Nasty pharmacy which means left handed. N.S
Introduction
Our work was carried out on the topic “Occasional vocabulary in Nikolai Semenovich Leskov’s tale “Lefty”.
Word creation, that is, the formation of new words according to the word-formation models existing in the language, undoubtedly develops sensitivity and attention to the native (Russian) language, creative abilities, and helps to cultivate a love for the apt artistic word of Russian literature. Hence. An inquisitive reader, a schoolchild for example, will find this work interesting when studying topics such as “Vocabulary”, “Word Formation” in the Russian language and “Creativity of N. S. Leskov” in literature.
The purpose of this study is to study the features of the formation and functioning of occasionalisms in the work “Lefty”.
The implementation of this goal was facilitated by solving the following tasks: 1) studying scientific literature on the research topic; 2) identifying the composition of occasional words; 3) description of ways of forming occasionalisms; 4) determination of the functions of the author’s new formations and the peculiarity of their use in the tale “Lefty”.
We consider the chosen topic to be relevant, since in modern linguistic literature there is no unambiguous definition of the scope and content of the concept of “occasionalism”, and the linguistic innovation of N. S. Leskov, described in the works of A. S. Orlov, V. N. Gebel, F. Krasnov, N.A. Nikolina, is devoted mainly to the writer’s novels and the story “The Enchanted Wanderer.” In addition, researchers consider Leskov’s word creation in the broad sense of occasional words. In our work, we adhere to a narrow approach in defining the term “occasionalism”.
The following methods were used in the work: 1) the method of linguistic description, which involves the observation and classification of occasionalisms; 2) a comparative method that allows us to identify the nature of the external novelty of occasionalisms and determine their type; 3) method of statistical analysis with subsequent generalization of the results obtained; 4) method of text interpretation.
CHAPTER 1 Theoretical problems of occasional vocabulary
The question of determining the scope and content of the concept of “occasionalism” does not have a clear solution in modern linguistic literature. In studies devoted to individual authorial transformations, both broad and narrow approaches to the understanding of the term “occasional word” are noted.
This term was first used in relation to Russian word formation in the article by N. I. Feldman “Occasional word and lexicography” (“Issues of linguistics.” -1957. -No. 4) The concept of occasionalisms (lat. occasionalis - random) has firmly entered science since the 70s -s of the 20th century, but even now, along with this generally accepted term, others are used: individual words, author’s neologisms, disposable neologisms, context neologisms, poetic neologisms, individual stylistic neologisms, homemade words, meteor words, egoisms (ego-“I”).
The problem of individual authorial transformations attracts the attention of specialists after the publication of G. O. Vinokur’s work “Mayakovsky - an innovator of language”, in which the author formulated the concept of potential words: “In every language, along with words existing in everyday practice. there are, in addition, a kind of “potential words”, that is, words that actually do not exist, but which could exist if a historical accident wanted it” (G. O. Vinokur, p. 327) Thought of G. O. Vinokur was supported in linguistic circles.
In this work we follow E Hanpira. E. A. Zemskoy. A. L. Kasatkin adheres to a narrow understanding of occasional words, contrasting them with potential words. Individually authored words, unlike potential words, retain their novelty and unusualness throughout the operation of the same word-formation norms. and therefore they are characterized by the fundamental impossibility of becoming the property of language.
A.G. Lykov names the following as the main features of occasional words: 1) belonging to speech, 2) creativity, 3) word-formation derivatives, 4) non-normativity. 5) functional disposability. 6) individual identity (Lykov A. G., 1976, p. 11)
The belonging of occasionalisms to speech is the most important feature that is noted by all researchers; the remaining features of occasional words are its concrete embodiment.
The creativity of occasionalisms is contrasted with the reproducibility of words created according to a model. For occasionalisms, each specific instance of use is unique in its speech implementation. For example: “The next day the sovereign and Platov went to the cabinet of curiosities. The sovereign did not take any more Russians with him, because they were given a two-seater carriage” (that is, a double-seater).
Expressiveness is a mandatory feature of author's new creations. , which, according to A.G. Lykov, is “obligatory” in nature, that is, “internally inherent in occasionalism and does not depend on the context and situation” (Lykov A.G., 1976, p. 23) For example: sweaty spiral (that there is air stale with sweat), the multiplication dot, recklessness, etc.
