Plot-compositional features of the word about Igor's campaign. What is composition in literature: techniques, types and elements

If you are asked: “What are the most important parts of speech in the Russian language?”, your answer will definitely include a verb.

The Russian verb is one of the most important, but at the same time one of the most difficult parts of speech. Remember all the gerunds, participles, verbal adjectives, types, moods, verb conjugations, finally. Despite this, we cannot do without verbs - neither in language nor in life.

Verbs denote an action or state - there is no secret to this. Man is programmed by nature for this very action - that’s why there are so many verbs around us: remember how many actions you mentioned just in the morning!

It’s no secret that, despite the richest vocabulary, in the Russian language not all objects of reality have their own names; we note that among verbs this phenomenon is quite rare - although actions, and even the words denoting them, are sometimes at least strange !

Let us note that the verbs of the Russian language are one of the most ancient categories of the language: the history of the Russian verb has lasted for several centuries.

The verb in the Russian language performs not only its direct functions - it also, in the words of Yu. Bondarev, denotes “the effectiveness of character,” i.e. makes any action emotionally charged. Perhaps this is why Russian prose is considered the most expressive prose in the world. A. Yugov considered the verb “the most fiery, most living part of speech,” in which “the scarlet, freshest, arterial blood of the tongue flows.” And it was not in vain that A. Pushkin called for “burning people’s hearts” with the “verb”, although the word was used in a slightly different meaning.

Despite the simplicity of what it means, the verb is fraught with many pitfalls; and it is very important to be able to bypass them, because, as a rule, ignorance of the little things in the verb can lead to serious errors.

First of all, this concerns verb conjugation. The Russian verb has only 2 conjugations, but it can be difficult to determine which conjugation our verb belongs to. We must not forget about the small number of differently conjugated verbs in the Russian language. However, you can fill in the content of the conjugations using a poem (I will give the most popular of them):

To the second conjugation
We will take it without a doubt
All verbs that start with "-it"
Excluding “shave”, “lay”.
And also: “look”, “offend”,
"hear", "see", "hate",
“drive”, “breathe”, “hold”, “endure”,
And “depend” and “twirl”!

***
Drive, breathe, hold, depend,
See, hear and offend,
And also look, twirl,
Hate and endure.

***
Watch, endure, offend,
Addict, hate,
See, hear, drive,
Twist, breathe, hold.

Why is it so important to know the conjugation of a Russian verb? It is the conjugation that determines the writing of verb endings in the present and future tense. Yes, there is no doubt that words like read do not give us any doubt. But what about words? la...t, struggling, swaying... And splash...t, where the writing is not so obvious?

This is where conjugation comes to our aid: we remember that we write in the singular -e- (I reference) and -And- (II sp.), and in the plural – -ut/-ut (I reference) and -at/-yat (II reference). I think now we won’t have problems with “difficult” words, right?

So, the verb in Russian is an important and necessary part of speech, which performs several functions in the language. And most importantly, you cannot ignore the rules related to the verb, because a lot depends on them.

We wish you success in learning the verb!

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The verb that most often appears as a predicate in a sentence is exclusively independent part speech. It denotes the action or state of the subject. Spring is coming, bringing warmth.

Verb Rules

All verbs have an initial (infinitive, indefinite) form. You can distinguish it by the endings -t, -tsya; these words also answer the questions “what to do”, “what to do”. In a sentence, it most often acts as a predicate or part of it and a subject, but can fulfill the roles of other members.

We want see new textbooks.

See- This look soul.

She loved look to the stars.

If a verb can be asked the question “what to do”, then it belongs to the perfect form (rejoice, be silent). When you can ask him the question “what to do” - this is an imperfect verb (be happy, be silent). Sometimes there are also bispecies verbs, they can belong to one or another type, depending on the context.

I explored basement yesterday. (perfect view).

I have already explored basement. (imperfect species).

Reflexive verbs mean an action that is directed towards oneself. They are formed using postfixes -sya, -tsya (play, bite). All other verbs are called non-reflexive (play, bite).

