of: bay.
IN___________________
In Candelabria... - obviously, instead of “in Calabria” (Calabria is a peninsula in Italy). Connected with the word: candelabra (candle stand).
Probability - instead of: variation (form of classical or character dance, built on jumping or finger movements, lasting one to two minutes).
Babylons - winding patterns, frills.
Look through the strongest microscope. - Tula craftsmen are still famous for the fineness of their work. Thus, the Soviet gunsmith M.I. Pochukaev “placed his signature on one stem of the ornament, only 0.1 mm wide; it is visible only with a strong magnifying glass."
G___________________
Hunchbacked - instead of: hunchbacked.
Grandevu - instead of: rendezvous (French rendez-vous - love date).
Count Kisselrode - Count Nesselrode Karl Vasilyevich (1780-1862), in 1822-1856 - Minister of Foreign Affairs.
D______
Twelve languages - twelve nations. This expression often referred to Napoleon's army.
Before Riga's Dynaminde... - Dunamünde, since 1893 Ust-Dvinsk, now Daugavgriva - a port at the mouth of the Western Dvina.
... “two ninety versts”... - that is, 180 versts. Kizlyarka is a low-quality grape vodka produced in the city of Kizlyar in the Caucasus.
Multiplication dolbit. - Dolbitsa - a combination of words: table and chisel.
Double - connecting words: double and sit down
Dance to dance. - Danser (French) - dance; here in the meaning of some dance form.
HER_________________ __ Erfix (French: air fixe - solid form) is a sobering agent added to water.
AND__________________
Zhukov tobacco. - In the 20-50s, pipe tobacco from the St. Petersburg factory of Vasily Zhukov was very popular.
Z___________________
Zusha is the river on which the city of Mtsensk stands; tributary of the Oka.
I/Y_________________
And god-making icons and grave-streaming heads and relics... - instead of: and miraculous icons, myrrh-streaming (supposedly exuding fragrant myrrh) heads and relics.
Empress Elisaveta Alekseevna (1779-1826) - wife of Alexander I.
TO
Ceramide - instead of: pyramid
“Stone-cut” - carved from stone.
Root tube - carved from the root of a tree.
Chicken with lynx... - instead of: chicken with rice Tugament - instead of: document.
Kazamat - casemate (solitary cell in a fortress).
Slander is a combination of words: feuilleton and slander.
M_________________
Melkoskop - a combination of words: microscope and finely Merbluzy - instead of: camel.
Manton is the same as manto.
Mortimer's gun. - G. W. Mortimer - English gunsmith late XVIII century.
Murin is a black man.
N_________________
Nymphosoria is a combination of the words: ciliates and nymph.
Waterproof cable - instead of: waterproof raincoat (a combination of the Russian word “waterproof” with the ending of the French adjective).
On Holy Athos... - Athos is a peninsula in Greece, on which there were many monasteries and hermitages, including Russian ones.
But he has some kind of boots on his hands. Exactly like a sapazhu monkey - a corduroy talma. - Boots - socks. Sapazhu is a genus of monkeys with short, thick fur. Talma is a long sleeveless cape. Plis is a cotton fabric similar to velvet.
On a cold paratha... - Paratha is probably instead of a front porch.
“Noshchiyu” - at night.
ABOUT___________________
Ozyamchik - azyam, long-brimmed peasant outerwear.
From Anichkin Bridge from nasty pharmacy... - that is, from the pharmacy opposite the Anichkov Bridge (at the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and the Fontanka embankment).
Obukhvinskaya hospital - instead of: Obukhvinskaya.
P___________________
At his rise... - that is, at the beginning of his reign.
He will sit under the present... - The present (gift) is here instead of: a tarpaulin.
Half-skipper - instead of: sub-skipper - assistant skipper.
Bet - instead of: bet.
Undermedic - medical assistant, paramedic.
Public - a combination of words: public and police.
Pubel - obviously, instead of: poodle.
