Types of folklore genres. Large folklore genres, their features

What does spelling study? Why do you need to write correctly?

Answers:

1. Spelling studies the correct spelling of words. You need to write competently so that the readers of your opus can understand what is written. 2. Spelling (Greek) - correct writing, i.e. spelling. 3. Spelling includes rules governing the choice of letter in a word, for example, in the word “water” the root is written “o”, since there is a test word “water”. 4. Spelling is a place in a word where you need to choose a letter for correct spelling. From Greek ortho - correct, gram - recording. 5. The spelling can be in any morpheme: in the prefix - suburban, in the root - plant, in the suffix - bunny, in the ending - at the station. Suggestion: To write correctly, you must first learn the rules of spelling and learn to distinguish between spellings. Graphology, graphomaniac, graphic artist, graffiti, airbrush, photographer, cardiogram, histogram, phonogram,

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Folklore, by its nature, content and purpose, is a deeply democratic, truly folk art. He is distinguished not only by his ideological depth, but also by his high artistic qualities. Folk poetry is distinguished by its peculiar artistic system visual arts and genres.

What are genres of Russian folklore?

One of the types ancient creativity were labor songs with their simplest commands, shouts, signals given as work progresses.

Calendar folklore originally came from the urgent practical goals of people. It was associated with ideas about the annual agricultural cycle and variable natural conditions. People sought to know the future, so they resorted to fortune telling and talked about the future based on signs.

This also explained wedding folklore. It is permeated with the thought of the safety of the family and clan, and is designed for the favor of the highest patrons.

Individual elements have also been preserved from antiquity children's folklore , which changed later under the influence of aesthetic and pedagogical functions.

Among the oldest genres - funeral lamentations. With the advent of universal conscription, mourning arose for those being drafted into service—recruitment lamentations.

Genres non-ritual folklore also developed under the influence of syncretism. This includes small folklore genres (proverbs): proverbs, fables, signs and sayings. They contained human judgments about the way of life, about work, about higher natural forces, and statements about human affairs. “This is a vast area of ​​moral assessments and judgments, how to live, how to raise children, how to honor ancestors, thoughts about the need to follow precepts and examples, this life rules behavior... In a word, the functionality of proverbs covers almost all ideological areas." 9

Genres of oral prose include legends, tales, tales, legends. These are stories and incidents from life that tell about a person’s meeting with characters of Russian demonology - sorcerers, witches, mermaids, etc. This also includes stories about saints, shrines and miracles - about the communication of a person who has accepted the Christian faith with forces of a higher order .

Genres song epic: epics, historical songs, military songs, spiritual songs and poems.

Gradually, folklore moves away from everyday functions and acquires elements of artistry. The role in it is increasing artistic origin. As a result of historical evolution, folklore became poetic in its main and fundamental qualities, having reworked the traditions of all previous states of folklore. 10

Artistic creativity is embodied in all forms fairy tales: tales about animals, magic, everyday.

This type of creativity is also represented in riddles.

To early species artistic creativity include ballads.

Lyrical songs they also carry artistic function. They are performed outside of rituals. Content and form lyrical songs associated with the expression of the experiences and feelings of performers.

Towards the artistic song folklore the newest formation, modern researchers include romances And ditties.

Children's folklore has its own system of genres, correlated with age characteristics children. It carries artistic and pedagogical functions. It is dominated by gaming principles.

The artistic spectacular theatrical basis contains folklore spectacles and folklore theater . It is presented in a wide variety of genres and types ( games, dressing up, nativity scene, playgrounds, puppet shows etc.).

A separate type of artistic representation is formed by the so-called fair folklore. It arose from fair performances, shouts of traders, farce barkers, joke speech, jokes and folk sayings.

At the junction long traditions folklore and trends new culture the genre has developed joke.

A detailed account of individual folklore genres will be made in subsequent sections of the manual.

Folklore, translated from in English, means “folk wisdom, folk knowledge"was first introduced by the English scientist W.J. Toms in 1846. At first, this term covered the entire spiritual (beliefs, dances, music, wood carving, etc.), and sometimes the material (housing, clothing) culture of the people. Since the beginning of the 20th century. the term is also used in a narrower, more specific meaning: oral folk art.

