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Well, first of all, you need to decide what is exaltation. Or let's put it another way - what is exaltation, what kind of condition is this? Some people think that this is a special chic and pretentiousness in clothing. But these qualities, rather, relate more to the choice of clothing style than to human character traits. Because exaltation is precisely trait and behavior, and possibly lifestyle.
And how will the definition of this human character trait sound?
It must be assumed this way: exaltation is a person’s tendency to immeasurable and irrepressible experiences and the manifestation of violent unfounded emotions regarding ordinary and even insignificant phenomena and situations.
Let's say there's someone coming woman on the street. She is most likely wearing an Italian straw hat and an umbrella, despite the cloudless weather. She walks along and suddenly sees... no, not a legless beggar in a broken carriage, but a tiny kitten, who pokes at the feet of passers-by and squeaks in confusion. This happens, and quite often, but a woman in a hat made of Italian straw throws up her hands, stops and loudly begins to “pity” the kitten. Oh, what a little fluffy ball, they say, how difficult it is for him without his mother, he’s probably lost, and stuff like that. Tearful affection for the kitten turns into indescribable delight, after which the woman takes it and brings it home. And this is, in general, good. For a kitten.
The woman runs around with him for several days, forgetting about her own husband (although she hardly has one) and children. She even sews a vest for him so that he doesn’t get “drunk.” Another day later, when the kitten relieves itself in her slippers, the delight, and with it the tenderness, suddenly passes, and the kitten is carried out into the yard under the cover of darkness and left there, despite its indignant squeaking. And that's bad.
What else is a sign of exaltation?
This is when a person is in a state of delight and extreme excitement constantly...
Oh, what a handsome man! A real macho! - the young lady exclaims loudly, following the handsome, stately man with her eyes. But she walks arm in arm with a guy who, after such exclamations and behavior of his beloved, no longer knows how to behave: either make a reproachful remark to her, or tell her to go to hell and quickly get away from her.
Very often a person’s exaltation manifests itself when he is in love.
Klava, dear, I love you so much! - the gentleman enthusiastically repeats to his chosen one, everywhere: in a cafe, on the phone, in bed, at breakfast.
This happens every day. Hourly, if not every minute. In the end, Klava simply runs away from his beau, and after a couple of weeks he has new beloved, to whom he repeats even more enthusiastically and more tirelessly:
Zina, dear, if you knew how much I love you...
There is little good in this, to be honest.
Also exaltation, this is an emotional expression of feelings...
- Nikolay, my friend, how glad I am to see you! - you jump joyfully and clap your co-worker on the shoulder, whom you saw at work until the evening just yesterday.
Is it good or bad? A dog knows him...
And what is exaltation?
This is when you are in a state of complete happiness or inescapable hopelessness. Also, in general, without any particular reason. For example, passing on the street, You hug everyone you meet transverse, and with your face beaming with happiness you kiss them on the mouth. You invite strangers to your house, you treat them, entertain, have fun. And it doesn’t matter that later you are missing dishes and chairs. You are still happy.
Quite different, but also falling under the sign of exaltation, is being in a state of complete hopelessness.
All, this is the end. Alles. “Kirdyk,” you repeat, tapping your forehead on the concrete wall. All that happened was that a piece of paper with a couple of phone numbers was lost. Which, as it turns out later, you will never need.
Is this good? This is lousy! So it turns out that exaltation is a set of human qualities that do not represent anything good. Moreover, these qualities, given full free rein, can lead their owner to one of the psychiatric clinics, the number of which in our country, as well as their patients, is steadily growing and expanding.
EXALTATION
EXALTATION
(Latin, from exaltare - to elevate). Enthusiasm, uplifting spirit.
Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .
EXALTATION
[lat. exaltatio] - an enthusiastic, excited state; painful liveliness.
Dictionary of foreign words. - Komlev N.G., 2006 .
EXALTATION
ecstatic state.
Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .
EXALTATION
extreme degree of enthusiastic feeling, reaching the point of frenzy.
Complete dictionary foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .
EXALTATION
lat. exaltatio, from exaltare, to elevate, from altus, high. Enthusiasm.
Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .
Exaltation
(lat. exaltatio)
1) an enthusiastic, excited state; painful liveliness;
2) physiol. increase in the amplitude of bioelectric potentials under influence of some. influences.
New dictionary foreign words.- by EdwART,, 2009 .
Exaltation
exaltation, pl. no, w. [latin. exaltatio] (book). Enthusiastic, extremely excited state.
Big dictionary foreign words.- Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .
Exaltation And, pl. No, and. (fr. exaltation lat. exaltātio greatness, pride).
An enthusiastic and excited state into which a person often brings himself deliberately, flaunting his feelings. Fall into exaltation.
Exalted- relating to exaltation.
||
Wed. euphoria, ecstasy.