Predicates that are connected to other parts of a sentence in the accusative case without using a preposition are classified as transitive verbs (wash the mug, call mom). The transitional category includes those that cannot be combined without additional parts speeches (fly, lie down). This group also includes all reflexive verbs (wash, clean up).

Spelling verbs

In sentences, according to the rules of verbs, they can refer to one of three moods. In the indicative form - verbs can be changed according to tenses (we lived, we live, we will live), numbers (washes, washes), persons (I repeat, you repeat, he repeats). If the execution of an action requires compliance with certain rules, then such predicates are classified as conditional. (If everyone is comfortable, I would approach). This form is formed by particles would, b (I wish I could have looked) and can vary in gender and number. Particularly noteworthy is the imperative form of predicates, which can force, encourage, call to action ( Come to me!). Verbs of this mood can change in persons and numbers.

According to the rules of verbs, in the past tense they mean an action that has already happened/occurred (I bought the things myself). They also cannot change their personal uniform. To the present predicate we can substitute the question “what does” (He buys things himself.) Perfect verbs are not used in the present tense. In the rules of future tense verbs, there are two forms: compound (with an additional word will) and simple (one-word). Accordingly, you can set various questions: “what will you do” (You will buy things yourself.); “what will you do” (You will buy things yourself).

Changing verbs

The change of predicates in person and number is explained by their conjugations. They appear exclusively in indicative form and undoubtedly in the form of present or future time.

For singular form personal verbs change like this:

• 1 person - I open it. I love.
• 2nd person - You open it. You like.
• 3rd person - He opens. He likes.

For the plural form, personal verbs change as follows:

• 1 person - We are opening. We love.
• 2nd person - You open it. You love.
• 3rd person - They open. They like.

If it is possible to put under stress, the type of conjugation can be defined as follows:

• -e changes to -у(-у) - 1 conjugation look and look;
• -and changes to -а(-я) - 2nd conjugation calls and calls.

In other cases, the suffix in the initial form determines the conjugation:

• 2 conjugation -i(t) (paint) and special exceptions;
• 1st conjugation includes the remaining verbs in -a(t), -ya(t), -у(t), -е(t), -ы(t), -о(t) ( want, know);
• There are 4 exception words: to sway, to rest, shave and lay and educated from them.

Words without the mentioned suffixes - live, beat.

There are also verbs that change both as the first conjugation and as the second.

Unit number:

• 1 person - I'll run. I will want.
• 2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
• 3rd person - He will run. He will want to.

Mn. number:

• 1 person - We'll run. We will.
• 2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
• 3rd person - They will run. They will want to.

At the exception verb disdain there are only 3rd person forms in the section singular or plural ( glimmering - glimmering).

Words There is And give and derivatives from them are exceptions and form special personal forms.

Impersonal verbs

In some places you come across impersonal Verbs. These include words denoting a passive predicate, which occurs without the participation of the subject (evening, getting dark).

The main feature by which impersonality can be determined is correct verb, is its invariability in numbers and persons. Most often, these types of verbs appear as predicates in simple one-part sentences. For the present tense form they are used as the 3rd person and only the singular, and in the past - as the singular and neuter.

Regular verbs are sometimes used to replace impersonal verbs when they appear as a single predicate sentence.

• The sky has brightened- personal verb.
• It's brighter outside the window- impersonal.

A few important rules

Correct spelling of verbs and vowels in the present tense or simple future forms depends on the conjugation:

1 conjugation - it uses the endings -е, -у(-у) forgets, will be forgotten;

2nd conjugation - it is worth putting the endings -и, -а(-я) paints, paints.

• For the second person imperative mood of verbs of both conjugations, use the suffix -i ( We are going home. - Go home.);
• In the case of the past tense: the suffix -l is preceded by the same letter as in the infinitive before -т ( paint - painted, whistle - whistled);
• If there is obes-/obez-: transitive - the suffix is ​​written -i- ( provided "who?" "What?"); intransitive - used -e- ( concerned);
• Freeze, freeze, freeze and similar verbs formed from a noun are written with the vowel -e- after the root (in;
• In the infinitive, in the case of using past forms, they are written -ova-, -eva-, in the same case, when the present or simple future tense and singular number are chosen, the first person writing form has the suffixes -у(у), -у(у ) (alternate - alternate, conquer - conquer).