The sweaty spiral has become... - “Spiral” here is like a noun from the verb “spiral” (sweaty spiral - air stale with sweat) Folding - a folding icon painted on two or three doors.
Pistola is a pistol.
WITH___________________
Bend - bend.
Sugar molvo. - In the 10-20s of the 19th century in St. Petersburg there was a sugar factory “of the commerce of the adviser and gentleman” Ya. N. Molvo.
Saint of Myra-Lycia... - Nicholas the “miracle worker” (IV century) was an archbishop in the city of Myra in the country of Lycia (in Asia Minor).
Whistling - a combination of words: messenger and whistle.
His beloved daughter Alexandra Nikolaevna... - Alexandra Nikolaevna (1825-1844) - youngest daughter Nicholas I.
Studing is a combination of words: pudding and jelly.
Symphon - instead of: siphon (a bottle with a tap for sparkling or mineral water).
With a boilie - with a fight, with beatings.
T___________________
Back then Sestroretsk was called Sesterbek. - In geographical books XVIII and early XIX centuries Sestroretsk, as well as the Sestra River on which it stands, are named: Sesterbek; Sisterbek, Sestrabek, Sisterbek.
Couch - instead of: couch.
Solid Earth Sea - instead of: Mediterranean.
F ___________________
Postilion - a horse coachman on the front horse when harnessed in a train.
H_________________
A clock with a chime. - Trepetir - a combination of words: repeater (a mechanism in a pocket watch that chimes time when a special spring is pressed) and tremble.
SCH__________________
Shchiglets - instead of: boots.
« I cannot say where exactly the first breeding of the fable about the steel flea was born, that is, whether it started in Tula, Izhma or Sestroretsk, but, obviously, it came from one of these places. In any case, the tale of the steel flea is a specifically gunsmith legend, and it expresses the pride of Russian gunsmiths. It depicts the struggle of our masters with the English masters, from which ours emerged victorious and the English were completely shamed and humiliated. Here, some secret reason for military failures in Crimea is revealed. I wrote down this legend in Sestroretsk according to a local tale from an old gunsmith, a Tula native, who moved to the Sister River during the reign of Emperor Alexander the First.” Leskov, Nikolai Semenovich
N.S. Leskov in “Lefty” very often uses colloquial and dialect words in the narrator’s speech, which characterizes the narrator as a person belonging to a certain culture and social class. When translating these words, which have a pronounced oral character, many translators experience certain difficulties. Let's look at a number of examples:
"shooting the eye" ("Lefty" ch. 14). - “our eyes are trained” (J. H). “a trained eyes” A. Yarmolensky, B. Deutsch (A. Ya)
“send for us” (“Lefty” ch. 5). - “send for us” (A. Ya).
“embarrassed” (“Lefty” ch. 2) - “embarrass” (A. Ya). “upset” (J.H.).
“and he walks with his eyes downcast” (“Lefty” ch. 2). -
“But Platov strode along with his eyes fixed on the floor” (J. H).
“But Platov walked on with his eyes lowered” (A. Ya).
As we see from the examples, translators fail to translate Russian vernacular speech correctly. In translation, the narrator’s speech is close to literary, and therefore there is no motivation in the tale, and thus the image of a hero from the people in the original disappears when translated into English.
In "Lefty" the narrator doesn't speak. literary language, but has a special socially defined manner of speaking; in his speech you can sometimes find dialect words:
“otherwise you are very skilled in your hands…” (“Lefty” ch. 15). -
“and although you are very clever with your hands…” (J. H).
"legs" (the name of stockings, usually women's) Voronezh region) ("Lefty" ch. 15). - “velvet talmas” (J.H.).
Thus, in translations dialectisms are often replaced literary expressions, and sometimes are completely omitted, which leads to the loss of connotative meaning, i.e. to leveling out cultural flavor.