Explanatory dictionary of foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998 .
Synonyms:
See what "EXALTATION" is in other dictionaries:
- (lat. exaltatio rise, inspiration) elevated mood with a touch of enthusiasm. IN high degree increased irritation of the mental sphere, manifests itself either in the form of a dreamy mood or boundless inspiration. U... ... Wikipedia
Delight, rapture, inspiration, excitement, ecstasy, puppy delight, enthusiasm, admiration, self-forgetfulness Dictionary of Russian synonyms. exaltation see admiration Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language... Synonym dictionary
EXALTATION, exaltation, pl. no, female (lat. exaltatio) (book). Enthusiastic, extremely excited state. Be in exaltation. Painful exaltation. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
exaltation- and, f. exaltation f.lat. exaltatio greatness, pride. 1. outdated Glorification, exaltation. Thanks to the women: they will give some beautiful lines to our history. The exaltation of fanaticism was definitely visible in them. 1827. P. Vyazemsky. // ABT 1 56.… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
- (from Late Lat. exaltatio rise) (in physiology) a state of increased excitability that occurs in the nervous tissue following the refractory period... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
EXALTA II, i, g. (book). An ecstatically excited state. Fall into exaltation. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Lat. enthusiasm, admiration. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- (from Latin exaltatio rise, inspiration) English. exaltation; German Exaltiertheit. 1. Excited, enthusiastic state, painful liveliness. 2. In physiology, a short-term period of increased excitability of nervous and muscle tissues,... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
Enthusiasm, admiration, elevated mood Wed. Provincial young ladies of that time... more ardent, or exalte, as they said in the provinces then, loved to imagine themselves caught across the waist by the mighty hand of a horseman... or even... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary
AND; and. [lat. exaltatio] Book. An extremely excited or enthusiastic state. Fall into exaltation. Be in exaltation. Youthful e. ◁ Exaltation, oh, oh. * * * exaltation (from Late Lat. exaltatio rise) (physiol.), a state of increased... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Treasure of the Zodiac Signs or the Veil of Isis, Omelchenko Yu.. The book is written in the “hero’s journey” style, with a constant emphasis on esoteric quantities, easily determined by Astrology and esoteric Kabbalah, and ideally serves universal purposes.…
They have very strong attachments, they are characterized by enthusiastic impulses, strong hobbies, love for everything beautiful: music, art, nature, etc.
Characterized by extreme impressionability about sad events. Pity and compassion for others can drive them to despair. High ability for sympathy and empathy. Sometimes the failure of another person is experienced more painfully than the victim himself.
Exalted people tend to experience a feeling of fear, and the fear grows very sharply. Externally, the experience of fear manifests itself in trembling, some experience cold sweat, and the rhythm of breathing may be disturbed.
Exaltation is closely related to high emotional excitability, to the affective manifestation of emotions, and these manifestations are very artistic and expressive.
Practical common sense not typical for such natures. Conflicts with life occur in them precisely because they are too sensitive and incapable of mastering the prose of life. Such conflicts can sometimes lead to mental illness. The readiness for despair among exalted “lyricists” is sometimes associated with thoughts of suicide.
A typical example of accentuation:
Karl Moor (Schiller's The Robbers)
The brightest literary example- Katerina Ivanovna Verkhovtseva (“The Brothers Karamazov”):
“...She kept me with her for continuous revenge. She took revenge on me and on me for all the insults that she constantly and every minute endured during this entire period from Dmitry, insults from their first meeting. Because their very first meeting remained in her heart as an insult. That's what her heart is like! All I did all the time was listen to her love for him. I’m going now, but know, Katerina Ivanovna, that you really love only him. And as the insults go on, there are more and more of them. This is your breakdown. You love him exactly as he is, you love him as he insults you. If he improved, you would immediately abandon him and stop loving him completely. But you need him to continuously contemplate your feat of fidelity and reproach him for his infidelity. And all this is because of your pride. Oh, there is a lot of belittling and humiliation, but it is all from pride. »
In adolescence, extreme lability of mood appears, which changes often, sharply and for insignificant reasons. An unflattering word or an unfriendly look can plunge you into a gloomy state, but a compliment or a pleasant meeting can instill cheerfulness and gaiety. Everything depends on your mood - well-being, appetite, performance, etc.
They are characterized by deep feelings, sincere affection, and devotion. In communication, they prefer those who are able to console, understand, and share joy and pleasure. They love companies and new surroundings, but unlike hyperthymic people, they are not looking for a field of activity, but only new experiences. Very sensitive to various signs of attention. Emotive personalities are very sensitive, they care about everything related to the soul, responsiveness, and humanity.
The hobbies of emotive people are informational and communicative in nature.
Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting and courtship. Attractions remain undifferentiated for a long time, so emotional ones can easily develop deviations towards transient teenage homosexuality. But sexual excesses are always avoided.