So, by occasionalism we will understand “a speech expressive unit that has the properties of irreproducibility, non-normativity and word-formation” (definition by A. G. Lykov, ibid. p. 36)
Researcher L.P. Krysin believes that the use of speech “irregularities” in fiction “characterizes different authors differently and depends both on the writer’s linguistic flair and on the artistic and visual tasks that he sets for himself” (Krysin L.P. ., p. 35).
N. S. Leskov’s style is individual; it (the style) expresses the artist’s poetic attitude to the life of the people and folk speech. According to M. Gorky, N. S. Leskov “wrote “magic words” not plastically, but told them, and in this art he has no equal. His story is an inspired song, simple, purely Great Russian words” (Gorky M., p. 354)
Leskov's prose has a fantastic character. A tale is a special type of narrative, constructed as a story by a person distant from the author (), who has his own unique speech style" (Brief Literary Encyclopedia. vol. 6, p. 75) The narrator, usually a participant in the events, is usually a person from a different social circle and the cultural layer to which the author belongs.
Nikolai Leskov sought to enrich the literary language with elements of colloquial speech. This explains the fabulous nature of the writer’s prose.
The relationship with parts of speech was established. that in the text under consideration, mainly nouns (39) and adjectives (10) are used.
Occasional adjectives internecine (conversations), hornbeam (nose), two-seater (carriage), merblue mantons, erasable tablet, plaisir tube, stone-cut icon, idolatrous icons and grave-like heads and relics, numb.
As a result of our research, a partial word-formation analysis of occasional words was also carried out. Note. that the purpose of this analysis is “to establish how words are formed from the point of view of modern linguistic consciousness” (Modern Russian language, edited by Dibrova E.I., p. 192)
Addition of word stems (or addition of truncated stems) is the most common way of forming occasionalisms. It is interesting that occasional words are often the result of using the technique of “folk etymology,” that is, rethinking (remaking) an unfamiliar word based on a model that sounds similar. For example: “And Count Kiselvrode ordered that the left-hander be washed in the Tulyakovo public baths”; “And those persons to whom the courier handed over the nymphosoria immediately examined it with the strongest microscope and now the description is included in the public gazette, so that tomorrow the slander will be publicly known.”
Occasionalisms. , created on the basis of an external, random sound coincidence, without taking into account their real origin, serve as a means of creating a comic effect, emphasize the social position of the heroes and, of course, vividly characterize the individual style of N. S. Leskov.
Functions of occasional words in N. S. Leskov’s tale “Lefty”
Occasional words that we identified in the tale “Lefty” are used both in the speech of the characters and the hero-storyteller, and in the author’s speech.
In the speech of the narrator and characters, occasionalisms are a means of revealing socio-psychological characteristics. For example: “And the English half-skipper at this very time the next day got up for a light breakfast and ate chicken with trot” (In the narrator’s speech, with trot, that is, with rice); “Here Martyn-Solsky reminded Chernyshev about the left-hander, and Count Chernyshev said: “Go to hell, pleisry pipe, don’t interfere with your own business” (Chernyshev Alexander Ivanovich - Prince, Minister of War from 1827 to 1852)
In the author’s speech, individual formations are, firstly, used to update and refresh the narrative (in this case they are usually enclosed in quotation marks or italicized), and secondly, to characterize further unfolding events. For example: “Various huge busts arrive in a very large building in the main hall, and in the middle under the canopy stands Abolon of Polveder.”
The tale “Lefty” presents one of the leading functions of occasional words, associated with the peculiarities of the writer’s individual style - the function of language play. The methods of language play used by the author are varied: contamination, pun, “folk etymology.” For example: “The British immediately began to show what they had adapted for military circumstances: sea storm meters, merblue mantons of foot regiments, and tar waterproof cables for the cavalry. »
Examples of folk etymological transformations are occasionalisms: the multiplication dozer, vodka-kislarka, the Solid Earth Sea, etc. “Folk etymology” is not only a means of speech characterization of characters, but is also a unique way of conveying their worldview.
Occasional words in the work “Lefty” perform the functions characteristic of a literary text: 1) expressive-evaluative (“Platov did not answer the sovereign, only lowered his hornbeam nose into a shaggy cloak”; 2) serve as a means of developing the main image of the text (“They handed over a small scope, and the sovereign saw that there really was a key on the tray near the flea”); 3) the clarification function (synonymous) (“This,” they answer, “is not a speck, but a nymphosoria”); 4) the function of text coherence (“They served him a hot stew on fire of their own making, - he says: “I don’t know that one can eat such a thing”); 5) style-distinctive function (“And a left-handed person was knocked down on the floor in a block and asked: “Who this is where it comes from, and do you have a passport or some other document?”)