Proverbs are “stable sayings, grammatically and rhythmically organized, which capture the practical experience of the people and their assessment and which appear in speech as independent judgments” [Lekant 2002: 62] are also found in the tales of N.S. Leskova, and “Lefty” is no exception. Already in the first chapter we encounter the proverb: “the morning is wiser than the evening” (“Lefty” ch. 1) - “I must sleep on it, he thought” (J. H).
When translating J.H. Hannah uses conventional literary words, which disrupts the perception of what was said when reading by a foreign reader. Therefore, we believe that in in this case it would be more appropriate to use an analogue of this proverb in English language“An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.”
Since a tale is associated with a socially marked narrator, it may have speech standards and colloquial phraseological units, which the authors may experience certain difficulties in translating. Let's look at examples from the tale "Lefty":
“snow falling on our heads” (“Lefty” ch. 14) - “snow falling on our heads” (J. H).
As we can see from the example, the translator uses tracing to convey this phraseological unit. But in English there is a more suitable correspondence to this phraseological unit “as a bolt from the blue" which we believe the best option in this case.
“We made a mistake” (“Lefty” ch. 2) - “Oho, we’ve been had” (J. H).
Verbatim this phrase can be translated as “well, we got there.” Of course, such a translation is inaccurate and does not reveal the full flavor of the original phraseological unit, but only shows its colloquial nature.
One of specific features the fabulous manner of narration in "Lefty" is the use large quantity occasionalisms. This can be explained not only by the style of the work itself, but also by the peculiarity of N.S.’s individual style. Leskova.
Many scientists distinguish two types of occasionalisms: potential and individual-authorial. Potential occasionalisms are created on the basis of highly productive word-formation models, and individual-author occasionalisms are created based on unproductive or unusual models and are distinguished by their originality and catchy novelty [Vinogradov 2004: 125]. Leskov is characterized by individual authorial occasionalisms, and in particular, formations built in the spirit of “folk etymology.”
Basically, when translating occasional words, translators use tracing, replace them with standard literary words, and also use description, which often leads to the loss of the originality of the original:
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Municipal educational institution
"Secondary general education
Russian-Tatar school No. 000
Sovetsky district of Kazan"
Research
on this topic:
"Folk etymology in the tale
"Lefty."
Done the job
Zagidullina Denmark.
Checked the work
and literature
Solovyova M. G.
Kazan - 2009
Target:
Identify and describe the phenomenon of folk etymology in the tale “Lefty”.
Tasks:
Find out the meaning morphemic the composition of the word and the motivation of its meaning based on its similarity with consonant words that are different from it in origin.
Relevance:
The fate of Lefty symbolizes for Leskov the fate of the entire nation, the potential of which is enormous, but constrained by external circumstances. In the tale the writer embodies epic image a gifted master living in the consciousness of the people. To do this, Leskov uses the technique of “folk etymology” - distortion of the word into folk style, reproduces the dialect of ordinary people, which is relevant and informative today.
Practical meaning:
If a student knows from what language a word came into Russian, how it was formed, what its etymology is, then he will never admit spelling errors.
1. Introduction.
2. Main part.
B) Folk etymology.
3. Conclusion.
1.Introduction.
In the tale “Lefty” we encounter many new words. Word creation begins where the narrator or hero encounters non-Russian names that are incomprehensible to an illiterate person. The artisan, talking about things unfamiliar and foreign to him, distorts their names according to his idea of them. But at the same time, the narrator puts a humorous meaning into them in the spirit of popular understanding.
The irregularities that appear in the text reflect folk etymology (the science of the origin and history of words). Big encyclopedic Dictionary defines folk etymology as an understanding of the morphemic composition of a word and the motivation of its meaning based on convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin. In other words, folk etymology is an alteration and rethinking of a borrowed (less often native) word according to the model of a word close in sound to it native language, but which differs from it in origin. Unlike scientific etymology, folk etymology is based not on the laws of language development, but on the random similarity of words.
Researchers have documented more than 3,000 tumors different parts speeches in Leskov’s works. He is the first in Russian literature used this method consistently word formation as an artistic device.
This is a feature of the writer's individual style.