If alternation does not occur, the suffixes -yva-, -iva- are used; (reread - reread, redraw - redraw).

If there is an ending -vat, -vayu under stress and a suffix -va-, then according to the rules of the Russian language, the same letter is written before the suffix as in the initial form (water - water - water).

Conclusion

These few simple rules and examples will help you remember how to use verbs when writing. Of course, to study all the rules and exceptions, more in-depth research will be needed. However, to write more or less simple texts that do not apply for publication in magazines and newspapers, this will be quite enough.

Table of contents

Verbs- these are words denoting the action or state of an object (answer questions what to do? what to do?) , For example: talk, read, bring, grow, save, melt, think. Every verb has an initial form called uncertain form (or infinitive). It ends with Th, -ty, -ch. The indefinite form only names an action or state, without indicating either time, number, or person.

In a sentence, the indefinite form is most often included in the compound verbal predicate (We started training. He couldn't participate in the tournament), but can also act as other members of the sentence, for example the subject ( Study- our task), inconsistent definition (He had a burning desire study ), circumstances ( He left study ), additions ( The teacher advised us more read ).

Transitive and intransitive verbs

There are verbs transitional And intransitive. Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in accusative case without a preposition, for example: read magazine, be in love opera, send telegram, bring newspapers.
All other verbs are intransitive verbs, for example: grow in the forest, fly south, threaten the enemy.

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with a special suffix -sya , are called returnable, for example: smoke (smoke), bathe (bathe), build (build). Suffix -sya always comes at the end of the verb after other suffixes or endings, for example: bathes Xia, bathe Xia, bathed Xia, bathe Xia .

All reflexive verbs- intransitive.

Types of verbs

Verbs have special forms, showing how the action proceeds. These special forms are called species verb. Verbs have two types - perfect And imperfect.

Perfect view

Perfect verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action, its beginning, for example: draw, throw, take away, sing, sing. They have two tense forms: past (what did you do? - drew, threw, bloomed, sang, sang) And future simple , consisting of one word (what will they do? - draw, draw, throw, bloom, sing, start singing). Verbs do not have perfect forms in the present tense.

Imperfect species

Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, they do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning, for example: draw, throw, bloom, sing. They have three forms of time: past (what they were doing? - drew, threw, blossomed, sang), the present (what are they doing? - draws, throws, blooms, sings) And the future is complicated , consisting of two words - words will, you will etc. and the indefinite form of the given verb (what will they do? - they will draw, they will throw, they will bloom, they will sing).

Verb moods

Verbs have forms inclinations, which show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real or possible under any condition, or desirable. There are three moods in Russian:

1. indicative inclination showing. that the action is real, is actually happening, has happened or will happen, for example: We meet enemies simply: beat, beat and will beat . In the indicative mood, the verb changes tenses, has forms of present, past and future tense (see the previous example);
2. subjunctive (conditional) mood showing that an action is possible only with certain condition, For example: I'm not without you would have gotten there to the city and from Amerz would on road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would . In the subjunctive mood, verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender (i.e., in the same way as past tense verbs change), for example: tell - would tell(m.r.), I would tell(f.r.), would tell(Wed. R.), would tell(plural) (note the separate writing particles would);
3. imperative mood mood, denoting an action that is ordered, asked, advised to be performed, for example: Whiskey and vinegar for her rub it. Spray water. Bow, sir, weigh it out! ; With him do not argue you are at random and these are false ideas quit! The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix -And to the base of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix, for example: carry - carry - carry it, bring - they will bring - bring it; tell - tell - tell me; cook - cook - cook . In the plural it is added -those : carry it those, bring it those, tell me those, cook those .

In the subjunctive and imperative moods, the verb does not change tenses.

In a sentence, verbs of the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative moods can be predicates (see examples above).

Conjugation of verbs

Changing verbs in the present and future tense according to persons and numbers is called conjugation. Depending on the personal endings, which are presented in the table, two verb conjugations are distinguished.