Occasional synonyms perform a style-distinguishing function, indicating the style and scope of their use. The main part of Leskov's new formations has shades of colloquialism and vernacular. These new formations are usually included in the speech of the characters. In the author's speech they are perceived as conveying the indirect speech of the characters.
Conclusion
As a result of the analysis of linguistic units - occasionalisms and the study of scientific linguistic literature, we came to the following conclusions.
The tale “Lefty” is distinguished by the richness of occasional words and the diversity of their composition. A total of 49 occasional words were identified. The study showed that the writer’s word creativity is represented by words of different parts of speech, among which nouns dominate (80%)
Of particular interest are word-formation occasionalisms, which are the result of word formation according to individual authorial or linguistic models.
Occasionalizations in the tale “Lefty” perform various functions: they enhance expressiveness, serve as a means of speech characterization of the characters, participate in reflecting the image of the world and in revealing the inner world of the characters, and also contribute to the creation of a comic effect.
We believe that our work can be the first step in considering the issue of the functioning of occasional vocabulary in the works of N. Leskov, for example, in the cycle about the righteous. Researchers of Nikolai Semenovich’s word creation examined the writer’s linguistic innovation in his novels and the story “The Enchanted Wanderer.” The tale “Lefty” in its ideological content is undoubtedly close to the righteous cycle.
By I'll tell you a story
One of the most striking images in the gallery of Leskov’s “righteous people” was Lefty (“The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”, 1881). Subsequently, critics noted here, on the one hand, the virtuosity of the embodiment of Leskov’s “tale”, full of wordplay and original neologisms (often with a mocking, satirical overtone), on the other hand, the multi-layered nature of the narrative, the presence of two points of view: open (belonging to the simple-minded character) and hidden , author's, often the opposite. N. S. Leskov himself wrote about this “cunning” of his own style:
Several other people supported that in my stories it is really difficult to distinguish between good and evil, and that sometimes it’s even impossible to tell who is harming the cause and who is helping it. This was attributed to some innate cunning of my nature.
As biographer B. Ya. Bukhshtab noted, such “cunning” was manifested primarily in the description of the actions of Ataman Platov, from the hero’s point of view - almost heroic, but hiddenly ridiculed by the author. "Southpaw" was subjected to devastating criticism from both sides. Liberals and “leftists” accused Leskov of nationalism, while “rightists” considered the depiction of the life of the Russian people to be overly gloomy. N. S. Leskov replied that “to belittle the Russian people or to flatter them” was in no way his intention.
When published in Rus, as well as in a separate edition, the story was accompanied by a preface:
I cannot say where exactly the first breeding of the fable about the steel flea was born, that is, whether it started in Tula, Izhma or Sestroretsk, but, obviously, it came from one of these places. In any case, the tale of the steel flea is a specifically gunsmith legend, and it expresses the pride of Russian gunsmiths. It depicts the struggle of our masters with the English masters, from which ours emerged victorious and the English were completely shamed and humiliated. Here, some secret reason for military failures in Crimea is revealed. I wrote down this legend in Sestroretsk according to a local tale from an old gunsmith, a Tula native, who moved to the Sister River during the reign of Emperor Alexander the First.
Dictionary
« Lefty »
A ___________________
Agitation is a combination of nouns: agitation (excitement, excitement - from the French agitation) and expectation. Kunstkamera - a collection of rarities, a museum.
Abolon Polvedere - instead of: Apollo Belvedere (the famous ancient statue kept in Rome, in the Vatican).
Alexey Fedotov-Chekhovsky is a priest of the Taganrog Cathedral Church, to whom Alexander I confessed before his death.
“Ay lyuli - se tre zhuli.” - Cest très joli (French) - this is very cute.
B__________________ _ Busters - a combination of words: busts and chandeliers.
Canopy - instead of: canopy.
Storm meter is a combination of words: barometer and storm.
I would make him noble. - “Noble” - here it means: nobleman.
Recklessness is a combination of words: prejudice and recklessness.
Bobrinsky plant. - The refinery plant of Count A. A. Bobrinsky existed in the town of Smela, Kyiv province. from the 30s of the 19th century.