Folklore is an art that has been formed over many centuries and changes over time.

Only all 3 of these factors, present AT THE SAME TIME, are a sign of folklore and distinguish it from literature.

Syncretism is the unity and indivisibility of various types of art, characteristic of the early stages of its development. Artistic creativity is not separated from other types of activity and, together with them, is directly included in practical life. Syncretism is an undeveloped state of early traditional folklore. Oldest species verbal art arose in the process of the formation of human speech in the Upper Paleolithic era. Verbal creativity in ancient times it was closely connected with human labor activity and reflected religious, mythical, historical ideas, as well as the beginnings of scientific knowledge. Ritual actions through which primitive sought to influence the forces of nature, fate, were accompanied by words: spells, conspiracies were pronounced, various requests or threats were addressed to the forces of nature. The art of words was closely connected with other types of primitive art - music, dance, decorative art. In science this is called “primitive syncretism.” Traces of it are still visible in folklore.

The Russian scientist A.N. Veselovsky believed that the origins of poetry lie in folk ritual. Primitive poetry, according to his concept, was originally a choir song accompanied by dancing and pantomime. The role of the word at first was insignificant and entirely subordinated to rhythm and facial expressions. The text was improvised according to the performance until it acquired a traditional character.

As humanity accumulated more and more significant life experience that needed to be passed on to subsequent generations, the role of verbal information increased. Isolation of verbal creativity into an independent art form - the most important step in the prehistory of folklore.

Types of folklore: Epic (legends, fairy tales, traditions, epics - genres) Lyric-epic genre (transitional) - romance

Lyrics (songs, ditties); Drama (folklore theater)

Types of folklore: Archaic - folklore develops among peoples at the primitive stage of development. There is no written language yet; culture is oral. The folklore of people with mythological thinking covers the entire culture of the ethnic group. Classical - folklore takes shape in the era when states are formed, writing and literature emerge. Here artistic fiction is formed, a genre system is formed. Modern is post-folklore, which developed in Russia after the abolition of serfdom. His element is the city. Instead of the epic fairy tales And traditional lyrical songs are replaced by songs of a new formation, ditties, and anecdotes.

Folklore (according to V.E. Gusev) – verbal – musical – choreographic – dramatic part of folk art (spiritual component folk culture) – not material art. Materially expressed (DPI) – folk art.

Folklore is a syncretic and synthetic art, because combines various types of arts.

Signs of folklore: Orality (not only the form of dissemination, but the form in which it has the greatest aesthetic impact); Impersonality (the work has an author, but is not identified); Collectivity (as an aesthetic category. The quality of the project accepted by the team corresponds to folk tradition. Collectivity = tradition + improvisation); Traditionality (works are inserted on the basis of traditions); Variability (different options in different territories); Improvisation; Nationality (aesthetic category, expression of ideals, interests, aspirations of the people).

Tradition is stable patterns, artistic techniques and means used by a community of people for many generations and passed on from generation to generation. Tradition is understood as the most general principles of creativity, and in folklore - a set of stable plot forms, types, heroes, and poetic forms.

Folklore genres:

The folklore genre is a set of works united by a common poetic system, everyday use, forms of performance and musical structure. (V.Ya. Propp) Genre is a unit of classification of folklore

Ph-r is divided into genera (epic, lyric, drama), genera - into types (eg, songs, fairy tales, etc.), and types into genres. If the method of existence of works is used as the basis for the classification, then the genre will be divided into ritual and non-ritual.

The epic reproduces reality in narrative form in the form of objective pictures. Divided into: Songs (poems)

Epics; historical songs; ballads; spiritual poems; Prose; Fairytale prose; Animal Tales; Fairy tales; Jokes

Novels; Non-fairy prose; Legends; Legends; Bylichki (demonological stories).

In epic folklore genres, the main artistic feature is the plot. It is built on a conflict, which is based on the hero's clash with supernatural or real opponents. The plot can be both simple and complex, the events can be perceived as both real and fictional, and the content can be related to the past, present and future.

Lyrics - lyrics poetically depict the inner, state of mind person, his subjective experiences

Songs of Ditties; Lamentations; Dramatic genres of folklore have a spectacular and playful nature, and convey the attitude to reality in the play action; Ritual games; Dramatic games; Late theatrical genres; Theater of live actors; Puppet show; Rayok;

According to the method of existence of works, folklore is divided into: Ritual; Ritual calendar; Ritual family; Non-ritual.