Notes

1. Verbs want, run refer to heterogeneously conjugated. In the singular, the verb to want is conjugated using the first conjugation ( want, want, wants), in the plural - according to the second ( want, want, want). The verb to run is in the 3rd person plural form are running(1 conjugation), other forms are of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run.
2. Verbs give And There is(to eat) belong to a special conjugation and are conjugated as follows: in the singular: 1st l.- I'll give it to you, I'll eat it; 2nd l.- give it, eat it; 3rd l.- will give, eat; in the plural: 1st letter - let's give it, let's eat;2nd l.- give it, eat it: 3rd l.- give, eat. The same endings are preserved in verbs with prefixes: serve, eat..., serve, eat...

Impersonal verbs

Among the verbs, the group stands out impersonal verbs that do not change either by number, or by person, or by gender. Impersonal verbs are used in two forms:

1. in a form that coincides with the 3rd person singular form of the present (future) tense, for example: dawn, dawn, dawn; chills; it's getting dark;
2. in a form that coincides with the neuter form of the past tense, for example: dawn, dawn, dawn; chilled;
   It was getting dark.

In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, and they do not (and cannot have) a subject, for example: Buran has calmed down. Only slightly there was a storm; To me unwell something; Can't sleep, nanny.

Initial form

The initial form of a verb in Russian is the infinitive (indefinite form), which denotes an action regardless of the subject and, therefore, does not have the variable categories of person, gender and number.

View

In Russian, verbs are either perfective or imperfective. Perfective verbs have additional meanings related to the limitation of action: completeness, result ( wrap up, learn), Start ( play, fly, fall asleep), one-time occurrence ( splash, shout). Imperfective verbs do not have additional meanings of the limit of action and indicate a prolonged or regularly repeated action ( swim, grow, smile).

Pledge

In the modern grammar of the Russian language, the question of the category of voice is controversial: in currently There are two theories of voice - two-voice (passive and active voices) and three-voice (passive, active and reflexive voices). All researchers agree that the category of voice in the Russian language is associated with the semantics of the verb and its syntactic function in a sentence. The voice of a verb expresses the relationship of an action to its subject and object. IN school curriculum we consider a reversible pledge, the form of which expresses the coincidence of the subject and object of the action, that is, the focus of the action on its producer: wash, get dressed.

Transitivity

The category of transitivity (intransitivity) expresses the syntactic properties of the verb: the presence or absence of a direct object. Transitive verb has the meaning of an action directly directed at an object, which, in this case, is a direct object:

Girl reading a book.

An intransitive verb can only have an indirect object, since it denotes an action that does not go directly to the object:

It's snowing outside.

Mood

Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that have occurred, are occurring, or will actually occur:

So all my bright hopes collapsed! (A.S. Pushkin)

They're flying cranes in spring. We are the plows we are establishing. (M. M. Prishvin)

Follow me, my reader, and only me, and I I'll show you such love for you!(M. A. Bulgakov)

Associated with the indicative mood is the inflected category of verb tense.

Verbs in imperative mood indicate an incentive to action (order, request, etc.). Usually, verbs in the imperative mood are used in the second person form, conveying an address to the interlocutors:

She won't die - know!
She will not die, Russia.
They will sprout, - believe!
Its fields are golden.
(Z. N. Gippius)

The first and third person forms are less common. The first person forms indicate a call to action for persons, including the speaker, and the third person forms for persons not participating in the conversation:

- Let's go! - Danko shouted and rushed forward to his place, holding his burning heart high and illuminating the way for people.(M. Gorky)

Let Always will Sun,
Let Always will sky,
Let Always will Mother,
May it always be me.
(L. I. Oshanin)

Verbs in the conditional mood denote actions that do not occur in reality, but are desirable or possible under certain conditions:

I b forever forgot taverns
And poems would write abandoned.
Only b touch your hand subtly
And your hair is the color of autumn.
(S. A. Yesenin)

In some sources, the conditional mood is called the subjunctive mood.

Time

The category of time expresses the relationship of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are three tenses for verbs in the indicative mood: past, present and future. Perfective verbs have past and future tenses, and imperfective verbs have past, present and future tenses: did - will do, did - do - will do.