Bufta - instead of: bay.
IN___________________
In Candelabria... - obviously, instead of “in Calabria” (Calabria is a peninsula in Italy). Connected with the word: candelabra (candle stand).
Veroyation - instead of: variation (a form of classical or characteristic dance, built on jumping or finger movements, lasting one or two minutes).
Babylons - winding patterns, frills.
Look through the strongest microscope. - Tula craftsmen are still famous for the fineness of their work. Thus, the Soviet gunsmith M.I. Pochukaev “placed his signature on one stem of the ornament, only 0.1 mm wide; it is visible only with a strong magnifying glass."
G___________________
Hunchbacked - instead of: hunchbacked.
Grandevu - instead of: rendezvous (French rendez-vous - love date).
Count Kisselrode - Count Nesselrode Karl Vasilyevich (1780-1862), in 1822-1856 - Minister of Foreign Affairs.
D______
Twelve languages - twelve nations. This expression often referred to Napoleon's army.
Before Riga's Dynaminde... - Dunamünde, since 1893 Ust-Dvinsk, now Daugavgriva - a port at the mouth of the Western Dvina.
... “two ninety versts”... - that is, 180 versts. Kizlyarka is a low-quality grape vodka produced in the city of Kizlyar in the Caucasus.
Multiplication dolbit. - Dolbitsa - a combination of words: table and chisel.
Double - connecting words: double and sit down
Dance to dance. - Danser (French) - dance; here in the meaning of some dance form.
HER_________________ __ Erfix (French: air fixe - solid form) is a sobering agent added to water.
AND__________________
Zhukov tobacco. - In the 20-50s, pipe tobacco from the St. Petersburg factory of Vasily Zhukov was very popular.
Z___________________
Zusha is the river on which the city of Mtsensk stands; tributary of the Oka.
I/Y_________________
And god-making icons and grave-streaming heads and relics... - instead of: and miraculous icons, myrrh-streaming (supposedly exuding fragrant myrrh) heads and relics.
Empress Elisaveta Alekseevna (1779-1826) - wife of Alexander I.
TO
Ceramide - instead of: pyramid
“Stone-cut” - carved from stone.
Root tube - carved from the root of a tree.
Chicken with lynx... - instead of: chicken with rice Tugament - instead of: document.
Kazamat - casemate (solitary cell in a fortress).
Slander is a combination of words: feuilleton and slander.
M_________________
Melkoskop - a combination of words: microscope and finely Merbluzy - instead of: camel.
Manton is the same as manto.
Mortimer's gun. - G. W. Mortimer - English gunsmith of the late 18th century.
Murin is a black man.
N_________________
Nymphosoria is a combination of the words: ciliates and nymph.
Waterproof cable - instead of: waterproof raincoat (a combination of the Russian word “waterproof” with the ending of the French adjective).
On Holy Athos... - Athos is a peninsula in Greece, on which there were many monasteries and hermitages, including Russian ones.
But he has some kind of boots on his hands. Exactly like a sapazhu monkey - a corduroy talma. - Boots - socks. Sapazhu is a genus of monkeys with short, thick fur. Talma is a long sleeveless cape. Plis is a cotton fabric similar to velvet.
On a cold paratha... - Paratha is probably instead of a front porch.
“Noshchiyu” - at night.
ABOUT___________________
Ozyamchik - azyam, long-brimmed peasant outerwear.
From the Anichkin Bridge from the nasty pharmacy... - that is, from the pharmacy opposite the Anichkov Bridge (at the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and the Fontanka embankment).
Obukhvinskaya hospital - instead of: Obukhvinskaya.
P___________________
At his rise... - that is, at the beginning of his reign.
He will sit under the present... - The present (gift) is here instead of: a tarpaulin.
Half-skipper - instead of: sub-skipper - assistant skipper.
Bet - instead of: bet.
Undermedic - medical assistant, paramedic.
Public - a combination of words: public and police.
Pubel - obviously, instead of: poodle.
The sweaty spiral has become... - “Spiral” here is like a noun from the verb “spiral” (sweaty spiral - air stale with sweat) Folding - a folding icon painted on two or three doors.
Pistola is a pistol.
WITH___________________
Bend - bend.
Sugar molvo. - In the 10-20s of the 19th century in St. Petersburg there was a sugar factory “of the commerce of the adviser and gentleman” Ya. N. Molvo.