In addition, there are small genres of folklore: paremias; Proverbs and sayings; Puzzles

As well as such types as children's folklore (lullabies, teasers, horror stories, chants, etc., folklore of workers (songs, ditties, prose), folklore of the Second World War (ditties, front department, rear, driven into occupation, Victory, etc.)

Each folklore genre has its own circle of heroes, its own plots and stylistic devices, however, all folklore genres in their natural existence are interconnected and form a system. In this system, outdated f.zh. are destroyed. and on their basis new ones are born.

Folklore researchers: V.N. Tatishchev (18th century), Slavophiles P.V. Kirievsky, N.M. Yazykov, V.I. Dahl et al.; 1850-60s: F.I. Buslaev, A.N. Afanasyev, A.N. Veselovsky, V.F. Miller; beginning of the Soviet era: B.M. and Yu.M. Sokolovs, D.K. Zelenin, M.K. Azadovsky, N.P. Andreev. Second floor. 20 in: V.I. Chicherov, V.Ya. Propp, N.N. Veletskaya, V.K. Sokolova, L.N. Vinogradova, I.E. Karpukhin, V.P. Anikin, E.V. Pomerantseva, E.M. Meletinsky, V.A. Bakhtin, V.E. Gusev, A.F. Nekrylova, B.N. Putilov, etc.

This is folk art, covering all cultural levels of society. People's lives, their views, ideals, moral principles - all this is reflected both in artistic folklore(dance, music, literature) and material (clothing, kitchen utensils, housing).

Back in 1935, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky, speaking at the First Congress of Writers of the USSR, accurately described folklore and its significance in public life: "...the most profound heroes exist in folklore, oral creativity people. Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich, Vasilisa the Wise, the ironic Ivanushka the fool who never loses heart, Petrushka, who always conquers everyone. These images were created by folklore and they are an inseparable part of the life and culture of our society."

Folklore (“folk knowledge”) is a separate scientific discipline on which research is carried out, abstracts are created, and dissertations are written. In Russian literature of the 19th century, the terms “folk poetry” and “folk literature” were widely used.

Oral folk art, folklore genres

Songs, fairy tales, legends, epics - this is far from full list. Oral folk art is a vast layer of Russian culture that has been formed over the centuries. The genres of folklore are divided into two main directions - non-ritual and ritual.

• Calendar - Maslenitsa songs, Christmas carols, vesnyanka and other examples of folk song creativity.
• Family folklore - wedding songs, lamentations, lullabies, family stories.
• Occasional - spells, counting rhymes, incantations, chants.

Non-ritual folklore includes four groups:

1. Folk drama - religious, nativity scene, Parsley theater.

2. Folk poetry - ballads, epics, spiritual poems, lyrical songs, ditties, children's songs and poems.

3. Folklore prose is divided into fairy-tale and non-fairytale. The first includes fairy tales about animals, everyday life, fairy tales, and chain fairy tales (for example, the story of Kolobok). Non-fairy tale prose is stories from life telling about human encounters with images of Russian demonology - mermaids and merman, sorcerers and witches, ghouls and ghouls. This subcategory also includes stories about shrines and miracles of the Christian faith, about higher powers. Forms of non-fairy tale prose:

• legends;
• mythological stories;
• epics;
• dream books;
• legends;

4. Oral folklore: tongue twisters, well wishes, nicknames, proverbs, curses, riddles, teasers, sayings.

The genres listed here are considered the main ones.

in literature

These are poetic works and prose - epics, fairy tales, legends. A bunch of literary forms They also belong to folklore, which reflects three main directions: dramatic, lyrical and epic. Of course, the genres of folklore in literature are not limited to this, there are many more of them, but the categories listed are a kind of empirics that have been developed over the years.

Dramatic images

Dramatic folk art includes folk dramas in the shape of fairy tales with unfavorable developments and happy ending. Any legend in which there is a struggle between good and evil can be dramatic. The characters defeat each other with varying degrees of success, but in the end good triumphs.