Mental shocks have profoundly painful effects and can cause reactive depression. Mental discord sometimes leads to suicide attempts. Oppression leads to a loss of resistance, and protest as such becomes impossible.
A typical example of accentuation:
The most striking literary example – Werther (Goethe’s “The Sorrows of Young Werther”).
Affectively exalted type, introjective accentuation;
The absence of halftones in emotions and feelings, and the rapid transition from “worldly sorrow” to “cloudless happiness”, and completely sincerely experiencing all polar relationships, regardless of their order and the opinions of the people around him. Affectively exalted people react to life more violently than others. The rate of growth of reactions and their external manifestations are very intense. From the outside, such behavior is perceived as a “posture,” but, for example, deep religiosity or passion for art, music, nature, or passion for sports of such people exclude assumptions about their pretense and can capture them to the depths of their souls.
Exaltation is to a small extent associated with gross, egoistic incentives; much more often it is motivated by subtle, altruistic motives. Attachment to loved ones, friends, joy for them, for their success can be extremely strong. There are enthusiastic impulses that are not related to purely personal relationships. The other pole of the reaction is extreme impressionability about sad facts. Pity, compassion for unfortunate people, for sick animals, can drive such a person to despair. Over an easily correctable failure, a slight disappointment that others would have forgotten the next day, exalted people can experience sincere and deep grief. He feels some ordinary trouble from a friend more vividly and painfully than the victim himself. Fear in people with such a temperament apparently has the property of a sharp increase, since even with a slight fear that engulfs an exalted nature, physiological manifestations are noticeable (trembling, cold sweat), and hence an intensification of mental reactions.
The fact that exaltation is associated with subtle and very human emotions explains why artistic natures - artists and poets - especially often possess this temperament.
The negative “pole” of the affectively exalted temperament manifests itself in the so-called “readiness for despair.” Already in childhood people of this type are often in the grip of sad and anxious experiences. Later, they increasingly become desperate when they cannot achieve something, and they are overcome by fear. When it approaches psychopathy in severity, it can be called the character of anxiety and happiness or psychosis of anxiety and happiness. In pathology, religious ecstasy is possible.
(+): Emotionality, expressiveness of assessments and actions.
(-): Incontinence of feelings, anger or tearfulness, selfishness.
Features of communication and behavior:
Very changeable mood, clearly expressed emotions, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, falling in love.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors:
Altruism, compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.
Traits that are repulsive and contribute to conflict:
Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair.
Situations in which conflict is possible:
Failures and sad events are perceived tragically. Tendency to neurotic depression.
Work that does not require a wide range of communication, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.
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Character accentuations
Personality character accentuations
Accentuations (from the Latin accentus - emphasis, underlining) are extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are exaggerated and manifest themselves in the form of “weak points” in the individual’s psyche - its selective vulnerability to certain influences with good and even increased resistance to other influences . Individual accentuated character traits are usually sufficient compensation. However, in difficult situations, a person with an accentuated character may experience behavioral disturbances. Accentuations of character, its “weak points” can be obvious and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations are more susceptible to environmental influences and are more susceptible to mental trauma. And if an unfavorable situation strikes a “weak spot,” then the entire behavior of such individuals changes sharply - the features of accentuation begin to dominate (Fig. 95).
The types of accentuated personalities have not yet been definitively determined. They are described by K. Leongard and A. E. Lichko. However, these authors give an overly detailed classification of accentuations. We distinguish only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, anxious (Table 12).
Rice. 95. Character Structure
Unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not cause general social maladaptation of the individual.
Manifesting intensely in adolescence, character accentuations can be compensated over time, and under unfavorable conditions, develop and transform into “edge” psychopathy.
Types of character accentuations
The main types of character accentuation include:
Sometimes accentuation borders on various types psychopathy, therefore, when characterizing it and typologizing it, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the “Pathocharacteristic diagnostic questionnaire” (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and personal MMPI questionnaire(the scales of which include zones of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).
Accentuation of character according to A. Lichko
According to the level of manifestation of character traits, characters are divided into average (normal), expressed (accentuated) and beyond the norm (psychopathy).
The central, or core, relationships of the individual are the relationship of the individual to others (the team) and the relationship of the individual to work. The existence of central, core relationships and the properties determined by them in the structure of character has important practical significance in the upbringing of a person.
It is impossible to overcome individual character flaws (for example, rudeness and deceit) and cultivate individual positive qualities (for example, politeness and truthfulness), ignoring the central, core relationships of the individual, namely, attitude towards people. In other words, you cannot form only a certain property; you can only cultivate a whole system of interrelated properties, while paying the main attention to the formation of central, core relationships of the individual, namely relationships to others and work.