Saint of Myra-Lycia... - Nicholas the “miracle worker” (IV century) was an archbishop in the city of Myra in the country of Lycia (in Asia Minor).
Whistling - a combination of words: messenger and whistle.
His beloved daughter Alexandra Nikolaevna... - Alexandra Nikolaevna (1825-1844) - the youngest daughter of Nicholas I.
Studing is a combination of words: pudding and jelly.
Symphon - instead of: siphon (a bottle with a tap for sparkling or mineral water).
With a boilie - with a fight, with beatings.
T___________________
Back then Sestroretsk was called Sesterbek. - In geographical books of the 18th and early 19th centuries, Sestroretsk, as well as the Sestra River on which it stands, are named: Sesterbek; Sisterbek, Sestrabek, Sisterbek.
Couch - instead of: couch.
Solid Earth Sea - instead of: Mediterranean.
F ___________________
Postilion - a horse coachman on the front horse when harnessed in a train.
H_________________
A clock with a chime. - Trepetir - a combination of words: repeater (a mechanism in a pocket watch that chimes time when a special spring is pressed) and tremble.
SCH__________________
Shchiglets - instead of: boots.
« I cannot say where exactly the first breeding of the fable about the steel flea was born, that is, whether it started in Tula, Izhma or Sestroretsk, but, obviously, it came from one of these places. In any case, the tale of the steel flea is a specifically gunsmith legend, and it expresses the pride of Russian gunsmiths. It depicts the struggle of our masters with the English masters, from which ours emerged victorious and the English were completely shamed and humiliated. Here, some secret reason for military failures in Crimea is revealed. I wrote down this legend in Sestroretsk according to a local tale from an old gunsmith, a Tula native, who moved to the Sister River during the reign of Emperor Alexander the First.” Leskov, Nikolai Semenovich
The storytelling style of Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov’s “Lefty” presupposes the presence of a storyteller, a storyteller who not only narrates the events described in the work, but is himself a participant in these events. Therefore, the language and style of the tale reproduce living oral speech. The tale “Lefty” is full of diverse and very colorful words that reflect not only the inner world of the characters, but also their social status and education.
“...This popular, vulgar and pretentious language, in which many pages of my works are written, was not composed by me, but was overheard from a peasant, from an intellectual, from eloquent speakers, from holy fools and saints,” wrote N.S. Leskov.
Leskov himself said that the idea for the tale “Lefty” arose from a saying that says that the British made a steel flea, and the Russians shod this flea. And in the tale itself we come across folk sayings: “Even though he has a sheep’s fur coat, he has the soul of a man.”
The writer builds his work by stylizing some episodes, for example, as a fairy tale. Thus, the dialogue between the Tsar and Platov resembles a fairy tale opening:
“The Emperor says: “What do you, courageous old man, want from me?” And Platov replies: “I, Your Majesty, don’t need anything for myself...”
The speech of simple artisans in Leskov is typical of the common people. The left-handed man, in response to the sovereign’s proposal to use a microscope while the craftsmen are working, replies that they can do the work without a “small scope”, since they already have a “shot eye.”
But the reader will see Leskov’s so-called “word creation” where the character encounters a foreign concept that is incomprehensible to an illiterate person. This is how distorted words appear: “Abolon polvedersky”, instead of busta - “busters”, “ukushka” instead of couch, “whistle”, while messengers should be used, or instead of table - “dolbitsa”. Leskov's characters interpret some foreign words in a rather unique way, clarifying their meaning in their own way. Probably, the expression “wind cap” is more understandable to the common person, and not some strange “hood” or “wetproof cables” - “galoshes”.
Emperor Alexander I looks quite peculiar in the tale “Lefty.” Leskov says that Alexander Pavlovich decided not to go to Europe, but to “take a ride.” This word is close in structure and meaning to a word like “to take a ride,” that is, to take a superficial walk. Thus, the author belittles the image of the king, who makes a rather frivolous journey. But the use of the verb “gasp” in the emperor’s speeches shows how lost and helpless he looks in the eyes of readers.
The impression of authenticity of what is happening in the tale “Lefty” is created largely thanks to the living, believable language of Leskov’s characters. At one time, the writer opposed the introduction of alien and dissonant foreign words into the Russian language. Therefore, in this work we see a parody of the use in the Russian language of words that do not take root in it, coming from the West.