Number

The number category of the verb expresses the correlation of the action with one or more persons. In Russian, a verb can be singular or plural in any mood and in any tense. According to numbers, only the infinitive does not change.

Face

Verbs in the first person refer to the speaker (or a group of persons on behalf of whom the statement is pronounced), verbs in the second person refer to the interlocutor (or interlocutors), in the third person - to persons or objects not participating in the speech: think (think), think (think), think (think).

Verbs in the indicative mood in the present and future tense, as well as verbs in the imperative mood, can change by person. Writing unstressed personal endings of verbs is related to the verb conjugation system and can be difficult.

Conjugation

Conjugation is the change of a verb in persons and numbers. There are two types of verb conjugation in Russian. Verbs of the first conjugation have the endings -UT, -YUT in the third person plural, verbs of the second conjugation - -AT, -YAT. If the personal ending is unstressed, the conjugation of the verb is determined by the suffix before the infinitive. The second conjugation includes verbs with the suffix AND (ending in -IT): heat And blah blah blah And t and exception verbs DRIVE, HOLD, BREATHE, HEAR, SEE, TURN, DEPEND, HATE, OFFEND, WATCH, TENDER. The first conjugation includes verbs with the remaining vowels in the suffixes - A, Ya, E, U, O (ending in -AT, -YAT, -ET, -UT, -OT): groinA this, thatI t, rede ugh, smellat oh, they sayO t and exception verbs SHAVE, STEAL, LAY, LAY.

Verb. Some Russian grammarians proposed replacing the term verb itself with some more understandable name. Thus, V.F. Andreev in the article “Significant and functional words in Russian speech” wrote: “The term verb is a translation Latin word... ... History of words

Cm … Synonym dictionary

VERB, verb, husband. 1. A part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and varies according to tenses, persons and numbers (gram.). 2. Speech, word (church book, poetic obsolete). “But only the divine verb will touch the sensitive ear, the soul of the poet... ... Dictionary Ushakova

Husband. word, speech, expression; | verbal speech human, intelligent speech, language. | gram. part of speech, category of words expressing action, state, suffering. Live according to the verb (i.e., God), archan. in friendship, harmony, in peace. Verb, verb that... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Time. Book Outdated A reminder of the fatal transience of life. /i> Quote from a poem by G. R. Derzhavin. BMS 1998, 111. Filter verb(s). Jarg. they say Watch your speech, be careful in your expressions; do not use harsh... Big dictionary Russian sayings

Verb- Verb ♦ Verbe When written with a capital letter, it is sometimes used as a synonym for the Word or Logos, that is, Divine action, or God in action, where action is understood as the creation of meaning. “And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us”... ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville

VERB, part of speech denoting an action or state as a process. IN different languages has various grammatical categories, of which the most typical are tense, person, mood, aspect and voice. In a sentence it is used mainly in... Modern encyclopedia

Part of speech denoting an action or state as a process. Different languages ​​have different grammatical categories, of which the most typical are tense, person, mood, aspect and voice. The main syntactic function of the verb in the sentence is... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

VERB, a, husband. 1. In grammar: a part of speech denoting an action or state, expressing this meaning in the forms of time, person, number (in the present time), gender (in the past) and forming the forms of participle and gerund. Perfect verbs and... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

In Indo-European languages, a part of speech that means a non-permanent quality or property of an object (like an adjective and a noun), but, on the contrary, a known transitory characteristic characteristic of an object in a certain limited period of time.... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Verb- VERB (Latin verbum). IN in a broad sense D. the name of a grammatical category that includes both conjugated words, that is, words that have forms of tense and mood, and words formed from the same stems that do not have forms of tense and mood... Dictionary literary terms

Books

• , Aglosser. Lexical Lyrics is the final book of the trilogy about words by Sergei Ivanovich Arsenov (published under the pseudonym Aglosser, member Russian Union writers since 2018). In the first book Physical...
• Wolf verb. Lexical lyrics, Aglosser. Lexical Lyrics is the final book of the trilogy about words by Sergei Ivanovich Arsenov (published under the pseudonym Aglosser, member of the Russian Union of Writers since 2018). In the first book Physical...