Integrity of character, however, is not absolute. This is related to that. that the central, core relationships do not always completely determine the others. In addition, the degree of integrity of character is individually unique. There are people with more integral and less integral or contradictory characters. At the same time, it should be noted that when the quantitative expression of a particular character trait reaches extreme values and appears at the border of norms, so-called character accentuation occurs.
Accentuation of character is an extreme variant of the norm as a result of strengthening individual traits. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is wrong to identify it with pathology. Character properties are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social ones (social factors).
The physiological basis of character is a fusion of traits such as higher nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, systems of temporary connections play more important role, since the type of nervous system can form all the social qualities of a person. But, firstly, communication systems are formed differently among representatives different types nervous system and, secondly, these connection systems manifest themselves in a unique way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can be cultivated both in a representative of a strong, excitable type of nervous system, and in a representative of a weak type. But it will be nurtured and manifested differently depending on the type.
Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been made repeatedly throughout the history of psychology.
All typologies of human characters proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.
The main ones are the following:
- a person’s character is formed quite early in ontogenesis and throughout the rest of his life manifests itself as more or less stable;
- Those combinations of personality traits that make up a person’s character are not random. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.
Most people can be divided into groups according to this typology.
One of the interesting character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.
Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits (Fig. 6), in which deviations in psychology and human behavior that do not go beyond the norm, bordering on pathology, are observed. Such accentuations, as temporary mental states, are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “. under the influence of psychogenic factors addressing “the place of least resistance, temporary adaptation disorders and behavioral deviations may occur.” As a child grows up, the characteristics of his character that manifest themselves in childhood remain quite pronounced and lose their sharpness, but with age they can again clearly appear (especially if a disease occurs).
In today's psychology, there are 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character.
They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.
Harmonious character types are characterized by sufficient development of the main character traits without highlighting, isolation, or exaggeration in the development of any particular traits.
Disharmonious ones manifest themselves by identifying different character traits and are called accentuated or accentuated.
In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so sharpened that a “distortion” of character occurs - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts arise.
The severity of accentuation can be variable: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme variants, when you have to think about whether there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining a person’s intelligence), as a result of which relationships with other people are sharply disrupted. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations manifest themselves inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out and approach the norm. Accentuations of character are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since these are precisely the periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of uniqueness, and individuality. Then the accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.
Rice. 6. Character accentuation scheme according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle
You can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) character types (according to K. Leonhard’s typology) and describe their positive and negative qualities that can affect professional activity of a person - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in the aspect of a person’s characterological properties.
Hyperthymic type
Almost always different good mood, high vitality, bursting energy, uncontrollable activity. Strives for leadership and adventure. It is necessary to be cautious about his unfounded optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Traits that are attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of new things, optimism.
What is unacceptable for the people around him is: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude towards the responsibilities assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.
Conflict is possible during monotonous work, loneliness, under conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes that person to become angry. Such a person performs well in work that requires constant communication. These are organizational activities, consumer services, sports, theater. It is typical for him to frequently change professions and jobs.
Dysthymic type
The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence. These people are burdened by noisy societies and do not get along closely with their colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts; more often they are a passive party in them. They greatly value those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.
People around them like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and fairness. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team” repel others from getting to know and become friends with them.
Conflicts occur in situations that require vigorous activity. For these people, changing their usual lifestyle has a negative impact. They do well in work that does not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions they show a tendency to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in people of melancholic temperament.
Cycloid type
The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically changing periods of rise and fall of mood. During periods of rising mood, people manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, and during periods of declining mood - with dysthymic accentuation. During a recession, they perceive troubles more acutely. These frequent changes state of mind tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to changing profession, place of work, interests.
Excitable type
This type of people has increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, lack of restraint, sullenness, and boringness, but flattery, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, and slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are difficult to get along with in the team, and are despotic and cruel in the family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, careful and show love to children.
People around them do not like their irritability, short temper, inadequate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, and weakened control over desire. These people are well influenced by physical labor and athletic sports. They need to develop self-control and self-control. Due to their lack of harmony, they often change jobs.
Stuck type
People with this type of accentuation get stuck on their feelings and thoughts. They cannot forget grievances and “settle scores” with their offenders. They have official and everyday intractability and a tendency to protracted squabbles. In a conflict, they are most often the active party and clearly define their circle of friends and enemies. They show a love of power.
The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, a thirst for justice, integrity, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have traits that repel others: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.
Conflict is possible when pride is hurt, unfair resentment, or an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.
Pedantic type
These people have a pronounced “boringness” in the form of worrying about details; in the service they are capable of tormenting them with formal requirements, and exhausting their families with excessive neatness.
They are attractive to others because of their conscientiousness and accuracy. seriousness, reliability in deeds and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, “cunning”, “boringness”, the desire to shift decision-making to others.
Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, when their merits are underestimated. They are prone to obsession and psychasthenia.