Genres of folklore in literature. Epic component

Russian folklore (epic) is based on historical songs with extensive themes, when guslars can spend hours telling stories about life in Rus' under quiet strings. This is a genuine folk art passed down from generation to generation. Except literary folklore with musical accompaniment there is oral folk art, legends and epics, traditions and tales.

Epic art is usually closely intertwined with dramatic genre because all the adventures epic heroes Russian lands are in one way or another connected with battles and exploits for the glory of justice. The main representatives of epic folklore are Russian heroes, among whom Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich, as well as the imperturbable Alyosha Popovich, stand out.

Genres of folklore, examples of which can be given endlessly, are built on heroes fighting monsters. Sometimes it helps a hero inanimate object, possessing fabulous power. This could be a treasure sword that cuts off dragon heads in one fell swoop.

Epic tales tell about colorful characters - Baba Yaga, who lives in a hut on chicken legs, Vasilisa the Beautiful, Ivan Tsarevich, who is nowhere without Gray wolf, and even about Ivan the Fool - happy with an open Russian soul.

Lyrical form

This folklore genre includes works of folk art, mostly ritual ones: love songs, lullabies, funny ditties and lamentations. Much depends on intonation. Even sentences, spells, bells and whistles with the aim of bewitching a loved one, and these can sometimes be classified as folklore lyrics.

Folklore and authorship

Works of a fabulous literary genre(author's) often cannot be formally classified as folklore, such as, for example, "The Tale of the Little Humpbacked Horse" by Ershov or Bazhov's tale " Copper Mountain Mistress" due to the fact that they were written by a certain writer. However, these stories have their own folklore source, were told somewhere and by someone in one form or another, and then transferred by the writer into book form.

Genres of folklore, examples of which are well-known, popular and recognizable, do not need clarification. The reader can easily figure out which of the authors came up with their own plot and who borrowed it from the past. It’s another matter when genres of folklore, examples of which are familiar to most readers, are challenged by someone. In this case, specialists must understand and draw competent conclusions.

Controversial art forms

There are examples when the fairy tales of modern authors, by their structure, literally ask to be folklore, but at the same time it is known that the plot does not have sources from the depths of folk art, but was invented by the author himself from beginning to end. For example, the work “Three in Prostokvashino”. There is a folklore outline - the postman Pechkin alone is worth something. And the story itself is fabulous in essence. However, if authorship is determined, then folklore affiliation can only be conditional. Although many authors believe that differences are not necessary, art is art, regardless of form. Which genres of folklore coincide with literary canons can be determined by a number of characteristics.

The difference between folklore works and literary works

Literary works, such as a novel, short story, story, essay, are distinguished by their measured, unhurried narration. The reader gets the opportunity to analyze what he read on the go, while delving into the idea of ​​the plot. Folklore works are more impulsive, moreover, they contain only their inherent elements, such as a talker or a chorus. Often the narrator slows down the action for greater effect, using duality or trinity of the narrative. In folklore, open tautology is widely used, sometimes even accentuated. Parallelisms and exaggerations are common. All these techniques are organic for folklore works, although they are completely unacceptable in ordinary literature.

Different peoples, incompatible in their mentality, are often united by factors namely folklore character. Folk art contains universal motives, such as the common desire for everyone to reap a good harvest. Both the Chinese and the Portuguese think about this, although they live on different ends of the continent. The population of many countries is united by the desire for a peaceful existence. Since people everywhere are the same by nature, their folklore is not much different, if you do not keep in mind the external signs.

The geographical proximity of different nationalities contributes to rapprochement, and this process also begins with folklore. First of all, cultural ties are established, and only after the spiritual unification of the two peoples do politicians come to the fore.

Small genres of Russian folklore

Small folklore works usually intended for children. The child does not perceive a long story or fairy tale, but listens with pleasure to the story about the Little Gray Top, who can grab a barrel. In the process of raising children, small genres of Russian folklore appeared. Each work of this form contains a special grain of meaning, which, as the narrative progresses, turns into either a moral or a small moral lesson.