“We must protect our rich and beautiful language from damage,”
Wrote N.S. Leskov in 1878. This call from a nineteenth-century writer is more relevant than ever now, when our language is under powerful attacks that are destroying its integrity and originality!
Municipal educational institution
"Secondary general education
Russian-Tatar school No. 000
Sovetsky district of Kazan"
Research
on this topic:
"Folk etymology in the tale
"Lefty."
Done the job
Zagidullina Denmark.
Checked the work
and literature
Solovyova M. G.
Kazan - 2009
Target:
Identify and describe the phenomenon of folk etymology in the tale “Lefty”.
Tasks:
Find out the understanding of the morphemic composition of a word and the motivation for its meaning based on convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin.
Relevance:
The fate of Lefty symbolizes for Leskov the fate of the entire nation, the potential of which is enormous, but constrained by external circumstances. In the tale, the writer embodies the epic image of a gifted master living in the consciousness of the people. To do this, Leskov uses the technique of “folk etymology” - a distortion of the word in a folk way, reproducing the dialect of ordinary people, which is relevant and informative even today.
Practical meaning:
If a student knows from which language a word came into Russian, how it is formed, and what its etymology is, then he will never make a spelling mistake.
1. Introduction.
2. Main part.
B) Folk etymology.
3. Conclusion.
1.Introduction.
In the tale “Lefty” we encounter many new words. Word creation begins where the narrator or hero encounters non-Russian names that are incomprehensible to an illiterate person. The artisan, talking about things unfamiliar and foreign to him, distorts their names according to his idea of them. But at the same time, the narrator puts a humorous meaning into them in the spirit of popular understanding.
The irregularities that appear in the text reflect folk etymology (the science of the origin and history of words). The Large Encyclopedic Dictionary defines folk etymology as the understanding of the morphemic composition of a word and the motivation of its meaning based on convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin. In other words, folk etymology is an alteration and rethinking of a borrowed (less often native) word based on the model of a word in the native language that is close in sound to it, but which differs from it in origin. Unlike scientific etymology, folk etymology is based not on the laws of language development, but on the random similarity of words.
Researchers have recorded more than 3,000 new formations of different parts of speech in Leskov’s works. He was the first in Russian literature to consistently use this method of word formation as an artistic device.
This is a feature of the writer's individual style.
The verbal game displays the assessment and creates a comic effect. It characterizes one’s outlook, attitude towards the usual phenomena of life, as well as another culture (the life of kings, English workers). In addition, word creation, “linguistic tricks,” wit, and buffoonery are manifestations of the talent of the Russian people, because the ability to speak “outlandishly” is not granted to everyone, just like any skill.
3. Main part.
A) "Left-handed". The originality of the genre.
The colorful character of a gifted Russian man and his fate in Russia are the focus of attention in his tale “Lefty”. The writer actively uses the traditions of folk tales, oral traditions, and jokes. Striving for authenticity in the depiction of folk life, the writer resorts to specific storytelling techniques developed by folklore, which ensure maximum objectivity of the story.
The plot of the tale is based on the motif of competition, rivalry, and struggle characteristic of folk epic.
The whole story is told from the perspective of a common man. It would seem that Leskov does not find himself anywhere. But in covering events, it is important for Leskov not only to see the whole story through the eyes of a character close to the hero, but also to correct him. Leskov reminds of himself either with a caustic word, or with a deliberately satirical depiction, or with a sad reflection. No matter how skilled Lefty is, his craft loses a lot from the fact that he creates on a whim, by inspiration, without taking into account the simplest knowledge. Therefore, Leskov is not only admired by the skill of the Russian man, but is sarcastic. His satire is directed, of course, not at Lefty, who “doesn’t know how to read and write,” but at those who excommunicated him from enlightenment and left his talent gray, unfinished. The fate of Lefty symbolizes for Leskov the fate of the entire nation, the potential of which is enormous, but constrained by external circumstances. Therefore, without abandoning the hymn to the talent of the ordinary Russian person, Leskov significantly sharpens the satirical image, and the whole tale takes on a tragic sound. Leskov seems to be confronting two intonations and narratives: laudatory and sarcastic. The motive of rivalry allows the writer to give an incident, occasion, or curiosity a national, generalizing meaning. The life of a talented person in Russia, according to the writer, is tragic and unnecessary to anyone. But Leskov does not lose faith in the people’s character, in their resilience, humane and moral principles.