For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, “paper work,” are preferred. They are not inclined to change jobs.
Anxious type
People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, timidity, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. They constantly fear for themselves and their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.
Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, and unfair accusations.
People around them like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But timidity and suspiciousness sometimes serve as a target for jokes.
Such people cannot be leaders or make responsible decisions, since they are characterized by endless worry and weighing.
Emotive type
A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worries about the slightest troubles. He is sensitive to comments and failures, which is why he is most often in a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.
He rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. He does not splash out his grievances, but prefers to keep them inside. Those around him like his compassion, pity, and expression of joy at the success of others. He is very efficient and has a high sense of duty.
Such a person is usually a good family man. But his extreme sensitivity and tearfulness repel those around him.
He perceives conflicts with a loved one, death or illness tragically. Injustice, rudeness, and being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.
Demonstrative type
This person strives to be the center of attention and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.
This person is attractive to others due to his courtesy, perseverance, focus, acting talent, ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. He has traits that repel people from him, these traits contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict for such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, or he is toppled from his “pedestal.” These situations cause him to have hysterical reactions.
Exalted type
People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, and increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are clearly expressed and are reflected in falling in love.
Traits such as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and affection for friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, and susceptibility to despair are not their best traits. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically; such people have a tendency to neurotic depression.
Their environment of existence is the sphere of art, artistic types sports, professions related to closeness to nature.
Introverted type
People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability and isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only when necessary; most often they are immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not say anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. They even treat their loved ones coldly and reservedly. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.
These people love solitude and prefer to be in solitude rather than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.
They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal.
They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.
People around them like them for their restraint, sedateness, thoughtfulness of actions, strong convictions and adherence to principles. But stubbornly defending one’s unrealistic interests, views and having one’s own point of view, which is sharply different from the opinion of the majority, pushes people away from them.
Such people prefer work that does not require great circle communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.
Conformal type
People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinion and do not strive to stand out from the crowd.
These people are not organized and tend to obey others. When communicating with friends and family, they cede leadership to others. Those around these people like their willingness to listen to others, their diligence. But at the same time, these are people “without a king in their heads”, subject to the influence of others. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in situations of forced loneliness and lack of control.
These people are easily adaptable to new jobs and do an excellent job at their jobs. job responsibilities when tasks and rules of behavior are clearly defined.
Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations
Today, in a post that continues the cycle of psychocorrection of character, we will talk about cyclothymic and exalted (labile) accentuations of character (temperament).
Greetings, dear visitors of the site practical psychologist Matveeva Oleg, I wish everyone mental health!
Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations - psychocorrection
But nevertheless, K. Leonhard put them in separate blocks, as different accentuations of character.
Exalted accentuation, unlike cyclothymic accentuation, is less predictable in its opposite states, which are more arrhythmic, and the “peaks” and “chasms” are more unexpected and bright, outwardly noticeable.
Exalted character accentuation
A striking feature of the exalted type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, and pleasure.
These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they are easily delighted by joyful events and in complete despair by sad ones.
They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts.
In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings.
They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability. (see mental protection)
Psychotraining exercises for exalted individuals
Develop the habit of analyzing all sudden changes in mood: what happened that changed my mood?
Ask yourself questions like these often.
And when you get two or three dozen answers, look at which reasons are more common.
Now the most important thing remains - to exclude the reasons why your mood changes so sharply and unexpectedly even for you.
Try not to get into situations that lead to a sudden change in mood in a bad direction.
Try to enter into the image of, for example, a phlegmatic, calm person who has seen everything, knows everything, and live in this image for several hours in a row.
No matter how difficult it is for you, no matter what reasons and reasons arise, you cannot leave the image.
React to what is happening as your phlegmatic character would react.
First, calmly think about what actually happened, collect additional information for acceptance necessary solution, put it off for a while longer (what if something else happens), and only then act.
No matter how much you would like to discharge your Bad mood on someone close or familiar, do not do it right away.
Find another way - do mini exercises, listen to your favorite music, take a walk in the park.
You need to form a habit in yourself - do not show your irritation immediately after it manifests itself, try to switch to something more pleasant.
Try, first, to live the whole day without getting annoyed by the words and actions of the people around you. If it works, then increase the duration of this exercise to two days in a row.
Then take a short break and repeat again. Two days without irritation. Again, increase the duration of periods without irritation, for example up to three days in a row.
Cyclothymic accentuation of character
Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events.
Joyful events cause pictures of hyperthymia in them: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, racing ideas; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes.
In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids.
Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy, now requires exorbitant effort.
Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying.
In labile cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.
Psychotraining exercises for cyclothymic individuals
Due to the periodicity (cyclicality) of your mood, perceive the “black streak” as an inevitable, and, most importantly, intermediate period of life, which will definitely change to white.