Word game displays the rating, creates comic effect. It characterizes one’s outlook, attitude towards the usual phenomena of life, as well as another culture (the life of kings, English workers). In addition, word creation, “linguistic tricks,” wit, and buffoonery are manifestations of the talent of the Russian people, because the ability to speak “outlandishly” is not granted to everyone, just like any skill.
3. Main part.
A) "Left-handed". The originality of the genre.
The colorful character of a gifted Russian man and his fate in Russia are the focus of attention in his tale “Lefty”. The writer actively uses traditions folk tale, oral tradition, jokes. Striving for authenticity of the image folk life, the writer resorts to specific storytelling techniques developed by folklore, which ensure maximum objectivity of the story.
The plot of the tale is based on the characteristic folk epic motive of competition, rivalry, struggle.
The whole story is told from the point of view common man. It would seem that Leskov does not find himself anywhere. But in covering events, it is important for Leskov not only to see the whole story through the eyes of a character close to the hero, but also to correct him. Leskov reminds of himself either with a caustic word, or with a deliberately satirical depiction, or with a sad reflection. No matter how skilled Lefty is, his craft loses a lot from the fact that he creates on a whim, by inspiration, without taking into account the simplest knowledge. Therefore, Leskov is not only admired by the skill of the Russian man, but is sarcastic. His satire is directed, of course, not at Lefty, who “doesn’t know how to read and write,” but at those who excommunicated him from enlightenment and left his talent gray, unfinished. The fate of Lefty symbolizes for Leskov the fate of the entire nation, the potential of which is enormous, but constrained by external circumstances. Therefore, without abandoning the hymn to the talent of the ordinary Russian person, Leskov significantly sharpens satirical image, and the whole tale takes on a tragic sound. Leskov seems to be confronting two intonations and narratives: laudatory and sarcastic. The motive of rivalry allows the writer to give an incident, occasion, or curiosity a national, generalizing meaning. Life talented person in Russia, according to the writer, it is tragic and no one needs it. But Leskov does not lose faith in folk character, in his resilience, humane and moral principles.
In the tale, he embodies the epic image of a gifted master living in the consciousness of the people. The writer uses the technique of “folk etymology” - distortion of the word in a folk way, reproduces the oral dialect of ordinary people: “multiplication dot”, “two-light” (double), “nymphosoria” (ciliates), “prelamut” (mother of pearl), “without -reason”, etc.
Concluding the story about Lefty, he wrote: “This is their epic, and, moreover, with a very “human soul.” The writer strove to ensure that the thoughts and beliefs dear to him seemed to come from the people’s heart. That's why he introduced so widely folklore motives, and the whole tale grew out of the proverb “The Tula people shoed a flea.”
B) Folk etymology.
The phenomenon of folk etymology is a striking sign of vernacular speech, therefore, to characterize the speech of their characters, writers often resort to using words reinterpreted by accidental consonance and semantic similarity. This is the phenomenon we observe.
What interesting examples folk etymology we find in? Here is an incomplete list of words that illustrate the phenomenon of folk etymology.
- couch - "couch" messengers - “whistle” table - “dobe” Apollo Belvedere - "Abolon of Polvedere" camel - "marble" pyramids - “ceramides” variations- “beliefs” mother of pearl - “prelamut” poodle - "pubel" document - “tugament” pudding - "studding" socks - “boots” dance - "danse" microscope - "melkoskop" pari - "parey" bay- "buffa" Mediterranean - "Solid Earth" barometer- "storm gauge" “nymphosoria” - from the words nymph and ciliates “public” - from the words public and police “slander” - from the words feuilleton and slander.
Let's try to explain how some of these hilarious words came about. In my opinion, it is completely clear why the socks were called boots. They put them on their feet! Yes, and messengers used a whistle to attract attention. Probably, the barometer received an even more accurate name: it can be used to determine the approach of bad weather or a storm. This is where the storm meter appears in the speech of Leskov’s heroes. And the beliefs sound quite reasonable, because the word “variation” comes from the Latin “change.”