In the tale, he embodies the epic image of a gifted master living in the consciousness of the people. The writer uses the technique of “folk etymology” - distortion of the word in a folk way, reproduces the oral dialect of ordinary people: “multiplication dot”, “two-light” (double), “nymphosoria” (ciliates), “prelamut” (mother of pearl), “without -reason”, etc.
Concluding the story about Lefty, he wrote: “This is their epic, and, moreover, with a very “human soul.” The writer strove to ensure that the thoughts and beliefs dear to him seemed to come from the people’s heart. That’s why he introduced folklore motifs so widely, and the whole tale grew out of the proverb “The Tula people shoed a flea.”
B) Folk etymology.
The phenomenon of folk etymology is a striking sign of vernacular speech, therefore, to characterize the speech of their characters, writers often resort to using words reinterpreted by accidental consonance and semantic similarity. This is the phenomenon we observe.
What interesting examples of folk etymology do we find? Here is an incomplete list of words that illustrate the phenomenon of folk etymology.
- couch - "couch" messengers - “whistle” table - “dobe” Apollo Belvedere - "Abolon of Polvedere" camel - "marble" pyramids - “ceramides” variations - "beliefs" mother of pearl - “prelamut” poodle - "pubel" document - “tugament” pudding - "studding" socks - “boots” dance - "danse" microscope - "melkoskop" pari - "parey" bay - "buffa" Mediterranean - "Solid Earth" barometer - "storm meter" “nymphosoria” - from the words nymph and ciliates “public” - from the words public and police “slander” - from the words feuilleton and slander.
Let's try to explain how some of these hilarious words came about. In my opinion, it is completely clear why the socks were called boots. They put them on their feet! Yes, and messengers used a whistle to attract attention. Probably, the barometer received an even more accurate name: it can be used to determine the approach of bad weather or a storm. This is where the storm meter appears in the speech of Leskov’s heroes. And the beliefs sound quite reasonable, because the word “variation” comes from the Latin “change.”
It is interesting to use word-formation models of the Russian language to explain words of foreign origin.
Pudding is a casserole made from porridge, cottage cheese, and fruit. Apparently, this dish reminded our heroes of a Russian dish - jelly.
A feuilleton is a newspaper or magazine article on a topical topic that uses humorous and satirical techniques of presentation. However, false information can also be used in feuilletons. And then it really turns into slander.
In a similar way, the words appeared: melkoscope, stormmeter, nymphosoria, public, etc.
The tale contains many linguistic curiosities in the spirit of buffoons; even in the language of the emperor there are irregularities. The language of the tale imitates living oral speech. The narrator speaks on behalf of the people themselves, therefore he distorts unfamiliar, especially foreign words so that they become close and understandable to him. The distortion of words revealed folk wit (slander), resourcefulness (storm meter), and irony (Count Kiselvrode).
The term folk etymology was introduced by the German linguist Förssmann in the middle of the last century. In Russia, such prominent scientists as de Courtenay, modern linguists, and others wrote about folk etymology. However, when describing folk etymology, modern authors mainly use examples from the fund created by Russian linguists at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. and replenished very sparingly. This suggests that folk etymological words appear, firstly, in oral speech, and secondly, among illiterate people or people who have not received sufficient education, and are not written down or recorded. With the growth of scientific knowledge and linguistic culture, this phenomenon may disappear altogether.
Nowadays, the principle of bringing together different but somewhat consonant words, characteristic of folk etymology, is used by some students when writing dictations. Of course, such “folk etymology” does not save them; on the contrary, it leads to spelling errors. This happens when a word (and even a foreign one) contains a vowel [a] or [o], [e] that cannot be verified by stress. So the writer is looking for an explanation, bringing together the word he needs with a similar sounding one and does not take into account that they are etymologically completely unrelated. For example, how to write the word vanilla (French vanille) and morality (French moga1e)? A person who is not literate enough can write “stink” and “stain”, elevating vanilla to the word stench, and morality to the verb smear. If the student knows from which language the word came into the Russian language, how it was formed, what its etymology is, then he will never make a spelling mistake. Let's look into the etymological dictionary more often!