And vice versa, when euphoria (uplifting mood) takes you into the skies of life, remember - this is not forever.
During periods of low mood, use exercises for hypothymia.
During the period of recovery, during euphoria, use exercises for hyperthymia.
Doing these exercises will help you overcome negative impacts these changeable accentuations of character on your life, which, in turn, will have a positive impact on your personal and career growth, and will also help in achieving success.
You will find a lot of psychological material in the BLOG CONTENTS
How to learn to relax
Demonstrative character, hysterical accentuation - correction
Psychological assistance, online consultation with a psychologist: psychoanalysis, psychotherapy
Accented character traits
The number of character traits that are recorded in human experience and designated in language is extremely large. Their variability is also manifested not only in qualitative diversity and originality, but also in quantitative terms. When the quantitative indicator of a particular character trait reaches the final limit of the norm, so-called character accentuation occurs.
Accentuation of character is the extreme variants of the norm, as a result of strengthening individual character traits.
With accentuation, an individual exhibits increased sensitivity to certain stress factors with relative stability relative to others. The presence of accentuations in a person, as a rule, does not interfere with the satisfaction of social adaptation, but they are the “Achilles heel”, places of least resistance. The increased psychogenic influence of unfavorable environmental elements on these unprotected aspects of the personality leads to mental trauma.
K. Leongard identifies the following types of character accentuations.
Hyperthymic type. People of this type are characterized by excessive contact, talkativeness, expressive gestures, facial expressions, and pantomimes. They quite often deviate from the original topic of conversation. Such people have occasional conflicts because they do not take their work and family responsibilities seriously enough.
They are often the initiators of conflicts and are offended if comments are made to them about this. Representatives of this type are characterized by energy, a need for activity, optimism, and initiative. At the same time, they are gullible, prone to immoral acts, and are characterized by increased excitability. They find it difficult to endure conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activities, and forced loneliness.
Dysthymic type. The opposite of hyperthymic. He is characterized by poor communication, taciturnity, dominant pessimism, and depressed mood. Such people prefer to stay at home, do not like noisy companies, rarely enter into conflicts with others, and lead a secluded lifestyle.
They highly value those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them. Among the positive traits, they are characterized by seriousness, conscientiousness, and a heightened sense of justice. Among the traits that interfere with communication are passivity, inhibition of thinking, and individualism.
Cycloid type. Quite frequent periodic mood changes inherent in representatives of this type cause changes in the manner of communication with people around them. During periods of elevated mood, they are very sociable and behave like people with hyperthymic accentuation of character, and during periods of depression they are withdrawn, and their manner of communication corresponds to the dysthymic type.
Excited type. It is characterized by low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions.
Excited people are often gloomy, prone to abuse and conflicts, in which they themselves act as an active, provoking party. They don't get along in a group own family, because they do not look for ways to reconcile, they lack tolerance. In an emotionally calm state, people of this type are often conscientious, neat, and love animals and small children. In a state of emotional arousal, they are irritated, incendiary, and have poor control over their behavior.
Stuck type. Representatives of this type are moderately sociable, boring, prone to moralization, and taciturn. In conflicts they act as initiators and active parties. They try to achieve high results in any business they undertake. They place high demands on themselves. People of this type are sensitive to social justice, but at the same time they are touchy, suspicious, vulnerable, and vengeful.
Sometimes they are overly self-confident, ambitious, jealous, and make exorbitant demands on loved ones and subordinates at work.
Pedantic type. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party in them. At work he behaves like a bureaucrat, making many formal demands on others. At the same time, he easily gives way to the leadership position. Sometimes he upsets his family with excessive claims to neatness. His positive features are conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business, and his unattractive features are formalism.
Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by: low contact, lack of self-confidence, and a minor mood. They rarely enter into conflicts, playing a mostly passive role in them. In conflict situations, they look for support and support. Due to their vulnerability, they can be targets for jokes. Positive features- affection, self-criticism, diligence, discipline.
Emotive type. Characterized by deep reactions in the area of subtle emotions. Emotive people prefer communication in a narrow circle of select people with whom they establish good contacts and understand them perfectly. They themselves enter into conflicts very rarely and play a passive role in them. The images are hidden within themselves. Attractive traits are kindness, empathy, a heightened sense of duty, diligence, and discipline. Unattractive traits - excessive sensitivity, tearfulness.
Demonstrative type. Representatives of this type easily establish contacts and strive for leadership, power and praise. They know how to adapt well to people and at the same time are prone to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). Such people irritate others with their self-confidence and excessive ambition; they systematically provoke conflicts themselves, but at the same time actively defend themselves. They have such attractive features as artistry, the ability to captivate others, originality of thinking and actions. Unattractive traits - selfishness, hypocrisy, boasting, avoidance of work.