It is interesting to use word-formation models of the Russian language to explain words of foreign origin.
Pudding is a casserole made from porridge, cottage cheese, and fruit. Apparently, this meal reminded our heroes Russian dish- jelly.
A feuilleton is a newspaper or magazine article on a topical topic, using humorous and satirical devices presentation. However, false information can also be used in feuilletons. And then it really turns into slander.
In a similar way, the words appeared: melkoscope, stormmeter, nymphosoria, public, etc.
The tale contains many linguistic curiosities in the spirit of buffoons; even in the language of the emperor there are irregularities. The language of the tale imitates living oral speech. The narrator speaks on behalf of the people themselves, therefore he distorts unfamiliar things, especially foreign words so that they become close and understandable to him. The distortion of words revealed folk wit (slander), resourcefulness (storm meter), and irony (Count Kiselvrode).
The term folk etymology was introduced by the German linguist Förssmann in the middle of the last century. In Russia, such prominent scientists as de Courtenay, modern linguists, and others wrote about folk etymology. However, when describing folk etymology, modern authors mainly use examples from the fund created by Russian linguists in turn of XIX-XX centuries and replenished very sparingly. This suggests that folk etymological words arise, firstly, in oral speech, secondly, among the illiterate or those who have not received sufficient education, they are not recorded or recorded. With growth scientific knowledge and linguistic culture, this phenomenon may disappear altogether.
Now the principle of bringing together different, but somewhat consonant words, characteristic of folk etymology, is used by some students when writing dictations. Of course, such “folk etymology” does not save them; on the contrary, it leads to spelling errors. This happens when a word (and even a foreign one) contains a vowel [a] or [o], [e] that cannot be verified by stress. So the writer is looking for an explanation, bringing together the word he needs with a similar sounding one and does not take into account that they are etymologically completely unrelated. For example, how to write the word vanilla (French vanille) and morality (French moga1e)? A person who is not literate enough can write “stink” and “stain”, elevating vanilla to the word stench, and morality to the verb smear. If the student knows from which language the word came into the Russian language, how it was formed, what its etymology is, then he will never make a spelling mistake. Let's look into the etymological dictionary more often!
3. Conclusion.
Leskov called himself an “artist of style,” that is, a writer who masters living, not literary speech. From this speech he drew its imagery and strength, clarity and precision, lively emotional excitement and musicality. Leskov believed that in Orlovskaya and Tula provinces the peasants speak surprisingly figuratively and aptly. “So, for example,” the writer reports, “a woman does not say about her husband, “he loves me,” but says, “he pities me.” Think about it, and you will see how complete, tender, accurate and clear it is. A husband does not talk about a pleasant wife says that he “liked” her, he says, “she came with all my thoughts.” Look again, what clarity and completeness.”
In an effort to enrich, strengthen language means artistic depiction and expressiveness, Leskov skillfully used the so-called folk etymology. Its essence lies in rethinking words and phrases in the spirit of the common people, as well as in the sound deformation of words (especially of foreign origin). Both are carried out on the basis of corresponding semantic and sound analogies. In the story "Lady Macbeth" Mtsensk district" we read: “Few people will speak to you with a long tongue.” In “Warrior”: “Why are you... you’re really disgusting yourself.” In “Lefty”: “two-seater carriage”, “small scope”, “nymphosoria”, etc. n. Of course, Leskov overheard such statements not for the sake of their aesthetic collecting or photographic copying, but in the name of achieving certain ideological and artistic goals. Reinterpretation and sound deformation of words and phrases in the narrator’s speech often gave the language of the work an almost imperceptible comic or parody-satirical, humorous and ironic shade.
Used Books:
1. Encyclopedia for children. T. 10: Linguistics. Russian language. M., 1999.
2. , Bobrova dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1994.
3. , Telenkova - reference book linguistic terms. M., 1985.
4. http://*****
5. http://ru. wikipedia. org/
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