However, most small forms of the folklore genre are chants, songs, and jokes that are useful for the development of a child. There are 5 genres of folklore that are successfully used in raising children:

• Lullaby - the oldest way, allowing you to lull the child to sleep. Usually the melodic melody is accompanied by rocking of the cradle or crib, so it is important to find a rhythm when singing.
• Pestushki - simple rhymes, melodious wishes, affectionate parting words, soothing lamentations for a newly awakened child.
• Nursery rhymes are recitative songs that accompany playing with the baby’s arms and legs. They promote the development of the child, encourage him to act in an unobtrusive playful way.
• Jokes are short stories, often in verse, funny and sonorous, which mothers tell their children every day. Growing children need to be told jokes in accordance with their age so that children understand every word.
• Counting books are small rhymes that are good for developing a child’s arithmetic abilities. They are an obligatory part of collective children's games when lots need to be drawn.

Types of small genres of folklore

Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retains elements of a charm-charm. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad and scary in a dream, then in reality it will not happen again. That's why in a lullaby you can find " little gray top"and other scary characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired meaning good wishes for the future. So, a lullaby is a song used to lull a child to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the measured swaying of the child, rhythm is very important in it.

Pestushka - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers who nurture the baby. The pestle accompanies the child’s actions that he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes and caresses him, saying:

Stretchers, stretchers,
Across the fat girl
And in the hands of the veil,
And in the mouth there is a talk,
And in the head there is reason.

When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:

Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top.
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, top, top, top,
Top, top, top, top!

Nursery rhyme - an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that accompanies playing with a child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow you togame formencourage the child to act while simultaneously performing a massage, physical exercise, stimulating motor reflexes. This genre of children's folklore provides incentives to play out the plot with the fingers ( finger games or Ladushki), hands, facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help instill in a child the skills of hygiene, order, and develop fine motor skills and emotional sphere .

Examples: "Magpie"

Option 1.
Magpie-Crow (Running a finger over your palm)
I cooked porridge,
I jumped on the threshold,
Called guests.
There were no guests
Didn't eat porridge
All my porridge
Magpie Crow
I gave it to the kids.
(curls fingers)
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
But she didn’t give it to this:
- Why didn’t you cut wood?
- Why didn’t you carry water?

Option 2. (features in the cartoon " Mouse song»):
Magpie Crow
Cooked porridge
The babies were fed:
Gave this one
Gave this one
Gave this one
But I didn’t give it to this

"Okay" (clap hands on stressed syllables)

Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did you eat? Porridge!
What did you drink? Brashka! (options: drank yogurt, Sour milk. Yummy yogurt, Sweet porridge, Good grandmother!)
Butter porridge!
Brashka sweetie!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, ate, wow...
Shuuu!!! (Home) Let's fly!
They sat on their heads! ("Ladushki" sang)
We sat down and sat down,
Then we flew home!!!

joke

joke (from bayat, that is, to tell) - short poetic a funny story which a mother tells her child, for example:

Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
She was sitting on a stake,
I looked to the side,
He turned his head.

Calls - one of the types of spell songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of peasants about the economy and family. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the calendar songs; For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, and wealth.

Calls are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the harbingers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they make requests for spring, wish for its speedy arrival, and complain about winter.

Larks, larks!
Come and visit us
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
Us Cold winter got bored
My hands and feet were frozen.

Counting book - a small rhyme with the help of which they determine who drives the game. A counting table is an element of the game that helps establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing a counting rhyme.

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me! Tongue twister

Patter - a phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “pure twisters” because they contribute to the development of a child’s speech. Tongue twisters can be both rhymed and non-rhymed.

Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is a cancer in the river,
He stuck the Greek's hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of a Greek - DAC!
A bull has a dull lip, a bull has a dull lip.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

Mystery , like a proverb, is a short figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscure form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and a nail in the middle” (scissors). The importance of riddles cannot be overestimated. This and folk pastime, and a test of ingenuity and ingenuity. Riddles develop children's ingenuity and imagination.

The role of riddles and jokes was also played by inverted fables, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about something that does not happen, for example:

Because of the forest, because of the mountains
Grandfather Egor is coming
He's on a cart,
On a creaking horse,
Belted with an axe,
The belt is tucked into the waistband,
Boots for plowing,
Zipun on bare feet.

Oral folk art (folklore) existed even in the pre-literate era. Works of folklore (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized them by ear. This contributed to the emergence different options the same folklore work.

Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, way of life, and beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.