Exalted type. This type is characterized by: high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Exalted people are often hidden and do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations they act as both an active and passive party. At the same time, they are friendly, attentive to friends and loved ones. They are altruistic, have good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. Negative traits - giving in to panic and instantaneous moods.
The extroverted type is characterized by high contact. Such people have many friends and acquaintances, they are talkative, open to any information. They rarely enter into conflicts and usually play a passive role in them. When communicating with friends, at work and in the family, they often give up leadership positions in favor of others; it is better for them to obey and be in the shadows. They have such attractive features as a willingness to listen carefully to another, to do what is asked, good performers. Unpleasant traits - they fall under influence, are frivolous, prone to unbalanced actions, like to have fun and spread gossip and rumors.
Introverted type. Characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, and a tendency to philosophize. Introverted people love solitude and enter into conflicts only in the event of unceremonious interference in their privacy. Often emotionally cold, relatively weakly attached to people. Attractive traits are diligence, strong convictions, and integrity. Unattractive traits - stubbornness, frigidity of thinking. They have everything own point a view that may be wrong, but they continue to defend it no matter what. Among introverted people there are dissidents.
Against the background of accentuation, various disorders can arise - behavioral deviation, acute affective reactions, neuroses, etc.
K. Jung introduced the concepts of extraversion and introversion to designate two opposing personality types. Extraversion excludes introversion, and vice versa, but neither of these types has advantages over the other. Jung distinguished four main mental functions: thinking, feeling and intuition.
There are typical attitudes of a thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive person. Besides these purely psychological types There are also social types of attitudes, that is, those that have the imprint of the primary collective idea. These collectively determined parameters are very important and sometimes have higher value based on purely individual characteristics.
Introverted character type. People of this type are focused on their own subjective experience. Objects and phenomena of the external world have for them secondary importance. They have difficulty adapting to reality, tend to defend themselves from external actions, and refrain from expending energy. They interact with the environment in order to defend themselves, and are constantly ready to turn on the psychological defense mechanism.
Vulnerable and sensitive to environmental influences, they are most concerned about their future, are distinguished by responsibility, love of solitude, low intrusiveness and at the same time caution, especially in expressing their opinions, suspicion, and fear of the strong influence of the object.
Introverted mental types are characterized by a disciplined, strictly organized intellect and focus on own world. They are impractical, prone to abstraction, independence and unshakable thoughts. These are selfless, decisive, principled people, demanding of themselves and others.
Introverts of the emotional type are in close contact with reality, but have little interest in it, because they are focused on themselves, on their experiences. They experience feelings deeply but calmly. These are soft, artistic natures.
Introverts of the sensory type are characterized by a subjective and shallow perception of the world around them. They do not reveal the causes of events that are perceived; they can create original artistic images.
Introverts of the intuitive type are more subjective in their perception of the world around them. Their main meaning inner world consist of ideas that arose spontaneously and experiences associated mainly with overcoming obstacles in self-expression.
Hidden contradictions determine the moral direction of their spiritual life. Among the representatives of this type there are unselfish people, mystical dreamers and fanatical artists, and those individuals who enrich culture with their original ideas and products of activity.
Extroverted character type. People of this type easily adapt to the environment, skillfully use all opportunities to adapt to life, face the world of external objects, are self-confident, influential, are not immersed in “personal” problems, their behavior is determined by immediate circumstances.
Extroverts of the mental type are distinguished by steadfastness in communication, developed conceptual thinking, and a penchant for abstract moral and aesthetic assessments. Intelligence plays an active role in their adaptation to the environment.
Extroverts of the emotional type adapt well to the environment according to the logic of feelings, can be classified as impressionable natures, with a predominance of feelings over reason, and are prone to sharp criticism, which borders on tactlessness.
Extroverts of the sensory type are prone to enthusiasm and personal initiative, to opposing their opinions, and are distinguished by the ability to adequately assess the situation and use it for their own purposes. These are neat and strong-willed natures and at the same time fickle and fastidious.
Extroverts of the intuitive type perceive in the outside world what is happening “behind the scenes.” They lack the ability to think, so they rarely bring things to completion themselves.
The classification of types of character accentuations is quite complex and the nomenclature does not coincide among different authors (K. Leongard, A. Lichko). However, the description of accentuations is largely identical.
Thanks to properly organized educational work, it is possible to block manifestations of character accentuation. Teachers and parents, knowing the “places of least resistance” in the character of a child or teenager, try to prevent stressful situations from painfully affecting the mentioned points of his character.
For example, sensitive teenagers react quite sharply to suspicions of bad deeds, to accusations that contradict their self-esteem, which is usually not inflated and is generally objective. At the same time, educational influences that would help compensate for the timidity of sensitive adolescents are appropriate: attracting them to social work, election to the asset class, where in joint activities It is easier for them to overcome shyness and resentment. Adequate means of educational and corrective influence can be applied to adolescents with other types of accentuations.