3. Conclusion.
Leskov called himself an “artist of style,” that is, a writer who masters living, rather than literary, speech. From this speech he drew its imagery and strength, clarity and precision, lively emotional excitement and musicality. Leskov believed that in the Oryol and Tula provinces the peasants spoke surprisingly figuratively and accurately. “So, for example,” the writer reports, “a woman does not say about her husband, “he loves me,” but says, “he pities me.” Think about it, and you will see how complete, tender, accurate and clear it is. A husband does not talk about a pleasant wife says that he “liked” her, he says, “she came with all my thoughts.” Look again, what clarity and completeness.”
In an effort to enrich and strengthen the linguistic means of artistic depiction and expressiveness, Leskov skillfully used the so-called folk etymology. Its essence lies in rethinking words and phrases in the spirit of the common people, as well as in the sound deformation of words (especially of foreign origin). Both are carried out on the basis of corresponding semantic and sound analogies. In the story “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk” we read: “Few people speak to you in a long tongue.” In "Warrior": "What are you doing... you're really disgusting yourself." In “Lefty”: “two-seater carriage”, “small scope”, “nymphosoria”, etc. Of course, Leskov overheard such sayings not for the sake of aesthetic collecting or photographic copying, but in the name of achieving certain ideological and artistic goals. Reinterpretation and sound deformation of words and phrases in the narrator’s speech often gave the language of the work an almost imperceptible comic or parody-satirical, humorous and ironic shade.
Used Books:
1. Encyclopedia for children. T. 10: Linguistics. Russian language. M., 1999.
2. , Bobrova dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1994.
3. , Telenkova - directory of linguistic terms. M., 1985.
4. http://*****
5. http://ru. wikipedia. org/
6. http://*****
7. ksana – k / people / ru / book / 3 tom / 3 / literature / 12/ htm Features of the poetics of works
6th grade students
The compilation of this dictionary is a project of 6th grade students based on the work “Lefty”. In it you will find the necessary material about the tale “Lefty”, and also contains words that are puns. Leskov's language in this work is its wealth.
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“Lefty” (full title “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”) - storyNikolai Leskov , written and published in1881 . The author included the story in his collection of works “The Righteous”.
First published in the magazine "Rus". Published in a separate edition in 1882.
The story “Lefty” is an example of a Russian tale, the traditions of which were laid backGogol . Tale - a genre of epic based on folk tales and legends. The narration is told on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and style of speech.
The narrative looks like an oral story in which the author, unfamiliar with foreign words, distorts them in the most unexpected way. Immersing himself in folk life, the writer wanted to portray it as it really is, and with its language. Therefore, his heroes express their thoughts with those irregularities, speech distortions, and purely folk turns of speech that are characteristic of the common people. Leskov eavesdropped on the speech of different segments of the Russian population and turned to folklore. The famous Leskov tale was compiled from different layers of language. And this special language of the story, which is peppered with puns and words that arose in the writer’s imagination, a kind of folketymology and there is the real richness of the work.
The main character of the story is a left-handed craftsman. He is unusually talented, gifted with unusual abilities. And at the same time, he does not know the basics of science, he acts by intuition.
Leskov laments that the people, although infinitely talented, are uneducated and unenlightened. The writer dreams that the talent of the people will be combined with broad scientific knowledge. And he also thinks that the people are endlessly humiliated, that they do not listen to him and do not delve into his feelings and thoughts. The talent and lack of education of ordinary people is the main problem in Russia.
“Dictionary of allegorical words based on N.S. Leskov’s tale “Lefty”
Abolon Polvedere - Apollo Belvedere
Anticipation - endurance
Aglitsky - English
Storm gauge - barometer
Bufta - bay
With a boilie - with beatings
Beliefs - variations
Grandevu – rendezvous (meeting, date)
Sepulchral icons - myrrh-streaming, exuding fragrant liquid
Twelve languages – twelve languages
Double carriage – double
Multiplication dolbit - multiplication table
Slander - from the words feuilleton and slander
Root tube - a tube made from the root of a tree
Ceramides - pyramids
Melkoscope - microscope
Boots - socks
Nymphosoria - from nymph and ciliate; something strange, microscopic
Ozyamchik - peasant clothing like a coat
Pistolya – pistol, weapon
Prelamut - mother of pearl
Nasty - on the opposite side of the street
Pubel - poodle
Chicken with lynx – with rice
Studing - pudding
Symphon – siphon for water
Tugament - document
Solid Earth Sea - Mediterranean
With a repeater - with a repeater (fight)
Couch – couch