Exaltation is an extremely excited, primarily ecstatic state. Many people are inspired, but not every football fan can be called exalted after a goal from their favorite team. The main thing here is that an exalted person may not have any particular reason for joy.
T&P has been mentioned more than once various types accentuations, but the affective-exalted type of temperament has not yet been touched upon. Let us recall that accentuation is a certain combination of clearly manifested character traits, in which a person’s vulnerability to certain psychogenic influences increases. People with accentuations are normal in the generally accepted sense - however, sometimes their relationships with the outside world and with themselves are more complex than those of people without such vivid manifestations. He was the first to identify such temperaments in separate group and classified by the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard. One of the ten temperaments he described was precisely the affective-exalted type.
Leonhard called exaltation “the temperament of anxiety and happiness.” Such people are separated from passionate jubilation to mortal melancholy by one step (or an ambiguous look, the inattention of a friend, sad news on the radio, a drop of coffee spilled on a shirt - whatever). The only saving grace is that the road back to happiness is just as short for them. In psychology, the tendency to such sudden changes in emotional state is called increased lability.
In people with an exalted personality type, emotions are elevated to a cult. People with such a temperament not only do not restrain their expressions of feelings, but also believe soul feelings the most important component of human life. They often strive to realize themselves in areas such as religion and art, and this makes sense: such people are distinguished by good taste and sensitivity. They often achieve success in creativity - largely because the value of a work of art is determined by the final emotional impact on the viewer/reader/listener, and it is quite logical that this is best achieved by someone who is himself capable of a high intensity of sensory experiences.
There are many exalted personalities among the actors, because generating a flow of emotions is natural for them; you just need to learn to direct it in a constructive direction. According to Leonhard, exaltation becomes constructive when volitional abilities are added to it. In this combination, it turns into passion: delight and despair begin to be expressed in actions, and not in experiences and ideas, which is typical of a simply exalted person.
From passionate jubilation to mortal melancholy such people are one step away. The road back to happiness is just as short for them.
Another strong (or weak) trait of exalted individuals is compassion. A TV show about the difficulties of life in concentration camps or a puppy with a broken paw can lead them to despair; They experience a friend’s ordinary trouble more painfully than the victim himself. In an impulse, they are ready for real feats of altruism and self-sacrifice. And others often take advantage of this: in order to borrow money from an exalted person, it is enough to convince him that, for example, buying a new car is a matter of life and death for you.
Increased emotionality in people of this type manifests itself in various traits: they are sociable, smiling, often fall in love and talk a lot, but at the same time they are touchy and prone to panicking. People with this temperament often argue, but, as a rule, it does not come to open conflicts. Fear in an exalted person tends to increase sharply, and even in non-serious situations its physiological manifestations will be noticeable - trembling, cold sweat.
An exalted personality type can be well illustrated with the help of heroes works of art. With their rash impulses and emotional outbursts, they heat up passions and turn the tide of the narrative, which is why authors love them. A similar exemplary type was created by Dostoevsky in The Brothers Karamazov. His heroine Katerina Ivanovna is going to marry Mitya Karamazov not because she loves him, but because she is passionate about the idea of saving him. At some point, inspired by the idea of making her rival Grushenka a partner in this matter, she invites her to her place. Katerina Ivanovna speaks spiritually and enthusiastically to her guest, but when she realizes that Grushenka laughed at her, the heroine experiences a severe mood swing, which ends with the fact that “Katerina Ivanovna had a seizure. She was sobbing, the spasms were choking her.” With approximately the same amplitude of emotional fluctuations - from proud happiness to tragedy - she lives throughout the entire novel, at the end of which she finds herself in severe hysterics during the trial of Mitya. A striking example The male exalted image can be called Shakespeare's Romeo. The hero is constantly in an extreme state of excitement and either suffocates from the happiness of being close to his beloved, or finds no place for himself due to the tragedy of forced separation. Romeo is simply not capable of experiences of the average order and finds reasons in everything to strengthen his own feelings.
Exalted individuals endear themselves to those around them by their ability to empathize, sincerely rejoice at others’ successes and sympathize with grief. But the repulsive traits in people with this temperament are approximately the same: excessive anxiety, a tendency to panic, drama, and “increasing the volume” for no apparent reason. Often, effective communication with exalted people is possible only when their emotions begin to weaken, and the best recommendation for them is to try to reduce the significance of the events they experience.
How to say
Incorrect: “The Spanish Inquisition organized terrible exaltations for all dissidents.” That's right: executions.
That’s right: “I have no life at all with this exalted lady: she’s either in the clouds or beating in hysterics.”
Correct: “Fedya’s exaltation tired the entire group: screams, indignation and the fight for the truth that he alone understood were his faithful companions.”
